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Sökning: WFRF:(Jarsjö Jerker)

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1.
  • Ahmad, Nawaz, et al. (författare)
  • Injection of CO2-saturated brine in geological reservoir : A way to enhanced storage safety
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier. - 1750-5836 .- 1878-0148. ; 54, s. 129-144
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Injection of free-phase supercritical CO2 into deep geological reservoirs is associated with risk of considerable return flows towards the land surface due to the buoyancy of CO2, which is lighter than the resident brine in the reservoir. Such upward movements can be avoided if CO2 is injected in the dissolved phase (CO2aq). In this work, injection of CO2-saturated brine in a subsurface carbonate reservoir was modelled. Physical and geochemical interactions of injected low-pH CO2-saturated brine with the carbonate minerals (calcite, dolomite and siderite) were investigated in the reactive transport modelling. CO2-saturated brine, being low in pH, showed high reactivity with the reservoir minerals, resulting in a significant mineral dissolution and CO2 conversion in reactions. Over the injection period of 10 yr, up to 16% of the injected CO2 was found consumed in geochemical reactions. Sorption included in the transport analysis resulted in additional quantities of CO2 mass stored. However, for the considered carbonate minerals, the consumption of injected CO2aq was found mainly in the form of ionic trapping.
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2.
  • Ahmad, Nawaz, 1972-, et al. (författare)
  • Injection of CO2-saturated brine in geological reservoir : A way to enhanced storage safety
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Injection of free phase supercritical CO2 into deep geological reservoirs is associated with risk of considerable return flows towards the land surface due to the buoyancy of CO2, which is lighter than the resident brine in the reservoir. Such upward movements can be avoided if CO2 is injected in the dissolved phase (CO2aq). In this work, injection of CO2-saturated brine in a subsurface carbonate reservoir is modelled. Physical and geochemical interactions of injected low-pH CO2-saturated brine with the carbonate minerals (calcite, dolomite and siderite) are investigated in the reactive transport modelling. CO2-saturated brine, being low in pH, shows high reactivity with the reservoir minerals, resulting in a significant mineral dissolution and CO2 conversion in reactions. Over the injection period of 10 years, up to 16% of the injected CO2 is found consumed in geochemical reactions. Sorption included in the transport analysis resulted in additional quantities of CO2 mass stored. However, for the considered carbonate minerals, the consumption of injected CO2aq is found mainly in the form of ionic trapping.
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3.
  • Ahmad, Nawaz, 1972-, et al. (författare)
  • Non-isothermal reactive transport modelling of dissolved CO2 leaking through a fractured caprock
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Geological storage of CO2 is considered as one of the mitigation actions for climate change adverse effects. However, some fraction of CO2 dissolved in the brine following injection, may leak from the reservoir through permeable zones such as conducting fractures. In this study we perform the reactive transport modelling of single-phase brine saturated with dissolved CO2 (CO2aq) along a conducting fracture in a clay-rich caprock. This study investigates the role of temperature and various reaction systems on the fate of migrating CO2aq, its geochemical interactions with the carbonate minerals, its conversion in geochemical reactions and associated medium porosity and permeability evolutions along the transport pathway.About 0.64% of leaking CO2aq is found converted into other ions in its geochemical interactions with calcite (simplified geochemical system). Addition of mineral dolomite in the geochemical system (extended geochemical system) results in up to 11% higher mass conversion of CO2 in reactions as compared to the simplified geochemical system. Considering extended geochemical system and heat transport by moving brine resulted in about 27.34% higher mass conversion of CO2 in reactions as compared to the simplified geochemical system. A combination of extended geochemical system, heat transport and sorption resulted in about 82.59% higher mass conversion of CO2 compared to the simplified geochemical system. Leaking CO2aq travelled less than 250 m along the fractured pathway, for a velocity of nearly 19 m/year in the fracture, due to retardation caused by mass stored in aqueous and adsorbed states.
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4.
  • Alekseeva, I., et al. (författare)
  • Reconstruction of historic changes of the Aral Sea water budget and sea-groundwater interactions by a coupled 3D sea-ice-groundwater model
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 9, 10629, 2007.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • A 3D coupled sea-ice-groundwater model has been developed and applied for an estimation of the water balance and groundwater-seawater interactions in the shrinking Aral Sea. The model developed combines the complete 3D sea-ice hydrodynamics model ECOSMO, including a mass and energy conserving wetting and drying scheme, and a simple groundwater model based on changes in hydraulic gradient in response to the sea surface variability. During the simulation period 1979-1993, the model successfully reproduced the rapid Aral Sea level drop, surface area decrease, coastline position changes and salinization. Model predictions of evaporation and groundwater inflow were also consistent with independent estimations. Model results indicated that within the 15 years period of simulations the net groundwater inflow to the Aral Sea might have increased by 10% or more as a direct effect of the sea level lowering.Furthermore, model scenario tests were carried out to examine effects of salinity on sea hydrodynamics and to estimate non-linear feedbacks of the sea thermo- and hydrodynamics, air-sea turbulent fluxes and the sea water balance. It was shown that a neglect of salinity in the sea hydro- and thermo dynamics resulted in considerable differences in the Aral Sea winter thermal conditions, which in turn influenced the air-sea exchange in the following spring and summer. As a result, the zero salinity scenario predicted higher evaporation rates and an considerably accelerated sea level lowering by up to 2 cm/yr, in comparison with the basic model run. An indirect influence of the fresh groundwater inflow in terms of water balance has been identified as less significant, however it was shown that the fresh groundwater input could influence the Aral Sea salinity distribution considerably since 1990’s.
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5.
  • Alekseeva, Irina, et al. (författare)
  • Reproducing the Aral Sea water budget and sea-groundwater dynamics between 1979 and 1993 using a coupled 3-D sea-ice-groundwater model
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Journal of Marine Systems. - : Elsevier. - 0924-7963. ; 76:3, s. 296-309
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We have developed the 3-D sea-ice model, ECOSMO, into a coupled sea-ice–groundwater model and investigated the factors that may have influenced the groundwater–seawater interactions and the water balance of the shrinking Aral Sea. During the simulation period, 1979–1993, the model successfully reproduced the rapid Aral Sea level drop, surface area decrease, coastline position changes and increasing salinization of the Aral Sea. Model predictions of evaporation and groundwater inflow were also consistent with independent estimations. Model results indicated that the net groundwater inflow to the Aral Sea may have increased by 10% or more as a direct effect of the sea level lowering. Furthermore, model scenario tests showed that in comparison with a basic scenario, in which salinity effects were accounted for, not accounting for such effects resulted in considerable changes in ice formation and winter thermal conditions, which in turn influenced the thermo- and hydrodynamics and fresh water air-sea fluxes in the Aral Sea. As a result, the zero-salinity scenario predicted higher evaporation rates and an accelerated sea level lowering by up to 2 cm/yr, in comparison with the basic scenario. Model results showed that increased groundwater inflow to the sea may have influenced the Aral Sea salinity distribution since the 1990's. Our results emphasise the importance of taking into account both baroclinic hydrodynamics, sea-ice dynamics and as well as potentially increased future groundwater-related salinity effects in order to accurately estimate the Aral Sea water balance. More generally, models that can handle such highly dynamic systems may have a realistic potential for making detailed assessments of sea characteristics under the influence of climate and hydrological cycle changes.
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6.
  • Aminjafari, Saeid, et al. (författare)
  • Drivers and extent of surface water occurrence in the Selenga River Delta, Russia
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Hydrology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-5818. ; 38
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Study region: Selenga River Delta (SRD), Russia.Study focus: How is water occurrence changing in the SRD, and what are the hydroclimatic drivers behind these changes? The presence of water on the surface in river deltas is governed by land use, geomorphology, and the flux of water to and from the Delta. We trained an accurate image classification of the Landsat satellite imagery during the last 33 years to quantify surface water occurrence and its changes in the SRD. After comparing our estimations with global-scale data sets, we determined the hydrological drivers of these changes.New hydrological insights for the region: We find mild decreases in water occurrence in 51% of the SRD's surface area from 1987-2002 to 2003-2020. Water occurrence in the most affected areas decreased by 20% and in the most water-gaining areas increased by 10%. We find a significant relationship between water occurrence and runoff (R-2 = 0.56) that does not exist between water occurrence and suspended sediment concentration (SSC), Lake Baikal's water level, and potential evapotranspiration. The time series of water occurrence follows the peaks in the runoff but not its long-term trend. However, the extremes in SSC do not influence surface water occurrence (R-2 < 0.1), although their long-term trends are similar. Contrary to expected, we find that the Delta has a relatively stable long-term water availability for the time being.
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7.
  • Andersson, Ingela, et al. (författare)
  • Impact of the European Water Framework Directive on local-level water management : Case study Oxunda Catchment, Sweden
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Land use policy. - : Elsevier. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 29:1, s. 73-82
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union provides a common framework for water policy that focuses on holistic and integrated water management in river basins. In many member states, implementation of the WFD has shifted the main responsibility for local water issues from the municipal level to the regional or supra-regional levels. In this study, we investigated how the implementation of the WFD has influenced local-level water management including the interpretation of the new environmental quality standards. Specifically, we considered Sweden, which has traditionally had relatively strong governance at the municipal level. Because a sufficient amount of time has now passed for evaluation of WFD-related effects on operational water handling, we interviewed individuals directly involved in water planning and land use planning at the municipal level in one sub catchment in the Northern Baltic Sea River Basin District of Sweden, as well as representatives for superior levels and associations. Despite divergent views regarding the priority of water issues in physical planning among the local-level planners interviewed, they had all participated in successful inter-municipal pre-WFD collaboration projects. Although such collaborations could help increase the understanding and acceptance of WFD-related goals and costs, as well as facilitate conflict solving, as shown in the Oxunda Catchment, they have not gained much attention in the WFD implementation process. Additionally, physical planners have generally been reluctant to accept new environmental quality standards resulting from WFD implementation, in part because they lack precise definitions, but also because they could challenge the municipal routine of weighing various objectives against each other. Furthermore, despite WFD-related increases in ambition levels, lack of resource improvements at the municipal level were identified as potential problems by local environmental planners.
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8.
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9.
  • Andersson, Ingela, et al. (författare)
  • Saving the Baltic Sea, the Inland Waters of Its Drainage Basin, or Both? : Spatial Perspectives on Reducing P-Loads in Eastern Sweden
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 43:7, s. 914-925
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Nutrient loads from inland sources to the Baltic Sea and adjacent inland waters need to be reduced in order to prevent eutrophication and meet requirements of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) and the Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP). We here investigate the spatial implications of using different possible criteria for reducing water-borne phosphorous (P) loads in the Northern Baltic Sea River Basin District (NBS-RBD) in Sweden. Results show that most catchments that have a high degree of internal eutrophication do not express high export of P from their outlets. Furthermore, due to lake retention, lake catchments with high P-loads per agricultural area (which is potentially of concern for the WFD) did not considerably contribute to the P-loading of the Baltic Sea. Spatially uniform water quality goals may, therefore, not be effective in NBS-RBD, emphasizing more generally the need for regional adaptation of WFD and BSAP-related goals.
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10.
  • Arsenic Research and Global Sustainability: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Arsenic in the Environment (As2016), June 19-23, 2016, Stockholm, Sweden
  • 2016
  • Proceedings (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Congress "Arsenic in the Environment" offers an international, multi- and interdisciplinary discussion platform for research and innovation aimed towards a holistic solution to the problem posed by the environmental toxin arsenic, with considerable societal impact. The congress has focused on cutting edge and breakthrough research in physical, chemical, toxicological, medical, agricultural and other specific issues on arsenic across a broader environmental realm. The Congress "Arsenic in the Environment" was first organized in Mexico City (As2006) followed by As2008 in Valencia, Spain, As2010 in Tainan, Taiwan, As2012 in Cairns, Australia and As2014 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The 6th International Congress As2016 was held June 19-23, 2016 in Stockholm, Sweden and was entitled Arsenic Research and Global Sustainability.
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11.
  • Asokan, Shilpa M., et al. (författare)
  • Climate model performance and change projection for freshwater fluxes : comparison for irrigated areas in Central and South Asia
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Journal of Hydrology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-5818. ; 5, s. 48-65
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Study region: The large semi-arid Aral Region in Central Asia and the smaller tropical Mahanadi River Basin (MRB) in India. Study focus: Few studies have so far evaluated the performance of the latest generation ofglobal climate models on hydrological basin scales. We here investigate the performanceand projections of the global climate models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5) for freshwater fluxes and their changes in two regional hydrological basins, which are both irrigated but of different scale and with different climate. New hydrological insights for the region: For precipitation in both regions, model accuracy relative to observations has remained the same or decreased in successive climate model generations until and including CMIP5. No single climate model out-performs other models across all key freshwater variables in any of the investigated basins. Scale effects are not evident from global model application directly to freshwater assessment for the two basins of widely different size. Overall, model results are less accurate and more uncertain for freshwater fluxes than for temperature, and particularly so for model-implied water storage changes. Also, the monsoon-driven runoff seasonality in MRB is not accurately reproduced. Model projections agree on evapotranspiration increase in both regions until the climatic period 2070–2099. This increase is fed by precipitation increase in MRB and by runoff water (thereby decreasing runoff) in the Aral Region.
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12.
  • Asokan, Shilpa M., 1979-, et al. (författare)
  • Vapor flux by evapotranspiration : effects of changes in climate, land-use and water-use
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 115:D24
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Enhanced evapotranspiration (ET) over irrigated land and associated latent heat flux change can modify the climate. Model studies of such climate change effects of irrigation are commonly based on land use parameterizations, in terms of irrigated land area, or land area equipped for irrigation. Actual ET change, however, may also be driven by water use change in addition to land use change. This study quantifies and compares ET changes due to changes in climate, land use, and water use from the preirrigation period 1901–1955 to the recent period 1990–2000 (with irrigation) for the example case of Mahanadi River Basin (MRB) in India. The results show that actual water use per unit area of irrigated land may vary greatly over a hydrological drainage basin. In MRB, much higher water use per irrigated land unit in the downstream humid basin parts leads to higher vapor flux by ET, and irrigation‐induced ET flux change, than in the upstream, water‐stressed basin parts. This is consistent with water supply limitations in water‐stressed basins. In contrast, the assumption in land use−based models that irrigation maintains high soil moisture contents can imply higher modeled water use and therefore also higher modeled ET fluxes under dry conditions than under humid conditions. The present results indicate water use as an important driver of regional climate change, in addition to land use and greenhouse gas‐driven changes.
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13.
  • Augustsson, Anna, et al. (författare)
  • Failure of generic risk assessment model framework to predict groundwater pollution risk at hundreds of metal contaminated sites : Implications for research needs
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier. - 0013-9351 .- 1096-0953. ; 185, s. 1-9
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Soil pollution constitutes one of the major threats to public health, where spreading to groundwater is one of several critical aspects. In most internationally adopted frameworks for routine risk assessments of contaminated land, generic models and soil guideline values are cornerstones. In order to protect the groundwater at contaminated sites, a common practice worldwide today is to depart from health risk-based limit concentrations for groundwater, and use generic soil-to-groundwater spreading models to back-calculate corresponding equilibrium levels (concentration limits) in soil, which must not be exceeded at the site. This study presents an extensive survey of how actual soil and groundwater concentrations, compiled for all high-priority contaminated sites in Sweden, relate to the national model for risk management of contaminated sites, with focus on As, Cu, Pb and Zn. Results show that soil metal concentrations, as well as total amounts, constitute a poor basis for assessing groundwater contamination status. The evaluated model was essentially incapable of predicting groundwater contamination (i.e. concentrations above limit values) based on soil data, and erred on the "unsafe side" in a significant number of cases, with modelled correlations not being conservative enough. Further, the risk of groundwater contamination was almost entirely independent of industry type. In essence, since neither soil contaminant loads nor industry type is conclusive, there is a need for a supportive framework for assessing metal spreading to groundwater accounting for site-specific, geochemical conditions.
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14.
  • Augustsson, Anna, et al. (författare)
  • The risk of overestimating the risk-metal leaching to groundwater near contaminated glass waste deposits and exposure via drinking water
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 566, s. 1420-1431
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study investigates metal contamination patterns and exposure to Sb, As, Ba, Cd and Pb via intake of drinking water in a region in southeastern Sweden where the production of artistic glass has resulted in a large number of contaminated sites. Despite high total concentrations of metals in soil and groundwater at the glassworks sites properties, all drinking water samples from households with private wells, located at a 30-640 m distance from a glassworks site, were below drinking water criteria from the WHO for Sb, As, Ba and Cd. A few drinking water samples showed concentrations of Pb above the WHO guideline, but As was the only element found in concentrations that could result in human exposure near toxicological reference values. An efficient retention of metals in the natural soil close to the source areas, which results in a moderate impact on local drinking water, is implied. Firstly, by the lack of significant difference in metal concentrations when comparing households located upstream and downstream of the main waste deposits, and secondly, by the lack of correlation between the metal concentration in drinking water and distance to the nearest glassworks site. However, elevated Pb and Cd concentrations in drinking water around glassworks sites when compared to regional groundwater indicate that diffuse contamination of the soils found outside the glassworks properties, and not only the glass waste landfills, may have a significant impact on groundwater quality. We further demonstrate that different mobilization patterns apply to different metals. Regarding the need to use reliable data to assess drinking water contamination and human exposure, we finally show that the conservative modelling approaches that are frequently used in routine risk assessments may result in exposure estimates many times higher than those based on measured concentrations in the drinking water that is actually being used for consumption. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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15.
  • Basu, Nandita B., et al. (författare)
  • Managing nitrogen legacies to accelerate water quality improvement
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Nature Geoscience. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1752-0894 .- 1752-0908. ; 15:2, s. 97-105
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Increasing incidences of eutrophication and groundwater quality impairment from agricultural nitrogen pollution are threatening humans and ecosystem health. Minimal improvements in water quality have been achieved despite billions of dollars invested in conservation measures worldwide. Such apparent failures can be attributed in part to legacy nitrogen that has accumulated over decades of agricultural intensification and that can lead to time lags in water quality improvement. Here, we identify the key knowledge gaps related to landscape nitrogen legacies and propose approaches to manage and improve water quality, given the presence of these legacies.
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16.
  • Bayer-Raich, Martí, et al. (författare)
  • Breakthrough of attenuating contaminant plumes in pumping wells: Analytical model and implications for integral pumping tests.
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Water resources research. - 0043-1397 .- 1944-7973. ; 45, s. W02413-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Monitoring of contaminant plumes and predicting their future fate are essential for effective management of groundwater contaminants. Solute breakthrough curves from operating pumping wells can provide information on the water quality in relatively large aquifer regions, which may be unavailable to instrumentation and direct measurement for practical and/or economical reasons. Relations between spatially varying aquifer concentrations C0(x, y) initially surrounding a well and temporally varying concentrations of subsequently extracted well water, Cp(t), then need to be quantified. However, limited applicability of analytical expressions and numerical inaccuracies related to solving transport equations for converging flow fields hamper such quantifications even in homogeneous aquifers. We use a stream-tube approach and provide a general problem formulation that accounts for first-order degradation and linear, instantaneous, sorption/retardation in heterogeneous aquifers. An analytical expression is obtained for homogeneous aquifer conditions (in the well vicinity), relating any given initial C0(x, y) function and the subsequent contaminant breakthrough Cp(t) in the well. Results for wide plumes subject to first-order degradation show that concentrations at the extraction well will increase as a function of pumping time. This increase is despite the fact that late-time data reflect longer transport paths (to the well), along which mass is removed through degradation. We also derive unique solutions for the inverse problem, in particular considering how the average contaminant concentration Cav (averaged along a control plane through the well within its capture zone, perpendicular to the mean groundwater flow direction) depends on the measurable Cp(t). The solutions demonstrate that the longer the pumping time, the more sensitive the solutions for Cav become to degradation rate constants, which if needed can be determined in situ using multiple control planes.
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17.
  • Bayer-Raich, Martí, et al. (författare)
  • Comment on “Analysis of groundwater contamination using concentration-time series recorded during an integral pumping test: Bias introduced by strong concentration gradients within the plume” by Allelign Zeru and Gerhard Schäfer
  • 2007
  • Ingår i: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-7722. ; 90:3-4, s. 240-251
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We consider the results of a recent paper in this journal [Zeru, A. and Schäfer, G., 2005. Analysis of groundwater contamination using concentration–time series recorded during an integral pumping test: Bias introduced by strong concentration gradients within the plume. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 81 (2005) 106–124], which addresses the field-scale characterisation of contaminant plumes in groundwater. There, it is concluded that contaminant concentration gradients can bias Integral Pumping Test (IPT) interpretations considerably, in particular if IPTs are conducted in advective fronts of contaminant plumes. We discuss implications of this setting and also argue that the longitudinal and transverse dispersivities used in the examples of Zeru and Schäfer (2005) of up to 30 m and 3 m, respectively, are generally very high for the here relevant capture zone scale (b20 m). However, regardless of both longitudinal and transverse concentration gradients, we further show through a counter-example that IPT results are unbiased as long as the concentration attenuation along the flow direction is linear over the capture zone extent.
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18.
  • Bring, Arvid, et al. (författare)
  • Contrasting Hydroclimatic Model-Data Agreements Over the Nordic-Arctic Region
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Earth's Future. - : John Wiley and Sons Inc. - 2328-4277. ; 7:12, s. 1270-1282
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Rapid changes in high-latitude hydroclimate have important implications for human societies and environment. Previous studies of different regions have indicated better agreement between climate model results and observation data for the thermodynamic variable of surface air temperature (T) than for the water variables of precipitation (P), evapotranspiration (ET), and runoff (R). Here we compare climate model output with observations for 64 Nordic and Arctic hydrological basins of different sizes, and for the whole region combined. We find an unexpectedly high agreement between models and observations for R, about as high as the model-observation agreement for T and distinctly higher than that for P or ET. Model-observation agreement for R and T is also consistently higher on the whole-region scale than individual basin scales. In contrast, model-observation agreement for P and ET is overall lower, and for some error measures also lower for the whole region than for individual basins of various scales. Region-specific soil freeze-thaw bias of climate models can at least partly explain the low model-observation agreement for P and ET, while leaving modeled R relatively unaffected. Thereby, model projections for this region may be similarly reliable and directly useful for large-scale average conditions of R as of T.
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19.
  • Bring, Arvid, et al. (författare)
  • Implications of freshwater flux data from the CMIP5 multimodel output across a set of Northern Hemisphere drainage basins
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: EARTHS FUTURE. - 2328-4277. ; 3:6, s. 206-217
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The multimodel ensemble of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5 (CMIP5) synthesizes the latest research in global climate modeling. The freshwater system on land, particularly runoff, has so far been of relatively low priority in global climate models, despite the societal and ecosystem importance of freshwater changes, and the science and policy needs for such model output on drainage basin scales. Here we investigate the implications of CMIP5 multimodel ensemble output data for the freshwater system across a set of drainage basins in the Northern Hemisphere. Results of individual models vary widely, with even ensemble mean results differing greatly from observations and implying unrealistic long-term systematic changes in water storage and level within entire basins. The CMIP5 projections of basin-scale freshwater fluxes differ considerably more from observations and among models for the warm temperate study basins than for the Arctic and cold temperate study basins. In general, the results call for concerted research efforts and model developments for improving the understanding and modeling of the freshwater system and its change drivers. Specifically, more attention to basin-scale water flux analyses should be a priority for climate model development, and an important focus for relevant model-based advice for adaptation to climate change.
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20.
  • Bring, Arvid, et al. (författare)
  • Water Information and Water Security in the Arctic
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: The New Arctic. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319176017 - 9783319176024 ; , s. 225-238
  • Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Water is common to many environmental changes that are currently observed in the Arctic. To manage environmental change, and related water security challenges that are rising in the Arctic, adequate water information and monitoring is critical. Although water information systems have been deteriorating in the Arctic, there are still opportunities to combine existing data to inform policy decisions on how to manage water security. Furthermore, implementing a set of water security indicators can help identify areas of concern within the region. However, accessible climate change information is not always relevant for the scales of policymaking. In addition, improved representation of water on land in climate models is needed to better inform adaptation.
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21.
  • Cao, Feifei, et al. (författare)
  • Large-scale arsenic mobilization from legacy sources in anoxic aquifers : Multiple methods and multi-decadal perspectives
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 892
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • While geogenic arsenic (As) contamination of aquifers have been intensively investigated across the world, the mobilization and transport of As from anthropogenic sources have received less scientific attention, despite emerging evidence of poor performance of widely used risk assessment models. In this study we hypothesize that such poor model performance is largely due to insufficient attention to heterogeneous subsurface properties, including the hydraulic conductivity K and the solid-liquid partition (Kd), as well as neglect of laboratory-to-field scaling effects. Our multi-method investigation includes i) inverse transport modelling, ii) in-situ measurements of As concentrations in paired samples of soil and groundwater, and iii) batch equilibrium experiments combined with (iv) geochemical modelling. As case study we use a unique 20-year series of spatially distributed monitoring data, capturing an expanding As plume in a Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA)-contaminated anoxic aquifer in southern Sweden. The in-situ results showed a high variability in local Kd values of As (1 to 107 L kg−1), implying that over-reliance of data from only one or few locations can lead to interpretations that are inconsistent with field-scale As transport. However, the geometric mean of the local Kd values (14.4 L kg−1) showed high consistency with the independently estimated field-scale “effective Kd” derived from inverse transport modelling (13.6 L kg−1). This provides empirical evidence for the relevance of using geometric averaging when estimating large-scale “effective Kd” values from local measurements within highly heterogenous, isotropic aquifers. Overall, the considered As plume is prolonged by about 0.7 m year−1, now starting to extend beyond the borders of the industrial source area, a problem likely shared with many of the world's As-polluted sites. In this context, geochemical modelling assessments, as presented here, provided a unique understanding of the processes governing As retention, including local variability in, e.g., Fe/Al-(hydr)oxides contents, redox potential and pH.
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22.
  • Chakrawal, Arjun, et al. (författare)
  • Dynamic upscaling of decomposition kinetics for carbon cycling models
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Geoscientific Model Development. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1991-959X .- 1991-9603. ; 13:3, s. 1399-1429
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The distribution of organic substrates and microorganisms in soils is spatially heterogeneous at the microscale. Most soil carbon cycling models do not account for this microscale heterogeneity, which may affect predictions of carbon (C) fluxes and stocks. In this study, we hypothesize that the mean respiration rate (R) over bar at the soil core scale (i) is affected by the microscale spatial heterogeneity of substrate and microorganisms and (ii) depends upon the degree of this heterogeneity. To theoretically assess the effect of spatial heterogeneities on (R) over bar, we contrast heterogeneous conditions with isolated patches of substrate and microorganisms versus spatially homogeneous conditions equivalent to those assumed in most soil C models. Moreover, we distinguish between biophysical heterogeneity, defined as the nonuniform spatial distribution of substrate and microorganisms, and full heterogeneity, defined as the nonuniform spatial distribution of substrate quality (or accessibility) in addition to biophysical heterogeneity. Four common formulations for decomposition kinetics (linear, multiplicative, Michaelis-Menten, and inverse Michaelis-Menten) are considered in a coupled substrate-microbial biomass model valid at the microscale. We start with a 2-D domain characterized by a heterogeneous substrate distribution and numerically simulate organic matter dynamics in each cell in the domain. To interpret the mean behavior of this spatially explicit system, we propose an analytical scale transition approach in which microscale heterogeneities affect (R) over bar through the second-order spatial moments (spatial variances and covariances). The model assuming homogeneous conditions was not able to capture the mean behavior of the heterogeneous system because the second-order moments cause (R) over bar to be higher or lower than in the homogeneous system, depending on the sign of these moments. This effect of spatial heterogeneities appears in the upscaled nonlinear decomposition formulations, whereas the upscaled linear decomposition model deviates from homogeneous conditions only when substrate quality is heterogeneous. Thus, this study highlights the inadequacy of applying at the macroscale the same decomposition formulations valid at the microscale and proposes a scale transition approach as a way forward to capture microscale dynamics in core-scale models.
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23.
  • Chalov, Sergey R., et al. (författare)
  • Sediment transport in headwaters of a volcanic catchment-Kamchatka Peninsula case study
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Frontiers of Earth Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2095-0195 .- 2095-0209. ; 11:3, s. 565-578
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Due to specific environmental conditions, headwater catchments located on volcanic slopes and valleys are characterized by distinctive hydrology and sediment transport patterns. However, lack of sufficient monitoring causes that the governing processes and patterns in these areas are rarely well understood. In this study, spatiotemporal water discharge and sediment transport from upstream sources was investigated in one of the numerous headwater catchments located in the lahar valleys of the Kamchatka Peninsula Sukhaya Elizovskaya River near Avachinskii and Koryakskii volcanoes. Three different subcatchments and corresponding channel types (wandering rivers within lahar valleys, mountain rivers within volcanic slopes and rivers within submountain terrains) were identified in the studied area. Our measurements from different periods of observations between years 2012-2014 showed that the studied catchment was characterized by extreme diurnal fluctuation of water discharges and sediment loads that were influenced by snowmelt patterns and high infiltration rates of the easily erodible lahar deposits. The highest recorded sediment loads were up to 9.10(4) mg/L which was related to an increase of two orders of magnitude within a one day of observations. Additionally, to get a quantitative estimate of the spatial distribution of the eroded material in the volcanic substrates we applied an empirical soil erosion and sediment yield model-modified universal soil loss equation (MUSLE). The modeling results showed that even if the applications of the universal erosion model to different non-agricultural areas (e.g., volcanic catchments) can lead to irrelevant results, the MUSLE model delivered might be acceptable for non-lahar areas of the studied volcanic catchment. Overall the results of our study increase our understanding of the hydrology and associated sediment transport for prediction of risk management within headwater volcanic catchments.
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24.
  • Chalov, Sergey R., et al. (författare)
  • Spatio-temporal variation of sediment transport in the Selenga River Basin, Mongolia and Russia
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 73:2, s. 663-680
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Many Asian rivers have been intensively used to boost economic growth, resulting in sudden and drastic changes in sediment transport patterns. However, a few rivers are still undisturbed. The present paper considers the unregulated Selenga River and its basin, located in Russia and Mongolia. The river contributes to 50 % of the total inflow to Lake Baikal. Pending scientific challenges include the quantification of sediment loads and erosion-deposition patterns along the Selenga River system, the understanding of suspended particulate matter composition and the importance of peak flow events for total sediment discharge and heavy metal transport. Field data and hydraulic modeling converge on showing that peak flow events during spring and summer contribute to the main part (70-80 %) of the annual sediment and pollution loads in upstream parts of the basin. The Selenga River carries mostly silt and sand. The average particle size differs by a factor of four between summer floods and base flow periods. The low amount of particulate organic matter (ranging between 1 and 16 % in the studied rivers) is consistent with the significant role of sediments originating from mining areas and in-channel sources. The bed load transport in the downstream part of the river basin is high (up to 50 % of the total transport), and channel storage plays an important role in the total sediment transport to Lake Baikal. Reported statistically significant multi-decadal declines in sediment fluxes in the downstream Selenga River can be attributed to the abandonment of cultivated lands and (most likely) to changing hydroclimatic factors.
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25.
  • Chalov, Sergey, et al. (författare)
  • The Selenga River delta : a geochemical barrier protecting Lake Baikal waters
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Regional Environmental Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1436-3798 .- 1436-378X. ; 17:7, s. 2039-2053
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The protection of Lake Baikal and the planning of water management measures in the Selenga River Basin require a comprehensive understanding of the current state and functioning of the delta’s ecosystem and hydrogeochemical processes. This is particularly relevant in light of recent and expected future changes involving both the hydrology and water quality in the Lake Baikal basin causing spatiotemporal changes in water flow, morphology, and transport of sediments and metals in the Selenga River delta and thus impacting on delta barrier functions. The central part of the delta had been characterized by sediment storage, especially along the main channels, causing a continuous lift of the delta surface by about 0.75 cm/year−1. Theses morphological changes have a significant impact on hydrological conditions, with historical shifts in the bulk discharge from the left to the right parts of the delta which is distinguished by a relatively high density of wetlands. Regions with a high density of wetlands and small channels, in contrast to main channel regions, show a consistent pattern of considerable contaminant filtering and removal (between 77 and 99 % for key metals), during both high-flow and low-flow conditions. The removal is associated with a significant concentration increase (2–3 times) of these substances in the bottom sediment. In consequence, geomorphological processes, which govern the partitioning of flow between different channel systems, may therefore directly govern the barrier function of the delta.
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26.
  • Chasset, Coralie, et al. (författare)
  • Scenario simulations of CO(2) injection feasibility, plume migration and storage in a saline aquifer, Scania, Sweden
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-5836 .- 1878-0148. ; 5:5, s. 1303-1318
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Deep saline aquifers have large capacity for geological CO(2) storage, but are generally not as well characterized as petroleum reservoirs. We here aim at quantifying effects of uncertain hydraulic parameters and uncertain stratigraphy on CO(2) injectivity and migration, and provide a first feasibility study of pilot-scale CO(2) injection into a multilayered saline aquifer system in southwest Scania, Sweden. Four main scenarios are developed, corresponding to different possible interpretations of available site data. Simulation results show that, on the one hand, stratigraphic uncertainty (presence/absence of a thin mudstone/claystone layer above the target storage formation) leads to large differences in predicted CO(2) storage in the target formation at the end of the test (ranging between 11% and 98% of injected CO(2) remaining), whereas other parameter uncertainty (in formation and cap rock permeabilities) has small impact. On the other hand, the latter has large impact on predicted injectivity, on which stratigraphic uncertainty has small impact. Salt precipitation at the border of the target storage formation affects CO(2) injectivity for all considered scenarios and injection rates. At low injection rates, salt is deposited also within the formation, considerably reducing its availability for CO(2) storage.
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27.
  • Chen, Wenjun, et al. (författare)
  • A typological framework of non-floodplain wetlands for global collaborative research and sustainable use
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Environmental Research Letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-9326. ; 17:11
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Non-floodplain wetlands (NFWs) are important but vulnerable inland freshwater systems that are receiving increased attention and protection worldwide. However, a lack of consistent terminology, incohesive research objectives, and inherent heterogeneity in existing knowledge hinder cross-regional information sharing and global collaboration. To address this challenge and facilitate future management decisions, we synthesized recent work to understand the state of NFW science and explore new opportunities for research and sustainable NFW use globally. Results from our synthesis show that although NFWs have been widely studied across all continents, regional biases exist in the literature. We hypothesize these biases in the literature stem from terminology rather than real geographical bias around existence and functionality. To confirm this observation, we explored a set of geographically representative NFW regions around the world and characteristics of research focal areas. We conclude that there is more that unites NFW research and management efforts than we might otherwise appreciate. Furthermore, opportunities for cross-regional information sharing and global collaboration exist, but a unified terminology will be needed, as will a focus on wetland functionality. Based on these findings, we discuss four pathways that aid in better collaboration, including improved cohesion in classification and terminology, and unified approaches to modeling and simulation. In turn, legislative objectives must be informed by science to drive conservation and management priorities. Finally, an educational pathway serves to integrate the measures and to promote new technologies that aid in our collective understanding of NFWs. Our resulting framework from NFW synthesis serves to encourage interdisciplinary collaboration and sustainable use and conservation of wetland systems globally.
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28.
  • Clason, Caroline C., et al. (författare)
  • Dye tracing to determine flow properties of hydrocarbon-polluted Rabots glaciar, Kebnekaise, Sweden
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1027-5606 .- 1607-7938. ; 19:6, s. 2701-2715
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Over 11 000 L of kerosene was deposited on the surface of Rabots glaciar on the Kebnekaise Massif, northern Sweden, following the crash of a Royal Norwegian Air Force aircraft in March 2012. An environmental monitoring programme was subsequently commissioned, including a series of dye tracing experiments during the 2013 melt season, conducted to investigate the transport of pollutants through the glacier hydrological system. This experimental set-up provided a basis from which we could gain new insight into the internal hydrological system of Rabots glaciar. Results of dye tracing experiments reveal a degree of homogeneity in the topology of the drainage system throughout July and August, with an increase in efficiency as the season progresses, as reflected by decreasing temporary storage and dispersivity. Early onset of melting likely led to formation of an efficient, discrete drainage system early in the melt season, subject to decreasing sinuosity and braiding as the season progressed. Four distinct meltwater flow regimes are identified to summarize the temporal and spatial evolution of the system. Analysis of turbidity-discharge hysteresis further supports the formation of discrete, efficient drainage, with clockwise diurnal hysteresis suggesting easy mobilization of readily available sediments in channels. Dye injection immediately downstream of the pollution source zone reveals prolonged storage of dye followed by fast, efficient release. Twinned with a low dye recovery, and supported by sporadic detection of hydrocarbons in the proglacial river, we suggest that meltwater, and thus pollutants in solution, may be released periodically through an efficient, and likely pressurized, hydrological system within the upper reaches of the glacier.
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29.
  • Clemenzi, Ilaria, et al. (författare)
  • Annual water balance and hydrological trends in the glacierised Tarfala Catchment, Sweden
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Hydrology. - 0022-1694 .- 1879-2707. ; 626
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Quantifying components of the hydrological cycle in glacierised catchments is important for the assessment of the temporal distribution, quantity and quality of water resources available to downstream regions, especially under a changing climate. However, this assessment requires long time series of observations, which are typically unavailable for remote catchments, such as those in mountainous areas. In this study, we leverage a unique ∼40 year time series of hydrological data recorded in the subarctic glacierised Tarfala catchment (Sweden) to explore temporal trends in the components of the catchment water balance (precipitation, runoff, change in storage, and evaporation), and to assess if water balance residuals are associated with specific hydro-climatic conditions. No significant temporal trends were found in precipitation and storage changes of the glacierised area, but significant increases were found in evaporation and summer discharge (in part attributed to glacier volume losses). The annual water balance could not be perfectly closed, and water losses were on average 112 mm y−1 larger than the water inputs over the study period. Among the water balance components, discharge contributed most to the total water balance uncertainty, and storage surplus due to antecedent meteorological conditions could explain why water losses in specific years exceeded the uncertainty bounds. It is therefore essential to consider legacy effects from previous years when applying water balance calculations in mountainous and/or glacierised catchments.
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30.
  • Darracq, Amelie, et al. (författare)
  • Quantification of advective solute travel times and mass transport through hydrological catchments
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Environmental Fluid Mechanics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1567-7419 .- 1573-1510. ; 10:1-2, s. 103-120
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study has investigated and outlined the possible quantification and mapping of the distributions of advective solute travel times through hydrological catchments. These distributions are essential for understanding how local water flow and solute transport and attenuation processes affect the catchment-scale transport of solute, for instance with regard to biogeochemical cycling, contamination persistence and water quality. The spatial and statistical distributions of advective travel times have been quantified based on reported hydrological flow and mass-transport modeling results for two coastal Swedish catchments. The results show that the combined travel time distributions for the groundwater-stream network continuum in these catchments depend largely on the groundwater system and model representation, in particular regarding the spatial variability of groundwater hydraulic parameters (conductivity, porosity and gradient), and the possible contributions of slower/deeper groundwater flow components. Model assumptions about the spatial variability of groundwater hydraulic properties can thus greatly affect model results of catchment-scale solute spreading. The importance of advective travel time variability for the total mass delivery of naturally attenuated solute (tracer, nutrient, pollutant) from a catchment to its downstream water recipient depends on the product of catchment-average physical travel time and attenuation rate.
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31.
  • Darracq, Amelie, et al. (författare)
  • Scale and model resolution effects on the distributions of advective solute travel times in catchments
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Hydrological Processes. - : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. - 0885-6087 .- 1099-1085. ; 24:12, s. 1697-1710
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Advective solute travel times and their distributions in hydrological catchments are useful descriptors of the dynamics and variation of the physical mass transport among and along the different source-to-recipient pathways of solute transport through the catchments. This article investigates the scale dependence and the effects of model and data resolution on the quantification of advective travel times and their distributions in the Swedish catchment areas of Norrström and Forsmark. In the surface water networks of the investigated (sub)catchments, the mean advective travel time increases with (sub)catchment scale, whereas the relative travel time variability around the mean value (coefficient of variation, CV) is scale-invariant and insensitive to model resolution. In the groundwater and for the whole (sub)catchments, both the mean value and the CV of travel times are scale-invariant, but sensitive to model resolution and accuracy. Such quantifications and results of advective travel times constitute important steps in the development of improved understanding and modelling of nutrient, pollutant and tracer transport through catchments.
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32.
  • Dawson, Lucas, et al. (författare)
  • Impacts of the Water Framework Directive on learning and knowledge practices in a Swedish catchment
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 223, s. 731-742
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Catchments are complex social-ecological systems involving multiple, and often competing, interests. Water governance and management regimes are increasingly embracing pluralistic, participatory, and holistic norms as a means to engage with issues of complexity, uncertainty, and value-conflicts. Integrated, participatory approaches are theoretically linked to improved learning amongst stakeholders across sectors and decision-making that is grounded in shared knowledge, experiences and scientific evidence. However, few studies have empirically examined the impacts of an integrated approach to learning and knowledge practices related to water resources.Here, a Swedish sub-catchment that has adopted such an approach in association with implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) is examined. Interview-based analyses show that WFD implementation has both helped and hindered learning and knowledge practices surrounding both water planning and spatial planning. Whilst communities of practice have developed in the study area, a number of important challenges remain. These include the rigid goal-orientation of the WFD, the fragmentation of knowledge caused by an over-reliance on external consultants, as well as a lack of resources to synthesise information from multiple sources. Present results raise questions regarding the efficacy of the WFD to sufficiently enable the development of learning and knowledge practices capable of handling the complexity, uncertainties and value-conflicts facing catchments in Sweden and elsewhere.
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33.
  • Dessirier, Benoît, et al. (författare)
  • A global sensitivity analysis of two-phase flow between fractured crystalline rock and bentonite with application to spent nuclear fuel disposal
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Journal of Contaminant Hydrology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-7722 .- 1873-6009. ; 182, s. 25-35
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel in deep crystalline rock is investigated as a possible long term solution in Sweden and Finland. The fuel rods would be cased in copper canisters and deposited in vertical holes in the floor of deep underground tunnels, embedded within an engineered bentonite buffer. Recent experiments at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (Sweden) showed that the high suction of unsaturated bentonite causes a de-saturation of the adjacent rock at the time of installation, which was also independently predicted in model experiments. Remaining air can affect the flow patterns and alter bio-geochemical conditions, influencing for instance the transport of radionuclides in the case of canister failure. However, thus far, observations and model realizations are limited in number and do not capture the conceivable range and combination of parameter values and boundary conditions that are relevant for the thousands of deposition holes envisioned in an operational final repository.In order to decrease this knowledge gap, we introduce here a formalized, systematic and fully integrated approach to study the combined impact of multiple factors on air saturation and dissolution predictions, investigating the impact of variability in parameter values, geometry and boundary conditions on bentonite buffer saturation times and on occurrences of rock de-saturation. Results showed that four parameters consistently appear in the top six influential factors for all considered output (target) variables: the position of the fracture intersecting the deposition hole, the background rock permeability, the suction representing the relative humidity in the open tunnel and the far field pressure value. The combined influence of these compared to the other parameters increases as one targets a larger fraction of the buffer reaching near-saturation. Strong interaction effects were found, which means that some parameter combinations yielded results (e.g., time to saturation) far outside the range of results obtained by the rest of the scenarios. This study also addresses potential air trapping by dissolution of part of the initial air content of the bentonite, showing that neglecting gas flow effects and trapping could lead to significant underestimation of the remaining air content and the duration of the initial aerobic phase of the repository.
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34.
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35.
  • Dessirier, Benoît, et al. (författare)
  • Modeling early in situ wetting of a compacted bentonite buffer installed in low permeable crystalline bedrock
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Water resources research. - 0043-1397 .- 1944-7973. ; 52:8, s. 6207-6221
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The repository concept for geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel in Sweden and Finland is planned to be constructed in sparsely fractured crystalline bedrock and with an engineered bentonite buffer to embed the waste canisters. An important stage in such a deep repository is the postclosure phase following the deposition and the backfilling operations when the initially unsaturated buffer material gets hydrated by the groundwater delivered by the natural bedrock. We use numerical simulations to interpret observations on buffer wetting gathered during an in situ campaign, the Bentonite Rock Interaction Experiment, in which unsaturated bentonite columns were introduced into deposition holes in the floor of a 417 m deep tunnel at the Aspo Hard Rock Laboratory in Sweden. Our objectives are to assess the performance of state-of-the-art flow models in reproducing the buffer wetting process and to investigate to which extent dependable predictions of buffer wetting times and saturation patterns can be made based on information collected prior to buffer insertion. This would be important for preventing insertion into unsuitable bedrock environments. Field data and modeling results indicate the development of a de-saturated zone in the rock and show that in most cases, the presence or absence of fractures and flow heterogeneity are more important factors for correct wetting predictions than the total inflow. For instance, for an equal open-hole inflow value, homogeneous inflow yields much more rapid buffer wetting than cases where fractures are represented explicitly thus creating heterogeneous inflow distributions.
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36.
  • Dessirier, Benoît, et al. (författare)
  • Modeling Two-Phase-Flow Interactions across a Bentonite Clay and Fractured Rock Interface
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Nuclear Technology. - 0029-5450 .- 1943-7471. ; 187:2, s. 147-157
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Deep geological repositories are generally considered as suitable environments for final disposal of spent nuclear fuel. In the Swedish and Finnish repository design concept, canisters are to be placed in deep underground tunnels in sparsely fractured crystalline bedrock, in deposition holes in which each canister is embedded with an expansive bentonite-clay-mixture buffer. A set of semigeneric two-dimensional radially symmetric TOUGH2 simulations are conducted to investigate the multiphase dynamics and interactions between water and air in a bentonite-rock environment. The main objective is to identify how sensitive saturation times of bentonite are to the geometry of the rock fractures and to commonly adopted simplifications in the unsaturated flow description such as Richards assumptions. Results show that the location of the intersection between the fracture system and the deposition hole is a key factor affecting saturation times. A potential long-lasting desaturation of the rock matrix close to the bentonite-rock interface is also identified extending up to 10 cm inside the rock. Two-phase-flow models predict systematically longer saturation times compared to a simplified Richards approximation, which is frequently used to represent unsaturated flows. The discrepancy diverges considerably as full saturation is approached.
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37.
  • Dessirier, Benoît, 1987- (författare)
  • Numerical modeling of groundwater and air flow between compacted bentonite and fractured crystalline rock
  • 2016
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The geological repository for final storage of spent nuclear fuel, envisioned by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Management Company (SKB), relies on several barriers: copper canisters deposited in holes in the floor of underground tunnels in deep bedrock, embedded in a buffer of compacted bentonite. The initially unsaturated buffer would take up water from the surrounding rock mass and swell to seal any potential gap. This initial two-phase (gas and liquid) regime with two components (air and water) may impact the final density, swelling pressure and biogeochemical conditions in the buffer. A main objective of this work is to identify factors and mechanisms that govern deposition hole inflow and bentonite wetting under the prevailing two-phase flow conditions in sparsely fractured bedrock. For this purpose, we use the numerical code TOUGH2 to perform two-phase flow simulations, conditioned by a companion field experiment (the Bentonite Rock Interaction Experiment or BRIE) performed in a 417 m deep tunnel of the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory in southeastern Sweden. The models predict a significant de-saturation of the rock wall, which was confirmed by field data. To predict the early buffer wetting rates and patterns, the position of local flowing fractures and estimates of local rock matrix permeability appear more important than the total open hole groundwater inflow. A global sensitivity analysis showed that the buffer wetting time and the persistence of unsaturated conditions over extended periods of time in the rock depend primarily on the local fracture positions, rock matrix permeability, ventilation conditions in the tunnel and pressure far in the rock. Dismantling photographs from BRIE were used to reconstruct a fine-scale snapshot of saturation at the bentonite/rock interface, showing tremendous spatial variability. The high level of heterogeneity in the rock generates complex two-phase flow phenomena (air trapping, dissolution), which need to be accounted for in buffer design and rock suitability criteria. In particular, results suggest that uncertainties regarding two-phase flow behavior are relatively high close to residual air saturation, which may also have important implications for other applications involving two-phase flows, such as geological storage of carbon dioxide.
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38.
  • Dessirier, Benoît, et al. (författare)
  • Reconstruction of the water content at an interface between compacted bentonite blocks and fractured crystalline bedrock
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Applied Clay Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-1317 .- 1872-9053. ; 142, s. 145-152
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • High-density sodium bentonite combines a low permeability with a swelling behavior, which constitute two important qualities for engineered barriers in geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel. For example, the KBS-3V method developed in Sweden and Finland is planned to include compacted bentonite as the buffer material to embed canisters containing the spent nuclear fuel packages in deposition holes in deep crystalline bedrock. The partially saturated bentonite buffer will then swell as it takes up groundwater from the surrounding rock. It is important to quantify the water content evolution of the installed buffer to correctly predict the development of the swelling pressure and the prevailing conditions (thermal, mechanical, chemical and biological). This study aimed at quantifying the water content profile at the surface of a cylindrical bentonite parcel retrieved after in situ wetting in fractured crystalline bedrock. We demonstrate the possibility of using regression-kriging to quantitatively include spatial information from high-resolution photographs of the retrieved bentonite parcel, where more water saturated areas appear as relatively dark shades, along with bentonite samples, where detailed measurements of water content were performed. The resulting reconstruction is both exact regarding local sample measurements and successful to reproduce features such as intersecting rock fracture traces, visible in the photographs. This level of detail is a key step to gain a deeper understanding of the hydraulic behavior of compacted bentonite barriers in sparsely fractured rock. An improved scanning procedure could further increase the accuracy by reducing errors introduced by the geometrical transformations needed to unfold and stitch the different photographs into a single gray scale map of the bentonite surface. The application of this technique could provide more insights to ongoing and planned experiments with unsaturated bentonite buffers.
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39.
  • Destouni, Georgia, et al. (författare)
  • Biogeochemical Transformation Pathways through the Land-water Geosphere
  • 2014
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Water on land undergoes and participates in many biogeochemical exchanges and changes. A bits-and-pieces approach to these may miss essential aspects of change propagation and transformation by land-water through different segments of the Earth system. This paper proposes a conceptualization of the entire land-water geosphere as a scale-free catchment-wise organised system (Figure 1), emphasizing four key new system aspects compared to traditional hydrosphere/water cycle view: i) distinction of coastal divergent in addition to traditional convergent catchments; ii) physical and social-ecological system coupling through four main nodal zones/interfaces (surface, subsurface, coastal, observation); iii) flow-transport pathways as system coupling agents; iv) multiple interactions with the anthroposphere as integral system parts. Utilizing this conceptualization, we identify distinct patterns of direct anthropogenic change in large-scale water and waterborne nutrient fluxes, emerging across different parts of the world. In general, its embedment directly in the anthroposphere/technosphere makes land-water a key geosphere for understanding and monitoring human-driven biogeochemical changes. Further progress in system-level understanding of such changes requires studies of land-water as a continuous yet structured geosphere following the proposed spatiotemporal pathways of change propagation-transformation.
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40.
  • Destouni, Georgia, et al. (författare)
  • Freshwater flows to the sea: Spatial variability, statistics and scale dependence along coastlines
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. ; 35:L18401
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Beyond the monitoring of main river flows, the discharges of freshwater from land to the sea are typically left unmonitored along long coastline stretches. This study uses uniquely fine-resolved data and determines the spatial variability and statistics of the freshwater fluxes to the sea along two Swedish coastlines. The flux statistics depend greatly on subjective investigation choices of the support (or aggregation) scale of flux measurement, H, and the coastline length resolution, G. For common H and G values and relations, the flux coefficient of variation ranges from 1.5 to 22.5 and there is around 90–95% probability that locally measured or modelled fluxes miss the high-end fluxes that are greater than the arithmetic mean flux and carry most of the total freshwater discharge across the coastline. Quantification of the inland hydrological balance and its distribution over the whole coastal catchment area is needed for objective guidance of coastal discharge interpretations.
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41.
  • Destouni, Georgia, et al. (författare)
  • Hydro-Biogeochemical and Environmental-Management Functions of Wetland Networks in Landscapes
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: 9th INTECOL International Wetlands Conference, Wetlands in a Complex World. ; , s. 915-
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • A main application goal of ecohydrological science is to amplify opportunities of achieving water quality improvements, biodiversity enhancements and sustainable development, by improved understanding and use of ecosystem properties as a management tool. This paper draws on and synthesizes main result implications for the function and possible enhanced use of wetland networks in the landscape as such a tool, from a series of hydro-biogeochemical and environmental economics studies of nutrient/pollutant loading and abatement in different Swedish hydrological catchments. Results show large potential of wetland networks to reduce the cost of abating nutrient and metal loads within and from hydrological catchments, and emphasize some main research questions for further investigations of actual possibilities to realize this potential. The questions regard in particular the ability of wetland networks to extend the travel times and reduce the uncertainty of hydrological nutrient/pollutant transport through catchments.The paper further presents and discusses some main joint conclusions of the participants in a recently held International Workshop on Ecohydrology and Integrated Water Resource Management (1) at the Navarino Environmental Observatory in Messinia, Greece (2), regarding essential goals for collaborative international efforts in wetland network research. The goals include to investigate on different spatiotemporal scales and in different world regions: a) the dynamics of natural and managed wetland networks across a gradient of different climate, human disturbance, energy and organization conditions; b) the reciprocal interactions between wetland networks and associated hydrological catchments; c) how climate change and different human activities in the wetland network catchments influence these interactions (in b) and generally the ecohydrology of individual wetlands and the whole wetland networks; and d) the ecosystem services provided by networks of wetlands.
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42.
  • Destouni, Georgia, et al. (författare)
  • Inland hydro-climatic interaction : Effects of human water use on regional climate
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Geophysical Research Letters. - 0094-8276 .- 1944-8007. ; 37:18, s. L18402-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study has quantified the regional evaporation and evapotranspiration changes, and the associated latent heat flux and surface temperature changes in the Central Asian region of the Aral Sea drainage basin and the Aral Sea itself from the pre-1950 period of the 20th century to 1983-2002. The human water use for irrigation yielded an average regional cooling effect of -0.6 degrees C due to increased evapotranspiration and latent heat flux from the irrigated land. The runoff water diverted for irrigation was more than 80% of the pre-1950 runoff into the terminal Aral Sea, and was largely lost from the regional water system by the evapotranspiration increase. The Aral Sea shrank due to this water loss, resulting in decreased evaporation and latent heat flux from the pre-1950 Aral Sea area extent, with an average regional warming effect of 0.5 degrees C. In general, the endorheic (land-internal) runoff and relative consumptive use of irrigation water from that runoff determine the relative inland water area shrinkage, its warming effect, and to what extent the warming counteracts the cooling effect of irrigation. Citation: Destouni, G., S. M. Asokan, and J. Jarsjo (2010), Inland hydro-climatic interaction: Effects of human water use on regional climate.
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43.
  • Destouni, Georgia, et al. (författare)
  • Lagrangian pathway-travel time theory and scenario analysis of tracer-pollutant and uncertainty propagation through catchments
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 14, EGU2012-6940, 2012.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper presents how tracer, nutrient and pollutant transport through a catchment can be analyzed based on mean flow and other flow-transport properties given or resolved by simulations, by following the trajectories (pathways) of transport through the catchment and the flow-transport property distribution among them. Convolution of relevant property distributions across consecutive hydrological units, aggregated over the trajectories that originate from the tracer/pollutant-specific injection area, captures hydrological dispersion with its basic measure derived as the travel time coefficient of variation. Various memory functions can be introduced in a relatively simple manner for incorporating retention/mass transfer mechanisms under conditions of statistical stationarity. The paper further shows how spatial and temporal flow variability can be accounted for in this general theory, and how each and both of these variability components influence hydrological transport in catchments. Moreover, the paper outlines how the theory can be used in a scenario analysis approach to quantify and map the effects of uncertainty in physical and biogeochemical characteristics on diffuse hydrological transport and its uncertainty
  •  
44.
  • Destouni, Georgia, 1961-, et al. (författare)
  • Needs and means to advance science, policy and management understanding of the freshwater system : A synthesis report
  • 2015
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Fragmented and inconsistent understanding of the freshwater system limits our ability to achieve water security and sustainability under the human-driven changes occurring in the Anthropocene. To advance system-level understanding of freshwater, gaps and inconsistencies in knowledge, data, representations and links of processes and subsystems need to be identified and bridged under consideration of the freshwater system as a continuous whole. Based on such identification, a freshwater system conceptualization is developed in this report, which emphasizes four essential, yet often neglected system aspects:i) Distinction of coastal divergent catchments.ii) Four main zones (surface, subsurface, coastal, observation) of different types of freshwater change.iii) Water pathways as system-coupling agents that link and partition water change among the four change zones.iv) Direct interactions with the anthroposphere as integral system pathways across the change zones.We explain and exemplify some key implications of these aspects, identifying in the process also distinct patterns of human-driven changes in large-scale water fluxes and nutrient loads.The present conceptualization provides a basis for common inter- and trans-disciplinary understanding and systematic characterization of the freshwater system function and its changes, and of approaches to their modeling and monitoring. This can be viewed and used as a unifying checklist that can advance science, policy and management of freshwater and related environmental changes across various scales and world regions.
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45.
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46.
  • Destouni, Georgia, et al. (författare)
  • Small unmonitored near-coastal catchment areas yielding large mass loading to the sea
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Global Biogeochemical Cycles. ; 22:GB4003
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Continental freshwater transports and loads excess nutrients and pollutants from various land surface sources into downstream inland and coastal water environments. This study shows that even small, hydrologically unmonitored near-coastal catchment areas may generate large nutrient and pollutant mass loading to the sea of a magnitude similar to or greater than monitored river loads. Systematic near-coastal gaps in the monitoring of freshwater discharges to the sea may therefore mislead the quantification of coastal mass loading significantly. A methodology is presented for quantifying the mass load contributions of all the different unmonitored pathways of hydrological mass transport to the coast, including unmonitored river parts, whole unmonitored streams, and submarine groundwater discharge. This can be used for guiding future efforts to improve monitoring so that it includes the essential hydrological pathways of nutrient and pollutant loading to the sea.
  •  
47.
  • Destouni, Georgia, et al. (författare)
  • Zones of untreatable water pollution call for better appreciation of mitigation limits and opportunities
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: WIREs Water. - : Wiley. - 2049-1948. ; 5:6
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This opinion piece addresses subsurface legacy sources and their role in mitigation of large-scale water pollution and eutrophication. We provide a mechanistic theoretical basis and concrete data-based exemplification of dominant contributions from such sources to total recipient loads. We specifically develop a diagnostic test to detect such contributions, recognizing that they are inaccessible and associated with long transport times that tend to evade detection when homogeneous catchment models are calibrated to typically heterogeneous catchments. Dominant legacy-source contributions are also in practice untreatable within the commonly short time frames given for compliance with environmental regulation. We therefore argue that, for considerable water quality improvements to be achieved within such short time frames, mitigation measures need to be spatially differentiated and directed to (sub)catchments without major legacy sources. The presented diagnostic test identifies dominant prevalence of such sources where there is linear temporal correlation between the nutrient/pollutant loads and the water discharges from a (sub)catchment. Confidence in this identification may be strengthened by independent quantification of long transport times and records of temporally extended presence of nutrient/pollutant sources in the same (sub)catchment.
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48.
  • Ebert, Karin, et al. (författare)
  • GIS analysis of effects of future Baltic sea level rise on the island of Gotland, Sweden
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Natural hazards and earth system sciences. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1561-8633 .- 1684-9981. ; 16:7, s. 1571-1582
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Future sea level rise as a consequence of global warming will affect the world's coastal regions. Even though the pace of sea level rise is not clear, the consequences will be severe and global. Commonly the effects of future sea level rise are investigated for relatively vulnerable development countries; however, a whole range of varying regions needs to be considered in order to improve the understanding of global consequences. In this paper we investigate consequences of future sea level rise along the coast of the Baltic Sea island of Gotland, Sweden, with the aim to fill knowledge gaps regarding comparatively well-suited areas in developed countries. We study both the quantity of the loss of features of infrastructure, cultural, and natural value in the case of a 2 m sea level rise of the Baltic Sea and the effects of climate change on seawater intrusion in coastal aquifers, which indirectly cause saltwater intrusion in wells. We conduct a multi-criteria risk analysis by using lidar data on land elevation and GIS-vulnerability mapping, which gives the application of distance and elevation parameters formerly unimaginable precision. We find that in case of a 2 m sea level rise, 3 % of the land area of Gotland, corresponding to 99 km(2), will be inundated. The features most strongly affected are items of touristic or nature value, including camping places, shore meadows, sea stack areas, and endangered plants and species habitats. In total, 231 out of 7354 wells will be directly inundated, and the number of wells in the high-risk zone for saltwater intrusion in wells will increase considerably. Some valuable features will be irreversibly lost due to, for example, inundation of sea stacks and the passing of tipping points for seawater intrusion into coastal aquifers; others might simply be moved further inland, but this requires considerable economic means and prioritization. With nature tourism being one of the main income sources of Gotland, monitoring and planning are required to meet the changes. Seeing Gotland in a global perspective, this island shows that holistic multi-feature studies of future consequences of sea level rise are required to identify overall consequences for individual regions.
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49.
  • Eriksson, M., et al. (författare)
  • Well salinization risk and effects of Baltic Sea level rise on the groundwater-dependent Island of Öland, Sweden
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Water. - : MDPI. - 2073-4441. ; 10:2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this study, we estimate baseline conditions in terms of the current risk of well salinization on the Baltic Sea island of öland, Sweden, and assess the effects of future sea level rise on the land area, infrastructure and cultural values. We use a multicriterion geographical information systems (GIS) approach. Geomorphological and physical parameters affect the risk of saltwater intrusion into freshwater aquifers, including their hydrology, geomorphology, and climatology; the spatial distribution of the current risk of salinization is mapped in this study. In the event of a future 2 m sea level rise, a total land area of 67 km2 will be inundated on öland, corresponding to approximately 5% of the island's land surface. Inundation includes urban areas, nature reserves, and animal protection areas, implying the loss of environmental and socioeconomic values. A future 2 m sea level rise will also cause direct inundation of 3% of all wells on the island. Currently, 17.5% of all wells are at a high risk of becoming saltwater contaminated. More generally, the present results add evidence showing a relatively high vulnerability of major Baltic Sea islands and their infrastructure to future sea level rise. The approach used here and related results, including salinization risk maps, may prove useful for decision-makers in the planning of infrastructure. Drilling of new wells could for instance preferably be done in areas with identified lower risk-index values, which would facilitate an overall higher freshwater withdrawal in the interest of the entire island. © 2018 by the authors.
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50.
  • Finsterle, S., et al. (författare)
  • Conceptual uncertainties in modelling the interaction between engineered and natural barriers of nuclear waste repositories in crystalline rocks
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Geological Society Special Publication. - 0305-8719. ; 482:1, s. 261-283
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Nuclear waste disposal in geological formations relies on a multi-barrier concept that includes engineered components – which, in many cases, include a bentonite buffer surrounding waste packages – and the host rock. Contrasts in materials, together with gradients across the interface between the engineered and natural barriers, lead to complex interactions between these two subsystems. Numerical modelling, combined with monitoring and testing data, can be used to improve our overall understanding of rock–bentonite interactions and to predict the performance of this coupled system. Although established methods exist to examine the prediction uncertainties due to uncertainties in the input parameters, the impact of conceptual model decisions on the quantitative and qualitative modelling results is more difficult to assess. A Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company Task Force project facilitated such an assessment. In this project, 11 teams used different conceptualizations and modelling tools to analyse the Bentonite Rock Interaction Experiment (BRIE) conducted at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory in Sweden. The exercise showed that prior system understanding along with the features implemented in the available simulators affect the processes included in the conceptual model. For some of these features, sufficient characterization data are available to obtain defensible results and interpretations, whereas others are less supported. The exercise also helped to identify the conceptual uncertainties that led to different assessments of the relative importance of the engineered and natural barrier subsystems. The range of predicted bentonite wetting times encompassed by the ensemble results were considerably larger than the ranges derived from individual models. This is a consequence of conceptual uncertainties, demonstrating the relevance of using a multi-model approach involving alternative conceptualizations.
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