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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Berggren, Christian, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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Hellre nytt avstamp för järnväg
- 2008
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Ingår i: Svenska dagbladet. - : Hb Svenska dagbladets AB & Co. - 1101-2412. ; 2008-05-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Holmgren, Johan, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Public transport in towns : Inevitably on the decline?
- 2008
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Ingår i: Research in Transportation Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0739-8859 .- 1875-7979. ; 23:1, s. 65-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article the post war development of public transport demand in the town of Linköping is explained using time series analysis. It is found that the dramatic increase in public transport demand between 1946 and 1983, at least in part, can be explained by the rapid increase in female labour force participation and the expansion of the city’s outer areas. After that, female labour force participation decreased slightly and the town expansion has stopped. Without these positive forces to counterbalance the rising levels of car ownership public transport demand has fallen by 71%. The effects of a policy change, including peak-load pricing, straighter bus routes, smaller bus size and staggered school hours, is analysed. It is found that the proposed package would increase public transport travel by 42 % compared to present policy.
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| 9. |
- Holmgren, Johan, 1977-
(författare)
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Studies in Local Public Transport Demand
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of four papers where the overall purpose is to contribute to the understanding of how local public transport demand is affected by different factors. An underlying theme running trough the thesis is the two-way relationship between public transport demand and the service level caused by the fact that capacity and quality are joint products.In Paper I the relationship between public transport demand and the service level (in terms of vehicle-kilometres) is investigated using panel data from Swedish counties. A Granger causality test is performed in order to test if the level of service cause public transport demand or if demand cause service level, or if they cause each other. It is found that demand and service cause each other, which is to say that there is a two-way relationship between them.In Paper II elasticity estimates for local public transport demand from previous research are summarised and the variation in results is analysed using meta-regression. The variation is explained by model specification, type of data used and origin of data.In Paper III a demand function for local public transport is estimated using panel data from Swedish counties. Instrument variable estimation is used in order to avoid the problem of a two-way relationship between demand and service level (vehicle-kilometres). Demand elasticities with respect to public transport fare, price of petrol, vehicle-kilometres and car ownership are found to be -0.4, 0.34, 0.55, and -1.37. After also taking the effects of income on car ownership into account, it is found that the total effect of income on public transport demand is close to zero.In Paper IV it is found that the strong increase in public transport demand in the town of Linköping between 1946 and 1983, in addition to fare, vehicle-kilometres and car ownership, can be explained by the rapid increase in female labour force participation and the expansion of the city’s outer areas. The city expansion is thought to have increased average trip distance and thereby reduced the number of trips that could be made walking or by bicycle. After 1983, female labour force participation decreased slightly and the expansion of the areas in question has stopped. Without these positive forces to counterbalance the rising levels of car ownership bus trips per capita has fallen by 71%. The effects of a policy change, including peak-load pricing, straighter bus routes, smaller bus size and staggered school hours, is analysed. It is found that the proposed changes would increase public transport travel by 42 % compared to present policy.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Ivehammar, Pernilla, 1971-
(författare)
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How to deal with the encroachment costs in road investment CBA
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An important basis for decisions regarding road investments is Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA), where all costs and benefits should be taken into account and expressed in monetary terms. A valuation of the cost for the encroachment caused by a new road in, for example, a recreation area or a residential area is, however, missing in road investment CBA. The purpose of this thesis is to develop approaches to deal with the encroachment costs. More specifically two approaches are developed.One approach is ”cost transfer” for typical cases. With this approach the encroachment cost is estimated ex post for a number of existing roads within each typical case. The results are to be used to estimate a calculation formula to use for CBA of planned road investments where the encroachment can be referred to a particular typical case. The typical case ”barrier to water” was chosen for a pilot study with the aim of developing the method for data collection, and study what is most important for the encroachment cost per affected individual.The other approach is a method, developed in the thesis, for estimating the encroachment cost ex ante for each specific object. The method is called COPATS, ”Combined Opinion Poll and Travel Survey”. It makes use of the fact that roads mean both positive and negative effects to a different degree for the affected people. Data of the residence location, visiting frequency in the encroachment area and travel pattern is collected by a postal questionnaire before deciding on a road investment. In the same questionnaire it is also asked whether the respondent is for or against the planned road. The encroachment cost can be estimated from the respondents´ balancing of the benefit of travel time savings, and possibly some other positive effects, against the negative encroachment caused by the planned road.A conclusion is that both alternatives seem to be possible ways of including encroachment costs as part of road investment CBA. To estimate calculation formulas for cost transfer in some common typical cases, a large number of further encroachment cost studies must though be made. COPATS is closer to practical application, but needs to be further developed in collaboration with road planners.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Jansson, Jan Owen, 1939-
(författare)
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Ekonomi och politik för tjänster
- 2006. - 1
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- En initierad och pedagogisk genomgång av den moderna tjänsteekonomin och ger ett utmärkt underlag för diskussion om vilka mål och medel som bör ligga till grund för den ekonomiska politiken.Denna titel har tidigare givits ut av SNS förlag men ingår numera i Studentlitteraturs sortiment.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Jansson, Jan Owen, 1939-
(författare)
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Key Factors for Boosting the Bus Transport market in Medium-Size Towns
- 2005
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Ingår i: Competition and ownership in land passenger transport. - Sydney : Elsevier. - 0080445802 - 9780080445809 ; , s. 303-313
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 1989 the late Prof Michael Beesley and Prof David Hensher convened a workshop of an invitational group of academics, transport operators and government regulators to review and report on the recent reforms in the British bus sector. The workshop was held in Thredbo, Australia. At the time this was a once off activity. Its success was such that it spawned a series of biannual conferences (now known as the Thredbo series) held in Finland (1991), Canada (1993), New Zealand (1995), England (1997), South Africa (1999), Norway (2001), Brasil (2003) and Portugal (2005). The conference series attracts a unique mix of researchers and practitioners with the common aim to share their experiences throughout the world on topics related to the institutional reform of land passenger transport (especially bus, rail and ferry). The focus is on workshops and plenary sessions in which participants are engaged in intense discussions that lead to the production of workshop reports that set the agenda for reform for the next period between the conferences. In the past workshop reports have been published in a major international journal and selected papers in special issues of journals.The growing number of citations of the material from the thredbo series has motivated this book, providing an opportunity to bring together in one volume the best papers from the conference plus the workshop reports. All chapters have been peer refereed. The themes in this volume (the first in a new series) include competition and regulation, contract specifications (especially performance-based contracts), regulatory and planning tools, institutional frameworks, service quality and pricing and performance data and measurement. Within one volume we provide a comprehensive update and review of the reform programs throughout the world in the land passenger transport sector. The volume is edited by Professor David Hensher, co-founder of the series and a recognized world authority in the field. It is the most current global assessment of reforms in land passenger transport. It contains papers written by those who influence policy and institutional reform in over 20 countries. It presents a comprehensive statement of the successes and failures in public transport reform. Many of the authors are regarded as the leading authorities in the field.The case studies throughout the world are not available in any other single source.
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| 21. |
- Jansson, Jan Owen, 1939-, et al.
(författare)
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Level and structure of optimal bus fares
- 2007. - 1
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Ingår i: Competition and Ownership in Land Passanger Transport. - : Elsevier. - 9780080450957 ; , s. 373-392
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In one volume, this book brings together a selection of the best papers presented at the 9th International Conference series on Competition and Ownership of Land Passenger Transport (known as the Thredbo Series). Thredbo is a premier international event that brings together academics, government policy makers, politicians, consultants and public transport operators to review the international developments in the theme area. As the most important international conference in this field of expertise, the series has more than 120 papers of well known authors and practitioners of Land Transport. Best papers from previous conferences were published in "T& F journal" and "Transport Reviews". Papers are reviewed and revised appropriately to ensure high quality. This book takes a practical approach by focusing on real world examples
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| 22. |
- Jansson, Jan Owen
(författare)
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Optimal transport pricing : Editorial
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. - Bath, Storbritannien : University of Bath. - 0022-5258 .- 1754-5951. ; 35:3, s. 353-362
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Jansson, Jan Owen, et al.
(författare)
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Pricing public transport services
- 2015
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Ingår i: Handbook of research methods and applications in transport economics and policy. - Northampton, MA : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9780857937926 - 9780857937933 ; , s. 260-308
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter aims at outlining pricing policy for public transport that maximizes the social surplus, that is, the sum of the producer surplus and the consumer surplus, while internalizing possible system-external costs. It starts by presenting the door-to-door transport cost as a key concept in price theory for public transport, and then first principles of optimal pricing valid for all modes of public transport are laid down. These principles are applied to urban (short-distance) public transport in sections 13.2–13.5 and to inter-urban (long-distance) public transport in section 13.6. Section 13.7 summarizes the methodological conclusions.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Jansson, Jan Owen, 1939-
(författare)
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Public transport policy for central-city travel in the light of recent experiences of congestion charging
- 2008
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Ingår i: Research in Transportation Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0739-8859 .- 1875-7979. ; 22:1, s. 179-187
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Excellent public transport which makes the private car a minority mode of central-city travel is a necessary condition for a political process towards the introduction of congestion charges. However, the charging system costs in London and Stockholm have proved to be unexpectedly high. Therefore, before these costs come down to an affordable level, zero-fares for central-city travel and stricter parking policy would be a first-best combination in many cities, always provided that the public transport is really competitive. A bold venture in public transport development is consequently the top priority irrespective of the transport pricing policy direction. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Jansson, Jan Owen, 1939-
(författare)
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The economics of services : Development and Policy
- 2006
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Argues that conventional economic theory is very focused on material goods markets. Taking the special character of services (immaterial goods) as the starting-point for the economic system analysis, this book offers a different view of the big problems of a mixed economy.
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| 31. |
- Jansson, Jan Owen
(författare)
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The myth of the service economy-An update
- 2009
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Ingår i: FUTURES. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-3287. ; 41:3, s. 182-189
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this journal the myth of the advancing service economy was exposed already in 1977 by Jonathan Gershuny, "POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY: The myth of the service economy", Futures, April 1977. However, that lesson seems to be forgotten, because with the traditional production sector division in the national accounts, based on the nature of the work, the statistics of relative value added and employment continue to support the old myth. In this paper it is shown that from the point of view of final output use, the ratio of the total value of the output of material goods to the total value of the output of immaterial services is 63:37 in Sweden, and has remained the same for 30 years. This is nearly the reverse of what is officially maintained based on the growing proportion of work in the economy which can be characterized as "service work". It is argued here that the conventional view obscures a main issue for the future of the welfare states. Sweden and several other similar countries have got far behindhand as regards the proportion of resources going into the provision of income-elastic services like health and education, which is just the opposite of the original main idea of the welfare state.
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| 32. |
- Jansson, Jan Owen
(författare)
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Transport system optimization and pricing
- 1980
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- How should the pricing principles prescribed by welfare economic theory be translated into operational pricing policy for different transport services? This question is considered for scheduled transport services in general, and for urban bus transport and cargo shipping in particular, for seaports and for highways. The second main question is: what would the financial result be in these cases of applying a pricing policy aimed at net social benefit mazimization? To answer this second question the tempting short-cut of assuming the whole supply-side as given, which is typical of the prevailing price theory, has to be resisted. In the present dissertation another approach is adopted. At first the conditions for efficiency in the production of transport services is investigated in a sytem context. Then it is possible to predict the financial result of optimal pricing. The predictions are disturbing: with the notable exception of urban roads, optimal pricing of the services provided by transport infrastructure as well as of public transport services would result in much larger financial deficits than tax payers would probably be prepared to sustain. The third main question is thus: what is the optimal departure from first-best pricing of transport services in the presence of a budget contrain? The current idea that second-best pricing is obtained by applying the value-of-service principle, i.e. price discrimination, is opposed, and a modern version of the cost-of-service principle is recommended.
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| 33. |
- Jansson, Jan Owen, 1939-
(författare)
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User Costs and Benefits
- 2005. - 1
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Ingår i: Measuring the Marginal Social Cost of Transport. - London : Elsevier. - 0762310065 - 9780762310067 ; , s. 125-154
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many transport economists have for some time proposed marginal social cost as the principle on which prices in the transport sector should be based and, in recent years, their prescription has come to be taken more and more seriously by policy-makers. However, in order to properly test the possible implications of implementing pricing based on marginal social cost and, ultimately, to introduce such a system, it is necessary to actually measure the marginal social costs concerned, and how they vary according to mode, time and context. This book reviews the transport pricing policy debate and reports on the significant advances made in measuring the marginal social costs of transport, particularly through UNITE and other European research projects. We look in turn at infrastructure, operating costs, user costs (both of congestion and of charges in frequency of scheduled transport services) accidents and environmental costs, and how these estimates have been used to examine the impact of marginal cost pricing in transport. We finish by examining how the results of case studies might be generalised to obtain estimates of marginal social costs for all circumstances and, finally, presenting our conclusions.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Jansson, Jan Owen
(författare)
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Är finansieringen problemet
- 1992
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Ingår i: VTI:s och TFB:s forskardagar. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut. ; , s. 23-34
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 36. |
- Ljungberg, Anders, 1964-
(författare)
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Lokal kollektivtrafik på samhällsekonomisk grundval
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Förutom i Stockholm uppvisar den lokala kollektivtrafiken en nedåtgående trend i trafikutvecklingen, trots en årlig subvention om 10 miljarder kronor. Drift av lokal kollektivtrafik i mindre och medelstora städer baserat på samhällsekonomiska kriterier skulle bl a medföra en prispolitik som kräver en subvention om drygt 50%. Att detta ungefär motsvarar rådande subventioneringsgrad är dock inte ett tecken på att kollektivtrafiken bedrivs på samhällsekonomisk grundval, eftersom det visar sig att prisstrukturen är grovt suboptimal. Vad gäller investeringspolitik framgår det dessutom av en enkätundersökning att trafikhuvudmännen inte använder samhällsekonomisk kalkyl (CBA) vid planering och drift av lokal kollektivtrafik, så syftet med avhandlingen är att visa på de möjligheter till förbättringar av den lokala kollektivtrafiken som skulle uppstå om den bedrevs på samhällsekonomisk grundval.Operationaliseringen av teorin kräver först att några grundfrågor för en tillämpning av allmän välfärdsekonomisk teori på bedrivande av lokal kollektivtrafik benas upp. Det är väsentligt att göra en åtskillnad av utbudet av kollektiva transporttjänster mellan ett grundläggande utbud som är att betrakta som ”merit goods” och övrigt utbud där nyttan på normalt sätt mäts genom konsumenternas betalningsvilja.I en omfattande fallstudie av den lokala kollektivtrafiken i Linköping exemplifieras vad effekten blir, dels av vissa utbudsförändringar, som har sållats fram i strävan mot systemoptimum, dels av ändamålsenlig efterfrågestyrning, och med CBA beräknas vad nettoresultatet kan tänkas bli. Om förbättringar som ger lika stor nettonytta som i Linköping kan göras hos flertalet andra trafikhuvudmän med en samhällsekonomisk ansats, skulle den totala nettonyttan aggregerad över hela Sverige vara betydligt större än vad vissa av de omskrivna jätteprojekten inom kollektivtrafiksektorn kan prestera.
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| 37. |
- Marouli, Eirini, et al.
(författare)
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Rare and low-frequency coding variants alter human adult height
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 542:7640, s. 186-190
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Height is a highly heritable, classic polygenic trait with approximately 700 common associated variants identified through genome-wide association studies so far. Here, we report 83 height-associated coding variants with lower minor-allele frequencies (in the range of 0.1-4.8%) and effects of up to 2 centimetres per allele (such as those in IHH, STC2, AR and CRISPLD2), greater than ten times the average effect of common variants. In functional follow-up studies, rare height increasing alleles of STC2 (giving an increase of 1-2 centimetres per allele) compromised proteolytic inhibition of PAPP-A and increased cleavage of IGFBP-4 in vitro, resulting in higher bioavailability of insulin-like growth factors. These 83 height-associated variants overlap genes that are mutated in monogenic growth disorders and highlight new biological candidates (such as ADAMTS3, IL11RA and NOX4) and pathways (such as proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan synthesis) involved in growth. Our results demonstrate that sufficiently large sample sizes can uncover rare and low-frequency variants of moderate-to-large effect associated with polygenic human phenotypes, and that these variants implicate relevant genes and pathways.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Turcot, Valerie, et al.
(författare)
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Protein-altering variants associated with body mass index implicate pathways that control energy intake and expenditure in obesity
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 50:1, s. 26-41
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified >250 loci for body mass index (BMI), implicating pathways related to neuronal biology. Most GWAS loci represent clusters of common, noncoding variants from which pinpointing causal genes remains challenging. Here we combined data from 718,734 individuals to discover rare and low-frequency (minor allele frequency (MAF) < 5%) coding variants associated with BMI. We identified 14 coding variants in 13 genes, of which 8 variants were in genes (ZBTB7B, ACHE, RAPGEF3, RAB21, ZFHX3, ENTPD6, ZFR2 and ZNF169) newly implicated in human obesity, 2 variants were in genes (MC4R and KSR2) previously observed to be mutated in extreme obesity and 2 variants were in GIPR. The effect sizes of rare variants are similar to 10 times larger than those of common variants, with the largest effect observed in carriers of an MC4R mutation introducing a stop codon (p.Tyr35Ter, MAF = 0.01%), who weighed similar to 7 kg more than non-carriers. Pathway analyses based on the variants associated with BMI confirm enrichment of neuronal genes and provide new evidence for adipocyte and energy expenditure biology, widening the potential of genetically supported therapeutic targets in obesity.
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| 40. |
- Wall, Rickard, 1957-
(författare)
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The importance of transport costs for spatial structures and competition in goods and service industries
- 2001
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation deals with market definition and demarcation, and discusses competition and market form classification in the spatial economy. The analytical tool for this study is an extended Location Theory model. A distinguishing characteristic of the spatial model of plant dispersion by market forces developed in the present thesis is the addition of the unit-value (e.g., the value per ton or cubic meter) of the commodity in question as a determinant of the long-run equilibrium solutions for a particular industry as to plant density, output volmne per plant and so on. Two ratios are the main determinants:The unit-value of the commodity (a) relative to the transport costs per unit-kilometer (c), alc The degree of economies-of-scale in production (b) relative to the density of demand (d), bldIn the model, the character of competition is determined not by the number of firms, but by the ratios alc and bld. These ratios are used in the first application of the model; a two-dimensional matrix in which the four market forms- perfect competition, monopoly, oligopoly and monopolistic competition - fit in as special cases. In addition to shedding new light on the traditional market form taxonomy; with the help of the model the following questions are discussed:Which industries tend to cluster, and which indushies tend to be spatially dispersedWhy different market forms apply to different dispersed industriesHow market forms may change over timeEmpirical evidence has been gathered in Sweden and the U.S.A. The results give some support to the model's predictions as to the spatial structure of different industries.The second application of the model is as a tool for Cost-Benefit Analysis of improvements in transport infrastructure so far as goods transport is concerned. The pioneering paper here is Mohring & Williamson (1969), in which the balancing of the nmnber of plants and the average transport distance by a multi-plant monopolist is mode led. Total benefits of road investment are of two kinds:Transport cost savings for the existing goods transportIndustrial Re-Organization BenefitsMohring & Williamson (1969) concluded that the latter benefits constitute only a small fraction- about 10%- of the total benefits of road investments. By the present model, a similar result is obtained for a cost-minimizing multi-plant monopolist. In a competitive market, which is not studied in Mohring & Williamson (1969), the present model predicts the Industrial Re-Organization Benefits to be some five times larger - and the "welfare triangle" represents only a fraction thereof.
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| 41. |
- Walters, J., et al.
(författare)
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Risk and reward in public transportation contracting
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Research in Transportation Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0739-8859 .- 1875-7979. ; 22:1, s. 26-30
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The workshop discusses and documents a number of countries' experiences regarding risk and reward in the delivery of public transport and determines the way in which competitive pressures actually work (or not) to deliver efficient and effective services. Papers are grouped into three main themes, i.e., public versus private management, negotiated versus competitively tendered contracts, and measures to improve performance. This chapter begins with a brief overview of each of the eight papers. This is followed by a section that out the discussions that emanated from the papers. Finally, the main policy and research recommendations are presented. © 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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