| 1. |
- Brynolf, Selma, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Improving environmental performance in shipping
- 2016
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Ingår i: Shipping and the Environment: Improving Environmental Performance in Marine Transportation. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer. - 9783662490457 ; , s. 399-418
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This book addresses the environmental issues related to shipping and the natural environment, including descriptions of and proposed solutions to the issues. Currently, challenges exist that must be addressed if shipping is to become sustainable and fulfil the zero vision of no harmful emissions to the environment. In this chapter, we evaluate the steps that have been taken (if any) to limit the various environmental issues and discuss possible steps to be taken to improve environmental performance. Furthermore, future challenges must also be addressed, e.g., the current trend of increasing ship operations in the Arctic. In general, three factors could be addressed in order to reach environmentally sustainable shipping: regulations, technical solutions, and increased environmental awareness. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2016. All rights are reserved.
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| 2. |
- Englund, Oskar, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental Impact Assessments: Suitable for supporting assessments of biofuel sustainability?
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The European Union requires that 10% of the energy in the transport sector shall come from renewable sources by 2020. In addition, biofuels used for transport need to fulfill certain sustainability requirements set out in the Renewable Energy Directive (RED). To meet these requirements, the EU will need to produce and import large amounts of sustainable biofuels. Therefore, there is a need for ways to verify the sustainability of imported biofuels, so that unsustainable biofuels can be avoided. One strategy may involve analyzing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) reports (EIRs) conducted for specific biofuel projects. For EIRs to be useful as such information sources they need to be sufficiently comprehensive in relation to the RED but also sufficiently reliable.In this study, 19 biofuel project EIRs are analyzed with respect to how they cover the RED sustainability considerations. In addition, EIA legislation, requirements, quality, and enforcement are discussed to determine not only whether EIRs can be sufficiently comprehensive, but also sufficiently reliable for supporting information to studies intended to assess the sustainability of biofuels, from an RED perspective.Notable differences between EIRs for different types of projects were found. EIRs for projects including both plantation establishment and the construction of a biofuel plant had better RED coverage than EIRs for projects including either the plantations or the biofuel plant. As might be expected, EIAs for “plantation projects” generally leave out features related to biofuel processing, and EIAs for “biofuel plant” projects generally leave out features related to feedstock production.In general, EIA legislation is insufficient and most target countries seem to have rather low potential to enforce legislation. Several additional EIA-related problems need to be overcome in order for EIRs to be regarded as sufficiently reliable information tools.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Baldi, Francesco, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Energy analysis of a ship - the case study of a chemical tanker
- 2014
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Ingår i: Energy Procedia. - : Elsevier BV. - 1876-6102. ; 61, s. 1732-1735
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Improved understanding of ship energy use can be a crucial part of the process of increasing ship energy efficiency. In this paper, the methodology of energy analysis is applied to ship energy systems in order to showcase the benefits of such methodology. Data from one year of operations of a case study ship were used, together with mechanistic knowledge of ship systems, in order to evaluate the different energy flows. The identification of main producers, consumers and waste flows, allowed by the application of the method, leads to the suggestion of a number of possible improvements guided by the improved knowledge of the ship's energy system.
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| 5. |
- Baldi, Francesco, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Energy and exergy analysis of ship energy systems - the case study of a chemical tanker
- 2014
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Ingår i: 27th ECOS, International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems. - 9781634391344
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shipping is already a relevant contributor to global carbon dioxide emissions, and its share is expected to grow together with global trade in the coming years. At the same time, bunker prices are increasing and companies start to feel the pressure of growing fuel bills in their balance sheet. In order to address both challenges, it is important to improve the understanding of how ship energy consumption is generated, through a detailed analysis of its energy systems. In this paper, a method for the analysis of ship energy systems is proposed and applied on one year of operations of a chemical tanker, for which both measurements and mechanistic knowledge of ship systems were available. Energy analysis applied to the case-study vessel allowed comparing different energy flows and therefore identifying system components and interactions critical for ship energy consumption. Exergy analysis allowed instead identifying main inefficiencies and evaluating waste flows. This last information was then processed in order to estimate the potential for waste energy recovery under different conditions. Results showed that propulsion is the main contributor to ship energy consumption (70%), but that also auxiliary heat (16.5%) and power (13.5%) needs are relevant sources of energy consumption. The potential for waste heat recovery is relevant, especially in the exhaust gas, which contains an exergy flow sized 18% of engine power output.
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| 6. |
- Baldi, Francesco, 1986, et al.
(författare)
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Energy and exergy analysis of ship energy systems - The case study of a chemical tanker
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Applied Thermodynamics. - : International Centre for Applied Thermodynamics (ICAT). - 1301-9724 .- 2146-1511. ; 18:2, s. 82-93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shipping contributes today to 2.1% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and its share is expected to grow together with global trade in the coming years. At the same time, bunker prices are increasing and companies start to feel the pressure of growing fuel bills in their balance sheet. In order to address both challenges, it is important to improve the understanding of the energy consumption trends on ships through a detailed analysis of their energy systems. In this paper, energy and exergy analysis are applied to the energy system of a chemical tanker, for which both measurements and technic knowledge of ship systems were available. The application of energy analysis to the case-study vessel allowed for the comparison of different energy flows and therefore identifying system components and interactions critical for ship energy consumption. Exergy analysis allowed instead identifying main inefficiencies and evaluating waste flows. Results showed that propulsion is the main contributor to ship energy consumption (70%), but that also auxiliary heat (16.5%) and power (13.5%) needs are relevant sources of energy consumption. The potential for recovering waste heat is relevant, especially from the exhaust gases, as their exergetic value represents 18% of the engine power output.
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| 7. |
- Brynolf, Selma, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Energy efficiency and fuel changes to reduce environmental impacts
- 2016
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Ingår i: Shipping and the Environment: Improving Environmental Performance in Marine Transportation. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783662490457 ; , s. 295-339
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many different emissions from ships are directly related to a ship's fuel consumption. This is particularly true for emissions to air, which are generated during the combustion process in the engines. Hence, improving the conversion process from fuel energy to transport work can be an effective means of reducing ship emissions. Solutions for reducing ship fuel consumption are generally divided into design and operational measures. Design measures primarily include technical solutions implemented when the ship is designed, constructed, and retrofitted, such as weightreduction, hull coatings, air lubrication, improvement of hull design, optimal propulsion systems and harvesting waste energy. Operational measures are related to how the ship or the fleet is operated and include measures such as weather routing, optimal ship scheduling, improved ship logistics, and on-board energy management. Although reducing fuel consumption always generates an environmental benefit, it should be noted that the use of different fuels results in different impacts on the environment for a given energy conversion efficiency. Another way to reduce emissions is therefore related to the type of fuel used on a ship, e.g., diesel fuels, gases, alcohols and solid fuels. However, choosing a fuel is not an easy process because it is influenced by a broad range of criteria, including technical, environmenta l and economic criteria.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Grahn, Maria, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Cost-effective choices of marine fuels under stringent carbon dioxide targets
- 2013
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Ingår i: Proceedings of 3rd International conference on technologies, operations, logistics and modelling in Low Carbon Shipping, University College London..
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to investigate cost-effective choices of future marine fuels in a carbon constrained world, the linear optimisation model of the global energy system, GET-RC 6.1, has been modified to GET-RC 6.2, including a more detailed representation of the shipping sector. In this study the GET-RC 6.2 model was used to assess what fuel/fuels and propulsion technology options for shipping are cost-effective to switch to when achieving global stabilisation of atmospheric CO2 concentrations at 400 ppm. The aim is to investigate (i) when is it cost-effective to start to phase out the oil from the shipping sector and what determines the speed of the phase out, (ii) under what circumstances are LNG or methanol cost-effective replacers and (iii) the role of bioenergy as a marine fuel. In our base analysis we analyse results from assuming that CCS will be large-scale available in future as well as if it will not. In the sensitivity analysis different parameters have been varied in order to investigate which impact for example different supply of primary energy sources and different costs for different transportation technologies will have on the choice of fuels in the shipping sector. Three main conclusions are presented (i) it seems to be cost-effective to start to phase out the oil from the shipping sector nearest decades, (ii) natural gas based fuels, i.e. fossil methanol and LNG are the two most probable replacers, of which methanol has been shown to dominate in the case with CCS (methanol or LNG depends on the availability of natural gas, on the methane slip and on infrastructure costs) and (iii) limited supply and competition for bioenergy among other end use sectors makes the contribution of bioenergy small, in the shipping sector.
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| 10. |
- Johnson, Hannes, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Barriers to energy efficiency in shipping
- 2016
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Ingår i: WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1651-436X .- 1654-1642. ; 15:1, s. 79-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The shipping industry shows potential for improvements in energy efficiency. Nonetheless, shipping companies appear reluctant to adopt these seemingly cost-efficient technical and operational measures aiming at reducing energy costs. Such phenomenon is not specific to the shipping industry and is commonly referred to as the energy efficiency gap. Decades of research in other sectors have contributed to the development of taxonomy of economic, organizational and psychological barriers that determine energy efficiency gaps through the use of a variety of research frameworks. This article aims to apply this research in the shipping context through interviews and review of existing literature and applications from other industries, with the objective of providing useful insight for shipping managers. The article discusses examples of barriers that are typical to shipping and that are related to information asymmetries and power structures within organizations. Managers of shipping firms are encouraged to look through their organizations in search of principal agent problems and power structures among the possible causes for energy efficiency gaps in their companies’ operations and possibly strive towards organizational change.
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| 11. |
- Johnson, Hannes, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Barriers to energy efficiency in short sea shipping: a case study
- 2012
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Ingår i: Short Sea Shipping 2012 Conference, Lisbon.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased energy efficiency will be paramount in the work to reduce CO2 emissions from shipping. However, there are two main problems. The first is that projections have shown that existing policies, technologies and measures are not enough to reduce emissions given the concurrent growth of the sector. Second, the projections have shown that a substantial amount of measures should be cost-efficient to implement. The fact that they have not been implies the existence of barriers to adopting these measures. This article investigate these barriers through a case study of a short sea shipping company in their process to improve their approach to managing work with energy efficiency. An action research approach was chosen in order to achieve access to richer data. The study shows that work with energy efficiency was not altogether straightforward from a management perspective, and several aspects acted as barriers. Among those discussed are project management capabilities, ship-shore communication, division of responsibilities, access to performance measurements, and competence in energy efficiency. This is a contrast to previous studies, which have typically discussed institutional or market barriers, such as contractual arrangements. These findings bring further understanding to what is needed to improve energy efficiency in shipping.
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| 12. |
- Johnson, Hannes, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Barriers to improving energy efficiency in short sea shipping: an action research case study
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 66, s. 317-327
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased energy efficiency will be paramount in mitigating CO2 emissions from shipping. Paradoxically, previous research has shown that a substantial amount of measures, that typically increase energy efficiency, should be cost-efficient to implement. This is often explained in literature in terms of barriers in markets, institutions and organizations. This article is the first of a series of articles from a joint industry project aiming at understanding good energy management practices. It explores barriers to energy efficiency in shipping through a case study of a short sea shipping company in their process to improve their approach to managing work with energy efficiency. An action research approach was chosen to contribute to better practice as well as knowledge in the research community. The study shows that work with energy efficiency was not straightforward, and several challenge areas could be discerned: project management capabilities, ship-shore communication, division of responsibilities, access to performance measurements, and competence in energy efficiency. The action research approach gave rich insight and new perspectives were gained on the traditional barrier discourse.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Johnson, Hannes, 1982
(författare)
-
In search of maritime energy management
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis deals with a transdisciplinary research project that concerned the implementation of an energy management system standard -- ISO 50001 -- in two shipping companies. This project was partially succesful insofar as we implemented the standard in one of the two companies. It is a thesis by papers: the introductory text discusses the research process, to explore in hindsight how transdisciplinarity was made possible. The appended papers bring up issues that were suitable to fit into such a structure during the course of the implementation project, and after. These issues are related to various aspects of "maritime energy management". The papers can be read in any order, with or without reading the introduction first, but my intention is that you continue reading, page by page, beyond this abstract and onwards until recommended otherwise. On the other hand, as Umberto Eco wrote: "books are not made to be believed, but to be subjected to inquiry."
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| 15. |
- Johnson, Hannes, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Increased energy efficiency in short sea shipping through decreased time in port
- 2015
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564. ; 71, s. 167-178
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to a range of assessments, there exists a large cost-effective potential to increase energy efficiency in shipping through reduced speed at sea enabled by shorter time in port. This means that the energy needed can be reduced whilst maintaining the same transport service. However, the fact that a large cost-effective potential has been identified that is not being harnessed by decision-makers in practice suggests that there is more to this potential to understand. In this paper, the possibilities for increasing energy efficiency by reducing waiting time in port are explored and problematised through a case study of a short sea bulk shipping company transporting dry bulk goods mainly in the North and Baltic seas. Operational data from two ships in the company’s fleet for one year showed that the ships spent more than 40% of their time in ports and that half of the time in port was not productive. The two most important reasons for the large share of unproductive time were that ports were closed on nights and weekends and that ships arrived too early before the stevedores were ready to load or unload the cargo. Reducing all of the unproductive time may be difficult, but the results also show that even a conservative estimate of one to four hours of reduced time per port call would lead to a reduction in energy use of 2-8%. From in-depth interviews with employees of the shipping company, ports and ship agencies, a complex picture is painted when attempting to understand how this potential arises. Aspects such as a lack of effective ship-shore-port communication, little time for ship operators, an absence of means for accurately predicting energy use of voyages as a function of speed, perceived risk of arriving too late, and relationships with third-party technical management may all play a role.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Johnson, Hannes, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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The energy efficiency gap in shipping - barriers to improvement
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Association of Maritime Economists (IAME) Conference.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The potential for increased energy efficiency in shipping is evident. Still, ship owners appear reluctant to act on these seemingly cost-efficient measures. This situation is seen in many sectors and is commonly called an "energy-efficiency gap". Decades of research in other sectors have focused on developing taxonomy of barriers using a multitude of research frameworks; from mainstream neo--classical economics, to organizational theory and social psychology. Research has been directed to informing policy makers as well as managers of firms. In this article, this research tradition will be put into the shipping context through interviews and a review of existing literature. Some examples of barriers are discussed in shipping, related to imperfect and asymmetric information as well as to power structures in organizations. Implications for policy makers include the broadening of the role of governments into being a provider of information. Managers of shipping firms are encouraged to look through their organizations in search of principal agent problems and power structures and possibly strive towards organizational change.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Johnson, Hannes, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Will the IMO Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) lead to reduced CO2 emissions? A comparison with ISO 50001 and the ISM Code
- 2012
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Ingår i: 2012 International Association of Maritime Economists Conference (IAME 2012 Taipei).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The IMO Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) is the sole international regulatory instrument expected to affect rising CO2 emissions from shipping in the short-term. In this article, we discuss present gaps in the SEEMP guidelines through a comparison with the international standard for energy management systems, ISO 50001, and with the International Safety Management (ISM) Code, which sets requirements for safety management systems in shipping companies. We show that the SEEMP lacks crucial features found in typical management system standards, such as requirements on policy and management reviews. Moreover, best-practice in the form of the ISO 50001 addresses important aspects, such as monitoring, energy auditing, design, and procurement processes in much more detail. In the context of previous research on these instruments and on energy efficiency in general, we argue that these gaps may be detrimental to the success of the SEEMP, both from the societal perspective of CO2 abatement and from the perspective of companies’ success in energy management. This requires further attention by academia, policy-makers and industry.
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| 22. |
- Johnson, Hannes, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Will the Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan reduce CO2 emissions? A comparison with ISO 50001 and the ISM Code
- 2013
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Ingår i: Maritime Policy and Management. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0308-8839 .- 1464-5254. ; 40:2, s. 177-190
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The IMO Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) is the sole international regulatory instrument expected to affect rising CO2 emissions from shipping in the short-term. In this article, we discuss present gaps in the SEEMP guidelines through a comparison with the international standard for energy management systems, ISO 50001, and with the International Safety Management (ISM) Code, which sets requirements for safety management systems in shipping companies. We show that the SEEMP lacks crucial features found in typical management system standards, such as requirements on policy and management reviews. Moreover, best-practice in the form of the ISO 50001 addresses important aspects, such as monitoring, energy auditing, design, and procurement processes in much more detail. In the context of previous research on these instruments and on energy efficiency in general, we argue that these gaps may be detrimental to the success of the SEEMP, both from the societal perspective of CO2 abatement and from the perspective of companies’ success in energy management. This requires further attention by academia, policy-makers and industry.
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| 23. |
- Salo, Kent, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Emissions to the air
- 2016
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Ingår i: Shipping and the Environment: Improving Environmental Performance in Marine Transportation. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783662490457 ; , s. 169-227
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Seeing the black smoke coming out of the funnel of a manoeuvring ship makes it easy to understand that the ship's propulsion contributes to the emission of air pollutants. However, there is more than meets the eye going up in smoke. A vast majority of ships use fossil fuels, increasing a positive net contribution of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere when they are combusted. Because the fuels that are used are often of low quality and possess a high sulphur content, a number of other air pollutants are also emitted. Emissions to the air from ships include greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide), sulphur and nitrogen oxides, with both acidifying and eutrophication effects, and different forms of particles, with impacts on health and climate. However, not all emissions to the atmosphere from ships originate from the combustion of fuels for propulsion and energy production. The handling of crude oil as cargo and compounds used in refrigeration systems cause emissions of volatile organic compounds and ozone-depleting substances. The sources of the most important emissions and relevant regulations are described in this chapter.
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| 24. |
- Styhre, Linda, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Increased energy efficiency through increased port efficiency
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main route discussed for mitigating CO2 emissions from shipping is through increased energy efficiency. Many operational measures that cost-efficiently decrease the energy consumption for shipping companies are available; however, assessments indicate that they have not been fully implemented. Speed reduction due to improved port efficiency has previously been highlighted as a measure with high potential for increased energy efficiency at a low investment cost.The purpose of this report is to investigate the possibilities to reduce speed at sea when the turnaround time in port is decreased and how this affects the total energy consumption. The research is based on a case study of one short sea bulk shipping company operating in Northern Europe. Quantitative analyses of voyage reports, vessels’ energy consumption curves and Statement of Facts (SoF) for two shipping services were combined with information gained from interviews with onshore managers and operators at the shipping company, ship crew members and managers in ports.The largest sources of unproductive time in port that could be minimized to improve turnaround time are waiting time due to the ports’ hours of operation, as well as waiting time at berth before loading and discharging due to early arrival. Scenarios have been developed from quantitative and qualitative data in the study that result in 1 to 4 hours of decreased time per port call. With a corresponding speed reduction at sea, the potential for improvement in energy efficiency is 1-5%. This is substantially lower than other assessments found in the literature, but is still impressive. The low investment costs could be confirmed qualitatively, but the transaction costs involved for communication and monitoring between stakeholders could contribute to the slow implementation of this measure.
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| 25. |
- Taljegård, Maria, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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Cost-Effective Choices of Marine Fuels in a Carbon-Constrained World: Results from a Global Energy Model
- 2014
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Ingår i: Environmental Science & Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 48:21, s. 12986-12993
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The regionalized Global Energy Transition model has been modified to include a more detailed shipping sector in order to assess what marine fuels and propulsion technologies might be cost-effective by 2050 when achieving an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 400 or 500 ppm by the year 2100. The robustness of the results was examined in a Monte Carlo analysis, varying uncertain parameters and technology options, including the amount of primary energy resources, the availability of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, and costs of different technologies and fuels. The four main findings are (i) it is cost-effective to start the phase out of fuel oil from the shipping sector in the next decade; (ii) natural gas-based fuels (liquefied natural gas and methanol) are the most probable substitutes during the study period; (iii) availability of CCS, the CO2 target, the liquefied natural gas tank cost and potential oil resources affect marine fuel choices significantly; and (iv) biofuels rarely play a major role in the shipping sector, due to limited supply and competition for bioenergy from other energy sectors.
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| 26. |
- Taudal Poulsen, René, et al.
(författare)
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The logic of business vs. the logic of energy management practice: understanding the choices and effects of energy consumption monitoring systems in shipping companies
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 112:5, s. 3785-3797
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A major part of the world fleet of more than 47,000 merchant ships operates under conditions that hamper energy efficiency and efforts to cut CO2 emissions. Valid and reliable data sets on ships’ energy consumption are often missing in shipping markets and within shipping organizations, leading to the non-implementation of cost-effective energy efficiency measures. Policy makers are aiming to remedy this, e.g., through the EU Monitoring, Verification and Reporting scheme. In this paper, current practices for energy performance monitoring in ship operations are explored based on interviews with 55 professionals in 34 shipping organizations in Denmark. Best practices, which require several years to implement, are identified, as are common challenges in implementing such practices—related to data collection, incentives for data misreporting, data analysis problems, as well as feedback and communication problems between ship and shore. This study shows how the logic of good energy performance monitoring practices conflict with common business practices in shipping companies - e.g., through short-term vessel charters and temporary ship organizations – which in turn can explain the slow adoption of energy efficiency measures in the industry. This study demonstrates a role for policy makers or other third parties in mandating or standardizing good energy consumption monitoring practices beyond the present requirements.
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| 27. |
- Vinger, Elin, et al.
(författare)
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Japan storsatsar på solcellsteknologi
- 2008
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Ingår i: Tillväxtpolitisk utblick.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Innovativ energiteknik som solcellsteknik innebärfortfarande höga kostnader i jämförelse medmånga andra teknologier för energiproduktion.I flera länder, däribland Japan och Tyskland, hardet ändå skapats en marknad med hjälp av stödåtgärder.Erfarenheterna visar att det också har varit viktigtatt regering och statsförvaltning legitimeratteknologin genom långsiktiga och ambitiösa satsningar.Därigenom har andra aktörer, inte minstkonsumenter, motiverats att satsa på teknologin.Tillväxten på den japanska marknaden har stagnerat.Nyligen aviserades att Japan ska återta tätpositionenfrån Tyskland, bland annat genom att70 procent av alla nybyggda hus och fastigheterska vara utrustade med solpaneler.Sverige saknar nationell strategi på områdetsamtidigt som den globala marknaden är växande.Utvecklingen i Japan och andra länder ärav intresse att följa – förutsatt att Sverige ämnarta delar av de potentiella tillväxtmarknader somsolcellsteknologin innebär.
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