| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Value of statistical life and cause of accident: A choice experiment
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to compare value of statistical life (VSL) estimates for traffic, drowning and fire accidents. Using a choice experiment in a mail survey of 5000 Swedish respondents we estimated the willingness to pay for risk reductions in the three accidents. In the experiment respondents were asked in a series of questions, whether they would choose risk reducing investments where type of accident, cost of the investment, the risk reduction acquired, and the baseline risk varied between questions. The VSLs for fire and drowning accidents were found to be about 1/3 lower than that for traffic accidents. Although respondents worry more about traffic accidents, this alone cannot explain the difference in VSL estimates. The difference between fire and drowning accidents was not found to be statistically significant.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Do administrators have the same priorities for risk reductions as the general public?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk and Uncertainty. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0895-5646 .- 1573-0476. ; 45:1, s. 79-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A stated preference survey was used to investigate the potential discrepancy between the priorities of public administrators and the general public regarding risk reductions. Both groups of respondents were asked to assume the role of a public policy-maker and choose between different public safety projects. We investigate differences in three areas: (i) large vs. small accidents, (ii) actual vs. subjective risk, and (iii) the trade-off between avoiding fatalities and serious injuries for different age groups and accidents. We find only minor differences between the responses of administrators and the general public, the most important of which is the difference in priorities between reducing the risk of many small or one large accident. In this area the most common response from the general public is that they prefer avoiding many small accidents rather than one large accident while among the administrators there is almost an equal split between the two options.
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| 5. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Do you do what you say or do you do what you say others do?
- 2008
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- We design a donations vs. own money choice experiment comparing three differenttreatments. In two of the treatments the pay-offs are hypothetical. In the first of these, a shortcheap talk script was used, and subjects were required to state their own preferences in thisscenario. In the second, subjects were asked to state how they believed an average studentwould respond to the choices. In the third treatment the pay-offs were real, allowing us to usethe results to compare the validity of the two hypothetical treatments. We find a stronghypothetical bias in both hypothetical treatments where the marginal willingness to pay fordonations are higher when subjects state their own preferences but lower when subjects statewhat they believe are other students preferences. The explanation is probably a self-imageeffect in both cases. We find that it is mainly women who are prone to hypothetical bias inthis study
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| 6. |
- Grahn, Tonje, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Households (un)willingness to perform private flood risk reduction : Results from a Swedish survey
- 2019
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Ingår i: Safety Science. - : Elsevier. - 0925-7535 .- 1879-1042. ; 116, s. 127-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study applies the protection motivation theory (PMT) in analysing homeowners’ flood risk perception and their risk reduction behaviour. A survey was completed by 1143 households in flood-prone residential areas in Sweden. Respondents were asked about their flood experience, their beliefs about their future private flood risk, their trust in public risk reduction and their perception of how responsibility for flood risk reduction is divided between different governmental and private institutions. This study finds that homeowners that have implemented private flood risk reduction (FRR) had to a larger extent been exposed to floods in the past and they considered public FRR to be insufficient. They also had a greater sense of responsibility and believed they had considerable knowledge on how to reduce their private flood risk. Respondents were also asked about their preferences for performing 15 specific private risk reducing measures. The most frequent answer given by homeowners was (1) they do not have the knowledge needed to evaluate the measures. (2) They have evaluated the measures and deemed that the measures will not be able to effectively reduce their private flood risk. To facilitate and exploit the flood risk reduction potential of households, this study identifies the following four areas of flood risk management that need to be better communicated to residents in vulnerable residential areas: Objective flood risk, response efficacy regarding private and public FRR measures, skills that can increase homeowners’ self-efficacy, and the actual responsibility distribution by law concerning private property flood risk reduction.
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| 7. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Are national injury prevention and research efforts matching the distribution of injuries across sectors?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Injury Prevention. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 1353-8047 .- 1475-5785. ; 21:e1, s. e113-e115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2011, 88% of all unintentional injury fatalities occurred in home and leisure environments in Sweden, while transportation fatalities accounted for 10% and work/school injuries for 2%. The corresponding proportions among non-fatal injuries were 75, 12 and 13%, respectively. However, 83% of the national governmental expenditure on unintentional injury prevention in 2011 was allocated to transportation safety, 7% to home and leisure, and 10% to the work sector including schools. Likewise, around 85% of the governmental research budget aimed for unintentional injury research was allocated to the transportation sector, 9% to home and leisure environments, and 6% to the work and school sector. Our results reveal a striking lack of correspondence between problem profile and governmental countermeasures.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, 1968-
(författare)
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Cost-Benefit Analysis of Fire Safety Measures
- 2023
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Ingår i: Residential Fire Safety. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031063244 ; , s. 221-241
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ignoring costs when evaluating different measures is not a very rational way to deal with fire safety. Finding efficient measures to increase fire safety is a necessary, but not sufficient condition for choosing the relevant measure. The measure in question must also be economically efficient, that is, the benefits must outweigh the costs, both measured in monetary values. Cost-benefit analysis, CBA, is a method used to find out if that is true or not. This chapter describes what CBA is and how to use it for evaluating fire safety measures. The problem of choosing values for lives and injuries is discussed. The chapter also includes a short list of CBA results for residential fire safety measures. The main conclusion of the chapter is that more CBA studies evaluating fire safety measures should be done.
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| 10. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, 1968-
(författare)
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Cost-benefit analysis of sprinklers in nursing homes for elderly
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Benefit-Cost Analysis. - : Walter de Gruyter. - 2194-5888 .- 2152-2812. ; 4:2, s. 209-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The risk of dying in fires in nursing homes is six times the risk of dying in fires at home in Sweden. One way to reduce this risk is to install fire sprinklers. This study measures the benefits using value of full lives, life years and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) for deaths and injuries. The results show that sprinklers are cost-effective in newly built nursing homes no matter what value of life is used. However, if sprinklers are installed in already existing buildings, they are cost-effective only if the value of a statistical life is used.
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| 11. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, 1968
(författare)
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Essays on the Performance of Fire and Rescue Services
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of an introduction and five separate papers. All papers deal with measuring performance for the Swedish fire and rescue services. The first paper describes the production process of fire safety, while Papers 2-5 are empirical analyses measuring performance for some aspects of that process. Paper 1 (The problems of defining outputs in the public sector’s service production - a discussion with an application to the fire service) discusses how outputs and inputs should be measured in the public sector, and how they could be used in productivity and efficiency studies. There are two different levels where the studies could be performed: the vertical and the horizontal levels. The vertical level is the distinction between performing studies on the macro, the national, and the within-unit level. The horizontal level is the distinction between different outputs, whether determinant variables, direct outputs or consequences are used. The paper also includes an application of these ideas to the fire service. Paper 2 (Swedish fire and rescue services’ manning levels - a stochastic frontier analysis using panel data) studies the productivity and efficiency of the Swedish fire and rescue services during 1989-1995 using a stochastic frontier specification for panel data. The manning level is modelled as a function of risk, environment, and number of turn-outs. The results show that the size of population was the main determinant of manning levels. No productivity change was discovered. The efficiency differences found were substantial with a mean input saving potential of 30%. In Paper 3 (Measuring the efficiency of Swedish fire services’ stand-by level), the DEAmodel is used to find efficiency scores and returns to scale corrected for environmental variables. The paper studies the stand-by level of Swedish fire services. This level has two output dimensions 1) the turn-out time (the faster the better), measured as number of people reached within five and ten minutes, and 2) the suppressing power, measured by the total number of firemen turning out (the more the better). The empirical results show that the long run input saving potential is about 30%. In Paper 4 (Productivity change of Swedish Fire Services between 1992 and 1998), Malmquist productivity indexes are used to find out how productivity has changed among Swedish fire services between 1992 and 1998. The paper studies the stand-by level and the empirical results show that productivity has decreased for full- and mixedtime fire services. Less input used has resulted in less output produced. Paper 5 (Measuring performance differences using an ordinal output variable: The case of Swedish fire services) investigates how to find performance differences in fire services with an ordinal output variable. Performance is measured by adjusting the outputs for inputs using the ordered probit model. No performance differences were found between full-time and part-time firemen for fires in detached houses. The results also indicate that “team spirit” is more important for performance than the actual number of firemen fighting a fire.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, 1968-
(författare)
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How Important is the Time Factor? Saving Lives Using Fire and Rescue Services
- 2017
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Ingår i: Fire technology. - : Springer Publishing Company. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 53:2, s. 695-708
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The shorter the response time of emergency services the more lives aresaved. But, how important in fact is the time factor for saving lives? The objective ofthis study is to analyse the relation between response time and fatalities, to be able tomeasure how many lives could be saved with a shorter response time. The study usesdata from reports from the fire and rescue services in Sweden for 2005–2013 for residentialfires. The time variable used is continuous and the statistical methods are non-linearregression techniques. It is found that the risk of fatality is a non-linear function ofresponse time. For a given change of response time, the increase in risk of fatality islarge for a short response time, then decreases, and eventually seems to approach zero.If it was possible to decrease the median response time by 1 min 0.00035 lives could besaved for every turn-out on average. For all turn-outs to residential homes that meansthat about two lives, or 3%, could be saved per year. The response time is most importantfor blocks of flats, nursing homes and semi-detached/terraced houses. The responsetime is more important for fires due to smoking, children playing or started intentionally(arson). The results can be used to evaluate the performance of local fire and rescueservices. The method is easy to use for other emergency services, such as ambulances.
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| 14. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, 1968-
(författare)
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Measuring Productive Performance Using Binary And Ordinal Output Variables : The Case of the Swedish Fire and Rescue Services
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Production Research. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0020-7543 .- 1366-588X. ; 57:3, s. 907-917
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fire protection is an example of a complex production process. This study measures efficiency by constructing binary and ordinal output variables from information on residential fires in Sweden about how a fire spreads from when the fire and rescue brigade arrives to when a fire is suppressed. The motivations behind this study are that there are only a few studies trying to estimate production efficiency for fire and rescue services, that data on a more detailed level is interesting for some public services, and there is a need to be able to measure efficiency differences even if only a binary or ordinal output variable is available. Using a logit random parameter model, the random effects are interpreted as efficiency differences. The conclusions are that fire and rescue services with a more flexible fire organisation with first response persons, working in collaboration with other municipalities and with larger populations are more efficient.
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| 15. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Restvärdesverksamhetens nytta – en förstudie
- 2018
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- I denna förstudie undersöks förutsättningarna för en möjlig kommande studie kring restvärdesverksamhetens nytta. Verksamheten har kartlagts, definierats och avgränsats på ett sätt som är tänkt att möjliggöra en vetenskaplig operationalisering. Tidigare forskning tycks saknas vilket gör att studier på området startar från en mycket grund nivå.Ett spektrum av nyttoposter har identifierats. Dessa tillkommer försäkringsbolagen, men även den skadedrabbade ”kunden” (enskilda, företag eller samhället) samt räddningstjänsten och samhället i övrigt. I rapporten redovisas i vilken grad dessa nyttoposter bedöms möjliga att uppskatta i monetära termer, respektive kan värderas på annat sätt.Tillgång till relevanta data är en nyckelfråga för ett fortsatt genomförande av en huvudstudie. Tekniska och juridiska hinder kring dataåtkomst fördröjde delar av förstudien, samtidigt som det finns ett värde i att dessa identifierats och delvis överbryggats inom förstudiens ram inför beslut om en huvudstudie.Förstudien bedöms sammantaget uppfylla behovet av att lägga en grund för fortsatt forskning kring restvärdesverksamhetens nytta. Fyra delstudier föreslås som en fortsättning på arbetet med att belysa olika nyttoposter, såväl kvantitativt som kvalitativt.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Jaldell, Henrik, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Time Is Money, But How Much? The Monetary Value of Response Time for Thai Ambulance Emergency Services
- 2014
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Ingår i: Value in Health. - : Elsevier. - 1098-3015 .- 1524-4733. ; 17:5, s. 555-560
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectiveTo calculate the monetary value of the time factor per minute and per year for emergency services.MethodsThe monetary values for ambulance emergency services were calculated for two different time factors, response time, which is the time from when a call is received by the emergency medical service call-taking center until the response team arrives at the emergency scene, and operational time, which includes the time to the hospital. The study was performed in two steps. First, marginal effects of reduced fatalities and injuries for a 1-minute change in the time factors were calculated. Second, the marginal effects and the monetary values were put together to find a value per minute.ResultsThe values were found to be 5.5 million Thai bath/min for fatality and 326,000 baht/min for severe injury. The total monetary value for a 1-minute improvement for each dispatch, summarized over 1 year, was 1.6 billion Thai baht using response time.ConclusionsThe calculated values could be used in a cost-benefit analysis of an investment reducing the response time. The results from similar studies could for example be compared to the cost of moving an ambulance station or investing in a new alarm system.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Johansson, Magnus, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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How to measure efficiency in risk prevention?
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Risk assessment methods form corner stones in the striving to reduce risks and threats to human life and society. Proposed actions can be physical or non-physical and adopted or declined after political evaluation, with consideration taken to available resources and estimated effect on risk. To optimize and avoid regrettable actions, decision-makers are in need of well-founded analyses of how efficient different options might be. Analytically, there are several possible steps that can contribute.Firstly, the correlation between a measure and its effect should be based on causality, which often is difficult to establish quantitatively. High frequent accidents (e.g. traffic) can normally be treated statistically , while low frequent accidents with severe consequences (e.g. natural hazards) are more restricted to qualitative descriptions of correlation. Systematic monitoring of injury and damage data and gathering into databases, are a crucial activity for causality valuation. Secondly, economic valuation of effect is an important contribution in a cost-benefit perspective. Thirdly, a measure often brings several different effects and some may fall outside the actual purpose. An additional problem is how to handle effects that exert varied influence on different stakeholders or social groups in society. Fourthly, certain criteria are required for final prioritization. For instance, in analysis of goal fulfillment, effects are compared with politically decided quantified goals.In cases where basic data from steps 1-3 are incomplete, alternative criteria like “acceptable risk” might be necessary to agree about politically. To use similar approaches on how to describe and quantify effect correlations, promote gathered efforts at local level where risk reducing measures are decided upon by different actors and with regard to diverse local conditions. Tests of suitable methods and approaches to measure efficiency of planned or accomplished actions in gain for risk prevention, are described and discussed.
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| 20. |
- Jonsson, Anders, 1967-
(författare)
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Dödsbränder i Sverige : En analys av datakvalitet, orsaker och riskmönster
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Risken att omkomma genom brand har mer än halverats under de senaste 60 åren i Sverige. Det är idag mycket ovanligt att små barn omkommer i brand men samma positiva utveckling kan inte ses för de äldre. En åldrande befolkning som i ökande omfattning förväntas bo kvar hemma innebär att denna grupp måste prioriteras i framtida brandskyddsarbete. Sambearbetning av data från tre nationella register visar att rutinmässigt framtagen statistik systematiskt underskattar den verkliga situationen. Män, äldre, ensamboende och ekonomiskt svaga är särskilt riskutsatta grupper att omkomma vid bostadsbränder och förekomst av alkohol bland offren är mycket vanligt. Den i särklass vanligaste brandorsaken är rökning. Trots att varje dödsbrand är unik kan det omfattande materialet beskrivas av relativt få och tydligt avgränsade typer av händelser som var och en måste mötas med relevanta preventiva insatser. Avhandlingen visar att dödsbränder i bostäder i huvudsak är ett socialt problem och att det kommer att krävas uthålliga och breda strategier, bestående både av sociala och tekniska åtgärder för att skydda de mest riskutsatta och sårbara människorna i samhället.
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| 21. |
- Jonsson, Anders, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying sociodemographic risk factors associated with residential fire-related fatalities : A matched case control study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Injury Prevention. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 1353-8047 .- 1475-5785. ; :2, s. 147-152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the association between sociodemographic factors and residential fire fatalities in Sweden. A majority of fatal fires occur in housing. An understanding of risk factors and risk groups is a must for well-Founded decisions regarding targeted prevention efforts. There is a lack of consideration of the interrelation between sociodemographic factors and fire fatalities and there is a lack of high quality large-Scale studies. Methods: In this matched case-Control study, residential fire fatalities (cases, n=850) (age above 19 years old) were identified in the national register on fatal fires. Four controls per case were randomly matched by gender and age. ORs were calculated to assess the association between different sociodemographic factors with residential fire fatalities using conditional logistic regression. Results: Having low income, receiving social allowance and receiving health-Related early retirement pension were associated with an increased risk of dying in residential fires. The results also show clearly that adults dying in residential fires to a significantly lower extent were living together with a partner, were in work, were highly educated and lived in urban areas. However, contrary to previous research, living in rented apartments appeared not to influence the risk of death. Conclusions: In this study, we show that fatalities due to residential fires in Sweden are associated with some but not all of previously published sociodemographic risk factors. The results provide valuable information that can improve the guiding and targeting of fire mortality prevention strategies in Sweden.
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| 22. |
- Sund, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Do home fire and safety checks by on-duty firefighters decrease the number of fires? : Quasi-experimental evidence from Southern Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Safety Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-4375 .- 1879-1247. ; 70, s. 39-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: Fire and rescue services Syd, in the south of Sweden, started to conduct home fire and safety checks on a large scale in 2010. The goal was to reduce the damages from residential fires. Method: We estimate the effects of the intervention on the incidence of residential fires and evaluate its economic effect. We use a difference-in-kinks design to analyze time-varying intervention effects and conduct a cost–benefit analysis for the economic evaluation. Results: The results demonstrate that fires and developed fires decrease by a maximum of approximately 6% and 8% per year (assuming 100% causality)and that the intervention has positive economic effects, with the benefits estimated to be maximum 8–11 times higher than the costs. Practical applications: The results should be valuable as input when deciding whether to implement home fire and safety checks elsewhere.
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| 23. |
- Sund, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Security officers responding to residential fire alarms : Estimating the effect on survival and property damage
- 2018
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Ingår i: Fire safety journal. - : Elsevier. - 0379-7112 .- 1873-7226. ; 97, s. 1-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Decreasing the response time to residential fires leads to more people being saved, fewer injuries, less property damage and a lesser environmental impact. One way of reducing the response time to fires is to allow the municipal fire and rescue services to cooperate with other actors. This study evaluates a potential agreement between the fire and rescue service of a Swedish municipality (Helsingborg) and a private security officers' firm. A geographic information system (GIS) simulation is used to estimate the reduced response times. The result is combined with a statistically estimated measure of the risk of fatality for marginal changes in the response time to find the effect on survival rates and property damage. The results show that the response time is 52 s on average faster using security officers for residential fires. Combining this gain in response time with the relation to fatalities and adjusting for the fact that security officers are less effective imply a decreased death rate by 0.0105 or 1.3% per year. The project has positive economic effects with the benefits estimated to be 1.4 (saved lives) and respectively 2.3 (saved lives and property damage) times higher than the costs.
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