| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Boström, Per, 1982-
(författare)
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”Det här är ju dött tåg liksom…” : en studie av metaforer för ROMANTISK KÄRLEK i talad svenska
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this study is to investigate the metaphorization of ROMANTIC LOVE in spoken Swedish. The study is based on 4 semi-structured focus group conversations with participants in two age groups; 24–33 and 50–54. A Swedish short film and questions related to the film were used as stimuli for the conversations. Research questions asked are 1) How is the concept of ROMANTIC LOVE metaphorized in the recorded group conversations? 2) How does the metaphorization vary between the conversations? and 3) What cultural model for ROMANTIC LOVE in the conversations can be reconstructed based on identified metaphorizations? The study is situated within Cognitive Linguistics and the framework of Conceptual Metaphor Theory and a Discourse Dynamics Approach to Metaphor. Consequently, metaphor is seen as a cognitive, linguistic, socio-cultural and discursive phenomenon, where metaphorization is a dynamic process that develops, adapts and flows within the conversations and between the participants. Accordingly, the identified metaphorizations are considered to be influenced by the speakers and their embodied experiences, their embodied cognition, the discourse event, and socio-cultural aspects of metaphorization. The focus of the present study, ROMANTIC LOVE, is considered as a dynamic concept based on philosophical, feminist, psychological and metaphorical research. Metaphors are identified through a discourse dynamic version of MIP and MIPVU.From the analyses, 6 systematic metaphors are proposed, where ROMANTIC LOVE is metaphorized as a PHYSICAL OBJECT (incl. as a POSSESSION and as a LIVING ORGANISM), as a CONTAINER (incl. CONSTRUCTION and BODY as a CONTAINER), as TRAVELLING together (with primary focus on TRAVELLING together rather than SOURCE or TARGET), as a UNITY (with focus on how a UNITY is ESTABLISHED, MAINTAINED and DISSOLVED, ideally by two COMPATIBLE partners), as a PHYSICAL and NATURAL FORCE and as a DISEASE (where LOVE can affect a person’s perception and sanity). In addition, ROMANTIC LOVE is, in a small number of expressions, metaphorized as a CRIME, as a PHYSICAL CONFLICT and as a GAME. The variation in metaphorization is small between the conversations. Some metaphorizations seem to be related to the age of the participants. ROMANTIC LOVE ismoreover something people usually have influence over and in some ways can control. In total, 780 metaphorical expressions and 9 source domains are identified. Departing from the interplay betweenmetaphorization and culture, a cultural model for ROMANTIC LOVE is reconstructed, where a multifaceted, embodied and experiential concept of ROMANTIC LOVE emerges.
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| 3. |
- Clark, Nathaniel, et al.
(författare)
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Iconic pitch expresses vertical space
- 2013
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Ingår i: Language and the creative mind. - Stanford : CSLI Publications. - 9781575866703 ; , s. 393-410
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 4. |
- Glotova, Elena, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Metaphors of tinnitus as an acoustic environment
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of English Studies. - Umeå : Umeå University. - 1502-7694 .- 1654-6970. ; 21:2, s. 138-165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is a qualitative study of metaphors at the levels of lexico-encyclopedic conceptual (LEC) metaphors (Johansson Falck 2018, forthc.) in nineteenth-century medical records of tinnitus and hearing disorders by English-speaking (the UK and the US) practitioners. Metaphor is essential for the linguistic and conceptual expression of illness (Semino 2008: 175) and, as we observe, remains endemic for the description of tinnitus in medical records. Our primary aim is to identify the metaphors used to describe the sounds of tinnitus, the kinds of experiences involved in these metaphorical conceptualizations and the cognitive and affording presence of tinnitus metaphors. The results suggest that metaphor provides a framework for the analogical reasoning about tinnitus and the methods of its treatment. Nineteenth-century accounts of ear diseases reference the sounds of biological and non-biological natural categories, transport and industrial sounds, the sounds of domestic interiors and music. Metaphorical descriptions of tinnitus sounds connect with the affordances of the environment (Gibson 2015) and are inherent to the location and occupation of the patient. As our findings support the historical explorations of tinnitus accounts, they make it possible to contribute to our current understanding of tinnitus by highlighting the importance of a patient-centered approach and establishing the significance of metaphor analysis in tinnitus studies.
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| 5. |
- Glotova, Elena, 1983-
(författare)
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Soundscapes in nineteenth-century Gothic short stories
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the eerie world of Gothic literature, sound represents a source of fear, anxiety, and discomfort, and it mostly affects its listeners through the invisible character of the experience. Sound is integral to nineteenth-century Gothic short stories with their panoply of liminal and polyphonic oppositions, as well as a claustrophobic feel of spaces, fearful listeners, and the return of the repressed. The meaning of sound in the perceived environment entangles discussions about the way Gothic literature represents and registers sound in its connection with space and listener. This thesis examines literary soundscapes, or a combination of sounds and sound patterns, in Gothic short stories of nineteenth-century writers Edgar Allan Poe, Samuel Warren, Matthew Phipps Shiel, Edith Nesbit, Phoebe Yates Pember, William Mudford, William Maginn, John Galt, and Charles Lever. Through close reading of the material, my study explores how sound engages with space and listener in four settings: houses, bedrooms, torture chambers, and burial grounds. By linking the auditory dimension and the spatial features, it is argued that soundscapes establish a system of communication that is essential for the formation and reconstruction of the listener’s sense of identity through empowering or disempowering acoustic trials. The four types of Gothic settings structure the dissertation, where each chapter has a story by Edgar Allan Poe as its nucleus. First I analyze the acoustic landscape of a house in its representation and influence on the listener. The acoustic diversity and multi-dimensionality of Gothic houses transgress into the imaginary acoustic landscapes and endanger the listeners. Next, I examine the private audible space of a (bed)room. The stories feature the uncanny sound of a heartbeat that becomes a destabilizing force and communicates the return of the repressed. I proceed to the interrelationship of sound, torture, and the victim in the (in)voluntary torture chambers. Finally, I focus on the burial grounds through the perspective of the protagonist confined in the limitations of the body and the surroundings. In its plurality of forms, sound becomes a key to self-image and self-assertion through the transformative acoustic experience. Gothic houses, rooms, and torture chambers represent a mutable and controlling power with an agency of living, breathing, and tormenting animated entity. The study reveals the forms of listening aggravated with physical or mental affliction that both engage with and destabilize medical frameworks. I expose temporality in Gothic soundscapes and underscore liminality as endemic both to the facets of Gothic soundscapes and the interconnection between the visual and the aural. In the coda, I highlight the reinvention of Gothic soundscapes in animated adaptations that intertwine aesthetic enjoyment and interpretative judgement.
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| 6. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene, 1967-
(författare)
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Are metaphorical paths and roads ever paved? : corpus analysis of real and imagined journeys
- 2010
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Ingår i: Review of Cognitive Linguistics. - Amsterdam : John Benjamins. - 1877-9751 .- 1877-976X. ; 8:1, s. 93-122
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper provides a corpus linguistic analysis of verbs included in English path-, road- and way-sentences. My claim is that many of the differences between metaphorical and non-metaphorical patterns including these terms are related to a qualitative difference between real and imagined journeys. Both non-metaphorical and metaphorical instances go back to our experiences with real-world paths, roads and ways. Path and road-sentences are connected with motion along the specific artifacts that these terms refer to. Way-sentences refer to motion through space. Differences between prototypical and un-prototypical paths, roads and ways, however, and a close connection between prototypical instances and metaphorical meaning, result in differences between non-metaphorical and metaphorical patterns. The findings explain why the source domain verbs in metaphorical path- and road-sentences are more restricted than the verbs in the non-metaphorical sentences. They show why metaphorical ways, but hardly ever metaphorical paths and roads, are paved.
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| 7. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene, et al.
(författare)
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Bridging, tunneling, and towering : How human interaction with artifacts influences the meanings of converted verbs
- 2020
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Ingår i: Cognitive Semantics. - Umeå : Brill Academic Publishers. - 2352-6408 .- 2352-6416. ; 6:1, s. 29-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What determines the meaning of a converted verb? Why do some verbs that have been converted from nouns that refer to artifacts have the meaning of making the artifact, and others not? How come some of them, but not others, are connected with motion? And how do speakers’ experiences of the artifacts involved influence the meanings of the verbs? Noun-to-verb conversion has been dealt with at phonological, grammatical and word semantic levels, and explained in terms of metonymic processes and event schema. Yet few studies, if any, have looked into why and how converted verbs acquire the meanings that they do. This article is a corpus linguistic investigation of the converted verbs bridge, tunnel, and tower. Our aim is to find out how speakers’ experiences of the artifacts that the corresponding nouns refer to influence the meanings of the converted verbs.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene
(författare)
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Embodied experience and the teaching and learning of L2 prepositions : a case study of abstract in and on
- 2018
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Ingår i: What is applied cognitive linguistics?. - Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter. - 9783110569711 - 9783110572186 - 9783110569896 ; , s. 287-304
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How can body-world knowledge be used to facilitate the teaching and learning of abstract L2 prepositions? What role do learners' embodied understandings of the abstract relationships that are construed by means of the prepositions play? How can the teaching and learning of prepositions be made fun?This chapter discusses the results of two corpus linguistic analyses of abstract in and on instances (Johansson Falck 2014, in press) as well as two small-scale, qualitative studies in which Swedish L2 learners of English were asked to discuss, draw and gesture their embodied understandings of some of the categories of abstract in and on instances that fell from the corpus data.The corpus analyses show that abstract in and on instances fall into categories of related concepts that are systematically related to specific types of body-world knowledge. Some types of abstract concepts are consistently construed as containers (used with in), and others as supporting surfaces (used with on). The subsequent interventions with the Swedish L2 learners then showed that discussions about the embodied motivations for the categories of abstract in and on instances are useful starting points for learning the patterns of abstract in and on in a playful, creative and collaborative way. The learners' self-reports suggest that the approach has positive effects on learning.
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| 10. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene
(författare)
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Embodied motivations for abstract in and on constructions
- 2017
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Ingår i: Constructing families of constructions. - Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 9789027246745 - 9789027265654 ; , s. 53-76
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter investigates the relationship between abstract in and on constructions (i.e. grammatical form and meaning pairings (cf. Langacker 1987: 409; Goldberg 2005: 3) and body-world knowledge. Abstract in and on instances retrieved from the British National Corpus (BNC) are analyzed to identify what types of abstract concepts are construed as containing entities (used with the English preposition/particle in) and what types of abstract concepts are construed as objects/supporting surfaces (used with the preposition/particle on). Analyses show that abstract in and on constructions fall into families of constructions that refer to related concepts, and that these, in turn, are connected with specific types of embodied experiences. Body-world knowledge thus provides a principled way of explaining the constructions.
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| 11. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene, et al.
(författare)
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Embodied motivations for metaphorical meanings
- 2012
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Ingår i: Cognitive Linguistics. - Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter. - 0936-5907 .- 1613-3641. ; 23:2, s. 251-272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the relationship between people’s mental imagery for their experiences of paths and roads and the metaphorical use of path and road in discourse. We report the results of two studies, one a survey examining people’s mental imagery about their embodied experiences with paths and roads, with the second providing a corpus analysis of the ways path and road are metaphorically used in discourse. Our hypothesis is that both people’s mental imagery for path and road, and speakers’ use of these words in metaphorical contexts are strongly guided by their embodied understandings of real-world events related to travel on paths and roads. The results of these studies demonstrate how bodily experiences with artifacts partly constrains not only how specific conceptual metaphors emerge, but how different metaphorical understandings are applied in talk about abstract entities and events.
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| 12. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene, et al.
(författare)
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Embodied motivations for metaphorical meanings
- 2013
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Ingår i: Cognitive linguistics. - Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter. - 9783110333886 - 9783110335255 ; , s. 81-102
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the relationship between people's mental imagery for their experiences of paths and roads and the metaphorical use of path and road in discourse. We report the results of two studies, one a survey examining people's mental imagery about their embodied experiences with paths and roads, with the second providing a corpus analysis of the ways path and road are metaphorically used in discourse. Our hypothesis is that both people's mental imagery for path and road, and speakers' use of these words in metaphorical contexts are strongly guided by their embodied understandings of real-world events related to travel on paths and roads. The results of these studies demonstrate how bodily experiences with artifacts partly constrains not only how specific conceptual metaphors emerge, but how different metaphorical understandings are applied in talk about abstract entities and events.
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| 13. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene
(författare)
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From ecological cognition to language : When and why do speakers use words metaphorically?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Metaphor and Symbol. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1092-6488 .- 1532-7868. ; 33:2, s. 61-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The idea that metaphorical meaning is guided by speakers’ experiences of the world is central to Conceptual Metaphor Theory. Yet little is known about the ways in which speakers’ understandings of objects in the world around them influence how they use words in metaphorical and nonmetaphorical ways. This article is a corpus linguistic analysis of the collocational patterns of metaphorical and non-metaphorical bridge instances from the Corpus of American English Corpus of Contemporary American English. The study shows that metaphorical and non-metaphorical uses of words are systematically linked to different types of real world experiences. It is argued that lexical metaphors are, in fact, lexico-encyclopedic conceptual metaphors (i.e., conceptual mappings that involve speakers’ understandings of specific target concepts by means of the specific source concepts that they refer to in metaphorical language), and that they are constrained by cognitive salience.
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| 14. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene
(författare)
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From perception of spatial artefacts to metaphorical meaning
- 2012
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Ingår i: Space and Time in Languages and Cultures II. - Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 978 90 272 2391 3 - 978 90 272 7360 4 ; , s. 329-349
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter compares spatial constructs in mental imagery to spatial constructs in non-metaphorical and metaphorical language. The study is based on a psycholinguistic survey of people’s mental imagery for paths and roads, and a previous corpus-linguistic investigation of path- and road-instances from the British National Corpus (the BNC) (see Johansson Falck 2010). The aim is to investigate if spatial path and road constructs in mental imagery focus on similar aspects as those in metaphorical language. The study shows that mental imagery and metaphorical language are more restricted than non-metaphorical language, and typically are related to the specific anticipations for bodily action that paths and roads afford. The focus is on function, which influences both direction and manner of motion.
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| 15. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene
(författare)
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How body-world knowledge can be used to teach and learn abstract instances of English prepositions
- 2019
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Ingår i: LMS. - : Språklärarnas riksförbund. - 0023-6330. ; :4, s. 20-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Native speakers of English sometimes say that something is in their minds, and at other times, that something is on their minds. But when and why do they use these two phrases? How can the usage patterns of prepositions such as in and on be explained, and how can they be taught and learned in an interesting way?In this article, I argue that body-world knowledge is a highly useful resource for teaching and learning the usage patterns of preposi-tions in a second language (L2). It provides L2 learners of English with information that they may use both for figuring the patterns out, and for later visualizing the patterns that they have found. By considering the ways in which abstract instances of in and on might have been motivated by speakers’ embodied experiences of the world around them, L2 learners of English are able to understand when and why phrases such as in their minds and on their minds are typically used.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene, Professor, 1967-
(författare)
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Lexico-encyclopedic conceptual (LEC) metaphors
- 2023
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Ingår i: Handbook of cognitive semantics. - Leiden : Brill Academic Publishers. - 9789004526624 ; , s. 289-311
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Metaphor theories have traditionally focused on the level of language, or on the level of thought. However, more recently it is commonly argued that multiple interacting constraints shape metaphorical meaning (Gibbs and Santa Cruz, 2012; Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez and Pérez Hérnandez, 2011). Accordingly, my psychological and corpus linguistic surveys suggest that linguistic metaphors are neither merely lexical, nor merely a reflection of more schematic metaphorical mappings between cognitive domains. They are conceptual mappings that involve speakers’ embodied experiences of the specific concepts represented by the lexical items that they use. They are “lexico-encyclopedic conceptual (LEC) metaphors” (Johansson Falck, 2018). By investigating patterns at the level of LEC metaphors, we may gain insights into how speakers’ embodied understandings of the world around them, through affordances (Gibson, 2015), help them structure, re-experience, and fine-tune the system of more schematic metaphorical mappings (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980/2008, 1999).
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| 18. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene, 1967-
(författare)
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Linguistic theory and good practice : how cognitive linguistics could influence the teaching and learning of English prepositions
- 2015
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Ingår i: Språkdidaktik. - Umeå : Umeå Universitet. - 9789176011942 ; , s. 61-73
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How can we make the teaching and learning of grammar more interesting? How do we get away from rote learning to more efficient learning situations? How can we provide learners with a more holistic view of language, its speakers, and their contexts? These are questions that language teachers regularly seek to answer, but typically struggle with. In this chapter, I focus on the teaching and learning of the English prepositions in and on from a Swedish L2 perspective. It is argued that the theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics provides useful didactic information for practice in second language teaching and learning.
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| 19. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene
(författare)
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Metaphor and the cognitive function of artefacts : Roads and ways
- 2007
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Ingår i: Further Insights into Semantics and Lexicography. - Lublin : Wydawnitcwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skùodowskiej. - 9788322726365 ; , s. 167-177
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The volume contains papers presented at the conference New Insights into Semantics and Lexicography, held in Lublin, Poland, on 29-30 September 2005. The conference was organized jointly by the Department of English, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, and the Department of Languages and Culture, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden. The event, which brought together scholars from Sweden, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and Poland, provided a forum for discussion, especially from a cognitive linguistics perspective, of a wide range of issues pertaining to linguistic semantics, lexicographic theory and lexicographic practice. In particular, the areas of study covered by the papers include synchronic and diachronic lexical semantics, conterastive lexical semantics, metaphor in discourse, and the interface between semantics and syntax or morphology. Among the notions used are viewing, conceptual blending, imagery and motivation. The lexicography papers deal with the history of the field, with its latest developments and practical proposals for language pedagogy.
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| 20. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene
(författare)
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Metaphor variation across L1 and L2 speakers of English : do differences at the level of linguistic metaphor matter?
- 2012. - 38
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Ingår i: Metaphor in use. - Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 978 90 272 2392 0 - 978 90 272 7346 8 ; , s. 109-134
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- English and Swedish, which are both Germanic languages spoken in similar cultures in the Western World, display many similarities with regard to the conceptual metaphors reflected in them. However, the way that the same conceptual metaphor is linguistically instantiated in both languages may be somewhat different. This chapter is a corpus-based analysis of metaphorical ‘path’, ‘road’, and ‘way’ sentences in English produced by speakers with British English as their first language (L1) and Swedish university students with Englishas their second language (L2). The aim is to see how these L2 speakers of English deal with differences at the level of linguistic metaphor in the two languages, and find out how important this level of organization really is.
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| 21. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene, Professor, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Metaphorical and non-metaphorical meaning from spatial relations
- 2024
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Ingår i: Review of Cognitive Linguistics. - Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 1877-9751 .- 1877-976X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Speakers regularly use their experiences of spatial relations to construe linguistic meaning in metaphorical and non-metaphorical ways. Still, we have yet to identify the meaning-bearing functions that different spatial relations commonly serve. This paper focuses on into relations. Using data from the Corpus of Contemporary American English, we apply an Embodied Scenes approach to identify the categories of concepts that are regularly construed with ‘into relations’ and the actions that are commonly involved. More generally, we aim to show how spatial metaphors can be systematically studied by investigating the collocates of prepositions and prepositional constructions.
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| 22. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene
(författare)
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Narrow paths, difficult roads, and long ways : Travel through space and metaphorical meaning
- 2013
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Ingår i: The Construal of Spatial Meaning. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780199641635 ; , s. 214-235
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is a corpus linguistic analysis of 1000 random path-, road-, and way-instances from the British National Corpus. The aim is to show that both non-metaphorical and metaphorical instances of these terms (e.g. the bushes had grown across the path and the path of green consumerism) are intimately connected with people’s embodied experiences of travel through space along paths, roads, or ways. This is evident from a) the coherent way in which sentences including these terms are generally structured, b) the differences between path- road-, and way-sentences at a more specific level of abstraction, and c) the similarities between non-metaphorical and metaphorical sentences including the same term (e.g. non-metaphorical path and metaphorical path). The image-schematic structures of these experiences create coherence in word use. Differences between paths, roads, and ways, and hence between journeys along these, lead to variation in spatial metaphorical meaning.
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| 23. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene, Professor, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
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Procedure for identifying metaphorical scenes (pims) : a cognitive linguistics approach to bridge theory and practice
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cognitive Semantics. - Amsterdam : Brill Academic Publishers. - 2352-6408 .- 2352-6416. ; 8:2, s. 294-322
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Over the past decades, several procedures have been developed to identify metaphors at the lexical level. However, because language is complex, there may not be one superior metaphor identification procedure that applies to all data. Moreover, metaphoridentification inevitably involves decisions on linguistic form that may not work equally well with all linguistic frameworks. We introduce a Procedure for IdentifyingMetaphorical Scenes (PIMS) reflected and evoked by linguistic expressions in discourse.The procedure is a prerequisite for the identification of metaphorical meaning that extends over phrases or longer stretches of text other than those defined as lexical units in current metaphor identification procedures and better reflects the CognitiveLinguistic (CL) view that linguistic meaning is equal to complex conceptualizations (Langacker, 2002, 2010), embodied (Gibbs, 2006), and simulation-based (Bergen, 2012). It takes the scenes evoked by the context into account and focuses on the experiences that are coded by the linguistic constructions.
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| 24. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene, Professor, et al.
(författare)
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Procedure for identifying metaphorical scenes (PIMS) : The case of spatial and abstract relations
- 2023
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Ingår i: Metaphor and Symbol. - : Routledge. - 1092-6488 .- 1532-7868. ; 38:1, s. 1-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (PIMS) (Johansson Falck & Okonski, accepted) was developed to identify metaphorical meaning that extends over phrases or longer stretches of text, but it can also be used to identify metaphorically understood concepts coded by individual words. It focuses on scenes evoked by linguistic expressions to distinguish metaphorical, non-metaphorical, and ambiguous cases. In this paper, we pay particular attention to the relationships evoked by prepositional constructions and the elements that are part of these relationships. Our main aims are to show how PIMS can be used to identify metaphors in language that includes prepositions and to test the reliability of the procedure. We first describe the tricky nature of prepositions and why PIMS is needed in this particular context. Then we introduce the procedure and present two studies that test its reliability. In Study 1, PIMS was applied to a large corpus of sentences containing the preposition into (n = 8,500 instances). In Study 2, we analyze a mixed-preposition text that was previously used in a MIPVU study (Nacey, Dorst, Krennmayr, & Reijnierse, 2019a) in order to directly compare the reliability of PIMS to previous procedures for analyzing prepositions.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene
(författare)
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Technology, Language and Thought : Extensions of Meaning in the English Lexicon
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this thesis, the relationship between technological innovation and the development of language and thought is analysed. For this purpose, three different fields of technology are investigated: 1) the steam engine, 2) electricity, and 3) motor vehicles, roads and ways. They have all either played an extremely important part in people’s lives, or they are still essential to us. The overall aim is to find out in what ways these inventions and discoveries have helped people to develop abstract thinking and given speakers of English new possibilities to express themselves. Questions being asked are a) if the correlations in experience between the inventions and other domains have motivated new conceptual mappings? b) if the experiences that they provide people with may be used to re-experience certain conceptual mappings, and hence make them more deeply entrenched in people’s minds? and c) if the uses of them as cognitive tools have resulted in meaning extension in the English lexicon? The study is based on metaphoric and metonymic phrases collected from a number of different dictionaries. In the material a large number of metaphorical and metonymic expressions including terms connected to the inventions and discoveries that are part of this thesis are found. As is clear from the expressions, the steam engine, electricity, motor vehicles, roads and ways have all provided us with ample tools for structuring our thoughts, and for conveying our thoughts to others. Primarily, it seems to be the different functions of the discoveries and inventions, or the effects that they have on other objects that have motivated the mappings. In addition to analysing the cognitive role of the inventions that are part of this thesis, some general conclusions concerning the relationship between language, thought and world are suggested.
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| 27. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene
(författare)
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Temporal prepositions explained : Cross-linguistic analysis of English and Swedish unit of time landmarks
- 2014
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Ingår i: Cognitive Linguistic Studies. - Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 2213-8722 .- 2213-8730. ; 1:2, s. 271-288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To what extent can factors such as the size of a unit of time landmark and zoomed in effects explain the patterns of temporal prepositions in English (Lindstromberg, 1998/2010)? How important are these factors cross-linguistically? This paper is a corpus linguistic analysis of unit of time landmarks in English, in and on instances, and in their Swedish equivalents, i and på instances.My aims are to investigate how temporal in and on relationships are construed in terms of spatial ones and to identify shared and differing patterns between these two closely related languages. Shared patterns may provide clues in regard to which factors are salient when time is construed in terms of space. Differing patterns highlight the fact that a given way of construing time in terms of space is not the only alternative. Systematicity at this level of abstraction is potentially useful for the second language (L2) learner.
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| 28. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene, et al.
(författare)
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Tunnelling, towering, and bridging : the figurative and non-figurative use of converted verbs
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is a corpus linguistic investigation of the converted verbs tunnel, tower and bridge. It is based on 500 random instances of each verb from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). We analyze the usage patterns of these verbs and the ways in which they are constrained by people’s embodied experiences of real-world tunnels, towers and bridges. Our aim is to better understand the ways in which people’s embodied experiences of artefacts influence the usage patterns of converted verbs.Noun-verb conversion has previously been explained in terms of metonymy (e.g. Dirven 1999), or in terms of combinations between metonymy and metaphor (e.g. Kuczok 2011). Dirven (1999: 280) suggests five classes of converted verbs – object, instrument, manner, locative, and essive verbs – based on three types of event schemata, where the converted verb metonymically represents a salient participant in the schema.Our analysis shows that tunnel, tower and bridge are indeed all metonymic, but do not clearly fit into any of Dirven’s classes. They share some similarities with the converted verbs in his ‘manner’ category, but the artefacts that are represented by the nouns tunnel, tower, and bridge are not always clear participants in an event schema, and there are significant differences between them. Moreover, the verbs differ in regard to their tendencies to be used metaphorically.As is coherent with the connecting function of real-world bridges, bridge is primarily used metaphorically to bridge gaps, differences, domains, divides, boundaries, and chasms. Tunnel is used both metaphorically and non-metaphorically, with a focus on the manner and path involved in the action schema of digging a tunnel. As opposed to bridges, the salient feature of tunnels thus seems to be related to how tunnels are constructed, rather than to what function they currently serve. Tower is used metaphorically in reference to trees, mountains, or people that tower over something. Uses such as these appear related to the fact that the salient feature of a tower is that it is tall, and thus has the function of placing people in a high-up position.Taken together, the usage patterns of these verbs suggest that their meanings are based on our embodied experience of the artefact, the artefact’s affordances, and general image schemas. To fully understand the metonymic bases and the figurative uses of these verbs, we therefore need to also consider salient features of those particular artefacts, especially their functions (Gibson 1979).
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| 29. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene, et al.
(författare)
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Tunnelling, towering, and bridging : the figurative and non-figurative use of converted verbs
- 2015
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper is a corpus linguistic investigation of the converted verbs tunnel, tower and bridge. It is based on 500 random instances of each verb from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). We analyze the usage patterns of these verbs and the ways in which they are constrained by people’s embodied experiences of real-world tunnels, towers and bridges. Our aim is to better understand the ways in which people’s embodied experiences of artefacts influence the usage patterns of converted verbs. Noun-verb conversion has previously been explained in terms of metonymy (e.g. Dirven 1999), or in terms of combinations between metonymy and metaphor (e.g. Kuczok 2011). Dirven (1999: 280) suggests five classes of converted verbs – object, instrument, manner, locative, and essive verbs – based on three types of event schemata, where the converted verb metonymically represents a salient participant in the schema. Our analysis shows that tunnel, tower and bridge are indeed all metonymic, but do not clearly fitinto any of Dirven’s classes. They share some similarities with the converted verbs in his ‘manner’ category, but the artefacts that are represented by the nouns tunnel, tower, and bridge are not always clear participants in an event schema, and there are significant differences between them. Moreover, the verbs differ in regard to their tendencies to be used metaphorically. As is coherent with the connecting function of real-world bridges, bridge is primarily used metaphorically to bridge gaps, differences, domains, divides, boundaries, and chasms. Tunnel is used both metaphorically and non-metaphorically, with a focus on the manner and path involved in the action schema of digging a tunnel. As opposed to bridges, the salient feature of tunnels thus seems to be related to how tunnels are constructed, rather than to what function they currently serve. Tower is used metaphorically in reference to trees, mountains, or people that tower over something. Uses such as these appear related to the fact that the salient feature of a tower is that it is tall, and thus has the function of placing people in a high-up position. Taken together, the usage patterns of these verbs suggest that their meanings are based on our embodied experience of the artefact, the artefact’s affordances, and general image schemas. To fully understand the metonymic bases and the figurative uses of these verbs, we therefore need to also consider salient features of those particular artefacts, especially their functions (Gibson 1979).
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| 30. |
- Johansson Falck, Marlene
(författare)
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What trajectors reveal about TIME metaphors : analysis of English and Swedish
- 2016
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Ingår i: International Journal of Corpus Linguistics. - : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 1384-6655 .- 1569-9811. ; 21:1, s. 28-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is an analysis of trajectors (i.e. located entities) in language about fixed durations of TIME. More specifically, trajectors in instances including the English prepositions in or on, or their Swedish equivalents i or på, are analyzed. On the structure of the inverse Moving Observer/Moving Time metaphors (Lakoff & Johnson 1999) instances such as these should be construed relative to a Moving Observer, and trajectors people that move relative to fixed durations of TIME (as reflected in e.g. when we come to launching the 4th edition in early 1990). My analysis, however, suggests that our understanding of TIME through SPACE is more nuanced than suggested by these metaphors. In this specific context, trajectors are not typically people in motion, but rather events or processes located in, or on, unit of time landmarks. My study emphasizes the need to test the systematicity of the mappings proposed by Conceptual Metaphor Theory.
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| 31. |
- Kjellander, Daniel, 1973-
(författare)
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Ambiguity at work : lexical blends in an American English web news context
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The present study investigates the word formation process of lexical blending in the context of written US web news between January 2010–March 2018. The study has two interrelated aims. First, it aims to develop a transparent, rigid, and replicable method of data collection. This is motivated by a lack of systematicity of data collection procedures in previous research. Second, it aims to identify the characteristics of the retrieved blends; both generally and with a special focus on how ambiguity is realized. The data were collected from an offline version of the NOW corpus (News On the Web). A strict algorithm was devised to organize the data and to identify lexical blends among a large body of systematically collected word forms. Both automatic and manual procedures were employed in these tasks. The study is conducted within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics (CL). Semantic analysis is foregrounded in CL and language is considered perspectival, dynamic, non-autonomous, and experience-based. Furthermore, a Langackerian view on meaning is adopted in that symbolic potential is acknowledged in all resources and manifestations of language. Categorization is approached in accordance with the tenets of prototype theory, which acknowledges fuzzy category boundaries and gradual distribution of attributes.The results of the study show that the data collection methodology is quantitatively robust, which offers the possibility to generalize the observations within the context of the chosen limitations. Consequently, the developed methodology may also be applied in future investigations. Second, quantitative analyses validate some previous assumptions about grammatical functions, semantics, and seriality in blending. Third, a set of qualitative characteristics are identified in the collected set of blends, which offers a comprehensive approach to describing blend formation in the given context. The characteristics structural profiling and domain proximity are suggested as prominent aspects of blend formation. Structural profiling is marked by prominent structural attributes such as similarity of source words and intricate patterns of amalgamation, but figurative strategies are also foregrounded. Domain proximity is described in terms of semantic similarity between the source words and an iconic relation between the fusion of structure and the fusion of concepts. The notion of pseudomorphemic transfer is used to capture blends that fall within the operational definition of the study but also seem to be connected to other morphological processes through the instantiation of morphological schemata. Blends clustered in series based on recycled truncated segments are revisited from a qualitative perspective, and it is claimed that the process of morphemization is likely influenced by the degree of morpheme-like character of a serially distributed segment. Furthermore, four types of ambiguity are identified in the blend data; truncation ambiguity, mode ambiguity, source word ambiguity, and covert source ambiguity. On the basis of the observed impact of ambiguity, it is suggested that the construal of meaning in lexical blending makes use of multistability, which is a perceptual phenomenon observed in, for instance, binocular rivalry. Taken together, the results constitute a background for suggesting a model of categorization divided into two levels of organization. This model of categorization is called the dual model of blend classification.
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| 32. |
- Larsson, Andreas, Ph.D, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Analysing the elements of a scene : An integrative approach to metaphor identification in a naturalistic setting
- 2022
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Ingår i: Cognitive Semiotics. - Berlin/Boston : Mouton de Gruyter. - 1662-1425 .- 2235-2066. ; 15:2, s. 223-248
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the challenges of exploring metaphor use in a naturalistic environment. We employed an integrative approach to the analysis of metaphor in video-recorded classroom observations of a teacher lecturing on computer programming. The approach involved applying the Procedure for Identifying Metaphorical Scenes (PIMS) and the Metaphor Identification Guidelines for Gesture (MIG-G) both individually and jointly. Our analysis of the data shows that the teacher primarily uses metaphors that evoke experiences of manipulating physical objects while using his hands to add spatiality to these ‘objects’. Furthermore, it indicates that specific gestures may serve as ’anchoring-points’ for larger scenes, enabling the speaker to form a scene in which to place smaller concepts. Throughout the analysis, our integrative approach to metaphor analysis provided opportunities to both support and refute results from each of the procedures employed. Moreover, the PIMS procedure has both served as an efficient tool for identifying central concepts of a scene and a way to validate the results of the gesture analysis. We suggest that this integrative approach to metaphor may be used to provide clues about the embodied motivation of a metaphor at an individual level.
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| 33. |
- Nacey, Susan Lee, et al.
(författare)
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Linguistic metaphor identification in Scandinavian
- 2019
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Ingår i: Metaphor identification in multiple languages. - Amsterdam : John Benjamins Publishing Company. - 9789027204721 - 9789027261755 ; , s. 137-158
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Perlman, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
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Iconic prosody in story reading
- 2015
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Ingår i: Cognitive science. - New York : John Wiley & Sons. - 0364-0213 .- 1551-6709. ; 39:6, s. 1348-1368
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent experiments have shown that people iconically modulate their prosody corresponding with the meaning of their utterance (e.g., Shintel et al., 2006). This article reports findings from a story reading task that expands the investigation of iconic prosody to abstract meanings in addition to concrete ones. Participants read stories that contrasted along concrete and abstract semantic dimensions of speed (e.g., a fast drive, slow career progress) and size (e.g., a small grasshopper,an important contract). Participants read fast stories at a faster rate than slow stories, and big stories with a lower pitch than small stories. The effect of speed was distributed across the stories,including portions that were identical across stories, whereas the size effect was localized to size related words. Overall, these findings enrich the documentation of iconicity in spoken language and bear on our understanding of the relationship between gesture and speech.
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| 36. |
-
Studies in language and cognition
- 2009
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using a plethora of concepts, theories and methods, the theoretical and empirical studies described in this volume are united in their approach of treating language not in isolation (e.g. as a “module”), but as both based on structures and processes of cognition, and at the same time as affecting the human mind. The book is organized in 7 parts, corresponding to some of the major fields in language research today: (a) linguistic meta-theory and general issues, (b) lexical meaning, (c) metaphor, (d) grammar, (e) pragmatics, (f) gesture and bodily communication, and (g) historical linguistics. At the same time, the non-modular approach to language adopted by the authors is reflected by the fact that there are no strict boundaries between the parts. Thus, the book is a valuable contribution to the growing interdisciplinary field of Language and Cognition.
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| 37. |
- Waldmann, Christian, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Tankar kring kring : En diakron studie av prepositionsbruket vid kognitionsverb
- 2017
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Ingår i: Språk och stil. - Uppsala : Adolf Noreen-sällskapet. - 1101-1165 .- 2002-4010. ; 27, s. 96-128
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article deals with the usage of Swedish prepositions with cognition verbs. Our main focus is on the usage of the preposition kring ‘around’. The study is done within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics, and the notions of trajectory (TR) and landmark (LM) are used to describe the relationships involved. Questions asked are 1. Has the usage of kring with cognition verbs changed over time? If so, how? and 2. Has the preposition usage with the cognition verbs filosofera ‘philosophize’, fokusera ‘focus’, forska ‘research’, fundera ‘contemplate’, reflektera ‘reflect’, resonera ‘reason’, spekulera ‘speculate’, and tänka ‘think’ changed over time? If so, how?The study is based on news texts from the period of 1923-2012 from the Korp Corpus. Taken together, the investigated data contains 3.7 million sentences and 56 million tokens of press texts.Our results show that changes in the usages of the prepositions are specific to each verb rather than following an overall trend. Throughout the period, the verbs fokusera, fundera, reflektera, spekulera and tänka are used with prepositions that suggest that people’s thoughts (TR) are directed down towards, or into, abstract topics (LM). The verbs filosofera, forska, and resonera, on the other hand, are used with prepositions that suggest thinking (TR) around abstract topics (LM). There is an increase in the usage of kring with resonera, and a decrease in the usage of kring with fokusera.
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