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- Aad, G., et al.
(author)
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- 2012
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swepub:Mat__t (peer-reviewed)
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- Christensen, JR, et al.
(author)
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CSF inflammation and axonal damage are increased and correlate in progressive multiple sclerosis
- 2013
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In: Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England). - : SAGE Publications. - 1477-0970 .- 1352-4585. ; 19:7, s. 877-884
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The mechanism underlying disease progression in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) is uncertain. Pathological studies found widespread inflammation in progressive MS brains correlating with disease progression and axonal damage. Objectives: To study cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and clarify whether inflammation and axonal damage are associated in progressive MS. Methods: Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we analysed CSF from 40 secondary progressive (SPMS), 21 primary progressive (PPMS), and 36 relapsing–remitting (RRMS) and 20 non-inflammatory neurological disease (NIND) patients. Twenty-two of the SPMS patients participated in an MBP8298 peptide clinical trial and had CSF follow-up after one year. Results: Compared to NIND patients, inflammatory biomarkers osteopontin and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) were increased in all MS patients while CXCL13 was increased in RRMS and SPMS patients. Biomarkers of axonal damage (NFL) and demyelination (MBP) were increased in all MS patients. In progressive MS patients CSF levels of osteopontin and CXCL13 correlated with NFL while osteopontin and MMP9 correlated with MBP. MBP8298 treatment did not affect the levels of the biomarkers after one year of treatment. All biomarkers were continuously increased after one year of follow-up except MBP, which decreased. Conclusion: CSF biomarkers of inflammation, axonal damage and demyelination are continuously increased in progressive MS patients and correlate. These findings parallel pathology studies, emphasise a relationship between inflammation, axonal damage and demyelination and support the use of CSF biomarkers in progressive MS clinical trials.
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- Jensen, PS, et al.
(author)
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Determination of urea, glucose, and phosphate in dialysate with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- 2004
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In: Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. - 1386-1425. ; 60:4, s. 899-905
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Individual control and quantification of phosphate removal is desirable in dialysis treatment. Currently, no on-line method exists to quantify phosphate removal. We demonstrate that a multivariate calibration model based on infrared transmission spectra is capable of predicting phosphate, urea, and glucose concentrations at clinically relevant levels. The on-line monitoring of these components by infrared spectroscopy is therefore feasible. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 28. |
- Jensen, PS, et al.
(author)
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Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of aqueous solutions using optical subtraction
- 2002
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In: OPTICAL DIAGNOSTICS AND SENSING OF BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS AND GLUCOSE AND CHOLESTEROL MONITORING II. - : SPIE. - 1996-756X .- 0277-786X. - 0819443638 ; 4624, s. 150-159
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- For the analysis of small concentrations of organics in aqueous solutions, a novel add-on accessory for dual-beam / optical subtraction spectroscopy has been built for a commercial Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. A standard FT-IR instrument requires a sample measurement and a separate reference measurement, whereas the optical subtraction instrument directly measures the difference between sample and reference. This has a number of advantages. The time delay between the two measurements is eliminated, and the effective measurement time is improved by a factor of two. Moreover, the optical subtraction provides a large reduction in dynamic range of the measured signal, which prevents detector saturation, and enables effective use of dynamic range of the analog to digital converter in the FT-IR spectrometer. This results in an increased signal to noise ratio, compared to the standard FT-IR instrument. By changing detector and light source the instrument may be used for both near- and mid.-infrared spectroscopy. The increased sensitivity and stability of the optical subtraction instrument compared to the standard instrument is demonstrated by transmission measurements of aqueous urea solutions in the combination band region 4000 to 5000cm(-1) (2000 to 2500nm).
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| 29. |
- Jensen, PS, et al.
(author)
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Influence of temperature on water and aqueous glucose absorption spectra in the near- and mid-infrared regions at physiologically relevant temperatures
- 2003
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In: Applied Spectroscopy. - : SAGE Publications. - 1943-3530 .- 0003-7028. ; 57:1, s. 28-36
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Near- and mid-infrared absorption spectra of pure water and aqueous 1.0 g/dL glucose solutions in the wavenumber range 8000-950 cm(-1) were measured in the temperature range 30-42 C in steps of 2 degreesC. Measurements were carried out with an FT-IR spectrometer and a variable pathlength transmission cell controlled within 0.02 degreesC. Pathlengths of 50 mum and 0.4 mm were used in the mid- and near-infrared spectral region, respectively. Difference spectra were used to determine the effect of temperature on the water spectra quantitatively. These spectra were obtained by subtracting the 37 degreesC water spectrum from the spectra measured at other temperatures. The difference spectra reveal that the effect of temperature is highest in the vicinity of the strong absorption bands, with a number of isosbestic points with no temperature dependence and relatively flat plateaus in between. On the basis of these spectra, prospects for and limitations on data analysis for infrared diagnostic methods are discussed. As an example, the absorptive properties of glucose were studied in the same temperature range in order to determine the effect of temperature on the spectral shape of glucose. The change in water absorption associated with the addition of glucose has also been studied. An estimate of these effects is given and is related to the expected level of infrared signals from glucose in humans.
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| 30. |
- Jensen, PS, et al.
(author)
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Online monitoring of urea concentration in dialysate with dual-beam Fourier-transform near-infrared spectroscopy
- 2004
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In: Journal of Biomedical Optics. - : SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng. - 1083-3668. ; 9:3, s. 553-557
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The robustness of a dual-beam, optical null, Fourier-transform near-infrared (FTNIR) spectrometer was investigated by means of online, near-infrared measurements and predictions of urea concentrations in spent dialysate during hemodialysis treatment. Simple multivariate calibration using a few factors based on a small number of prepared samples provided stable and accurate predictions over a period of 1 month. The calibration was robust when faced with adjustment of reference cell intensity and did not require a daily measured reference spectrum. The root-mean-square error of prediction of urea was 0.4 mM based on a two-factor partial least-squares regression model. (C) 2004 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
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| 34. |
- Olsson, T, et al.
(author)
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Anti-JC virus antibody prevalence in a multinational multiple sclerosis cohort
- 2013
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In: Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England). - : SAGE Publications. - 1477-0970 .- 1352-4585. ; 19:11, s. 1533-1538
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- JC virus (JCV) is an opportunistic virus known to cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Anti-JC virus (Anti-JCV) antibody prevalence in a large, geographically diverse, multi-national multiple sclerosis (MS) cohort was compared in a cross-sectional study. Overall, anti-JCV antibody prevalence was 57.6%. Anti-JCV antibody prevalence in MS patients ranged from approximately 47% to 68% across these countries: Norway, 47.4%; Denmark, 52.6%; Israel, 56.6%; France, 57.6%; Italy, 58.3%; Sweden, 59.0%; Germany, 59.1%; Austria, 66.7% and Turkey, 67.7%. Prevalence increased with age (from 49.5% in patients < 30 years of age to 66.5% in patients ≥ 60 years of age; p < 0.0001 comparing all age categories), was lower in females than in males (55.8% versus 61.9%; p < 0.0001) and was not affected by prior immunosuppressant or natalizumab use.
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| 36. |
- Sorensen, PS, et al.
(author)
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Occurrence of antibodies against natalizumab in relapsing multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab
- 2011
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In: Multiple sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England). - : SAGE Publications. - 1477-0970 .- 1352-4585. ; 17:9, s. 1074-1078
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: In the clinical trials about 9% of natalizumab treated multiple sclerosis (MS) patients generated anti-natalizumab antibodies, of which 6% were persistent and 3% transient. The occurrence of antibodies reduced serum levels of natalizumab, decreased bio-efficacy, and abrogated the therapeutic efficacy. Objective: The objective was to assess the frequency of anti-natalizumab antibodies in an unselected cohort of patients from four different countries. Methods: We measured anti-natalizumab antibodies in a large cohort of 4881 unselected patients from four MS centres that systematically measured antibodies in patients treated with natalizumab. We applied the same ELISA assay developed by Biogen Idec and used in the pivotal trials of natalizumab. Results: Antibodies occurred in 4.5% (95% confidence interval, CI: 4.0–5.1%) of the patients, and were persistent in 3.5% (95% CI: 3.0–4.0%) and transient in 1.0% (95% CI: 0.7–1.3%) of the patients. The frequencies of permanently antibody positive patients did not show statistically significant differences between the four centres, whereas the frequencies of transiently antibody positive patients showed some variations. Conclusion: The frequencies of antibodies appeared to be of the same magnitude in the four centres, but might be less than in the pivotal studies of natalizumab.
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| 43. |
- Zyloney, CE, et al.
(author)
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Imaging the functional connectivity of the Periaqueductal Gray during genuine and sham electroacupuncture treatment
- 2010
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In: Molecular pain. - : SAGE Publications. - 1744-8069. ; 6, s. 80-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Electroacupuncture (EA) is currently one of the most popular acupuncture modalities. However, the continuous stimulation characteristic of EA treatment presents challenges to the use of conventional functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) approaches for the investigation of neural mechanisms mediating treatment response because of the requirement for brief and intermittent stimuli in event related or block designed task paradigms. A relatively new analysis method, functional connectivity fMRI (fcMRI), has great potential for studying continuous treatment modalities such as EA. In a previous study, we found that, compared with sham acupuncture, EA can significantly reduce Periaqueductal Gray (PAG) activity when subsequently evoked by experimental pain. Given the PAG's important role in mediating acupuncture analgesia, in this study we investigated functional connectivity with the area of the PAG we previously identified and how that connectivity was affected by genuine and sham EA. Results: Forty-eight subjects, who were randomly assigned to receive either genuine or sham EA paired with either a high or low expectancy manipulation, completed the study. Direct comparison of each treatment mode's functional connectivity revealed: significantly greater connectivity between the PAG, left posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and precuneus for the contrast of genuine minus sham; significantly greater connectivity between the PAG and right anterior insula for the contrast of sham minus genuine; no significant differences in connectivity between different contrasts of the two expectancy levels. Conclusions: Our findings indicate the intrinsic functional connectivity changes among key brain regions in the pain matrix and default mode network during genuine EA compared with sham EA. We speculate that continuous genuine EA stimulation can modify the coupling of spontaneous activity in brain regions that play a role in modulating pain perception.
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