| 1. |
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| 2. |
- André, Samuel, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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The design platform – a coherent platform description of heterogeneous design assets for suppliers of highly customised systems
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of engineering design (Print). - : Taylor & Francis. - 0954-4828 .- 1466-1837. ; 28:10-12, s. 599-626
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Companies developing highly customised products are continuously faced with fluctuating requirements during the early and late stages of the product development (PD) process. This differs from companies that develop end-consumer products, which uses fixed specifications and where product platforms have been a successful enabler for efficient customisation. However, in the past, product platforms have not been able to fully support companies working in an engineer-to-order business environment. This article outlines the results from a three-year collaborative research project between academics within the area of engineering design and practitioners from the engineer-to-order industry. The research introduces a design platform (DP) that aims to support the development of customised products when traditional platform concepts do not suffice. The platform approach provides a coherent environment for heterogeneous design assets to be used in PD by supporting both the design activity and the finished solutions. The needs and abilities regarding such a platform were investigated through a series of interviews and workshops at four companies. Then, the DP was modelled and support tools were developed. Finally, company representatives evaluated the complete DP and its applications, reporting promising results.
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| 3. |
- Arjomandi Rad, Mohammad
(författare)
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Data-driven and real-time prediction models for iterative and simulation-driven design processes
- 2022
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The development of more complex products has increased dependency on virtual/digital models and emphasized the role of simulations as a means of validation before production. This level of dependency on digital models and simulation togetherwith the customization level and continuous requirement change leads to a large number of iterations in each stage of the product development process. This research, studies such group of products that have multidisciplinary, highly iterative, and simulation-driven design processes. It is shown that these high-level technical products, which are commonly outsourced to suppliers, commonly suffer from a long development lead time. The literature points to several research tracks including design automation and data-driven design with possible support. After studying the advantages and disadvantages of each track, a data-driven approachis chosen and studied through two case studies leading to two supporting tools that are expected to improve the development lead time in associated design processes. Feature extraction in CAD as a way to facilitate metamodeling is proposed as the first solution. This support uses the concept of the medial axis to find highly correlated features that can be used in regression models. As for the second supporting tool, an automated CAD script is used to produce a library of images associated with design variants. Dynamic relaxation is used to label each variant with its finite element solution output. Finally, the library is used to train a convolutions neural network that maps screenshots of CAD as input to finite element field answers as output. Both supporting tools can be used to create real-time prediction models in the early conceptual phases of the product development process to explore design space faster and reduce lead time and cost.
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| 4. |
- Elgh, Fredrik, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Design Platform - A Coherent Model for Management and Use of Mixed Design Assets
- 2017
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Ingår i: Transdisciplinary Engineering: A Paradigm Shift. - : IOS Press. - 9781614997788 - 9781614997795 ; , s. 703-712
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- For many companies, it is a challenge to balance product variety and cost, i.e. external and internal efficiency. Product platforms has been the dominant solution for a business targeting mass-customization. The main idea is to dived the product into modules that can be shared among different product variants. This has been a success on the consumer market, however, many manufacturing companies are engineer-to-order (ETO) oriented, such as original equipment suppliers (OES). They design a unique solution, often in close collaboration with other companies, based on different product concepts and/or core technologies. For these companies, there is a strategic need for a platform model influenced by the principles of masscustomization, although, not limited to only include modules. In this work, a novel platform model, called Design Platform is described. The model has been developed and applied in cooperation with four companies. The Design Platform provides a coherent environment for management of heterogeneous design assets to be used in product development and supports an improved ability to master fluctuating requirements and systematic introduction of new technologies.
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| 5. |
- Elgh, Fredrik, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Platform Models for Agile Customization – What's Beyond Modularization?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Transdisciplinary Engineering Methods for Social Innovation of Industry 4.0. - : IOS Press. - 9781614998976 - 9781614998983 ; , s. 371-380
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many manufacturing companies are suppliers that deliver unique solutions to different business customers. Intense quotation work, with a high demand on accuracy and quick response, and development projects executed in close collaboration with customers and other actors characterize these companies. The projects can run for years or a few weeks depending on the business. Changes of requirements are frequent and technology development required for improved functionality, sustainability and competitiveness. The use of a product platform has been acknowledged as a strategic enabler for product family development and mass customization. However, companies struggle with adopting the common platform approach building upon pre-defined modules and components as it constraints the fulfilment of unique customer requirements and the introduction of new technology at high pace. This work reports the results from case studies conducted in collaboration with four companies. They are in many ways different but face the same challenges when it comes to customization, fluctuating requirements and need of high pace in technology advancement. The focus of this paper is on their initial states; including how they work with their product concept before the customer entry point, the work that is initiated when an order is accepted, the character of requirements and the adoption of product platforms. Criteria on, and identification of, new platforms models, termed Design Assets, are presented followed by a mapping to the Design Platform concept pointing out areas upcoming work, both scientifically and at the companies.
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| 6. |
- Elgh, Fredrik, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Traceability in engineer-to-order businesses
- 2020
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Ingår i: Systems engineering in research and industrial practice. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030333119 - 9783030333126 ; , s. 115-145
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A rapidly growing strategy in product design and manufacture, with great potential to improve customer value, is mass-customization. The main idea is to divide the product into modules that can be shared among different product variants. This will support a wide range of options for the end customer to select among, while an internal efficiency, similar to mass-production, can be achieved. This has been a success for many companies acting on the consumer market. However, many manufacturing companies are engineer-to-order (ETO) oriented, such as original equipment suppliers (OES). They design a unique solution, often in close collaboration with other companies. The solution can then be manufactured in different quantities depending on the client’s need. For these companies, there is a strategic need for developing high quality engineering support to further utilize and exploit the information and knowledge produced during product development and to succeed with a strategy influenced by the principles of mass-customization. This has to include the implementation and management of systems enabling highly custom-engineered products to be efficiently designed and manufactured. One challenge when introducing such flexible support is to enable traceability of decisions taken, tasks executed, knowledge used and artefacts developed throughout the whole lifecycle of an individual product. In this chapter, it is shown that traceability can be achieved by introducing support for capturing, structuring and mapping between decisions and resulting outputs, such as geometrical building blocks, knowledge implemented as rules, and the argumentation for the selection, design and specification of these. Three examples are presented where the concept Design Description has been modelled based on an item-oriented, a task-oriented, and a decision-oriented perspective which show the generality of the Design Description concept. The three examples demonstrate how to use the Design Description to enable traceability in platform design, product design, and manufacturing development processes.
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| 7. |
- Elgh, Fredrik, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Traceability of decisions in product realization processes of custom engineered products
- 2018
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Ingår i: DS92: Proceedings of the DESIGN 2018 15th International Design Conference. - : The Design Society. - 9789537738594 ; , s. 249-260
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Custom engineered products require an engineer-to-order approach in development, quotation preparation and order processing. This work reports the result of a three-and-a-half-year project were the objective was to develop means for implementation and management of computer support for engineering design and production engineering of customized products. Efficient re-use is essential for success and decision is identified as the core concept to trace tasks executed, knowledge used, design rationale and artefacts developed throughout the product realization process.
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| 8. |
- Guglielmo, Priscilla, et al.
(författare)
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Validation of automated whole-body analysis of metabolic and morphological parameters from an integrated FDG-PET/MRI acquisition
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Automated quantification of tissue morphology and tracer uptake in PET/MR images could streamline the analysis compared to traditional manual methods. To validate a single atlas image segmentation approach for automated assessment of tissue volume, fat content (FF) and glucose uptake (GU) from whole-body [18F]FDG-PET/MR images. Twelve subjects underwent whole-body [18F]FDG-PET/MRI during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Automated analysis of tissue volumes, FF and GU were achieved using image registration to a single atlas image with reference segmentations of 18 volume of interests (VOIs). Manual segmentations by an experienced radiologist were used as reference. Quantification accuracy was assessed with Dice scores, group comparisons and correlations. VOI Dice scores ranged from 0.93 to 0.32. Muscles, brain, VAT and liver showed the highest scores. Pancreas, large and small intestines demonstrated lower segmentation accuracy and poor correlations. Estimated tissue volumes differed significantly in 8 cases. Tissue FFs were often slightly but significantly overestimated. Satisfactory agreements were observed in most tissue GUs. Automated tissue identification and characterization using a single atlas segmentation performs well compared to manual segmentation in most tissues and will be valuable in future studies. In certain tissues, alternative quantification methods or improvements to the current approach is needed.
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| 9. |
- Heikkinen, Tim, et al.
(författare)
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Extended CAD-models – State of Practice within Three Companies
- 2017
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Ingår i: IEEM2017, International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, 10-13 December, 2017, Singapore. - : IEEE. ; , s. 1089-1093
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Product platforms and product family design have been recognized as successful methods to enable masscustomization strategies. However, companies working with products where pre-defined product variants are not feasible require a more generic platform with re-usable components as well as engineering resources. Extended CAD-models is an approach where CAD-models are utilized as carriers of information to support re-usability of both geometric content and engineering activities, decreasing product development lead-time and enabling the definition of a product family within Engineer-To-Order business contexts. The following paper presents the approach in more detail and the results of a multi-case study where three Swedish industrial companies were interviewed. Results show that all companies store information within the CAD-models to support re-usability. Several challenges were expressed such as managing responsibilities and modeling flexible CAD-models. Future trends involve the concept, but to which extent is not clear.
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| 10. |
- Heikkinen, Tim, et al.
(författare)
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Extended design assets enabling automated tool development as a part of a product platform approach
- 2018
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Ingår i: DS92: Proceedings of the DESIGN 2018 15th International Design Conference. - : The Design Society. - 9789537738594 ; , s. 757-768
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Product platform development is a well-established approach for reusing product knowledge in the form of geometry and its configuration rules and constraints. Explicitly defining all platform components is not always possible however. This is why a product platform approach where the processes of realising platform components also are supported is needed, instead of exclusively relying on their results. The work presented here works toward this, with a focus on automated tool development enabled by extending design assets from different tools.
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| 11. |
- Heikkinen, Tim, et al.
(författare)
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Multidisciplinary design automation – A conceptual framework for working with product model extensions
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Agile Systems and Management. - : InderScience Publishers. - 1741-9174 .- 1741-9182. ; 13:1, s. 28-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Design automation can be used to support efficient information handling and knowledge processing in computer-based product modelling, as well as make possible new design exploration and optimisation capabilities. To be able to utilise and manage design automation systems over time, it is important to understand how the disciplinary methods and models are dependent on each other through the product model constituents and then how these relations should be built to support maintenance, leveraging and future reuse. Awareness of the concrete representation of relations could support the system's traceability and transparency, and depending on the chosen technique, comprehension and extendability can be affected. This paper presents a conceptual framework for how a set of product model constituents are, can and to some extent, should be extended to define relations in multidisciplinary design automation systems.
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| 12. |
- Heikkinen, Tim, et al.
(författare)
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Review of CAD-model Capabilities and Restrictions for Multidisciplinary use
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings of CAD'17. - : CAD Solutions. ; , s. 337-341
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Product development is an iterative process, partially due to changes in both company internal and external product requirements, resulting in changes to the product under development. These changes might require recapitulation of design rationale and result in re-doing assessments and syntheses of different kinds. One way to support this work is to proactively model in such a way that as much as possible of the previous work can be re-used. Modelling for re-use can be done by documenting design rationale and formalising performed activities as design guidelines or computer scripts. To be able to find and effectively re-use design activities, the added support could be attached to or otherwise linked to the product features they relate to. This paper focuses on the native CAD-models which also has been utilized by others as carriers of information for different purposes. For instance, describes the use of annotations on CAD-models, an example is presented where both FEM and CAM specifics were added to the geometry enabling automatic FEA and blank casting geometry creation. The approach was later used to support both constraint based redesign activities and encapsulation of in-development/in-service information for throughout product lifecycle retrieval.
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| 13. |
- Heikkinen, Tim, et al.
(författare)
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Review of CAD-model Capabilities and Restrictions for Multidisciplinary use
- 2018
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Ingår i: Computer-Aided Design and Applications. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1686-4360. ; 15:4, s. 509-519
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Product development is an iterative process, partially due to changes in both company internal and external product requirements, resulting in changes to the product under development. These changes might require recapitulation of design rationale and result in re-doing assessments and syntheses of different kinds. One way to support this work is to proactively model in such a way that as much as possible of the previous work can be re-used. Not only within one product development project but also across and to future ones. Modelling for re-use can be done by documenting design rationale and formalising performed activities as design guidelines or computer scripts. To be able to find and re-use this information it could be attached to the product features which it relates to. Since geometry is such a core product characteristic, especially within the mechanical industry, and is often modelled as CAD-models, this paper presents a review of CAD-model capabilities and restrictions to serve as a carrier of multidisciplinary information. This is done by; enquiring three Swedish companies, exploring an automated Finite Element Analysis method utilising the CAD-model as a carrier of information, and reviewing different CAD software capabilities. Results show that there are at least seven extension techniques, out of which all are currently being used or considered to be in the future, by at least one company. Further, depending on the extension technique, extendibility and human-comprehension of the added information differ.
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| 14. |
- Jansson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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An anisotropic non-linear material model for glass fibre reinforced plastics
- 2018
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Ingår i: Composite structures. - : Elsevier. - 0263-8223 .- 1879-1085. ; 195, s. 93-98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper aims to present a methodology to predict the anisotropic and non-linear behaviour of glass fibre reinforced plastics using finite element methods. A material model is implemented in order to remedy the need of multiple material definitions, and to control the local plastic behaviour as a function of the fibre orientation. Injection moulding simulations traditionally provide second order orientation tensors, which are considered together with a homogenization scheme to compute local material properties. However, in the present study, fourth order tensors are used in combination with traditional methods to provide more accurate material properties. The elastic and plastic response of the material model is optimized to fit experimental test data, until simulations and experiments overlap. The proposed material model can support design engineers in making more informed decisions, allowing them to create smarter products without the need of excessive safety factors, leading to reduced component weight and environmental impact.
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| 15. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978-
(författare)
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A Feature and Script Based Integration of CAD and FEA to Support Design of Variant Rich Products
- 2014
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Ingår i: Computer-Aided Design and Applications. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1686-4360. ; 11:5, s. 552-559
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The focus of the research presented in this article has been an integration of a CAD-system and a FEA pre-processor to automatically develop a complete FEA-models in order to make simulation based design possible. The article presents a prototype system that was developed to automate the simulation of the behavior of ski-racks mounted on cars during collision. This type of simulations requires mesh models containing structured mesh, an issue solved in the presented system and that is presented in the article. It is also shown how to make it possible to introduce contacts, loads, constraints, and other FEM-properties based on CAD-geometry.
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| 16. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978-
(författare)
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A feature and script based integration of CAD and FEA to support design of variant rich products
- 2013
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The focus of the research presented in this article has been an integration of a CAD-system and a FEA pre-processor to automatically develop a complete FEA-models in order to make simulation based design possible. The article presents a prototype system that was developed to automate the simulation of the behavior of ski-racks mounted on cars during collision. This type of simulations requires mesh models containing structured mesh, an issue solved in the presented system and that is presented in the article. It is also shown how to make it possible to introduce contacts, loads, constraints, and other FEM-properties based on CAD-geometry.
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| 17. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978-
(författare)
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Analysing Engineering Knowledge in CAD-models and Spread Sheets using Graph Theory and Filtering
- 2017
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Ingår i: 24th ISPE International Conference on Transdisciplinary Engineering (TE2017). - : IOS Press. - 9781614997788 - 9781614997795 ; , s. 629-638
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the era of Knowledge Based Engineering (KBE) and design automation has evolved a big effort has been put to automate CAD-models to quick and accurately respond to changes of customer specifications. The automated knowledge in these KBE-systems is represented as sets of rules, sets that are continuously growing. Parallel to KBE-systems knowledge is also automated in spread sheets (were the cells can be viewed as rules in a KBE system).These spread sheets also tend to grow in number and complexity. The vision of reusing corporate knowledge through automating it in computer systems are now threaten by the fact that the complexity makes it hard to grasp and manage what was automated. Complexity management and graph theory are scientific fields addressing these types of problems. This paper describes how engineering knowledge stored in CAD-models and spread sheets can be analysed through the application of graph theory, visualization and filtering. Information models of CAD-models and spread sheets are developed and applied to a real industrial case to generate and analyse the content.
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| 18. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Applying Connectivism to Engineering Knowledge to Support the Automated Business
- 2017
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Ingår i: 24th ISPE International Conference on Transdisciplinary Engineering (TE2017). - : IOS Press. - 9781614997788 - 9781614997795 ; , s. 621-628
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Maintaining products in an automated business includes digitalization and automation of engineering knowledge. When new products are to be developed, and introduced not only has the production processes be automated but also the knowledge regarding how the product should be constituted depending on customer requirements. One big challenge that companies of this kind face is how to make sure that the knowledge automated still can be understood by its stakeholders during the development project and after product release and through the whole product life-cycle, which might last for decades. In this paper, we present a method to navigate and share vast amount of knowledge in businesses with high degree of automated engineering. The method is based on the connectivistic view of knowledge were network formation and filtering are two corner stones which implies the utilization of graph theory together with electronic publishing functionality.
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| 19. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978-
(författare)
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Automated Computer Systems for Manufacturability Analyses and Tooling Design : Applied to the Rotary Draw Bending Process
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Intensive competition on the global market puts great pressure on manufacturing companies to develop and produce products that meet requirements from customers and investors. One key factor in meeting these requirements is the efficiency of the product development and the production preparation processes. Design automation is a powerful tool to increase efficiency in these two processes. The benefits of automating the manufacturability analysis process, a part of the production preparation process, are shortened lead-time, improved product performance, quality assurance, and, ultimately, decreased costs. Further, automation is beneficial as it increases the ability to adapt products to new product specifications with production preparations done in a few or in a single step. During the automation process, knowledge about the manufacturability analysis process is collected and stored in central systems, thus allowing full control over the design of production equipments. Topics addressed in this thesis include the flexibility of design automation systems, knowledge-bases containing alternative design rules, the automation of the finite element analysis process, manufacturability analysis over several productions steps, and the determination of production limits by looping the automated manufacturability analysis process. These topics are discussed in connection with the rotary draw bending of aluminum profiles. It is concluded that the concept of design automation can be applied to the manufacturability analysis process at different levels of automation depending on the characteristics of the implemented knowledge. The concept of object orientation should be adapted when implementing a knowledge-base and when developing the geometrical representations of the products. This makes a design automation system flexible enough to edit underlying knowledge and to extend the targeted design space. It is possible to automate the process of setting up, running, and interpreting finite element analyses to a great extent, enabling the design automation system to evaluate its own design proposals. It is also possible to enable such systems to consider sequences of manufacturing steps and loop them to develop decision support guiding engineers early in the design process, saving time and money while still assuring high product quality.
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| 20. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Automated Design Assessment as a Strategic Part of Design Platforms
- 2017
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Ingår i: 24th ISPE International Conference on Transdisciplinary Engineering (TE2017). - : IOS Press. - 9781614997788 - 9781614997795 ; , s. 441-448
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a general model for businesses to work with their engineering assessments to challenge fluctuating requirements which is the result of a recently finished research project. The model is presented together with a case study of a company with a product that continuously is and must be adapted to a changing market to be alive at all. The company has developed a streamlined development process that is configured based on current needs from time to time. One keystone to make the mass customization possible to this company is the augmented synthesis and the automated assessment of the product variants rendered through the configured development process. The automated process of making the assessments and how it connects to the general model is also presented in the paper.
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| 21. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978-
(författare)
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Automated Manufacturability Analysis of the Draw Bending of Complex Aluminum Profiles
- 2009
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Ingår i: ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (IDETC/CIE 2009).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Manufacturing companies are required to develop and produce products that meet increased requirements from customers and investors on shortened time spans. One key factor in meeting these requirements is the efficiency of the product development and the production preparation process. Design automation is a powerful tool to increase efficiency in these two processes. The benefits of automating the production preparation process are shortened lead-time, improved product performance, and ultimately decreased cost. Further, automation is beneficial as it increases the ability to adapt products to new product specifications with production preparations done in few or in a single step. During the automation process, knowledge about the production preparation process is collected and stored in the corporation systems, thus allowing full control over the design of production equipments. The contribution of this work is a method for connecting knowledge pieces implemented in auxiliary software applications using an inference engine. The knowledge pieces can control CAD-models and automatically generate, execute, and interpret finite element analyses. The presented method allows the automation of corporation know-how developed by skilled engineers over time. Further, it is possible for the resulting systems to meet criteria for good design automation systems such as low effort of developing, low level of investment, user readable and understandable knowledge, scalability, and flexibility. The method is exemplified by an implementation for analyzing manufacturability of the rotary draw bending of extruded sections of aluminum where the sections are complex. The output from the example system is based on established design practice and heuristic knowledge developed over many years of practical experience, rules analytically derived from fundamental physical laws, and finite element calculations. The system applies knowledge to a given specification that a skilled engineer otherwise would do manually. The method is described along with the example system in this paper.
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| 22. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978-
(författare)
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Automatic Producibility Analysis of the Draw Bending of Aluminium Tubes with Several Bends
- 2009
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Ingår i: NAFEMS World Congress 2009. - Glasgow : NAFEMS Ltd. - 9781874376422
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased pressure on manufacturing companies to develop and produce products that meet tightened requirements from customers and investors on shortened time spans require increased efficiency of the product development and the production preparation. Design automation is a powerful tool to increase the efficiency in these two processes. The benefits of automating the production preparation process are shortened led-time, improved product performance, and ultimately decreased cost. Further, automation is beneficial as it increases the ability to adapt products to new product specifications with production preparations done in few or in a single step. During the automation process, knowledge about the production preparation process is collected and stored in company systems, thus allowing full control over the design of production equipments. Finite element analyses (FEA) are often used to test product properties virtually. The process of setting up FEA is many times manual and not strictly formalized; the assumptions made in those calculations highly depend on the analysts’ former experiences and gut feeling. Sometimes there exist parametric FEA-models, but they are hard to interpret for others than the developers. It is beneficial to formalize and automate the process of developing such calculations in order to automate the production preparation of mature and variant-rich products where estimations and validations using FEA are demanded in the whole or parts of the design space. Automating the FEA-process for selected production methods makes the dedicated FEA-models more flexible and more transparent. It also makes them live longer and be more available for engineers that are not FEA-specialists. The FEA-specialists will have more time to solve general problems rather than focusing on instances of the product. This work deal with the automation of FEA-based producibility analysis of aluminium tubes with several bends, as is a part of the production preparation of many products. The method proposed includes the usage of a KBE-system that handles knowledge objects that connect to auxiliary software applications. This is done in order to generate a design synthesis based on product specifications, to develop a geometrical model of the synthesis in a CAD-system, to generate mesh parts in a CAD-system, to set up and run a FEM-calculation based on the generated mesh, and finally to extract required results from the calculation result files. The complete process of bending the tubes several times is automatically synthesised and analysed.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978-
(författare)
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Design Automation Systems for Production Preparation : Applied on the Rotary Draw Bending Process
- 2008
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Intensive competition on the global market puts great pressure on manufacturing companies to develop and produce products that meet requirements from customers and investors. One key factor in meeting these requirements is the efficiency of the product development and the production preparation process. Design automation is a powerful tool to increase efficiency in these two processes. The benefits of automating the production preparation process are shortened led-time, improved product performance, and ultimately decreased cost. Further, automation is beneficial as it increases the ability to adapt products to new product specifications with production preparations done in few or in a single step. During the automation process, knowledge about the production preparation process is collected and stored in central systems, thus allowing full control over the design of production equipments. Three main topics are addressed in this thesis: the flexibility of design automation systems, knowledge bases containing conflicting rules, and the automation of the finite element analysis process. These three topics are discussed in connection with the production preparation process of rotary draw bending. One conclusion drawn from the research is that it is possible to apply the concept of design automation to the production preparation process at different levels of automation depending on characteristics of the implemented knowledge. In order to make design automation systems as flexible as possible, the concept of object orientation should be adapted when building the knowledge base and when building the products geometrical representations. It is possible to automate the process of setting up, running, and interpreting finite element analyses to a great extent and making the automated finite element analysis process a part of the global design automation system.
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| 25. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978
(författare)
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Design Automation Systems for Production Preparation
- 2008
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Intensive competition on the global market puts great pressure on manufacturing companies to develop and produce products that meet requirements from customers and investors. One key factor in meeting these requirements is the efficiency of the product development and the production preparation process. Design automation is a powerful tool to increase efficiency in these two processes.The benefits of automating the production preparation process are shortened led-time, improved product performance, and ultimately decreased cost. Further, utomation is beneficial as it increases the ability to adapt products to new product specifications with production preparations done in few or in a single step. During the automation process, knowledge about the production preparation process is collected and stored in central systems, thus allowing full control over the design of production equipments.Three main topics are addressed in this thesis: the flexibility of design automation systems, knowledge bases containing conflicting rules, and the automation of the finite element analysis process. These three topics are discussed in connection with the production preparation process of rotary draw bending.One conclusion drawn from the research is that it is possible to apply the concept of design automation to the production preparation process at different levels of automation depending on characteristics of the implemented knowledge. In order to make design automation systems as flexible as possible, the concept of object orientation should be adapted when building the knowledge base and when building the products geometrical representations. It is possible to automate the process of setting up, running, andinterpreting finite element analyses to a great extent and making the automated finite element analysis process a part of the global design automation system.Keywords: Design automation, Rotary draw bending, Knowledge Based Engineering (KBE), and Finite Element Analysis (FEA).
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| 26. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Design Rationale Management – a Proposed Cloud Solution
- 2014
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Ingår i: Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering: Moving Integrated Product Development to Service Clouds in the Global Economy. - Amsterdam : IOS Press. - 9781614994398 - 9781614994404 ; , s. 204-214
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to increasing complexity of modern products it is many times impossible for single individual engineers to fully grasp the product they are a part of developing. Valuable time during the product development is therefore spent searching for knowledge about different aspect of the product. To enable engineers finding right knowledge in different situations, the knowledge must first of all exist. Secondly, it needs to be structured and thirdly, it needs to be accessible. In this paper all of these three aspects of design rationale (reasons for why the product is designed the way it is) are addressed with the main focus on the latter one, accessibility. An information model is presented that can be used to structure the design rationale. It also presents a schematic overview of how a cloud solution could be realized using the information model to make a complete system for instantly capturing, filtering and accessing design rationale in a contextual manner.To enable the instant and contextual capture, filtering and access of the design rationale, the design rationale management systems should be present to the engineers everywhere in the digital environment, ready for service. It should also include functions that make the design rationale shared to all privileged users making sure everyone has updated versions of the stored knowledge.In this work the main ideas of a method for instant and contextual capture, filtering and access of the design rationale are introduced and a pilot system described as a proof of concept. The pilot system can be used to capture, filter and access design rationale across and within text-documents, spread sheets and CAD-models.
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| 27. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978-
(författare)
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Exploring design content in cad-models and knowledge bases using graph theory and filtering
- 2017
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Ingår i: Machine Dynamics Research. - : Warsaw University of Technology. - 2080-9948. ; 41:4, s. 5-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focus on what types of relations exist within CAD-models and in KBE-systems connected to them. It describes how engineering knowledge stored in CAD-models and KBEsystems can be analysed through the application of graph theory, visualization and filtering. The paper is organised as follows: First the information models for CAD-models and KBEsystems are introduced and graph theory in connection with these information models is presented. The theory is then applied to a real case which is a CAD-model that was automated using a commercial KBE-system where the number of rules made it hard to engineers to grasp the model. By applying the concepts presented in this paper it was possible to identify critical design parameters and to inspect the logical model of the product.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978-
(författare)
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How to Build Flexible Design Automation Systems for Manufacturability Analysis of the Draw Bending of Aluminum Profiles
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of manufacturing science and engineering. - : ASME Press. - 1087-1357 .- 1528-8935. ; 133:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Manufacturingcompanies continually need to develop and produce products faster, cheaper,and of better quality to meet requirements from customers andinvestors. One key factor in meeting these requirements is theefficiency of the product development and the production preparation processes.Design automation is a powerful tool for increasing the efficiencyof these two processes. The benefits of automating manufacturability analyses,a part of the production preparation process, are shortened leadtime, improved product performance, and ultimately decreased cost. Further, theautomation is beneficial as it increases the ability to adaptproducts to new specifications since production preparations are done infew or in a single step. Extruded sections of aluminum(aluminum profiles) have many advantages, especially for light weight structuralmembers, and are used in many products. Many times asecondary forming process, such as bending, is required when thesematerials are used. The intention of the work presented inthis article has been to investigate how to automate theprocess of finding manufacturing limits of the rotary draw bendingof aluminum profiles with focus on the system architecture neededto make such systems flexible. Finding the forming limits ofan aluminum profile is not a trivial task. This isbecause the limits depend not only on the profile shapebut also on the layout of the tool. Hence, simulationshave to be done to evaluate different designs. A prototypesystem was developed to explore what was needed to automatesimulation of the rotary draw bending of aluminum profiles, andsubsequently, analyze the simulated production outcome with respect to wrinklingand developed length.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978-
(författare)
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Howtomation© Suite: A Novel Tool for Flexible Design Automation
- 2015
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Ingår i: Transdisciplinary lifecycle analysis of systems. - : IOS Press. - 9781614995432 - 9781614995449 ; , s. 327-336
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper shows how to achieve flexibility in design automat systems through the introduction of knowledge objects and through the adoption of an oriented view of the product structure. To demonstrate the ideas a novel tool called Howtomation© Suite (for automated know-how) is presented. The new tool handles the addressed issues and has been successfully implemented at one company. That successful implementation is described at end of the paper.
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| 32. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating knowledge objects and e-books to support six roles in the design automation life-cycle
- 2019
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Ingår i: Transdisciplinary engineering for complex socio-technical systems. - : IOS Press. - 9781643680200 - 9781643680217 ; , s. 571-580
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge objects are used to automate engineering processes in a flexible and scalable way. The focus of knowledge objects has been the automation of engineering design. However, in this paper we present a way to integrate knowledge objects into e-books so that formalized engineering knowledge can be read by any stakeholder and still be automatically applied by the system from the same file. The paper shows how different stakeholders throughout the life-cycle of a design automation system benefit from the knowledge object and e-book integration, how the integration is done and an example where the integration was applied. The example is a real example from industry.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge Objects Enable Mass-Individualization
- 2017
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Ingår i: EUROGEN 2017 – BOOK of Extended Abstracts. - Madrid : Technical University of Madrid. - 9788469751121
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mass customization and product individualization are driving factors behind design automation, which in turn are enabled through the digitalization of engineering work. The goal is to offer customers optimized solutions to their needs timely and with as high profit as possible. The path to achieve such a remarkable goal can be very winding and tricky for many companies, or even non-existing at the moment being. To succeed requires three essential parts: digitized product knowledge, facilities to automate the digitized product knowledge, and optimization algorithms. This paper shows how these three parts can be supported in engineer-to-order businesses through the concept of knowledge objects. Two case examples are also described in the paper.
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| 35. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge objects enable mass-individualization
- 2019
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Ingår i: Evolutionary and Deterministic Methods for Design Optimization and Control With Applications to Industrial and Societal Problems.. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319898896 - 9783319898902 ; , s. 371-386
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mass customization and product individualization are driving factors behind design automation, which in turn are enabled through the formalization and automation of engineering work. The goal is to offer customers optimized solutions to their needs timely and as profitable as possible. The path to achieve such a remarkable goal can be very winding and tricky for many companies, or even non-existing at the moment being. To succeed requires three essential parts: formally represented product knowledge, facilities to automatically apply the product knowledge, and optimization algorithms. This paper shows how these three parts can be supported in engineer-to-order businesses through the concept of knowledge objects. Knowledge Objects are human readable descriptions of formalized knowledge bundled with corresponding computer routines for the automation of that knowledge. One case example is given at the end of the paper to demonstrate the use of knowledge objects. © 2019, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978
(författare)
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Manufacturability Analysis Using Integrated KBE, CAD and FEM
- 2008
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Ingår i: 2008 ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference: 13th Design for Manufacturing and the Life Cycle Conference (DFMLC).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Finite element analyses (FEA) are often used to test product properties virtually. The process of setting up FEA is many times manual and not strictly formalized; the assumptions made in those calculations highly depend on the analysts’ former experiences and gut feeling. Sometimes there exist parametric FEA-models, but they are hard to interpret for others than the developers. These parametric FEA-models are also highly inflexible. It is beneficial to formalize and automate the process of developing such calculations in order to automate the product development process for mature and variant-rich products where predictions and validations using FEA are demanded in the whole or parts of the design space. Making the automated FEA-models more flexible and more transparent makes them live longer and be more available for engineers that are not FEA-specialists. The FEA-specialists will have more time to solve general problems rather than focusing on instances of the product. In this paper, a proposal is made on how to integrate Knowledge Based Engineering (KBE), CAD and FEM to make the automation of FEA flexible, transparent, and easy to use. The method proposed includes the usage of an inference engine that handles knowledge objects that connect to auxiliary software applications. In the paper, an implementation example is presented where toolsets for the rotary draw bending of aluminium tubing are analyzed for manufacturability.
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| 38. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Simulation ready CAD-models as a means for knowledge transfer between technology development and product development
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering Design, ICED, Vol 6: Design Methods And Tools - Pt 2. - Glasgow, Scottland, UK : The Design Society. - 9781904670698 ; , s. 195-205
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Manufacturing companies tend to separate technology development (TD) from product development (PD) as has been devised by research within the field of innovation management. When a technology is ready it somehow has to be made available to the PD teams so that the engineers working in PD projects can adapt the new technology into new products. The question is how that work can be supported. The ultimate goal of the research presented in this paper is to develop methods and tools to assist the knowledge transfer between TD and PD with a focus on supporting the actual use of the new technology in PD. This paper presents an industrial case along with a proposed method to achieve this. The TD and PD processes in the case company were reviewed with focus on how simulation models evolve over time and how they are used for different purposes. It was discovered that simulation ready CAD-models can be used to transfer the output from TD to PD.
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| 39. |
- Johansson, Joel, 1978-, et al.
(författare)
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Supporting connectivism in knowledge based engineering with graph theory, filtering techniques and model quality assurance
- 2018
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Ingår i: Advanced Engineering Informatics. - : Elsevier. - 1474-0346 .- 1873-5320. ; 38, s. 252-263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mass-customization has forced manufacturing companies to put significant efforts to digitize and automate their engineering and production processes. When new products are to be developed and introduced the production is not alone to be automated. The application of knowledge regarding how the product should be designed and produced based on customer requirements also must be automated. One big academic challenge is helping industry to make sure that the background knowledge of the automated engineering processes still can be understood by its stakeholders throughout the product life cycle. The research presented in this paper aims to build an infrastructure to support a connectivistic view on knowledge in knowledge based engineering. Fundamental concepts in connectivism include network formation and contextualization, which are here addressed by using graph theory together with information filtering techniques and quality assurance of CAD-models. The paper shows how engineering knowledge contained in spreadsheets, knowledge-bases and CAD-models can be penetrated and represented as filtered graphs to support a connectivistic working approach. Three software demonstrators developed to extract filtered graphs are presented and discussed in the paper.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Kullberg, Joel, 1979-, et al.
(författare)
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Automated analysis of liver fat, muscle and adipose tissue distribution from CT suitable for large-scale studies
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Computed Tomography (CT) allows detailed studies of body composition and its association with metabolic and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this work was to develop and validate automated and manual image processing techniques for detailed and efficient analysis of body composition from CT data. The study comprised 107 subjects examined in the Swedish CArdioPulmonary BioImage Study (SCAPIS) using a 3-slice CT protocol covering liver, abdomen, and thighs. Algorithms were developed for automated assessment of liver attenuation, visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous (SAT) abdominal adipose tissue, thigh muscles, subcutaneous, subfascial (SFAT) and intermuscular adipose tissue. These were validated using manual reference measurements. SFAT was studied in selected subjects were the fascia lata could be visually identified (approx. 5%). In addition, precision of manual measurements of intra-(IPAT) and retroperitoneal adipose tissue (RPAT) and deep-and superficial SAT was evaluated using repeated measurements. Automated measurements correlated strongly to manual reference measurements. The SFAT depot showed the weakest correlation (r = 0.744). Automated VAT and SAT measurements were slightly, but significantly overestimated (<= 4.6%, p <= 0.001). Manual segmentation of abdominal sub-depots showed high repeatability (CV <= 8.1%, r >= 0.930). We conclude that the low dose CT-scanning and automated analysis makes the setup suitable for large-scale studies.
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| 42. |
- Olofsson, Jakob, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Multidisciplinary shape optimization of ductile iron castings by considering local microstructure and material behaviour
- 2018
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Ingår i: Structural and multidisciplinary optimization (Print). - : Springer. - 1615-147X .- 1615-1488. ; 57:5, s. 1889-1903
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the casting process and solidification of ductile iron castings, a heterogeneous microstructure is formed throughout the casting. This distribution is strongly influenced by the item geometry and the process related factors, as chemical composition and local solidification conditions. Geometrical changes to the geometry of the casting thus alters the local mechanical behavior and properties, as well as the distribution of stresses and strains when the casting is subjected to load. In order to find an optimal geometry, e.g. with reduced weight and increased load-bearing capacity, this interdependency between geometry and local material behavior needs to be considered and integrated into the optimization method. In this contribution, recent developments in the multidisciplinary integration of casting process simulation, solidification and microstructure modelling, microstructure-based material characterization, finite element structural analyses with local material behavior and structural optimization techniques are presented and discussed. The effect and relevance of considering the local material behavior in shape optimization of ductile iron castings is discussed and evidenced by an industrial application. It is shown that by adopting a multidisciplinary optimization approach by integration of casting simulation and local material behavior into shape optimization, the potential of the casting process to obtain components with high performance and reliability can be enabled and utilized.
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| 43. |
- Olofsson, Jakob, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Multidisciplinary shape optimization of ductile iron castings byconsidering local microstructure and material behaviour
- 2017
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Ingår i: WCSMO12, 12th World Congress of Structural and Multidisciplinary Optimisation. - : Technische Universität. ; , s. 82-, s. 82-
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the casting process and solidification of ductile iron castings, a heterogeneous microstructure is formed throughout the casting. This distribution is highly controlled by process related factors, as chemical composition, local solidification conditions, and the geometry of the casting. Geometrical changes to the geometry of the casting thus alters the local mechanical behaviour, as well as the distribution of stresses and strains when the casting is subjected to load. In order to find an optimal geometry, e.g. with reduced weight and increased load-bearing capacity, this interdependency between geometry and local material behaviour needs to be considered and integrated into the optimization method. In this contribution, recent developments in the multidisciplinary integration of casting process simulation, solidification and microstructure modelling, microstructure-based material characterization, Finite Element Analyses (FEA) with local material behaviour and structural optimization techniques are presented and discussed. The effect and relevance of considering the local material behaviour in shape optimization of ductile iron castings is discussed and evidenced by an industrial application. It is shown that by adopting a multidisciplinary optimization approach by integration of casting simulation and local material behaviour into shape optimization, the potential of the casting process to obtain components with high performance and reliability can be enabled and utilized.
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| 44. |
- Pabolu, Venkata Krishna Rao, et al.
(författare)
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Flexible manufacturability analysis applied to the welding process to increase sustainability in engineer to order businesses
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Agile Systems and Management. - : InderScience Publishers. - 1741-9174 .- 1741-9182. ; 10:3/4, s. 271-294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the manufacturability of welded components for engineer to order businesses including manufacturing feasibility, approximate manufacturing cost, manufacturing difficulties along with the sustainability aspects. This is addressed by creating an evaluation system for integration in a multi-objective design analysis system in the early phases of product development of the jet engines components in an aerospace business. The work is focused on the weldability assessment based on available weld methods and the weld capabilities of the company. Several rules for analysing the weldability are proposed. To keep the knowledge transparent, traceable and updatable, it is managed by a novel software called Howtomation© Suite using a forward chaining inferencing engine. The proposed framework enables a weldability index and welding cost guide to be derived, helping the designers choose appropriate weld method in early design stages.
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| 45. |
- Poorkiany, Morteza, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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A Case Study on Implementing Design Automation: Identified Issues and Solution for Documentation
- 2013
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Ingår i: 20th ISPE International Conference on Concurrent Engineering. - Amsterdam : IOS Press. - 9781614993018 - 9781614993025 ; , s. 324-332
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Computer supported engineering design systems are used as support for designers by automating some tasks/activities of design process. From industrial aspect, implementation of a developed prototype system is a critical task. User acceptance is of high importance and strongly related to the access and understanding of the knowledge which requires a high level of system transparency. In addition, integration of the system in the environment or its compatibility with other systems/tools should be considered. Our experiences in industry show that two major issues are usually raised up during implementing a design automation system which are: documentation and organization. Documentation concerns the way of capturing, storing and distributing the information in systems, and organization concerns alignment of the system with other systems or tools as well as communication and collaboration among system participants and users. The focus of this paper is on documentation and the importance of reuse, design rationale and traceability is discussed. In order to align closely with industry practices, the thoughts are presented along with an on-going case study, where the development and analysis of roof racks for cars are being automated, and a number of challenges have been discussed.
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| 46. |
- Poorkiany, Morteza, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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An explorative study on management and maintenance of systems for design and manufacture of customized products
- 2016
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Ingår i: The 2016 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. - : IEEE. - 9781509036646
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper addresses the issues regarding retrieve, reuse and update of design information in context of customized products and adaptive design. Capturing and representing design rationale during the development process has been identified as an important factor to support design of product variants. The study explores the development process from identifying customer requirements to production preparation in a case company which has long tradition in automating generation of design variants.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Poorkiany, Morteza, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Capturing and Sharing Design Rationale for Customized Design Variants in an Integrated Design Environment
- 2021
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Ingår i: Proceedings of CAD’21, Barcelona, Spain, July 5-7, 2021. - El Paso, TX, USA : CAD Solutions. ; , s. 339-343
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- From the Introduction: Some companies represent their product family design as a space of design alternatives. The design space is a mathematical space that is governed by applying a set of design rules to design parameters. A key principle in establishing a design space instead of developing a single solution is to put minimum requirements for design optimization in the early stages of development. Developing a new design variant requires understanding the base design and adapting the design according to the new requirements. Use of design rationale can provide such understanding. With increasing the number of variants, access to design rationale becomes more important. Understanding why a design variant was accepted and if there have been any other alternatives in the beginning but were rejected (due to functionality or manufacturing limitations) can help the designers to avoid developing new design variants that have previously been proven wrong. Or it can support the designers to propose design variants that can be accepted under specific conditions for unique customers. The repetitive and time consuming design activities can be assigned to design automation systems in order to increase efficiency and shorten the lead time. The use of design automation system is more vital when the number of design variants drastically increase. Use of Domain Specific Language (DSL) can amplify the applicability of the design automation system by targeting specific domains. A DSL is a computer language that is developed focusing on a particular application domain [3] (some DSLs are widespread such as SQL which is used for database querying, but many are note widespread).In this paper, a method is presented for capturing and sharing design rationale for each design variant in an integrated design environment. An argumentation-based approach is used for capturing design rationale. An industrial partner which has a long tradition in automating its design process has been involved in the research, and the results of the research have been tested and evaluated in the company. In total, 11 workshops, 15 meetings and more than 20 semi-structured interviews with engineers from different departments in the company were conducted. A method and prototype system were developed to enable capture and share design rationale. The prototype system was demonstrated for a group of engineers on-site and a group of designers across the globe as part of the development. DSL is used initially by the company to develop the automation system. Our proposed design rationale system was developed as an extension to the automation system.
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| 49. |
- Poorkiany, Morteza, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
-
Integrating knowledge objects and design descriptions to support maintenance of design automation systems
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Transdisciplinary engineering for complex socio-technical systems. - : IOS Press. - 9781643680200 - 9781643680217 ; , s. 561-570
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Design automation systems are implemented by many manufacturing companies to automate the repetitive and time-consuming design tasks. By automating such tasks, the designers have more time to focus on creativity and offer more customized solutions to the customers.To automate a design task, first, the design knowledge should be captured from designers. This type of knowledge which is usually understandable by humans should be structured and formalized. Next, computer codes and scripts (that are mostly understandable by computers/expert persons) are created to execute the knowledge and provide the desired output.To support maintenance of computer codes and scripts in a design automation system, it is necessary to know what, how and why about that piece of code/script. In order to support maintenance of the systems, we represent the system’s knowledge in form of knowledge objects. Knowledge objects are executed in run time and consist of two parts: computer readable and human readable. The focus in this paper is on the human readable which we call it “design description”. A MOKA-based framework is provided to create design descriptions for the computer readable parts. The design descriptions help engineers to understand and if needed update the computer readable parts, which in a wider aspect support maintenance of the whole system. E-books were used as a way to represent the design descriptions and a case study is provided to explore the results of the research.
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| 50. |
- Poorkiany, Morteza, 1980-
(författare)
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Managing design rationale in the development of product families and related design automation systems
- 2017
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- As the markets’ needs change rapidly, developing a variety of products that meet customers’ diverse needs is a competitive factor for many manufacturing companies. Development of highly customized products requires following an engineer-to-order business process to allow the products to be modified or adapted to new customers’ specifications, which brings more value to the customer and profit to the company.The design of a new product variant involves a large amount of repetitive and time-consuming tasks but also information handling activities that are sometimes beyond human capabilities. Such work that does not rely so much on creativity can be carried out more efficiently by applying design automation systems. Design automation stands out as an effective means of cutting costs and lead time for a range of well-defined design activities and is mainly considered as a computer-based tool that processes and manipulates the design information.Variant design usually concern generating a new variant of a basic design, that has been developed and proved previously, according to new customer’s demands. To efficiently generate a new variant, a deep understanding of the intention and fundamentals of the design is essential and can be achieved through access to design rationale—the explanation of the reasons and justifications behind the design.The maintenance of product families and their corresponding design automation systems is essential to retaining their usefulness over time and adapting them to new circumstances. Examples of new circumstances can include the introduction of new variants of existing products, changes in design rules to meet new standards or legislations, or changes in technology. To maintain a design automation system, updating the design knowledge (e.g. design rules) is required. The use of design rationale will normally become a necessity for allowing a better understanding of the knowledge. Consequently, there is a need for principles and methods that enable the capture and structure of the design rationale and sharing them with the users.This study presents methods and tools for modeling design knowledge and managing design rationale in order to support the utilization and maintenance of design automation systems. Managing design rationale concerns enabling the capturing, structuring, and sharing of design rationale. The results have been evaluated through design automation systems in two case companies.
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