| 1. |
- Thorberg, Britt-Marie, et al.
(author)
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Pheno- and genotyping of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from bovine milk and human skin
- 2006
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In: Veterinary Microbiology. - : Elsevier. - 0378-1135 .- 1873-2542. ; 115:1-3, s. 163-172
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to improve our knowledge concerning the epidemiology and strain diversity of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from bovine milk in commercial dairy herds. A total of 341 S. epidermidis isolates obtained from cows' milk (317), farmers (17) and patients (7) were characterized. Of these 105 isolates were from cows' milk in two farms, where also 17 isolates were sampled from farmers. The remaining 212 isolates from cows' milk were from 170 farms. All isolates were examined by antimicrobial susceptibility, whereas 202 were examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and 122 by ribotyping. PFGE showed single patterns in the human strains with one exception; one strain was categorised as the same clone as four of the milk strains. PFGE divided 73 of the milk strains into 62 different patterns. The PFGE method had high discriminatory power and shows that many different S. epidermidis types exist in milk samples. Antibiotic resistance patterns matched the SmaI profiles closely in the two herds, but poorly in the routinely collected milk samples. Isolates from herd I showed one to five patterns, depending on the typing method used. Isolates from the milker's skin showed one pattern, which was identical to the most common pattern found in the milk isolates. Isolates from herd 2 showed three to four patterns, two of these being identical to skin isolates from the milker. As dairy cows are not a natural host for S. epidermidis the results suggest a human source of these udder infections.
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| 2. |
- Abrahamsson, Birgitta, et al.
(author)
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To recommend the local primary health-care centre or not : What importance do patients attach to initial contact quality, staff continuity and responsive staff encounters?
- 2015
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In: International Journal for Quality in Health Care. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1353-4505 .- 1464-3677. ; 27:3, s. 196-200
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Objective: This study aims to examine the circumstances associated with patients’ tendencies to recommend a primary care centre, based on four hypotheses, the initial contact’s quality, care relationship continuity, treatment encounter responsiveness and whether the significance of encounter responsiveness differs depending on whether the patient has been seeing a nurse or physician. Design: The study is based on the patient’ self-reported responses, retrieved from the Swedish National Patient Survey. The design is cross-sectional, and data were analysed using a binary logistic regression. Setting: Data were collected from three primary healthcare centres in the region of Västra Götaland, Sweden. Participants: A total of 362 patients (62% females) having visited any of three publicly run healthcare centres in September 2010 constitute the analytical sample. Participants were fairly evenly distributed across all age groups. Main Outcome Measures: Recommendation was captured by patients’ binary responses to the question: Would you recommend the visited primary healthcare centre? Results: The hypotheses involving initial contact quality, care relationship continuity and treatment encounter responsiveness were supported by the analyses. The latter was strongly associated with patient tendency to recommend the primary healthcare centre. However, the profession (nurse or physician) involved in the treatment encounter made no difference for the predictive significance of encounter responsiveness for a patient’s tendency to recommend the healthcare centre. Conclusions: Striving for stable and responsive patient/staff relationships and an open approach towards patients are potentially successful strategies for primary healthcare centres seeking to attract new patients and maintain current ones. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2015 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract)
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Barrenäs, Marie-Louise, 1952, et al.
(author)
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High risk of sensorineural hearing loss in men born small for gestational age with and without obesity or height catch-up growth: a prospective longitudinal register study on birth size in 245,000 Swedish conscripts
- 2005
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In: J Clin Endocrinol Metab. ; 90:8, s. 4452-6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Several components of the metabolic syndrome coincide with those risk factors linked to sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). According to the thrifty phenotype hypothesis, the metabolic syndrome can be caused by events during the fetal period. This study tests the thrifty phenotype hypothesis on hearing, using body size at birth and conscription as indirect markers for fetal programming and body mass index as an indicator for the metabolic syndrome. METHODS: Odds ratios were used to analyze birth data regarding body size from birth to conscription as risk factors for hearing loss in 245,092 conscripted Swedish men. FINDINGS: Compared with conscripts born short for gestational age with catch-up growth, those born short with absence of catch-up growth exhibited 134% higher risk of SNHL. Adult short stature was associated with a 50% increased risk. Compared with conscripts with average body mass index, overweight was associated with 30%, obesity with 99%, and overweight if born light for gestational age with 118% higher risk of SNHL. Conscripts born light for gestational age had a 41% increased risk, independent of the later growth pattern. CONCLUSION: The thrifty phenotype hypothesis also seems to be valid for SNHL, meaning that SNHL in adulthood may originate from events during fetal life. SNHL might be a new clinical feature of the metabolic syndrome.
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| 5. |
- Borst, Louise, et al.
(author)
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Genome-wide analysis of cytogenetic aberrations in ETV6/RUNX1-positive childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.
- 2012
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In: British Journal of Haematology. - : Wiley. - 0007-1048 .- 1365-2141. ; 157:4, s. 476-82
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The chromosomal translocation t(12;21) resulting in the ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene is the most frequent structural cytogenetic abnormality among patients with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). We investigated 62 ETV6/RUNX1-positive childhood ALL patients by single nucleotide polymorphism array to explore acquired copy number alterations (CNAs) at diagnosis. The mean number of CNAs was 2·82 (range 0-14). Concordance with available G-band karyotyping and comparative genomic hybridization was 93%. Based on three major protein-protein complexes disrupted by these CNAs, patients could be categorized into four distinct subgroups, defined by different underlying biological mechanisms relevant to the aetiology of childhood ALL. When recurrent CNAs were evaluated by an oncogenetic tree analysis classifying their sequential order, the most common genetic aberrations (deletions of 6q, 9p, 13q and X, and gains of 10 and 21) seemed independent of each other. Finally, we identified the most common regions with recurrent gains and losses, which comprise microRNA clusters with known oncogenic or tumour-suppressive roles. The present study sheds further light on the genetic diversity of ETV6/RUNX1-positive childhood ALL, which may be important for understanding poor responses among this otherwise highly curable subset of ALL and lead to novel targeted treatment strategies.
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| 6. |
- Boström, Annika, et al.
(author)
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Repeat surgery without preoperative angiography in limbs with patent infrainguinal bypass grafts
- 2002
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In: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. - : SAGE Publications. - 1078-5884 .- 1532-2165. ; 36:5, s. 343-350
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility and results of repeat surgery without preoperative angiography in limbs with patent infrainguinal bypass grafts. Between January 1995 and December 1999, 73 surgical interventions were performed for correction of inflow, graft, or runoff-related lesions in limbs with patent infrainguinal bypass grafts. Fifty-six of the 73 cases were operated on based on the findings obtained from duplex scanning alone. There were 53 vein and 3 prosthetic grafts in the series. The indications for intervention without angiography were stenotic or occlusive lesions in 35, graft aneurysm in 7, and arteriovenous fistulae in 14. There were no deviations from the preoperatively planned surgical strategy in patients undergoing surgery without preoperative angiography. Cumulative life table primary, (stenosis free) and primary-assisted patency rates, at 12 months following graft revisions (excluding arteriovenous fistulae ligatures) without preoperative angiography, were 64% and 85%, respectively. The corresponding figures for revisions performed with preoperative angiography were 58% and 84%, respectively. There were no significant differences between patients undergoing surgery with or without preoperative diagnostic angiography with regard to patency rates. Surgical interventions for correction of infrainguinal graft-related stenotic or aneurysmal lesions can be safely performed based on findings obtained from duplex scanning.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Innala, Lena, et al.
(author)
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Cardiovascular events in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are a result of inflammatory burden and traditional risk factors : a five year prospective study
- 2011
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In: Arthritis Research & Therapy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1478-6362 .- 1478-6354. ; 13:4, s. R131-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction Co-morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) are increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Most published studies in this field are retrospective or cross sectional. We investigated the presence of traditional and disease related risk factors for CVD at the onset of RA and during the first 5 years following diagnosis. We also evaluated their potential for predicting a new cardiovascular event (CVE) during the 5 year follow-up period and the modulatory effect of pharmacological treatment.Methods All patients from the four northern-most counties of Sweden with early RA are since December 1995 consecutively recruited at diagnsosis (T0) into a large survey on the progress of the disease. Information regarding cardiovascular co-morbidity and related predictors was collected from clinical records and supplemented with questionnaires. By April 2008, 700 patients had been included of whom 442 patients had reached the 5-year follow-up (T5).Result Among the 442 patients who reached T5 during the follow-up period, treatment for hypertension increased from 24.5 to 37.4% ( p<0.001)), diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) from 7.1 to 9.5%(p<0.01) whilst smoking decreased from 29.8 to 22.4 % ( p<0.001) and the BMI from 26.3 to 25.8( p<0.05) , respectively. By T5, 48 patients had suffered a new CVE of which 12 were fatal. A total of 23 patients died during the follow-up period. Age at disease onset, male sex, a previous CVE, DM, treatment for hypertension, triglyceride level, cumulative disease activity (AUC DAS28), extra-articular disease, corticosteroid use, shorter duration of treatment with DMARDs and use of COX-2 inhibitors increased the hazard rate for a new CVE. A raised ESR at inclusion and AUC DAS28 at 6 months increased the hazard rate of CVE independently whilst DMARD treatment was protective in multiple Cox extended models adjusted for sex and CV risk factors. The risk of a CVE due to inflammation was potentiated by traditional CV risk factors.Conclusion The occurrence of new CV events in very early RA was explained by traditional CV risk factors and was potentiated by high disease activity. Treatment with DMARDs decreased the risk. The results may have implications for cardio-protective strategies in RA.
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| 9. |
- Jonsson, Egon, et al.
(author)
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Utilization of Coronary Care Units in Sweden
- 1977
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine. - : SAGE Publications. - 0300-8037. ; 5:3, s. 141-144
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Coronary care unit usage has expanded rapidly in all high income countries with little attention to effectivity or cost. A study of six randomly chosen Swedish units showed that larger units in teaching hospitals had significantly lower age-adjusted mortality rates, higher proportions of myocardial infarction patients, and greater productivity and efficiency. Comparisons with a study from the United States showed better results in the Swedish hospital units according to all variables measured. Although proof of effectiveness of CCU's is lacking, their continued use is assured. A less than optimal solution is a rational distribution of units based upon epidemiologically determined need, while stressing good organization and efficiency.
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| 10. |
- Karacagil, Sadettin, et al.
(author)
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A modified technique of ultrasonic triplex scanning of the lower extremity arteries
- 1996
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In: Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences. - 0300-9734 .- 2000-1967. ; 101:1, s. 113-120
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study was undertaken to evaluate the utility of a modified technique of triplex scanning of the lower extremity arteries in 20 subjects without any clinical signs of arterial disease. The distal aorta and iliac arteries were examined with the subject in supine position and lying slightly on the opposite side. By moderate compression of the probe towards the psoas muscle and directing it over the iliac arteries with slight medial retraction of the abdomen, satisfactory visualization of the common and external arteries with 7.5 MHz high resolution imaging and a 5.6 MHz doppler probe were obtained in 56 of 80 segments (70%). In obese individuals it was necessary to use 5 MHz probe for satisfactory scanning of the aortic bifurcation and common iliac arteries. The distal superficial femoral, popliteal and tibioperoneal trunk segments were examined with the patient prone and the knee slightly flexed. Peak systolic, early diastolic reverse and late diastolic forward flow velocities were studied together with measurement of the arterial diemeters, which demonstrated wide variations. This study suggests that satisfactory scanning of the iliac and femoropopliteal arteries with the described technique can be achieved in the majority of subjects with a superficial high resolution probe. The combination of 7.5 MHz two-dimensional imaging with a 5.6 MHz pulsed wave Doppler probe offers optimal information of these arteries in nonobese individuals.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Logason, Karl, et al.
(author)
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The importance of Doppler angle of insonation on differentiation between 50-69% and 70-99% carotid artery stenosis
- 2001
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In: European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. - : Elsevier BV. - 1078-5884 .- 1532-2165. ; 21:4, s. 311-313
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AIM: to investigate the importance of Doppler angle differentiating between 50-69% and >/=70% internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: fifty-one patients with a previous diagnosis of 50-69% ICA stenosis (n =53) were re-evaluated by duplex scanning. Spectral Doppler velocity waveforms were obtained from common carotid (CCA), ICA and external (ECA) carotid arteries with the same Doppler angle of insonation as used at the initial duplex scanning, followed by repeated measurements with a fixed 60 degrees angle of insonation. RESULTS: the peak systolic velocity (PSV) in the ICA was 181+/-55 cm/s (mean+/-SD) at the second duplex scanning when the same angle of insonation (mean 46 degrees +/-9) was used as during the initial investigation. When the examination was done with a 60 degrees angle of insonation, PSV ICA was 261+/-96 cm/s (mean+/-SD). In fifteen arteries the estimated degree of ICA stenosis changed from 50-69% to 70-99% due to the application of a fixed Doppler angle of insonation at 60 degrees. CONCLUSION: the Doppler angle of insonation has a significant effect on spectral Doppler velocity measurements. It is crucial that duplex criteria are standardised with a fixed angle of insonation and that this angle is consistently used during velocity estimations.
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| 13. |
- Lundtoft, Christian, et al.
(author)
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Complement C4 Copy Number Variation is Linked to SSA/Ro and SSB/La Autoantibodies in Systemic Inflammatory Autoimmune Diseases
- 2022
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In: Arthritis & Rheumatology. - : Wiley. - 2326-5191 .- 2326-5205. ; 74:8, s. 1440-1450
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective Copy number variation of the C4 complement components, C4A and C4B, has been associated with systemic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. This study was undertaken to investigate whether C4 copy number variation is connected to the autoimmune repertoire in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), primary Sjogrens syndrome (SS), or myositis. Methods Using targeted DNA sequencing, we determined the copy number and genetic variants of C4 in 2,290 well-characterized Scandinavian patients with SLE, primary SS, or myositis and 1,251 healthy controls. Results A prominent relationship was observed between C4A copy number and the presence of SSA/SSB autoantibodies, which was shared between the 3 diseases. The strongest association was detected in patients with autoantibodies against both SSA and SSB and 0 C4A copies when compared to healthy controls (odds ratio [OR] 18.0 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 10.2-33.3]), whereas a weaker association was seen in patients without SSA/SSB autoantibodies (OR 3.1 [95% CI 1.7-5.5]). The copy number of C4 correlated positively with C4 plasma levels. Further, a common loss-of-function variant in C4A leading to reduced plasma C4 was more prevalent in SLE patients with a low copy number of C4A. Functionally, we showed that absence of C4A reduced the individuals capacity to deposit C4b on immune complexes. Conclusion We show that a low C4A copy number is more strongly associated with the autoantibody repertoire than with the clinically defined disease entities. These findings may have implications for understanding the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of systemic inflammatory autoimmune diseases and for patient stratification when taking the genetic profile into account.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Södergren, Anna, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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Increased incidence of and impaired prognosis after acute myocardial infarction among patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis.
- 2007
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In: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd & European League Against Rheumatism. - 0003-4967 .- 1468-2060. ; 66:2, s. 263-266
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: To examine the incidence and outcome of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with the general population, and to examine whether care and treatment of an AMI differs between patients and controls. Methods: The Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease register for northern Sweden was used to compare those incidences of AMI in a cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis with that in the general population. 35 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had also experienced an AMI were identified. For each patient with rheumatoid arthritis, three controls with a history of AMI but without rheumatoid arthritis were randomly selected from the same register, and matched for age, sex and year of the AMI for evaluation of case fatality and potential differences in treatment of AMI. Results: The standardised incidence ratio for AMI was 2.9 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis compared with the general population (p<0.05). During the first 10 years after an AMI, patients with rheumatoid arthritis had a higher overall case fatality compared with controls (hazard ratio (HR) 1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02 to 2.71). Survival time was decreased in the rheumatoid arthritis group compared with controls despite the same care and treatment. Conclusion: Both the incidence of and case fatality after an AMI were higher among patients with rheumatoid arthritis than among the general population. The results emphasise the necessity of optimising the preventive, diagnostic and caring strategies for AMI in rheumatoid arthritis.
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| 16. |
- Södergren, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Increased incidence of stroke and impaired prognosis after stroke among patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis
- 2009
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In: Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. - 0392-856X .- 1593-098X. ; 27:4, s. 641-644
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To examine the incidence of, and outcome after, a stroke in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) compared with the general population. METHODS: The northern Sweden MONICA register was used to compare the incidence of stroke in a cohort of RA patients with the general population. Forty RA patients who had also suffered a stroke were identified. For each patient with RA, three controls with a history of stroke but without RA were randomly collected from the same register, and matched for age and sex. RESULTS: The standardised incidence ratio (SIR) for stroke was 2.7 in RA patients compared with the general population (p<0.05). During the follow-up, RA patients had a higher overall case fatality (CF) following stroke compared with controls (hazard ratio (HR) =1.70, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Both the incidence of a stroke, and the subsequent CF, were higher among RA patients compared with the general population. The results emphasize the necessity of optimising the prevention of stroke and follow-up care after a stroke in RA.
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| 17. |
- Weinehall, Katarina, 1948-, et al.
(author)
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Women under protection : in hiding from violent men
- 2009
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In: International Journal of Social Welfare. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 1369-6866 .- 1468-2397. ; 18:4, s. 419-430
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In Sweden in 2007, 11,047 people, out of a population of around nine million were living under at-risk conditions requiring protective measures for their safety. Sixty per cent were women, most of them hiding from men who had battered them and were still threatening and stalking them. In this research and intervention study, a group of women in hiding were given different kinds of support and 23 women were interviewed. These women struggle to make a living, work or study, and their finances are extremely strained. Their social networks/interactions are nonexistent. Living under constant threat and insecurity has an adverse impact on the women's health. The community is obliged, for economic and security reasons, to support battered women. There are still severe shortcomings with regard to security. One recommendation is the institution of personal protection officers, i.e. specially trained social service caseworkers able to support the woman once protection measures have been decided.
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| 18. |
- Wållberg-Jonsson, Solveig, 1953-, et al.
(author)
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Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis in Northern Sweden.
- 1997
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In: Journal of Rheumatology. - : ?. - 0315-162X .- 1499-2752. ; 24:3, s. 445-451
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To investigate the overall and the cardiovascular mortality in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Northern Sweden. To analyze the effect of traditional risk factors and factors associated with rheumatoid disease and its treatment on the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and on mortality by all causes. METHODS: A cohort of 606 patients with seropositive RA were followed from 1979 to the end of 1994 or to the death of the patient. Standardized mortality ratio and survival curves were estimated with the population of Vasterbotten as reference. Sex, age at disease onset, treatment with corticosteroids, use of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) and hormone replacement therapy (HRT), hypertension, diabetes mellitus, HLA types, and cause of death were recorded from disease onset. Cox's proportional hazards regression was used to identify important predictors for death and cardiovascular event during followup. RESULTS: The standardized mortality ratio in both sexes was significantly higher (1.57) for all underlying causes together, for CVD (1.46) and for ischemic heart disease (IHD) (1.54) compared to the reference population. The death rate increased over time. In multiple Cox regression analyses, male sex, higher age at disease onset, and former cardiovascular event increased the death rate. Male sex, high age at disease onset, and hypertension increased the risk of cardiovascular event. Diabetes mellitus, treatment with corticosteroids, DMARD, or HRT did not influence the risks of death or first cardiovascular event. CONCLUSION: The overall mortality and death due to CVD and IHD were in both sexes increased in seropositive RA. Male sex and high age at disease onset predicted death and cardiovascular event. Except for hypertension, which increased the risk for cardiovascular event, neither of these traditional cardiovascular risk factors nor corticosteroid treatment influenced mortality by all causes or by cardiovascular event.
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| 19. |
- Wållberg-Jonsson, Solveig, 1953-, et al.
(author)
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Extent of inflammation predicts cardiovascular disease and overall mortality in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis : A retrospective cohort study from disease onset
- 1999
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In: Journal of Rheumatology. - Toronto, Canada : University of Toronto Publishing. - 0315-162X .- 1499-2752. ; 26:12, s. 2562-2571
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and for overall survival in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) followed from disease onset. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of patients with seropositive RA and disease onset between 1974 and 1978 (n = 211) was followed up at the end of 1995. Potential predictors for CVD, as measured by "the first cardiovascular event," and for overall survival were registered. The predictors were identified by extended Cox regression models. RESULTS: In simple Cox regression analysis, male sex, higher age at disease onset, HLA-B27, high disease activity, corticosteroid treatment early in disease, and hypertension significantly increased risk of cardiovascular event. Higher educational level, extensive disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) treatment, and corticosteroids > or =1 yr before event decreased the risk. In multiple Cox regression analysis, male sex, high age at disease onset, hypertension, higher haptoglobin level at disease onset, and corticosteroid treatment early in disease increased risk of CVD. In a multiple model comprising only patients with CVD, corticosteroids delayed the event. A high last registered erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) value before event increased CVD risk, in particular when early in disease progression. Decreased life span was predicted by higher age at disease onset, male sex, low education level, high disease activity, hypertension, and CVD. HLA-B27 was associated with decreased life span, as was early, but not extensive corticosteroid treatment. DMARD treatment was associated with decreased mortality risk, as was the presence of joint prosthesis. In multiple regression, male sex, higher age at disease onset, atlantoaxial subluxation early in disease, hypertension, and cardiovascular event increased mortality. A high last registered ESR value before event or death added to that risk. CONCLUSION: The study emphasizes the importance of inflammation as an important risk indicator for CVD and mortality in RA. The positive impact of disease activity reducing treatment on CVD risk and survival is suggested.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Ögren, Marie-Louise, et al.
(author)
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Group Supervision in Psychotherapy : The Relationship Between Focus, Group Climate, and Perceived Attained Skill.
- 2005
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In: Journal of Clinical Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0021-9762 .- 1097-4679. ; 61:4, s. 373-388
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examined supervisees and supervisors' view on focus and group climate in group supervision and their relationship with supervisees' attained skill. After supervision, supervisees completed a revised version of Buckley's measure of psychotherapeutic skill. Supervisees and supervisors' experience of focus and climate in the supervision was measured with a questionnaire. Topics and Climate (TAG). The results showed that supervisors' ratings of the extent to which different foci were used in the supervision were significantly higher compared to supervisees' ratings. Hierarchical regression analysis showed that differences in supervisor style were related to supervisees' experience of attained skill. Supervisees' experience of the degree to which focus in supervision was on psychodynamic processes was positively related to perceived attained skill, whereas focus on Theoretical aspects was negatively related. These findings underline the importance of research work with topics and group processes in group supervision.
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