| 1. |
- Aspegren, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Nationell styrning behövs för at förebygga översvämningar och vattenbrist
- 2018
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Ingår i: Göteborgs-Posten. - 1103-9345.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- DebattTillgången till vatten kan inte längre ses som en lokal fråga utan måste ses ur ett bredare perspektiv, som kräver en samordning som är ny för Sverige. Det behövs sammanhängande nationell styrning och en strategi med helhetssyn på vattenfrågan, skriver nio svenska vattenexperter som kommer att debattera detta ämne under politikerveckan i Almedalen.
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| 2. |
- Carson, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Institutionalising gender equality in disaster risk reduction : DRR challenges and impacts on women and men, girls and boys in the context of a changing climate
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- While MSB has many years of experience of implementing environmental and gender perspectives in its humanitarian work; disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation present a different set of opportunities and challenges. Thesefurther emphasise the inclusion of a social change component that overlaps somewhat with more conventional development work. MSB commissioned the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) to prepare this report, noting that women and men (as well as girls and boys) are affected differently by: i) the impacts of climate change, ii) efforts related to climate change adaptation (CCA), and iii) disaster risk reduction (DRR).
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| 3. |
- Gordon, Line J., et al.
(författare)
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Human modification of global water vapor flows from the land surface
- 2005
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 102:21, s. 7612-7617
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is well documented that human modification of the hydrological cycle has profoundly affected the flow of liquid water across the Earth’s land surface. Alteration of water vapor flows through land-use changes has received comparatively less attention, despite compelling evidence that such alteration can influence the functioning of the Earth System. We show that deforestation is as large a driving force as irrigation in terms of changes in the hydrological cycle. Deforestation has decreased global vapor flows from land by 4% (3,000 km3/yr), a decrease that is quantitatively as large as the increased vapor flow caused by irrigation (2,600 km3/yr). Although the net change in global vapor flows is close to zero, the spatial distributions of deforestation and irrigation are different, leading to major regional transformations of vapor-flow patterns. We analyze these changes in the light of future land-use-change projections that suggest widespread deforestation in sub-Saharan Africa and intensification of agricultural production in the Asian monsoon region. Furthermore, significant modification of vapor flows in the lands around the Indian Ocean basin will increase the risk for changes in the behavior of the Asian monsoon system. This analysis suggests that the need to increase food production in one region may affect the capability to increase food production in another. At the scale of the Earth as a whole, our results emphasize the need for climate models to take land-use change, in both land cover and irrigation, into account.
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| 4. |
- Johannessen, Åse
(författare)
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Bridging the floods - The role of social learning for resilience building in urban water services
- 2017. - Report 1003, ISRN: LUTVDG/TVRH – 1003 – SE
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The development of cities is increasingly threatened by a worldwide water crisis. Urban water services (including drinking water, sanitation and drainage) are facing complex and multiple pressures, which are becoming increasingly frequent and severe. These pressures include floods, and the depletion, pollution and degradation of water resources and their associated ecosystems. These diverse pressures fall mainly within the domains of flood risk and water resources management: two working fields that are divided by different institutional structures, approaches and practices. Social learning is becoming increasingly popular as an approach that has the potential to “bridge” these silos, and ultimately, contribute to building resilience in urban water services. However, empirical analyses on this issue are rare and fragmented. Against this background, this thesis investigates the role of social learning for resilience building in urban water services. It is based on single and multiple case studies from the urban areas of Cali (Colombia), Cebu (The Philippines), Durban (South Africa), Gorakhpur (India) and Kristianstad (Sweden). The results identify challenges to the integration of the identified silos, what resilience means for urban water services, and the key elements of social learning that can support or inhibit urban water resilience. The results provide important input for new theory, policy and practice related to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and national policies on sustainable water management, risk reduction and climate change adaptation.
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| 5. |
- Johannessen, Åse, et al.
(författare)
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Extraordinary governance to avoid extraordinary events
- 2020
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Ingår i: Water Resilience : Management and Governance in Times of Change - Management and Governance in Times of Change. - 9783030481094 - 9783030481100 ; , s. 263-263
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We are in the midst of a water crisis. Scarcity, pollution and flooding are some of today’s key challenges for sustainable urban development. The reasons are manifold. Preventive measures are put on the back burner, while reactive measures, siloed governance approaches and power struggles are daily business, resulting in ineffective governance. The crisis is hitting the most vulnerable urban populations the hardest and is, ultimately, a social equity issue. Against this background, we assess current water governance practice in order to identify key factors that can support social learning and enable just societal change. Taking Sweden as a critical case study, our findings highlight the potential of applying social learning theory and practice to support innovation and address the crisis. We present some key principles at three levels of resilience (socioeconomic, hazard and social–ecological), that should be considered when designing more comprehensive approaches, based on integrated learning and governance change. We conclude that an extraordinary governance approach is needed to support policy- and decision-makers in their efforts to reduce water-related risks and build resilience.
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| 6. |
- Johannessen, Åse, et al.
(författare)
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Klimatförändring inte enda orsak till översvämningarna
- 2018
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Ingår i: Dagens Nyheter. - 1101-2447.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- DN DEBATT 30/3. Översvämningar lyfts ofta som klimatfrågor eller som behov av skydd mot extrema väderhändelser. Då glöms andra viktiga orsaker bort, som hur vi använder marken och utvecklar bebyggelse. Tyvärr finns stora problem med styrningen av vattenhanteringen i dag, som bidrar till att skapa problem i stället för att förebygga dem, skriver åtta vattenexperter.
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| 7. |
- Johannessen, Åse, et al.
(författare)
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Resilient urban water services
- 2019
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Ingår i: The Routledge Handbook of Urban Resilience. - 9781138583597 - 9780429506666
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sustainable development of cities is threatened by a worldwide water crisis, which puts urban water services (including drinking water, sanitation, and drainage) at increasing risk. Despite a shared understanding of the importance of addressing the issue, there is a peculiar lack of action and resistance at all levels. To make matters worse, risk reduction and resilience building measures seem to be making poor urban populations increasingly vulnerable. Against this background, this chapter provides new knowledge on the interface between risk, vulnerabilities, and the resilience of urban water services, and linkages with social equity. We focus on the approximately 2.8 million people living in Metro Cebu in the Philippines, which is the most populous and fastest-growing urban area outside of the country’s capital Manila. The area is frequently challenged by tropical cyclones, storms and other increasing, climate-related disaster events. The study presented here was conducted during 2014–2017. The results show the need to better link the management of urban risks, urban planning, drainage, sanitation, water resources, and watershed issues. Efforts that have been made so far are siloed and contribute to the erosion of resilience and sustainability. Moreover, several socio-economic challenges bar the way to far-reaching approaches, notably power structures and corruption. We conclude that a more comprehensive understanding of urban water services is needed to address the underlying failures in sustainable development, with a focus on transparency and capacity-building measures in governance and public institutions.
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| 8. |
- Johannessen, Åse, et al.
(författare)
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Social learning towards a more adaptive paradigm? Reducing flood risk in Kristianstad municipality, Sweden
- 2013
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Ingår i: Global Environmental Change. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-3780 .- 1872-9495. ; 23:1, s. 372-381
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social learning is often treated as an intervention, a designed process facilitated or even initiated by a third party. We investigated how a social learning process emerged spontaneously from inside Kristianstad, one of the most flood-prone municipalities in Sweden. Twenty key persons were interviewed over 8 years, many of them several times, to assess the process. A small action oriented group of technical professionals perceived the flood risk and were key drivers providing strategic innovative capacity. We identified the process attributes that fostered the learning, the knowledge generated and other learning outcomes adapting a model by Schusler et al. (2003). Despite some elements of double loop learning, this process was not able to change the prevailing stationary principle/paradigm, feeling safe behind the embankments and continuing building on low lying land. We argue that building resilience and adaptive capacity would require a mind shift to a paradigm of flood proofing/living with floods and preparing for the unexpected, acknowledging that water cannot be controlled at a certain level. We conclude that knowledge development is inhibited by the Swedish decentralisation approach and we call for a multilevel learning strategy including learning from international experience and emphasising more active coordination at the national level
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| 9. |
- Johannessen, Åse, et al.
(författare)
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Strategies for building resilience to hazards in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) systems : the role of public private partnerships
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 10:part A, s. 102-115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to enhance understanding of how the resilience of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) systems to hazards can be improved. In turn, this aims to inform different strategies for public and private partnerships (PPPs). In a new approach, to acknowledge the multi levelled nature of resilience; risk at the relevant levels are taken into account, (regional/river basin, urban area, and individual). For these levels, we first describe the different components of risk, vulnerability and resilience of the WASH system that influence people׳s exposure to hazards. We illustrate these components using examples from case studies in the literature. Using a social learning lens - a crucial ingredient of resilience - we examine opportunities for reducing risks through improving public–private engagement. These are presented as strategies which could guide investment decisions: As pressures from climate change and development add up, businesses must become aware of the risks involved in operating and investing without considering ecosystem health, both in terms of the services they provide for mitigating floods and droughts, as well as in terms of the development approaches that define how ecosystems are managed (e.g. “making space” for, rather than controlling water). There is a need to develop an institutional culture that strives towards greener and more resilient urban environments with the help of various quality assurance methods. Partnerships must reach the poorer customer base, encourage informal small entrepreneurs, and boost financial mechanisms (e.g. micro-insurance, micro-finance) to support the most vulnerable in society
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| 10. |
- Johannessen, Åse, et al.
(författare)
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Tiden har runnit ikapp Sverige : Sju principer för god vattenstyrning och hantering
- 2019
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Ingår i: Vatten: tidskrift för vattenvård /Journal of Water Management and research. - 0042-2886. ; 75:4, s. 371-381
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We argue in this paper that Swedish urban areas have several urgent challenges when it comes to water governance and we propose seven principles for addressing them. Climate change and urban growth call for swift action to manage both water scarcity and flooding in an integrated way. This paper focuses on the municipal level for which we argue that there is a need for a more systematic approach. The seven principles require an engaged and knowledgeable political force at national, regional and municipal level. We call for governance at river basin level, better risk prevention in planning, adequate incentives to invest in nature-based solutions, adapted legislation, adapted organisation and strategic collaboration, increased citizen engagement, and knowledge support from research. We also mention some of the well-functioning and promising initiatives that already make a difference in today’s urban water governance and management.
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| 11. |
- Johannessen, Åse, et al.
(författare)
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Transforming urban water governance through social (triple-loop) learning
- 2019
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Ingår i: Environmental Policy and Governance. - : Wiley. - 1756-932X .- 1756-9338. ; 29:2, s. 144-154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sustainable development of cities is threatened by a worldwide water crisis. Improved social learning is urgently needed to transform urban water governance and make it more integrated and adaptive. However, empirical studies remain few and fragmented. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyse how social learning has supported or inhibited sustainable transformations in urban water governance. On the basis of multiple case studies conducted in urban, flood-prone areas in Colombia, the Philippines, South Africa, India, and Sweden, we study learning processes related to different aspects of water management and governance. Our results show that transformations in water governance are often triggered by crises, whereas other potentials for transformation are not tapped into. Furthermore, learning is often inhibited by “lock-ins” created by powerful actors. We conclude that there is a need for more proactive design of governance structures for triple-loop learning that take into account the identified barriers and supporting principles.
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| 12. |
- Johannessen, Åse, et al.
(författare)
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Urban Water Governance and Learning—Time for More Systemic Approaches?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 12:17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social learning, especially triple-loop social learning involving institutional and governance changes, has great potential to address urban water issues such as flooding, drought, and pollution. It facilitates urban transition and the adoption of more systemic approaches and innovations. Social learning in water governance is a growing field, but the triple-loop learning concept remains vague and underexplored. Additionally, the focus is often on how social learning can contribute to progress with little attention being paid to barriers to learning. The aim of this paper is to increase understanding of triple-loop social learning to improve the “learning infrastructure”. It investigates key learning barriers for realizing green (livable) and adaptive cities in Malmö and Gothenburg, Sweden. Integration of nature-based solutions in spatial planning and development of these cities has been slow. The results found three types of barriers contributing to this: systemic (disconnecting parts with the whole); opacity (reducing communication between error detection and correction); and process-related (reducing the adoption of innovations). The paper contributes to understanding the social learning barriers for implementing planning. These insights could help overcome “adaptation inertia” and speed up policy learning towards sustainability and resilience.
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| 13. |
- Johannessen, Åse, et al.
(författare)
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Water and Risk: Developing sustainable and resilient communities
- 2014
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Key Messages • Sweden has an ideal opportunity to become a more important effect, reflecting the views of several Swedish organisations active international partner in DRR and resilience activities, originating in this area. from its strong history of donor support and long engagement • Acting on this opportunity would enable timely Swedish in DRR. contributions to the increasing global debate on the need to build • The Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs plays an important role resilience to a multi-risk environment. This includes small scale and in contributing to relevant global processes; mainly the successor slow-onset disasters, violent conflict, uncontrolled urbanisation, framework to the Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA2) the rising consumption, environmental degradation Post-2015 Agenda and associated Sustainable Development and climate change. Goals. This document outlines some recommendations to this
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| 14. |
- Johannessen, Åse, et al.
(författare)
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What does resilience mean for urban water services?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Ecology and Society. - 1708-3087. ; 22:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Disasters and climate change impacts, as well as increased water demand, pose serious risks to the provision of sustainable urban water services, e.g., drinking water, sanitation, and safe drainage, especially in cities. These challenges call for a transition toward improved water management, including considerations of “resilience.” However, because the resilience concept has multidisciplinary origins it is open to multiple interpretations, which poses a challenge to understanding and operationalizing the concept. We explore how resilience thinking can be translated into urban water practice to develop the conceptual understanding of transitions toward sustainability. The study is based on a literature review, interviews with water experts, as well as four case studies in South Africa, India, Sweden, and the Philippines. We identify seven key principles or attributes of urban water resilience and the related transition process. We find that resilience building needs to discern between and manage three levels (i.e., socioeconomic, external hazard considerations, and larger social-ecological systems) to be sustainable. In addition, we find that human agency is a strong driver of transition processes, with a certain level of risk awareness and risk perception providing one threshold and a certain capacity for action to implement measures and reorganize in response to risks being another. The difficulty of achieving “knowledge to action” derives from the multiple challenges of crossing these two types of identified thresholds. To address long-term trends or stressors, we find an important role for social learning to ensure that the carrying capacity of urban water services is not exceeded or unwanted consequences are created (e.g., long-term trends like salinization and water depletion). We conclude that the resilience term and related concepts add value to understanding and addressing the dynamic dimension of urban water transitions if the key principles identified in this study are considered.
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| 15. |
- Plummer, Ryan, et al.
(författare)
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Flood Governance : A multiple country comparison of stakeholder perceptions and aspirations
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Policy and Governance. - : Wiley. - 1756-932X .- 1756-9338. ; 28:2, s. 67-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Flooding is routinely among the most disastrous annual events worldwide with extensive impacts on human wellbeing, economies and ecosystems. Thus, how decisions are made about floods (i.e. flood governance) is extremely important and evidence shows that it is changing, with non-governmental actors (civil society and the private sector) becoming involved in new and sometimes hybrid governance arrangements. This study investigates how stakeholders perceive floods to be governed and how they believe decision-making ought to occur, with the intent of determining to what extent changing governance is evident on the ground and how well (or poorly) it aligns with desired governance arrangements. Flood governance stakeholders were surveyed in five flood-prone geographical areas from Australia, Canada, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden. The findings suggest that a reconfiguration of flood governance is underway with relatively little consensus regarding the specific arrangements and mechanisms in place during this transitionary period. Across the five cases, stakeholders indicated that they wanted flood governance to be organized at multiple levels, with strong government involvement and with diverse actor groups, and through mechanisms that match the involvement of these actors, with a lack of desirability for some specific configurations involving the private sector in particular. There was little alignment between stakeholder perceptions of governance currently in place and their desired arrangements, except for government involvement. Future research directions highlight the importance of the inclusion of stakeholder perspectives in assessing flood governance, and following the transition in flood governance over time.
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| 16. |
- Wamsler, Christine, et al.
(författare)
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Developing a national strategy for disaster risk reduction and resilience in Sweden : Recommendations for the implementation of the Sendai Framework Global Target E
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Increasing impacts from hazards worldwide, including Sweden, have prompted international efforts to promote the development of national strategies for disaster risk reduction (DRR) and resilience to reduce associated impacts and support sustainable development. The development of such strategies is global target E of the Sendai Framework for DRR 2015-2030, which was adopted in 2015 by Sweden and other UN member states. An increasing understanding of the need to address the underlying causes of risk has led to demands for more coherence in strategies that focus on DRR, climate change adaptation, and sustainable development. The Sendai Framework, Paris Agreement on Climate Change, Agenda 2030, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) promote such strategies. MSB is the Swedish national focal point for the Sendai Framework and thus commissioned to drive its implementation in Sweden. The overall purpose of this study was to support MSB in the implementation of the global target E of the Sendai Framework for DRR. The specific aim was to provide knowledge and recommendations for decision-making. This includes the analysis of the relevance and scope of developing a national strategy for DRR and resilience. The study also identifies drivers and barriers for creating policy coherence and local-level support. In fact, it addresses what to consider in developing a national and local strategies and provides information about how to achieve coherence with current laws and strategies. Furthermore, the study addresses the challenges of meeting UNDRR’s ten criteria for DRR strategies and four priority areas as well as the importance of selecting good indicators. Apart from the local context and conditions, it considers lessons learned from six other European countries. The methods for this study included document reviews, interviews, group discussions and participatory observation aimed at systematising current knowledge and experiences of key stakeholders at international, national, regional and local level. The results show that there is a clear need, and vast support, for the development of a national strategy for DRR and resilience in Sweden in order to improve current approaches, address shortfalls, and build on the existing strengths. The inclusion of concrete measures and associated budgeting are needed for the strategy to become useful and effective for the Swedish society. It is also highlighted that the process for developing and implementing a national strategy is equally or even more important than the strategy itself. Specific recommendations for a national strategy are described in this report.
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| 17. |
- Wamsler, Christine, et al.
(författare)
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Meeting at the crossroads? Developing national strategies for disaster risk reduction and resilience : Relevance, scope for, and challenges to, integration
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. - : Elsevier BV. - 2212-4209. ; 45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increasing impacts from disasters and climate hazards have prompted international efforts to promote the development of national disaster risk reduction and resilience (DRRR) strategies intended to reduce mortality and other losses. The development of such strategies is the subject of target E of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030). Furthermore, an increasing understanding of the need to address the root causes of risk has led to calls for greater coherence between strategies that focus on DRRR, and those dedicated to climate change adaptation and sustainable development goals. The purpose of this paper is to increase knowledge on associated decision-making in general, and in Sweden in particular. We analyze the relevance and scope of a Swedish DRRR strategy, and identify drivers and barriers to integrated development and implementation. Based on document reviews, and interviews and group discussions with representatives in Sweden and six European countries, the results highlight a growing awareness that much remains to be learnt and shared between domains in order to progress towards integrated DRRR and more climate-proof sustainable development. In practice, most strategies are developed independently and related actors work in silos, leading to power struggles with negative impacts on national and local capacity. At the same time, windows of opportunity are appearing for the development of national DRRR strategies and increased policy coherence. We discuss these, and present some policy recommendations.
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