| 1. |
- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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| 2. |
- Judge, C., et al.
(författare)
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Urinary Sodium and Potassium, and Risk of Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke (INTERSTROKE): A Case-Control Study
- 2021
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Ingår i: American Journal of Hypertension. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0895-7061 .- 1941-7225. ; 34:4, s. 414-425
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND Although low sodium intake (<2 g/day) and high potassium intake (>3.5 g/day) are proposed as public health interventions to reduce stroke risk, there is uncertainty about the benefit and feasibility of this combined recommendation on prevention of stroke. METHODS We obtained random urine samples from 9,275 cases of acute first stroke and 9,726 matched controls from 27 countries and estimated the 24-hour sodium and potassium excretion, a surrogate for intake, using the Tanaka formula. Using multivariable conditional logistic regression, we determined the associations of estimated 24-hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion with stroke and its subtypes. RESULTS Compared with an estimated urinary sodium excretion of 2.8-3.5 g/ day (reference), higher (>4.26 g/day) (odds ratio [OR] 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.65-2.00) and lower (<2.8 g/day) sodium excretion (OR 1.39; 95% CI, 1.26-1.53) were significantly associated with increased risk of stroke. The stroke risk associated with the highest quartile of sodium intake (sodium excretion >4.26 g/day) was significantly greater (P < 0.001) for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) (OR 2.38; 95% CI, 1.93-2.92) than for ischemic stroke (OR 1.67; 95% CI, 1.50-1.87). Urinary potassium was inversely and linearly associated with risk of stroke, and stronger for ischemic stroke than ICH (P = 0.026). In an analysis of combined sodium and potassium excretion, the combination of high potassium intake (>1.58 g/day) and moderate sodium intake (2.8-3.5 g/day) was associated with the lowest risk of stroke. CONCLUSIONS The association of sodium intake and stroke is J-shaped, with high sodium intake a stronger risk factor for ICH than ischemic stroke. Our data suggest that moderate sodium intake-rather than low sodium intake-combined with high potassium intake may be associated with the lowest risk of stroke and expected to be a more feasible combined dietary target.
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| 3. |
- O'Donnell, M., et al.
(författare)
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Variations in knowledge, awareness and treatment of hypertension and stroke risk by country income level
- 2021
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Ingår i: Heart. - : BMJ. - 1355-6037 .- 1468-201X. ; 107:4, s. 282-289
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for stroke globally. We hypothesised that country-income level variations in knowledge, detection and treatment of hypertension may contribute to variations in the association of blood pressure with stroke. Methods We undertook a standardised case-control study in 32 countries (INTERSTROKE). Cases were patients with acute first stroke (n=13 462) who were matched by age, sex and site to controls (n=13 483). We evaluated the associations of knowledge, awareness and treatment of hypertension with risk of stroke and its subtypes and whether this varied by gross national income (GNI) of country. We estimated OR and population attributable risk (PAR) associated with treated and untreated hypertension. Results Hypertension was associated with a graded increase in OR by reducing GNI, ranging from OR 1.92 (99% CI 1.48 to 2.49) to OR 3.27 (2.72 to 3.93) for highest to lowest country-level GNI (p-heterogeneity<0.0001). Untreated hypertension was associated with a higher OR for stroke (OR 5.25; 4.53 to 6.10) than treated hypertension (OR 2.60; 2.32 to 2.91) and younger age of first stroke (61.4 vs 65.4 years; p<0.01). Untreated hypertension was associated with a greater risk of intracerebral haemorrhage (OR 6.95; 5.61 to 8.60) than ischaemic stroke (OR 4.76; 3.99 to 5.68). The PAR associated with untreated hypertension was higher in lower-income regions, PAR 36.3%, 26.3%, 19.8% to 10.4% by increasing GNI of countries. Lifetime non-measurement of blood pressure was associated with stroke (OR 1.80; 1.32 to 2.46). Conclusions Deficits in knowledge, detection and treatment of hypertension contribute to higher risk of stroke, younger age of onset and larger proportion of intracerebral haemorrhage in lower-income countries.
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| 4. |
- Smyth, A., et al.
(författare)
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Renal Impairment and Risk of Acute Stroke: The INTERSTROKE Study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Neuroepidemiology. - : S. Karger AG. - 0251-5350 .- 1423-0208. ; 55:3, s. 206-215
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Previous studies reported an association of renal impairment with stroke, but there are uncertainties underpinning this association. Aims: We explored if the association is explained by shared risk factors or is independent and whether there are regional or stroke subtype variations. Methods: INTERSTROKE is a case-control study and the largest international study of risk factors for first acute stroke, completed in 27 countries. We included individuals with available serum creatinine values and calculated estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Renal impairment was defined as eGFR Results: Of 21,127 participants, 41.0% were female, the mean age was 62.3 +/- 13.4 years, and the mean eGFR was 79.9 +/- 23.5 mL/min/1.73 m(2). The prevalence of renal impairment was higher in cases (22.9% vs. 17.7%, p < 0.001) and differed by region (p < 0.001). After adjustment, lower eGFR was associated with increased odds of stroke. Renal impairment was associated with increased odds of all stroke (OR 1.35; 95% CI: 1.24-1.47), with higher odds for intracerebral hemorrhage (OR 1.60; 95% CI: 1.35-1.89) than ischemic stroke (OR 1.29; 95% CI: 1.17-1.42) (p(interaction) 0.12). The largest magnitudes of association were seen in younger participants and those living in Africa, South Asia, or South America (p(interaction) < 0.001 for all stroke). Renal impairment was also associated with poorer clinical outcome (RRR 2.97; 95% CI: 2.50-3.54 for death within 1 month). Conclusion: Renal impairment is an important risk factor for stroke, particularly in younger patients, and is associated with more severe stroke and worse outcomes.
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| 5. |
- Murphy, R. P., et al.
(författare)
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Depressive Symptoms and Risk of Acute Stroke INTERSTROKE Case-Control Study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Neurology. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0028-3878 .- 1526-632X. ; 100:17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and Objectives Depression has been reported to be a risk factor of acute stroke, based largely on studies in high income countries. In the INTERSTROKE study, we explored the contribution of depressive symptoms to acute stroke risk and 1-month outcome across regions of the world, within subpopulations and by stroke type. Methods The INTERSTROKE is an international case-control study of risk factors of first acute stroke, conducted in 32 countries. Cases were patients with CT- or MRI-confirmed incident acute hospitalized stroke, and controls were matched for age, sex, and within sites. Standardized questions asked about self-reported depressive symptoms during the previous 12 months and the use of prescribed antidepressant medications were recorded. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to determine the association of prestroke depressive symptoms with acute stroke risk. Adjusted ordinal logistic regression was used to explore the association of prestroke depressive symptoms with poststroke functional outcome, measured with the modified Rankin scale at 1 month after stroke. Results Of 26,877 participants, 40.4% were women, and the mean age was 61.7 +/- 13.4 years. The prevalence of depressive symptoms within the last 12 months was higher in cases compared with that in controls (18.3% vs 14.1%, p < 0.001) and differed by region (p interaction <0.001), with lowest prevalence in China (6.9% in controls) and highest in South America (32.2% of controls). In multivariable analyses, prestroke depressive symptoms were associated with greater odds of acute stroke (odds ratio [OR] 1.46, 95% CI 1.34-1.58), which was significant for both intracerebral hemorrhage (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.28-1.91) and ischemic stroke (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.31-1.58). A larger magnitude of association with stroke was seen in patients with a greater burden of depressive symptoms. While preadmission depressive symptoms were not associated with a greater odds of worse baseline stroke severity (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.94-1.10), they were associated with a greater odds of poor functional outcome at 1 month after acute stroke (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01-1.19). Discussion In this global study, we recorded that depressive symptoms are an important risk factor of acute stroke, including both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Preadmission depressive symptoms were associated with poorer functional outcome, but not baseline stroke severity, suggesting an adverse role of depressive symptoms in poststroke recovery.
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| 6. |
- Roberts, Jason D., et al.
(författare)
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Ankyrin-B dysfunction predisposes to arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy and is amenable to therapy
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Investigation. - : AMER SOC CLINICAL INVESTIGATION INC. - 0021-9738 .- 1558-8238. ; 129:8, s. 3171-3184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is an inherited arrhythmia syndrome characterized by severe structural and electrical cardiac phenotypes, including myocardial fibrofatty replacement and sudden cardiac death. Clinical management of ACM is largely palliative, owing to an absence of therapies that target its underlying pathophysiology, which stems partially from our limited insight into the condition. Following identification of deceased ACM probands possessing ANK2 rare variants and evidence of ankyrin-B loss of function on cardiac tissue analysis, an ANK2 mouse model was found to develop dramatic structural abnormalities reflective of human ACM, including biventricular dilation, reduced ejection fraction, cardiac fibrosis, and premature death. Desmosomal structure and function appeared preserved in diseased human and murine specimens in the presence of markedly abnormal beta-catenin expression and patterning, leading to identification of a previously unknown interaction between ankyrin-B and beta-catenin. A pharmacological activator of the WNT/beta-catenin pathway, SB-216763, successfully prevented and partially reversed the murine ACM phenotypes. Our findings introduce what we believe to be a new pathway for ACM, a role of ankyrin-B in cardiac structure and signaling, a molecular link between ankyrin-B and beta-catenin, and evidence for targeted activation of the WNT/beta-catenin pathway as a potential treatment for this disease.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Mc Carthy, C. E., et al.
(författare)
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Sleep Patterns and the Risk of Acute Stroke Results From the INTERSTROKE International Case-Control Study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Neurology. - 0028-3878. ; 100:21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and ObjectivesSymptoms of sleep disturbance are common and may represent important modifiable risk factors of stroke. We evaluated the association between a spectrum of sleep disturbance symptoms and the risk of acute stroke in an international setting.MethodsThe INTERSTROKE study is an international case-control study of patients presenting with first acute stroke and controls matched by age (+/- 5 years) and sex. Sleep symptoms in the previous month were assessed through a questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression estimated the association between sleep disturbance symptoms and acute stroke, expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs. The primary model adjusted for age, occupation, marital status, and modified Rankin scale at baseline, with subsequent models adjusting for potential mediators (behavioral/disease risk factors).ResultsOverall, 4,496 matched participants were included, with 1,799 of them having experienced an ischemic stroke and 439 an intracerebral hemorrhage. Short sleep (<5 hours: OR 3.15, 95% CI 2.09-4.76), long sleep (>9 hours: OR 2.67, 95% CI 1.89-3.78), impaired quality (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.32-1.75), difficulty getting to sleep (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.13-1.55) or maintaining sleep (OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.15-1.53), unplanned napping (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.20-1.84), prolonged napping (>1 hour: OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.49-2.38), snoring (OR 1.91, 95% CI 1.62-2.24), snorting (OR 2.64, 95% CI 2.17-3.20), and breathing cessation (OR 2.87, 95% CI 2.28-3.60) were all significantly associated with an increased odds of acute stroke in the primary model. A derived obstructive sleep apnea score of 2-3 (2.67, 2.25-3.15) and cumulative sleep symptoms (>5: 5.38, 4.03-7.18) were also associated with a significantly increased odds of acute stroke, with the latter showing a graded association. After an extensive adjustment, significance was maintained for most of the symptoms (not difficulty getting to/maintaining sleep and unplanned napping), with similar findings for stroke subtypes.DiscussionWe found that sleep disturbance symptoms were common and associated with a graded increased risk of stroke. These symptoms may be a marker of increased individual risk or represent independent risk factors. Future clinical trials are warranted to determine the efficacy of sleep interventions in stroke prevention.
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| 9. |
- Brage, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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Hyperfine induced transitions as diagnostics of isotopic composition and densities of low-density plasmas
- 1998
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 500:1, s. 507-521
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The J = 0 --> J' = 0 radiative transitions, usually viewed as allowed through two-photon decay, may also be induced by the hyperfine (HPF) interaction in atoms or ions having a nonzero nuclear spin. We compute new and review existing decay rates for the nsnp P-3(J)0 --> nS(2 1)S(J'= 0) transitions in ions of the Be (n = 2) and Mg (n = 3) isoelectronic sequences. The HPF induced decay rates for the J = 0 --> J' = 0 transitions are many orders of magnitude larger than those for the competing two-photon processes, and when present are typically 1 or 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the decay rates of the magnetic quadrupole (J = 2 --> J' = 0) transitions for these ions. Several HPF induced transitions are potentially of astrophysical interest in ions of C, N, Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Cr, Fe, and Ni. We highlight those cases that may be of particular diagnostic value for determining isotopic abundance ratios and/or electron densities from UV or EUV emission-line data. We present our atomic data in the form of scaling laws so that, given the isotopic nuclear spin and magnetic moment, a simple expression yields estimates for HPF induced decay rates. We examine some UV and EUV solar and nebular data in light of these new results and suggest possible applications for future study. We could not find evidence for the existence of HPF induced lines in the spectra we examined, but we demonstrate that existing data have come close to providing interesting upper limits. For the planetary nebula SMC N2, we derive an upper limit of 0.1 for C-13/C-12 from Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph data obtained by Clegg. It is likely that more stringent limits could be obtained using newer data with higher sensitivities in a variety of objects.
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| 10. |
- Cadrin-Tourigny, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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A new prediction model for ventricular arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Heart Journal. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1522-9645 .- 0195-668X. ; 40:23, s. 1850-1858
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is characterized by ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and sudden cardiac death (SCD). We aimed to develop a model for individualized prediction of incident VA/SCD in ARVC patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Five hundred and twenty-eight patients with a definite diagnosis and no history of sustained VAs/SCD at baseline, aged 38.2 ± 15.5 years, 44.7% male, were enrolled from five registries in North America and Europe. Over 4.83 (interquartile range 2.44-9.33) years of follow-up, 146 (27.7%) experienced sustained VA, defined as SCD, aborted SCD, sustained ventricular tachycardia, or appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy. A prediction model estimating annual VA risk was developed using Cox regression with internal validation. Eight potential predictors were pre-specified: age, sex, cardiac syncope in the prior 6 months, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, number of premature ventricular complexes in 24 h, number of leads with T-wave inversion, and right and left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEFs). All except LVEF were retained in the final model. The model accurately distinguished patients with and without events, with an optimism-corrected C-index of 0.77 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-0.81] and minimal over-optimism [calibration slope of 0.93 (95% CI 0.92-0.95)]. By decision curve analysis, the clinical benefit of the model was superior to a current consensus-based ICD placement algorithm with a 20.6% reduction of ICD placements with the same proportion of protected patients (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Using the largest cohort of patients with ARVC and no prior VA, a prediction model using readily available clinical parameters was devised to estimate VA risk and guide decisions regarding primary prevention ICDs (www.arvcrisk.com).
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| 11. |
- Cadrin-Tourigny, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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A new prediction model for ventricular arrhythmias in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Heart Journal. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0195-668X .- 1522-9645. ; 43:32, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is characterized by ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and sudden cardiac death (SCD). We aimed to develop a model for individualized prediction of incident VA/SCD in ARVC patients. Methods and results: Five hundred and twenty-eight patients with a definite diagnosis and no history of sustained VAs/SCD at baseline, aged 38.2 ± 15.5 years, 44.7% male, were enrolled from five registries in North America and Europe. Over 4.83 (interquartile range 2.44-9.33) years of follow-up, 146 (27.7%) experienced sustained VA, defined as SCD, aborted SCD, sustained ventricular tachycardia, or appropriate implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy. A prediction model estimating annual VA risk was developed using Cox regression with internal validation. Eight potential predictors were pre-specified: Age, sex, cardiac syncope in the prior 6 months, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, number of premature ventricular complexes in 24 h, number of leads with T-wave inversion, and right and left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEFs). All except LVEF were retained in the final model. The model accurately distinguished patients with and without events, with an optimism-corrected C-index of 0.77 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.73-0.81] and minimal over-optimism [calibration slope of 0.93 (95% CI 0.92-0.95)]. By decision curve analysis, the clinical benefit of the model was superior to a current consensus-based ICD placement algorithm with a 20.3% reduction of ICD placements with the same proportion of protected patients (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Using the largest cohort of patients with ARVC and no prior VA, a prediction model using readily available clinical parameters was devised to estimate VA risk and guide decisions regarding primary prevention ICDs (www.arvcrisk.com).
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| 12. |
- Cadrin-Tourigny, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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Sudden Cardiac Death Prediction in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy : A Multinational Collaboration
- 2021
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Ingår i: Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 1941-3149 .- 1941-3084. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is associated with ventricular arrhythmias (VA) and sudden cardiac death (SCD). A model was recently developed to predict incident sustained VA in patients with ARVC. However, since this outcome may overestimate the risk for SCD, we aimed to specifically predict life-threatening VA (LTVA) as a closer surrogate for SCD. Methods: We assembled a retrospective cohort of definite ARVC cases from 15 centers in North America and Europe. Association of 8 prespecified clinical predictors with LTVA (SCD, aborted SCD, sustained, or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator treated ventricular tachycardia >250 beats per minute) in follow-up was assessed by Cox regression with backward selection. Candidate variables included age, sex, prior sustained VA (≥30s, hemodynamically unstable, or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator treated ventricular tachycardia; or aborted SCD), syncope, 24-hour premature ventricular complexes count, the number of anterior and inferior leads with T-wave inversion, left and right ventricular ejection fraction. The resulting model was internally validated using bootstrapping. Results: A total of 864 patients with definite ARVC (40±16 years; 53% male) were included. Over 5.75 years (interquartile range, 2.77-10.58) of follow-up, 93 (10.8%) patients experienced LTVA including 15 with SCD/aborted SCD (1.7%). Of the 8 prespecified clinical predictors, only 4 (younger age, male sex, premature ventricular complex count, and number of leads with T-wave inversion) were associated with LTVA. Notably, prior sustained VA did not predict subsequent LTVA (P=0.850). A model including only these 4 predictors had an optimism-corrected C-index of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.69-0.80) and calibration slope of 0.95 (95% CI, 0.94-0.98) indicating minimal over-optimism. Conclusions: LTVA events in patients with ARVC can be predicted by a novel simple prediction model using only 4 clinical predictors. Prior sustained VA and the extent of functional heart disease are not associated with subsequent LTVA events.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Pàmies, O., et al.
(författare)
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Recent Advances in Enantioselective Pd-Catalyzed Allylic Substitution : From Design to Applications
- 2021
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Ingår i: Chemical Reviews. - : American Chemical Society. - 0009-2665 .- 1520-6890. ; 121:8, s. 4373-4505
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This Review compiles the evolution, mechanistic understanding, and more recent advances in enantioselective Pd-catalyzed allylic substitution and decarboxylative and oxidative allylic substitutions. For each reaction, the catalytic data, as well as examples of their application to the synthesis of more complex molecules, are collected. Sections in which we discuss key mechanistic aspects for high selectivity and a comparison with other metals (with advantages and disadvantages) are also included. For Pd-catalyzed asymmetric allylic substitution, the catalytic data are grouped according to the type of nucleophile employed. Because of the prominent position of the use of stabilized carbon nucleophiles and heteronucleophiles, many chiral ligands have been developed. To better compare the results, they are presented grouped by ligand types. Pd-catalyzed asymmetric decarboxylative reactions are mainly promoted by PHOX or Trost ligands, which justifies organizing this section in chronological order. For asymmetric oxidative allylic substitution the results are grouped according to the type of nucleophile used. © 2021 American Chemical Society.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Suppiah, Ravi, et al.
(författare)
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Measurement of damage in systemic vasculitis: a comparison of the Vasculitis Damage Index with the Combined Damage Assessment Index
- 2011
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Ingår i: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. - : BMJ. - 1468-2060 .- 0003-4967. ; 70:1, s. 80-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives To compare the Vasculitis Damage Index (VDI) with the Combined Damage Assessment Index (CDA) as measures of damage from vasculitis. Methods A total of 283 patients with vasculitis from 11 European centres were evaluated in a cross-sectional study using the VDI and CDA. Results Wegener's granulomatosis (58.4%) and microscopic polyangiitis (11.0%) were the most common diagnoses. Agreement between VDI and CDA scores (Spearman's correlation) was 0.90 (95% CI 0.87 to 0.92). There was good correlation between individual comparably evaluated organ systems (Spearman's correlation 0.70-0.94). Interobserver reliability (assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)) was 0.94 (95% CI 0.89 to 0.98) for VDI and 0.78 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.93) for CDA. Intraobserver reliability was 0.92 (95% CI 0.83 to 1.00) for VDI and 0.87 (95% CI 0.75 to 1.00) for CDA. A total of 13 items were not used in the VDI compared to 23 in the CDA. Observers agreed that the CDA covered the full spectrum of damage attributable to vasculitis but was more time consuming and thus possibly less feasible for clinical and research purposes. Conclusions The VDI and CDA capture reliable data on damage among patients with vasculitis. The CDA captures more detail but is more complex and less practical than the VDI. Further evolution of damage assessment in vasculitis is likely to include key elements from both instruments.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- JOHNSON, HR, et al.
(författare)
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OUTER LAYERS OF A CARBON STAR - THE VIEW FROM THE HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE
- 1995
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Ingår i: ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL. - : UNIV CHICAGO PRESS. - 0004-637X. ; 443:1, s. 281-294
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To advance our understanding of the relationship between stellar chromospheres and mass loss, which is a common property of carbon stars and other asymptotic giant branch stars, we have obtained ultraviolet spectra of the nearby N-type carbon star UU Aur
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| 23. |
- Judge, H M, et al.
(författare)
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Potentiation of clopidogrel active metabolite formation by rifampicin leads to greater P2Y12 receptor blockade and inhibition of platelet aggregation after clopidogrel.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. - : Elsevier BV. - 1538-7933 .- 1538-7836. ; 8:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The thienopyridine P2Y(12) receptor antagonist clopidogrel reduces the risk of arterial thrombosis and individual pharmacodynamic responses to clopidogrel are believed to reflect the levels of active metabolite (AM) generated. Rifampicin increases the inhibitory effect of clopidogrel on platelet aggregation (PA). We studied the response to clopidogrel before and during administration of rifampicin in order to study the relationship between individual AM levels and P2Y(12) blockade.METHODS: Healthy volunteers received a 600-mg loading dose of clopidogrel followed by 75 mg daily for 7 days and, after a washout period and treatment with rifampicin [300 mg twice a day (b.i.d.)], received the same regimen of clopidogrel. Clopidogrel AM levels were determined over 4 h after the clopidogrel loading dose and unblocked P2Y(12) receptor number was assessed using a (33) P-2MeSADP binding assay. PA was measured by optical aggregometry with ADP and TRAP.RESULTS: Rifampicin enhanced clopidogrel AM production [area-under-the-curve (AUC): clopidogrel 89±22 ng h mL(-1) , clopidogrel+rifampicin 335±86 ng h mL(-1) , P<0.0001], and P2Y(12) blockade (unblocked receptors: clopidogrel 48±24, clopidogrel+rifampicin 4±2, P<0.0001) and reduced PA (5 μmol L(-1) ADP: clopidogrel 20±4, clopidogrel+rifampicin 5±2, P<0.01). Increasing numbers of unblocked receptors were required for an aggregation response with a decreasing concentration of ADP. PA induced by ADP 2 μmol L(-1) was particularly sensitive to low levels of receptor blockade.CONCLUSION: Potentiation of clopidogrel AM production by rifampicin leads to greater P2Y(12) blockade and consequently greater inhibition of PA. PA responses to low concentrations of ADP are more sensitive to P2Y(12) blockade.
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| 24. |
- Judge, Heather M, et al.
(författare)
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Relationship between degree of P2Y12 receptor blockade and inhibition of P2Y12-mediated platelet function.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Thrombosis and Haemostasis. - 0340-6245 .- 2567-689X. ; 103:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thienopyridine P2Y12 receptor antagonists clopidogrel and prasugrel prevent arterial thrombosis and are routinely used following percutaneous coronary intervention. However, the optimal level of P2Y12 blockade to effectively inhibit platelet function is unknown. These studies utilised the active metabolite of prasugrel (R-138727) to achieve a range of P2Y12 blockade in vitro and assessed several aspects of platelet function. Blood from healthy volunteers was incubated with R-138727 (0-10 microM). P2Y12 receptor number was assessed using a 33P-2MeSADP binding assay. Platelet aggregation (PA) was measured by optical aggregometry with ADP 2-20 microM. VASP phosphorylation, annexin V binding, microparticle formation and P-selectin expression were assessed by flow cytometry. Increasing numbers of unblocked receptors were required for a sustained aggregation response with decreasing concentrations of ADP. A P2Y12 receptor blockade of 60-80% resulted in strong inhibition of final PA response, P-selectin expression, microparticle formation and vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP). PA induced by ADP 2 microM and P-selectin expression were particularly sensitive to low levels of receptor blockade whereas the VASP phosphorylation assay was relatively insensitive, requiring 60% receptor blockade to achieve substantial inhibition. Different assays varied in their ability to discriminate particular ranges of P2Y12 blockade and 80% or greater P2Y12 receptor blockade is required for consistently strong inhibition of several aspects of platelet function. These data guide the interpretation of results from different assays used to monitor the effects of P2Y12 receptor antagonists.
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| 25. |
- Judge, Heather M, et al.
(författare)
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The active metabolite of prasugrel effectively blocks the platelet P2Y12 receptor and inhibits procoagulant and pro-inflammatory platelet responses.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Platelets. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0953-7104 .- 1369-1635. ; 19:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of these studies was to investigate the extent of platelet P2Y(12) receptor inhibition by the thienopyridine active metabolite of prasugrel, R-138727. Blood was taken from healthy volunteers and pre-incubated with R-138727 or cangrelor (AR-C66931MX). Platelet aggregation was assessed in platelet rich plasma (PRP) and whole blood (WB). Vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) phosphorylation, platelet procoagulant activity (annexin V binding and microparticle formation) and calcium mobilisation were measured by flow cytometry. Platelet-leukocyte co-aggregate formation and sCD40L release, both pro-inflammatory responses of platelets, were measured by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. P2Y(12) receptor antagonism was determined using a radioligand binding assay ((33)P 2-MeSADP) in resting and stimulated platelets and the effects of clopidogrel administration were also assessed. R-138727 yielded concentration-dependent inhibition of platelet aggregation, VASP phosphorylation inhibition, procoagulant activity and pro-inflammatory responses. In the presence of R-138727 or cangrelor there was increased calcium reuptake following agonist stimulation. R-138727 30 micromol/L and cangrelor 1 micromol/L completely inhibited (33)P 2-MeSADP binding, compared to partial inhibition following clopidogrel administration. Platelet activation and granule secretion did not expose an additional pool of P2Y(12) receptors. Prasugrel's active metabolite effectively blocks the P2Y(12) receptor with the highest concentrations tested yielding complete inhibition of P2Y(12)-mediated amplification of several important platelet responses.
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| 26. |
- Judge, Philip, et al.
(författare)
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On the formation of extreme-ultraviolet helium lines in the Sun: Analysis of SOHO data
- 2004
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 606:2, s. 1258-1275
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The resonance lines of helium in the Sun are several times stronger than expected, relative to lines of other ions. To explore the origins of this "helium enhancement,'' we have studied data from the SUMER, CDS, MDI, and EIT instruments on the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). Time series data obtained in a quiet region and a coronal hole indicate that the spatio-temporal properties of the He I 584 Angstrom, and He II 304 and 1084 Angstrom lines are qualitatively unlike other chromospheric and transition region lines. Helium line intensities vary slowly compared to chromospheric oscillations and to transient transition region brightenings seen in other lines, yet they vary rapidly (both spatially and temporally) compared to the coronal radiation. This suggests that photoionization/recombination plays a minor excitation role in these lines. The Doppler shift of the 584 Angstrom line shows a remarkably clear 4-8 mHz oscillation, with no accompanying line intensity oscillation. Transient brightenings are used to show that nonradial photon scattering might explain the previously found diffuse appearance of the network but cannot account for the reduced network/internetwork intensity contrast in the 584 Angstrom line. We propose a new enhancement mechanism, based on arguments in a companion paper, in which predominantly neutral species such as helium diffuse across magnetic field lines into regions of hot coronal plasma, but charged ions do not. The enhanced internetwork helium emission may arise from the diffusion of helium atoms across the chromospheric canopy; the enhanced network emission may have contributions from diffusion from spicules. This mechanism may naturally explain why the 584 Angstrom line shows Doppler shift, but not intensity, oscillations. Finally, if a mechanism such as "velocity redistribution'' dominates helium emission, spectroheliograms of helium lines will be bright in regions of large temperature gradients parallel to the magnetic field. Differences between helium and other spectroheliograms may then reveal the relative contributions of "classical'' and "cool loop'' models to the observed emission.
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| 27. |
- Judge, William Q., et al.
(författare)
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Configurations of Capacity for Change in Entrepreneurial Threshold Firms: Imprinting and Strategic Choice Perspectives
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Management Studies. - Chichester : Wiley. - 1467-6486 .- 0022-2380. ; 52:4, s. 506-530
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Imprinting theory suggests that founding conditions are stamped' on organizations, and these imprinted routines often resist change. In contrast, strategic choice theory suggests that the firm can overcome organizational inertia and deliberately choose its future. Both theories offer dramatically different explanations behind an organization's capacity for change. IPO firms provide a unique context for exploring how imprinting forces interact with strategic choice factors to address organizational capacity for change as a firm moves from private to public firm status. Juxtaposing imprinting and strategic choice perspectives, we employ fuzzy set analysis to examine the multi-level determinants of organizational capacity for change. Our cross-national data reveal three effective configurations of organizational capacity for change within IPOs, and two ineffective configurations. Our results suggest that the antecedents of organizational capacity for change in entrepreneurial threshold firms are non-linear, interdependent, and equifinal.
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| 28. |
- Judge, William Q., et al.
(författare)
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Corporate governance and IPO underpricing in a cross-national sample : A multilevel knowledge-based view
- 2015
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Ingår i: Strategic Management Journal. - Chichester : John Wiley & Sons. - 0143-2095 .- 1097-0266. ; 36:8, s. 1174-1185
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prior studies of IPO underpricing, mostly using agency theory and single-country samples, have generally fallen short. In this study, we employ the knowledge-based view (KBV) to explore underpricing across 17 countries. We find that agency indicators are insignificant predictors, board of director knowledge limits underpricing, and external knowledge both substitutes for and complements internal board knowledge. This third finding suggests that future KBV studies should consider how internal and external knowledge states interact with each other. Our study offers new insights into the antecedents of underpricing and extends our understanding of comparative governance and the KBV of the firm. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 29. |
- Kulhánová, Ivana, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the potential impact of increased participation in higher education on mortality : Evidence from 21 European populations
- 2014
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Ingår i: Social Science and Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-9536 .- 1873-5347. ; 117, s. 142-149
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although higher education has been associated with lower mortality rates in many studies, the effect of potential improvements in educational distribution on future mortality levels is unknown. We therefore estimated the impact of projected increases in higher education on mortality in European populations. We used mortality and population data according to educational level from 21 European populations and developed counterfactual scenarios. The first scenario represented the improvement in the future distribution of educational attainment as expected on the basis of an assumption of cohort replacement. We estimated the effect of this counterfactual scenario on mortality with a 10-15-year time horizon among men and women aged 30-79 years using a specially developed tool based on population attributable fractions (PAF). We compared this with a second, upward levelling scenario in which everyone has obtained tertiary education. The reduction of mortality in the cohort replacement scenario ranged from 1.9 to 10.1% for men and from 1.7 to 9.0% for women. The reduction of mortality in the upward levelling scenario ranged from 22.0 to 57.0% for men and from 9.6 to 50.0% for women. The cohort replacement scenario was estimated to achieve only part (4-25% (men) and 10-31% (women)) of the potential mortality decrease seen in the upward levelling scenario. We concluded that the effect of on-going improvements in educational attainment on average mortality in the population differs across Europe, and can be substantial. Further investments in education may have important positive side-effects on population health.
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| 30. |
- Kulik, M. C., et al.
(författare)
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Smoking and the potential for reduction of inequalities in mortality in Europe
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Journal of Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0393-2990 .- 1573-7284. ; 28:12, s. 959-971
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Socioeconomic inequalities in health and mortality remain a widely recognized problem. Countries with smaller inequalities in smoking have smaller inequalities in mortality, and smoking plays an important part in the explanation of inequalities in some countries. We identify the potential for reducing inequalities in all-cause and smoking-related mortality in 19 European populations, by applying different scenarios of smoking exposure. Smoking prevalence information and mortality data come from 19 European populations. Prevalence rates are mostly taken from National Health Surveys conducted around the year 2000. Mortality rates are based on country-specific longitudinal or cross-sectional datasets. Relative risks come from the Cancer Prevention Study II. Besides all-cause mortality we analyze several smoking-related cancers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease/asthma. We use a newly-developed tool to quantify the changes in population health potentially resulting from modifying the population distribution of exposure to smoking. This tool is based on the epidemiological measure of the population attributable fraction, and estimates the impact of scenario-based distributions of smoking on educational inequalities in mortality. The potential reduction of relative inequality in all-cause mortality between those with high and low education amounts up to 26 % for men and 32 % for women. More than half of the relative inequality may be reduced for some causes of death, often in countries of Northern Europe and in Britain. Patterns of potential reduction in inequality differ by country or region and sex, suggesting that the priority given to smoking as an entry-point for tackling health inequalities should differ between countries.
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| 31. |
- Leyland, K. M., et al.
(författare)
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Harmonising measures of knee and hip osteoarthritis in population-based cohort studies : an international study
- 2018
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Ingår i: Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. - : Elsevier BV. - 1063-4584. ; 26:7, s. 872-879
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Population-based osteoarthritis (OA) cohorts provide vital data on risk factors and outcomes of OA, however the methods to define OA vary between cohorts. We aimed to provide recommendations for combining knee and hip OA data in extant and future population cohort studies, in order to facilitate informative individual participant level analyses. Method: International OA experts met to make recommendations on: 1) defining OA by X-ray and/or pain; 2) compare The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)-type OA pain questions; 3) the comparability of the Western Ontario & McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) scale to NHANES-type OA pain questions; 4) the best radiographic scoring method; 5) the usefulness of other OA outcome measures. Key issues were explored using new analyses in two population-based OA cohorts (Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study; MOST and Osteoarthritis Initiative OAI). Results: OA should be defined by both symptoms and radiographs, with symptoms alone as a secondary definition. Kellgren and Lawrence (K/L) grade ≥2 should be used to define radiographic OA (ROA). The variable wording of pain questions can result in varying prevalence between 41.0% and 75.4%, however questions where the time anchor is similar have high sensitivity and specificity (91.2% and 89.9% respectively). A threshold of 3 on a 0–20 scale (95% CI 2.1, 3.9) in the WOMAC pain subscale demonstrated equivalence with the preferred NHANES-type question. Conclusion: This research provides recommendations, based on expert agreement, for harmonising and combining OA data in existing and future population-based cohorts.
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| 32. |
- Maurer, Mathew S., et al.
(författare)
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Genotype and Phenotype of Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis THAOS (Transthyretin Amyloid Outcome Survey)
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0735-1097 .- 1558-3597. ; 68:2, s. 161-172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) is a heterogeneous disorder with multiorgan involvement and a genetic or nongenetic basis.Objectives: The goal of this study was to describe ATTR in the United States by using data from the THAOS (Transthyretin Amyloidosis Outcomes Survey) registry.Methods: Demographic, clinical, and genetic features of patients enrolled in the THAOS registry in the United States (n = 390) were compared with data from patients from other regions of the world (ROW) (n = 2,140). The focus was on the phenotypic expression and survival in the majority of U.S. subjects with valine-to-isoleucine substitution at position 122 (Val122Ile) (n = 91) and wild-type ATTR (n = 189).Results: U.S. subjects are older (70 vs. 46 years), more often male (85.4% vs. 50.6%), and more often of African descent (25.4% vs. 0.5%) than the ROW. A significantly higher percentage of U.S. patients with ATTR amyloid seen at cardiology sites had wild-type disease than the ROW (50.5% vs. 26.2%). In the United States, 34 different mutations (n = 201) have been reported, with the most common being Val122Ile (n = 91; 45.3%) and Thr60Ala (n = 41; 20.4%). Overall, 91 (85%) of 107 patients with Val122Ile were from the United States, where Val122Ile subjects were younger and more often female and black than patients with wild-type disease, and had similar cardiac phenotype but a greater burden of neurologic symptoms (pain, numbness, tingling, and walking disability) and worse quality of life. Advancing age and lower mean arterial pressure, but not the presence of a transthyretin mutation, were independently associated with higher mortality from a multivariate analysis of survival.Conclusions: In the THAOS registry, ATTR in the United States is overwhelmingly a disorder of older adult male subjects with a cardiac-predominant phenotype. Val122Ile is the most common transthyretin mutation, and neurologic phenotypic expression differs between wild-type disease and Val122Ile, but survival from enrollment in THAOS does not. (Transthyretin-Associated Amyloidoses Outcome Survey [THAOS]; NCT00628745)
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Pietarila, A, et al.
(författare)
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On the formation of the resonance lines of helium in the Sun
- 2004
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 606:2, s. 1239-1257
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To investigate the cause of anomalously bright resonance lines of helium in the Sun, we have studied the magnitude of the enhancements and some proposals made to explain them. Calculations in new semiempirical solar models indicate that the resonance lines of helium are enhanced by factors of 2-5 for He I and between 2 and 9 for He II, depending on the elemental abundances assumed. These enhancements are substantially less than earlier work has suggested, with the differences arising from radiative transfer not only in helium lines but also in lines of less abundant elements. Photon scattering, even with small line center optical depths (of order unity or less) throughout the transition region, is shown to significantly modify line intensities and their center-to-limb variation. This effect has important consequences both for our analysis and also for the analysis of solar EUV lines in general, including emission measure analyses. We have re-examined some proposals to explain the enhancements based on the "ionizing plasma'' picture. The proposals include explicit heating (the "burst'' picture) and heating via advection (diffusive and/or flowing models and the "velocity redistribution'' [VR] proposal). We argue that the original VR mechanism must be modified to include kinetic effects for helium atoms, which reduce the effects of VR. The VR mechanism also naturally predicts helium lines that are blue-shifted relative to lines less sensitive to VR, which contradicts observations for the He I 584 Angstrom line. Ionizing plasma models also potentially lead to enhancement of Deltangreater than or equal to1 transitions (n is the principal quantum number) in other atoms and ions. Existing observational evidence for enhanced Deltangreater than or equal to1 transitions in other ions is weak. We conclude that the ionizing plasma scenarios are not the sole cause of the helium enhancement. Instead, in a companion paper, we propose that the thermodynamic properties of noble gases in the upper chromosphere will lead to enhancement of their spectral lines if cross-field diffusion into coronal plasma is important. Finally, we show that, surprisingly, multifluid flows of the kind computed by Fontenla and colleagues can reproduce observed intensities of several lines of C and Si and may contain a resolution to the helium enhancement problem.
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| 35. |
- Suppiah, Ravi, et al.
(författare)
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A cross-sectional study of the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score version 3 in systemic vasculitis.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Rheumatology (Oxford, England). - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1462-0332 .- 1462-0324. ; 50, s. 899-905
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. Assessment of disease activity in vasculitis can be achieved using the BVAS, a clinical checklist of relevant symptoms, signs and features of active disease. The aim of this study was to revalidate the BVAS version 3 (BVAS v. 3) in a cohort of patients with systemic vasculitis. Methods. A total of 238 patients with vasculitis from seven countries in Europe were evaluated at a single time point. Spearman's correlation coefficients were calculated between BVAS v. 3 scores, vasculitis activity index (VAI), physician's global assessment (PGA), the physician's treatment decision, CRP and the vasculitis damage index (VDI) to demonstrate that the BVAS v. 3 measures disease activity. Results. WG (63%), Churg-Strauss syndrome (9%) and microscopic polyangiitis (9%) were the most common diagnoses. The BVAS v. 3 showed convergent validity with the VAI [ρ = 0.82 (95% CI 0.77, 0.85)], PGA [ρ = 0.85 (95% CI 0.81, 0.88)] and the physician's treatment decision [ρ = 0.54 (95% CI 0.44, 0.62)]. There was little or no correlation between BVAS v. 3 and the CRP level [ρ = 0.18 (95% CI 0.05, 0.30)] or with the VDI [ρ = -0.10 (95% CI 0.22, 0.03)]. The inter-observer reliability was very high with an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.996 (95% CI 0.990, 0.998) for the total BVAS v. 3 score. Conclusion. The BVAS v. 3 has been evaluated in a large cohort of patients with vasculitis and the important properties of the tool revalidated. This study increases the utility of the BVAS v. 3 in different populations of patients with systemic vasculitis.
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| 36. |
- Suppiah, Ravi, et al.
(författare)
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A Model to Predict Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Wegener's Granulomatosis and Microscopic Polyangiitis
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Arthritis Care and Research. - : Wiley. - 2151-4658 .- 2151-464X. ; 63:4, s. 588-596
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. To create a prognostic tool to quantify the 5-year cardiovascular (CV) risk in patients with newly diagnosed Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) without premorbid CV disease. Methods. We reviewed CV outcomes during the long-term followup of patients in the first 4 European Vasculitis Study Group (EUVAS) trials of WG and MPA. CV events were defined as CV death, stroke, myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft, or percutaneous coronary intervention. Logistic regression was performed to create a model to predict the absolute risk of a CV event. The model was tested using the Wegener's Granulomatosis Etanercept Trial (WGET) cohort. Results. Seventy-four (13.8%) of 535 patients with 5 years of followup from the EUVAS trials had at least 1 CV event: 33 (11.7%) of 281 WG versus 41 (16.1%) of 254 MPA. The independent determinants of CV outcomes were older age (odds ratio [OR] 1.45, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.11-1.90), diastolic hypertension (OR 1.97, 95% CI 0.98-3.95), and positive proteinase 3 (PR3) antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) status (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.20-0.74). The model was validated using the WGET cohort (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.80). Conclusion. Within 5 years of diagnosis of WG or MPA, 14% of patients will have a CV event. We have constructed and validated a tool to quantify the risk of a CV event based on age, diastolic hypertension, and PR3 ANCA status in patients without prior CV disease. In patients with vasculitis, PR3 ANCA is associated with a reduced CV risk compared to myeloperoxidase ANCA or negative ANCA status.
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| 37. |
- Troussov, A., et al.
(författare)
-
Spreading Activation Methods
- 2009
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Ingår i: Dynamic and Advanced Data Mining for Progressing Technological Development. - : IGI Global.
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spreading activation (also known as spread of activation) is a method for searching associative networks, neural networks or semantic networks. The method is based on the idea of quickly spreading an associative relevancy measure over the network. The goal is to give an expanded introduction to the method. The authors will demonstrate and describe in sufficient detail that this method can be applied to very diverse problems and applications. They present the method as a general framework. First they will present this method as a very general class of algorithms on large (or very large) so-called multidimensional networks which will serve a mathematical model. Then they will define so-called micro-applications of the method including local search, relationship/association search, polycentric queries, computing of dynamic local ranking, etc. Finally they will present different applications of the method including ontology-based text processing, unsupervised document clustering, collaborative tagging systems, etc.
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| 38. |
- Wang, Xingyu, et al.
(författare)
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Tobacco use and risk of acute stroke in 32 countries in the INTERSTROKE study: a case–control study
- 2024
-
Ingår i: eClinicalMedicine. - 2589-5370. ; 70
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Smoking is a major risk factor for the global burden of stroke. We have previously reported a global population attributable risk (PAR) of stroke of 12.4% associated with current smoking. In this study we aimed to explore the association of current tobacco use with different types of tobacco exposure and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on the risk of stroke and stroke subtypes, and by regions and country income levels. Methods: The INTERSTROKE study is a case–control study of acute first stroke and was undertaken with 13,462 stroke cases and 13,488 controls recruited between January 11, 2007 and August 8, 2015 in 32 countries worldwide. Association of risk of tobacco use and ETS exposure were analysed with overall stroke, ischemic and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and with TOAST etiological stroke subtypes (large vessel, small vessel, cardioembolism, and undetermined). Findings: Current smoking was associated with an increased risk of all stroke (odds ratio [OR] 1.64, 95% CI 1.46–1.84), and had a stronger association with ischemic stroke (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.61–2.11) than ICH (OR 1.19 95% CI 1.00–1.41). The OR and PAR of stroke among current smokers varied significantly between regions and income levels with high income countries (HIC) having the highest odds (OR 3.02 95% CI 2.24–4.10) and PAR (18.6%, 15.1–22.8%). Among etiological subtypes of ischemic stroke, the strongest association of current smoking was seen for large vessel stroke (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.63–2.87) and undetermined cause (OR 1.97, 95% CI 1.55–2.50). Both filtered (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.50–1.99) and non-filtered (OR 2.59, 95% CI 1.79–3.77) cigarettes were associated with stroke risk. ETS exposure increased the risk of stroke in a dose-dependent manner, exposure for more than 10 h per week increased risk for all stroke (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.69–2.27), ischemic stroke (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.59–2.24) and ICH (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.60–2.50). Interpretation: There are significant variations in the magnitude of risk and PAR of stroke according to the types of tobacco used, active and ETS exposure, and countries with different income levels. Specific strategies to discourage tobacco use by any form and to build a smoke free environment should be implemented to ease the global burden of stroke. Funding: The Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, Canadian Stroke Network, Swedish Research Council, Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation, The Health & Medical Care Committee of the Regional Executive Board, Region Västra Götaland, and through unrestricted grants from several pharmaceutical companies with major contributions from Astra Zeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada), Pfizer (Canada), MERCK, Sharp and Dohme, Swedish Heart and Lung Foundation, UK Chest, and UK Heart and Stroke.
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| 39. |
- Zattoni, Alessandro, et al.
(författare)
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Does board independence influence financial performance in IPO firms? : The moderating role of the national business system
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of world business (Print). - Kidlington : Pergamon Press. - 1090-9516 .- 1878-5573. ; 52:5, s. 628-639
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Prior evidence suggests that board independence may enhance financial performance, but this relationship has been tested almost exclusively for Anglo-American countries. To explore the boundary conditions of this prominent governance mechanism, we examine the impact of the formal and information institutions of 18 national business systems on the board independence-financial performance relationship. Our results show that while the direct effect of independence is weak, national-level institutions significantly moderate the independence-performance relationship. Our findings suggest that the efficacy of board structures is likely to be contingent on the specific national context, but the type of legal system is insignificant. © 2017 Elsevier Inc.
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