| 1. |
- Hellmer, Kahl, et al.
(författare)
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What's (not) underpinning ambivalent sexism? : Revisiting the roles of ideology, religiosity, personality, demographics, and men's facial hair in explaining hostile and benevolent sexism
- 2018
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 122, s. 29-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ambivalent sexism is a two-dimensional framework that assesses sexist and misogynous attitudes. The current corpus of research on such attitudes suggest that they are predicted by numerous variables, including religious beliefs, ideological variables, and men's facial hair. Most studies, however, have treated such predictors as if they are independent – inferring that zero-order correlations between sexism and its predictors are not confounded by omitted third variables. In the current work, we address ambivalent sexism using a large array of known correlates of sexist attitudes in two large and demographically diverse samples. We show that low empathic concern is the primary driver of hostile-, but not benevolent sexism (Study 1); that social dominance orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, religiosity, and low Openness and Agreeableness differentially predict ambivalent sexism (Study 2); along with male gender and low education level (Study 1 and 2). Contradicting an earlier finding, men's facial hair was not correlated with hostile sexism in either studies and a short full beard predicted lower scores on benevolent sexism in Study 2. Thus, we replicated the main findings from most previous research except for men's facial hair, and we also show the paths through which predictors of sexist attitudes exert their effects.
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| 2. |
- Jylhä, Kirsti, et al.
(författare)
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Climate-friendly food choice intentions among emerging adults : Extending the theory of planned behavior with objective ambivalence, climate-change worry and optimism
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climate-friendly food choices are still relatively rarely addressed in studies investigating climate engagement, particularly among young people. We therefore examine which factors correlate with intentions to make these choices among emerging adults. Our overarching theoretical framework is the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which we extended with emotional factors (climate-change worry and optimism) and attitudinal ambivalence. We found that all factors included, except for optimism, correlated with the food-choice intentions. Climate-change worry was the second strongest predictor, after attitudes. Moreover, a measure of objective attitudinal ambivalence correlated negatively with food-choice intentions and moderated the correlation between attitudes and intentions by weakening it. The results support the validity of using the TPB model when explaining intentions to make climate-friendly food choices among young people. However, our results suggest that it is also important to consider emotions—in this case climate-related worry—and the existence of conflicting evaluations about choosing climate-friendly food.
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| 3. |
- Jylhä, Kirsti
(författare)
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Denial Versus Reality of Climate Change
- 2017
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of the Anthropocene. - : Elsevier.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Despite the extensive supportive evidence for climate change, there still exists doubt and denial about the topic among the public. One reason for this is that misinformation about climate science is widespread in the society. It should be noted,however, that some individuals are more prone to denying climate change than others. As reviewed in this contribution, different psychological mechanisms could explain this variance in climate change denial. For example, complexity of the topic or efforts to decrease negative emotions may explain some part of the variation. Importantly, however, it has been found that sociopolitical ideology has a particularly important role in explaining climate change denial. This is of importance, because ideologically motivated rejection of science cannot be addressed solely by focusing on communicating science. Rather, the underlying concerns and motivational needs that cause the rejectionshould be addressed. For instance, environmental messages may threaten some individuals’ ideological convictions and social identity. Sociopolitical ideology has been shown to include two components: resistance to/acceptance of change and acceptance of/rejection of inequality. Recent research findings suggest that, although both of these components are likely to explain climate change denial, the latter seems to play a particularly central role. Based on the psychological mechanism explaining climate change denial, possible communication strategies have been proposed.
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| 4. |
- Jylhä, Kirsti M., et al.
(författare)
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Acceptance of group-based dominance and climate change denial : A cross-cultural study in Hong Kong, New Zealand, and Sweden
- 2021
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Ingår i: Asian journal of social psychology (Print). - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1367-2223 .- 1467-839X. ; 24:2, s. 198-207
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the importance of overcoming the persistent delay in climate action, almost no research has investigated the psychological underpinnings of climate change denial in Asian countries. Addressing this research gap, our study compares results obtained in Hong Kong with those of samples from New Zealand and Sweden regarding correlations of climate change denial with acceptance of dominance between social groups (Social Dominance Orientation), acceptance of two additional forms of group-based dominance (humans over nature, and humans over animals), and empathic concern. Results showed that only acceptance of human dominance over nature and animals predicted climate change denial in Hong Kong. In New Zealand and Sweden, however, the results resembled those found in previous research: The strongest predictor was Social Dominance Orientation, followed by acceptance of human dominance over nature. Low empathic concern predicted climate change denial only in Sweden. Results in Hong Kong differ from previous findings and indicate that climate change denial in this East Asian society is motivated more by hierarchical attitudes related to nature than social groups. We discuss possible reasons for these distinct findings and conclude that there is a need for cross-cultural research to further investigate the psychological and culture-specific motivations to dismiss climate change.
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| 5. |
- Jylhä, Kirsti M., et al.
(författare)
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Climate Change Denial among Radical Right-Wing Supporters
- 2020
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 12:23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The linkage between political right-wing orientation and climate change denial is extensively studied. However, previous research has almost exclusively focused on the mainstream right, which differs from the far right (radical and extreme) in some important domains. Thus, we investigated correlates of climate change denial among supporters of a radical right-wing party (Sweden Democrats, N = 2216), a mainstream right-wing party (the Conservative Party, Moderaterna, N = 634), and a mainstream center-left party (Social Democrats, N = 548) in Sweden. Across the analyses, distrust of public service media (Swedish Television, SVT), socioeconomic right-wing attitudes, and antifeminist attitudes outperformed the effects of anti-immigration attitudes and political distrust in explaining climate change denial, perhaps because of a lesser distinguishing capability of the latter mentioned variables. For example, virtually all Sweden Democrat supporters oppose immigration. Furthermore, the effects of party support, conservative ideologies, and belief in conspiracies were relatively weak, and vanished or substantially weakened in the full models. Our results suggest that socioeconomic attitudes (characteristic for the mainstream right) and exclusionary sociocultural attitudes and institutional distrust (characteristic for the contemporary European radical right) are important predictors of climate change denial, and more important than party support per se.
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| 6. |
- Jylhä, Kirsti M., et al.
(författare)
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Denial of anthropogenic climate change : Social dominance orientation helps explain the conservative male effect in Brazil and Sweden
- 2016
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 98, s. 184-187
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Political conservatives and males are more likely to deny human influence on climate change. In this paper we examine the role of social dominance orientation (SDO) in explaining this “conservative male” effect by testing whether SDO mediates the influence of both political conservatism and gender on anthropogenic climate change denial. We use cross-sectional online-based data from Brazil (N = 367) and Sweden (N = 221) to test our mediation hypothesis. Results from path analysis showed that SDO partially or fully mediated the influence of political orientation and gender on anthropogenic climate change denial. The results provide insights about the role of SDO in the “conservative male” effect, and suggest that SDO could be considered more comprehensively in studies focusing on climate change denial and environmental attitudes/behaviors.
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| 7. |
- Jylhä, Kirsti Maria
(författare)
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Ideological roots of climate change denial : Resistance to change, acceptance of inequality, or both?
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Climate change denial has been found to correlate with sociopolitical ideology. The general aim of the present thesis was to investigate this relation, and more specifically to 1) test the unique effects of intercorrelated ideological variables on denial, and 2) investigate the psychological underpinnings of the ideology-denial relation. This approach helps estimating what component of right-wing ideology better explains climate change denial; resistance to change (indexed by left-right/liberal-conservative political orientation, right-wing authoritarianism, and system justification), or acceptance of inequality (indexed by social dominance orientation [SDO]). In Paper I, SDO outperformed the effects of right-wing authoritarianism and political left-right orientation on denial (Study 1 and 2). Further, the SDO-denial relation was stable when denial scores were experimentally lowered by a newscast that communicated supportive evidence for climate change (Study 2). Thus, the following studies focused specifically on the SDO-denial relation by testing path models that also included other ideological variables (political conservatism, system justification, and endorsement of nature dominance), as well as personality variables (dominance, empathy, openness to experience, and anxiety avoidance) and/or gender. In Paper II, SDO and endorsement of nature dominance explained unique parts of climate change denial, and both of these variables mediated the effects of system justification and (low) empathy on denial. SDO mediated also the effect of dominance. In Paper III, focusing specifically on denial of human-induced climate change, SDO either partially or fully mediated the effects of political conservatism and gender across two cultural contexts (Brazil and Sweden). Additional analyses extended these results, by building on the model presented in Paper II. These analyses showed that SDO (and in some cases also political conservatism and endorsement of nature dominance) fully mediated the effects of gender and personality variables on denial, with one exception: Predisposition to avoid experiencing anxiety predicted denial directly, as well as through a link via general conservative ideology (system justification or political conservatism). In sum, the results indicate that denial is more strongly and consistently predicted by SDO than by the other included variables. Thus, endorsement of group-based inequality/hierarchies offers an important explanation for climate change denial.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Jylhä, Kirsti M., et al.
(författare)
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Radical right-wing voters from right and left : Comparing Sweden Democrat voters who previously voted for the Conservative Party or the Social Democratic Party
- 2019
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Political Studies. - : Wiley. - 0080-6757 .- 1467-9477. ; 42:3-4, s. 220-244
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As in many other European countries, the political system has undergone rapid changes in Sweden while a radical right-wing party - The Sweden Democrats (SD) - has grown from a negligible position into one of the country's largest parties. SD has been winning voters from both the right and the left sides of the political spectrum, and particularly from Sweden's two largest parties, the Conservative Party (Moderaterna, M) and the Social Democratic Party (S). The present study investigated the extent to which SD voters who previously voted for one of these two parties differ from each other, and compared these SD voters with current Conservative Party and Social Democratic voters. The results showed that 1) economic deprivation offers a better explanation for the past mobility from S, than from M, to the SD; 2) no group differences were found between previous M and S voters in attitudes connected to the appeal of an anti-establishment party; and 3) views on the profile issues espoused by the radical right, most importantly opposition to immigration, did not differ between SD voters who come from M and S. However, SD voters - particularly SD voters who had formerly voted for the Social Democratic party - differed from the voters of their previous parties in several aspects. It is thus possible that many SD voters will not return to the parties they previously voted for, at least as long as the immigration issue continues to be of high salience in the society.
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| 10. |
- Jylhä, Kirsti M., et al.
(författare)
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Right-Wing Populism and Climate Change Denial : The Roles of Exclusionary and Anti-Egalitarian Preferences, Conservative Ideology, and Antiestablishment Attitudes
- 2020
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Ingår i: Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy. - : WILEY. - 1529-7489 .- 1530-2415. ; 20:1, s. 315-335
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Populist right-wing politicians and voters tend to dismiss climate change. To investigate possible reasons for this, we tested correlations between climate change denial and variables linked to right-wing populism (Study 1: N = 1,587; Study 2: N = 909). The strongest predictor of climate change denial was an index capturing exclusionary and anti-egalitarian preferences (opposition to, e.g., multiculturalism and feminism), followed by traditional values (Study 1) and Social Dominance Orientation (Study 2). Populist antiestablishment attitudes correlated only weakly with climate change denial, and this correlation vanished when exclusionary and anti-egalitarian preferences were controlled for. Also, the effects of authoritarianism (Study 2) and (low) openness vanished in the full models. Climate change denial did not correlate with (low) agreeableness, which is a personality trait linked to populism. However, both antiestablishment attitudes and climate change denial correlated with pseudoscientific beliefs (e.g., anti-vaccination attitudes) (Study 1). To conclude, we did not find support for a notable linkage between climate change denial and populist antiestablishment attitudes. Thus, when addressing climate change denial, it could be more beneficial to focus on the ideological worldviews that are being protected by denial, such as endorsement of the existing societal power relations, than on the antiestablishment arguments used by some who deny.
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| 11. |
- Jylhä, Kirsti M., et al.
(författare)
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Xenophobia among radical and mainstream right-wing party voters : prevalence, correlates and influence on party support
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ethnic and Racial Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0141-9870 .- 1466-4356. ; 45:16, s. 261-286
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Considering the current political relevance of anti-immigration sentiments, we examined preference to avoid interacting with immigrants - conceptualized here as a manifestation of xenophobia - among radical (Sweden Democrats, Sverigedemokraterna, N = 2216) and mainstream (Conservative Party, Moderaterna, N = 634) right-wing voters in Sweden. Correlates of xenophobia did not differ between the voter groups or compared to other populations in previous research, suggesting that increased societal focus on immigration has not altered the correlation patterns. Intended Sweden Democrat (vs. Conservative Party) voting correlated with Right-Wing Authoritarianism, institutional distrust, less right-leaning socioeconomic attitudes (in both low- and high-xenophobia subgroups), sexist attitudes (low-xenophobia subgroup), male gender and younger age (high-xenophobia subgroup). In both voter groups, respondents with higher xenophobia expressed on average more sympathy for the Sweden Democrats, perhaps indicating a larger potential voter base. We discuss the interplay of xenophobia and contemporary voting behaviours, and the concept of xenophobia in relation to anti-immigration attitudes.
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| 12. |
- Jylhä, Kirsti, et al.
(författare)
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Populist attitudes and climate change denial : On the roles of conservative values, anti-egalitarianism, xenophobia, and anti-political establishment attitudes
- 2017
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the extensive scientific evidence for human induced climate change, many still question or deny it. Previous research has shown that individuals who support right-wing populist parties tend to deny climate change to a higher degree than individuals supporting established parties. However, populism combines different views, and from the current state of knowledge it is unclear if these views uniquely correlate with climate change denial. Importantly, both populist discourses and rejection of climate science tend to include anti-establishment arguments, but it has been questioned if the true motivation behind them indeed lies in anti-establishmentarianism. For example, populism seems to be driven by xenophobic and anti-minority attitudes, and climate change denial has been connected to endorsement of group-based dominance. To improve our understanding of the populism-denial relation, the present study (N = 1588) tested the correlations between climate change denial and views commonly held by right-wing populists. Specifically, we investigated the effects of conservative values, anti-egalitarian attitudes (antifeminism and homophobia), xenophobia, and anti-political establishment attitudes on climate change denial. Positive zero-order correlations were found between all variables. Next, stepwise regression analysis revealed that conservative values, antifeminism, homophobia, and xenophobia have unique effects on denial, but anti-political establishment attitudes do not explain any unique variance in denial above the other included variables. Our results provide important insight about the potential motivations to dispute climate change among populist parties and their voters. Rather than reflecting anti-establishmentarianism per se, climate change denial seems to be driven by endorsement of traditional values and power structures.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Jylhä, Kirsti, et al.
(författare)
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Science Denial : A Narrative Review and Recommendations for Future Research and Practice
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Psychologist. - : Hogrefe. - 1016-9040 .- 1878-531X. ; 28:3, s. 151-161
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Science denial has adverse consequences at individual and societal levels and even for the future of our planet. The present article aimed to answer the question: What leads people to deny even the strongest evidence and distrust the scientific method? The article provides a narrative review of research on the underpinnings of science denial, with the main focus on climate change denial. Perspectives that are commonly studied separately are integrated. We review key findings on the roles of disinformation and basic cognitive processes, motivated reasoning (focusing on ideology and populism), and emotion regulation in potentially shaping (or not shaping) views on science and scientific topics. We also include research on youth, a group in an important transition phase in life that is the future decision-makers but less commonly focused on in the research field. In sum, we describe how the manifestations of denial can stem from cognitive biases, motivating efforts to find seemingly rational support for desirable conclusions, or attempts to regulate emotions when feeling threatened or powerless. To foster future research agendas and mindful applications of the results, we identify some research gaps (most importantly related to cross cultural considerations) and examine the unique features or science denial as an object of psychological research. Based on the review, we make recommendations on measurement, science communication, and education.
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| 15. |
- Jylhä, Kirsti, et al.
(författare)
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Social dominance orientation and climate change denial : The role of dominance and system justification
- 2015
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Elsevier BV. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 86, s. 108-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Extending previous research, we examined whether the relation between social dominance orientation (SDO) and climate change denial reflects group-based dominance (SDO and nature dominance) or general system justification. Moreover, we examined whether the relation between personality (domineering and empathy) and denial is mediated by group-based dominance variables. The results showed that the group-based dominance variables reduce the effect of system justification on denial to nonsignificant. Also, social dominance and nature dominance explain unique parts of the variance in denial. Moreover, path analyses showed that the relations between empathy and system justification with denial are mediated by both of the group-based dominance variables, while the relation between domineering and denial is mediated only by SDO. Together, these results suggest that denial is driven partly by dominant personality and low empathy, and partly by motivation to justify and promote existing social and human-nature hierarchies. We conclude by suggesting that climate change mitigation efforts could be more successful if framed as being clearly beneficial for everybody and nonthreateningto existing social order.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Nilsson, Annika E., et al.
(författare)
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Future narratives
- 2017
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Ingår i: Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic. - Oslo, Norway : Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme. ; , s. 109-126
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 18. |
- Rutgersson, Anna, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Natural hazards and extreme events in the Baltic Sea region
- 2022
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Ingår i: Earth System Dynamics. - : Copernicus Publications. - 2190-4979 .- 2190-4987. ; 13:1, s. 251-301
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A natural hazard is a naturally occurring extreme event that has a negative effect on people and society or the environment. Natural hazards may have severe implications for human life and can potentially generate economic losses and damage ecosystems. A better understanding of their major causes, probability of occurrence, and consequences enables society to be better prepared to save human lives as well as to invest in adaptation options. Natural hazards related to climate change are identified as one of the Grand Challenges in the Baltic Sea region. Here, we summarize existing knowledge about extreme events in the Baltic Sea region with a focus on the past 200 years as well as on future climate scenarios. The events considered here are the major hydro-meteorological events in the region and include wind storms, extreme waves, high and low sea levels, ice ridging, heavy precipitation, sea-effect snowfall, river floods, heat waves, ice seasons, and drought. We also address some ecological extremes and the implications of extreme events for society (phytoplankton blooms, forest fires, coastal flooding, offshore infrastructure, and shipping). Significant knowledge gaps are identified, including the response of large-scale atmospheric circulation to climate change and also concerning specific events, for example, the occurrence of marine heat waves and small-scale variability in precipitation. Suggestions for future research include the further development of high-resolution Earth system models and the potential use of methodologies for data analysis (statistical methods and machine learning). With respect to the expected impacts of climate change, changes are expected for sea level, extreme precipitation, heat waves and phytoplankton blooms (increase), and cold spells and severe ice winters (decrease). For some extremes (drying, river flooding, and extreme waves), the change depends on the area and time period studied.
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