| 1. |
- Elbe, Pia, et al.
(author)
-
Computerized Cognitive Interventions for Adults With ADHD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- 2023
-
In: Neuropsychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0894-4105 .- 1931-1559. ; 37:5, s. 519-530
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Treatments for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are understudied, compared to children and adolescents with the same condition. In this systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis, we aim to evaluate the outcomes of computerized cognitive training (CCT) interventions in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including adults with ADHD.Method: Cognitive outcomes and ADHD symptom severity were analyzed separately. In addition, the Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities was used to categorize outcome variables into subdomains, which were analyzed separately in a subsequent analysis.Results: The results revealed a small positive change in overall cognitive functioning, a measure of all cognitive outcomes in each study, for individuals who took part in CCT compared to controls (k = 9, Hedge’s g = 0.235, 95% CI [0.002, 0.467], p = 0.048, τ2 = 0.000, I2 = 0.000). However, neither symptom severity nor specific cognitive outcomes (executive functioning, cognitive speed, or working memory) showed a significant improvement.Conclusions: We analyzed the risk of bias in the chosen studies and discuss the findings in terms of effect size. It is concluded that CCT has a small positive effect in adults with ADHD. Due to the lack of heterogeneity in intervention designs across the included studies, increased heterogeneity in future studies could help inform clinicians about the aspects of CCT, such as training type and length, that are most beneficial for this group.
|
|
| 2. |
- Elbe, Pia, et al.
(author)
-
Differential Impacts of Addition and Omission Deviants on the Working Memory Performance of Adults with and without Self-reported ADHD
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- To improve work productivity and concentration when undertaking daily tasks, such as studying or engaging in mentally difficult activities, some individuals prefer to work in the presence of background auditory noise such as music, nature sounds, or even white noise. We investigated the impact of background white noise on short-term serial recall performance in adults with (n = 66) and without (n = 66) ADHD whereby variation in other traits that could potentially influence performance (anxiety and depression) was controlled. The potential decline of the impact of task-irrelevant sound across trials (e.g., habituation) and serial position effects were also explored. Participants completed the verbal working memory task in the presence of continuous white noise sequences that were occasionally interrupted by a period of quiet (omission deviant), and continuous quiet sequences that were occasionally interrupted by a period of white noise (addition deviant). Addition deviants were more disruptive for non-ADHD individuals than ADHD individuals, while omission deviants were more disruptive for ADHD individuals than non-ADHD individuals. A direct implication of this interaction is, in order to limit distractions, adults with ADHD should refrain from listening to continuous background white noise if there is a likelihood of a break in sound stimulation, whereas adults without ADHD should avoid quiet auditory backgrounds in which a rare or unexpected sound may occur. Further, exploratory findings show the absence of a serial position primacy effect for adults self-reporting ADHD compared to adults without ADHD.
|
|
| 3. |
- Elbe, Pia, et al.
(author)
-
Effects of auditory and tactile distraction in adults with low and high ADHD symptoms
- 2024
-
In: Journal of Cognitive Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2044-5911 .- 2044-592X.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to investigate whether symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) impact distraction by unexpected deviant sounds and vibrations. The hypothesis was that there would be a difference between individuals with low and high ADHD symptom severity in deviance distraction. In a cross-modal oddball task, we measured the impact of to-be-ignored deviating auditory and vibro-tactile stimuli in 45 adults who were 18 years or older, and self-reported ADHD symptoms using the screening tool of the adult ADHD self-report scale (ASRS). Results did not show a difference between groups with low and high symptoms of ADHD in their propensity for distraction in any modality using both frequentist and Bayesian methods of analysis. The impact of the deviating sounds and vibrations on performance were similar between groups. However, the amount of missed trials, which possibly reflects mind wandering or attention away from the focal task, was higher in the high symptom group (0.5 % difference in missing data between groups). The findings indicate a difference in missed responses between groups, despite no differences in the likelihood of distraction being indicated between vibro-tactile and auditory modalities. Overall, the complexity of adult ADHD symptomatology, especially behavioral differences in attentional control is reflected in the results of this study.
|
|
| 4. |
- Elbe, Pia
(author)
-
Exploring the Hidden Dimensions of Distraction in Adults with Atypical Attention
- 2023
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Inattention and proclivity for distraction are symptoms of adult ADHD that hamper productivity in study and work environments. The topic of this dissertation is mechanisms of distraction and facilitation of attention in ADHD. This thesis includes three studies. The following overarching questions are addressed in each study respectively: (1) Is computerized cognitive training (CCT) an intervention which improves overall cognitive outcomes in adults with ADHD, (2) Are there differences depending on ADHD symptom severity and distraction in auditory or vibro-tactile sensory modalities, and (3) Is background white noise a shield from distraction for those with ADHD during a short-term memory task?Study I is a systematic review and meta-analysis of CCT interventions for adults with ADHD, following a pre- post-test design for randomized controlled trials. Nine intervention studies are included in the systematic review, with the resulting meta-analysis for overall cognitive outcomes showing a very small benefit of the CCT intervention. Study I also included sub-analyses of three outcome categories according to the Cattell-Horn-Carol framework of cognition: cognitive speed, executive functions, and short-term memory. None of these individual meta-analyses resulted in significant improvements. Participants took part in a cross-modal visual oddball task with auditory and vibro-tactile distractors in Study II. Forty-five participants were divided into two groups for the analysis: one group with low ADHD symptoms and one group with high ADHD symptoms. Findings did not show a relationship between ADHD symptom status and distraction in either auditory or vibro-tactile modality, despite both groups showing the expected slowed reactions on deviant trials. A sensitivity analysis showed that the high symptom group exhibited 0.5 % more missed trials compared to the low symptom group, possibly due to mind wandering in this non-forced-choice task.For Study III, serial recall data was collected from sixty-six individuals with ADHD and sixty-six healthy control participants, who were tested with white background noise and no background noise conditions. The results showed that participants with ADHD were more likely to get distracted by auditory omission deviants in continuous background white noise, whereas healthy controls were more likely to get distracted by auditory addition deviants in the condition without background noise. Also, the individuals with ADHD on average did not exhibit a typical primacy effect across serial recall items. Overall, the results of the three studies in this dissertation point to some areas for improvement for adults with ADHD where targeted behavioral interventions might be useful in the future.
|
|
| 5. |
- Elbe, Pia, et al.
(author)
-
Predicting attention shifting abilities from self-reported media multitasking
- 2019
-
In: Psychonomic Bulletin & Review. - : Springer. - 1069-9384 .- 1531-5320. ; 26:4, s. 1257-1265
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Media multitasking is an increasingly prominent behavior in affluent societies. However, it still needs to be established if simultaneous use of several modes of media content has an influence on higher cognitive functions, such as divided attention. In this study, attention shifting was the primary focus, since switching between tasks is assumed to be necessary for media multitasking. Two tasks, the number–letter and local–global task, were used as measures of switching ability. The cognitive reflections task was included to control for possible effects of intelligence. Results from linear regression analyses showed that higher levels of media multitasking was related to lower switching costs in the two attention-shifting tasks. These findings replicate previous findings suggesting that heavy media multitaskers perform better on select measures of task switching. We suggest two possible explanations for our results: media multitasking may practice skills needed for switching between tasks, or high media multitaskers are choosing this style of technology use due to a dominating personality trait in this group.
|
|
| 6. |
- Eriksson Sörman, Daniel, et al.
(author)
-
Complexity of Primary Lifetime Occupation and Cognitive Processing
- 2019
-
In: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 10
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Today, there are a lack of studies focusing on the relationship between occupational complexity and executive functioning. This is noteworthy since executive functions are core aspects of cognitive processing. The present study was aimed to investigate if three occupational complexity factors (with data, people, and things) of main lifetime occupation were related to performance in executive tasks (inhibition, switching, updating). We analyzed cross-sectional data that were available for 225 participants aged 50–75 years. Results from structural equation models showed that higher complexity levels of working with data were related to lower error rates in the updating component of cognitive control. In addition, higher rates of complexity working with people was associated with lower error rates in task-switching, which also persisted after adjustment of fluid intelligence. Complexity with things, however, was not related to performance in the executive tasks. Future studies would benefit from a longitudinal design to investigate if the results from this study also hold in the long term and to further investigate the directionality between factors.
|
|
| 7. |
- Eriksson Sörman, Daniel, et al.
(author)
-
Different Features of Bilingualism in Relation to Executive Functioning
- 2019
-
In: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 10:269
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The notion that the long-term practice of managing two languages is beneficial for the executive control system is an ongoing debate. Criticism have been raised that studies demonstrating a bilingual advantage often suffer from small sample sizes, and do not control for fluid intelligence as a possible confound. Taking those suggested factors into account, focusing on older bilingual age groups and investigating the potential effects of linguistic distances, this study aimed to improve the interpretations of the bilinguals’ advantages. Measures of inhibition (Flanker, Stroop, Simon task) and switching (Number-letter, Color-Shape, Local-global task) were collected in participants in the ages 50-75 years (n = 193). Despite a large study sample, results did not support any beneficial effects related to improve processing costs in executive functioning. Sub-analyses of the two different language groups (Swedish – Finnish / Swedish – English) intended to investigate the effect of linguistic distances did not change this outcome. Future studies exploring the potential long-term term effects of bilingualism would benefit from identifying tests of cognitive control with greater ecological validity and include other measures of cognitive functioning. Language learning interventions may also be a promising tool for future research.
|
|
| 8. |
- Eriksson Sörman, Daniel, et al.
(author)
-
Reading Habits Among Older Adults in Relation to Level and 15-Year Changes in Verbal Fluency and Episodic Recall
- 2018
-
In: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 9
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The main objective of this study was to investigate reading habits in older adults in relation to level and 15-year changes in verbal fluency and episodic recall. We examined a sample of 1157 participants (55 years at baseline) up to 15 years after the baseline assessment using latent growth curve modeling of cognitive measures with baseline reading frequency (books, weekly magazines) as a predictor of cognitive level (intercept) and rate of change (slope). Subgroup analyses were performed to investigate the role of an early adult g factor in the association between reading habits and cognitive ability in midlife. Frequent reading of books, but not of magazines, was associated with higher levels of verbal fluency and recall but unrelated to rate of longitudinal decline. Subgroup analyses indicated that the g factor in early adulthood predicted reading and cognitive level in midlife and this factor removed the current association between reading habits and level of cognitive ability (both cognitive factors). The results indicate an enduring relationship between book reading and level of cognitive ability across the adult life span and provide little support of the hypothesis that frequent reading protects against latelife cognitive decline. The extent to which book reading promotes cognitive functioning in childhood/youth remains to be demonstrated. Intervention studies may be useful in this regard.
|
|
| 9. |
- Eriksson Sörman, Daniel, 1974-, et al.
(author)
-
Relationships between Dota 2 expertise and decision-making ability
- 2022
-
In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science. - 1932-6203. ; 17:3
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Esports is an often time-consuming activity that has become increasingly popular with billions of players all over the world. The objective of this study was to investigate if there is a relationship between skill level in the strategy video game Dota 2, a game that places many demands on decision making to be successful, and decision making under ambiguity and experience as measured by performance in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a task known to have ecological validity. Two indicators of players’ performance in Dota 2, namely match-making rating (MMR) and Medal, were used as predictors of performance in the IGT in path models. Results showed that Medal was a significant predictor of performance in IGT, while MMR score was borderline significant. The cognitive reflection task, included in the models as an indicator of the ability to engage in conscious, analytical, rational, and logical thinking, was a significant predictor of performance in IGT, and was significantly and positively related to MMR. The findings from this study give insight into the cognitive demands related to performance in Dota 2. Although results suggest that strategy video gaming may be a factor that contributes to increased decision making abilities, a reversed relationship is also possible, whereby individuals who are better at decision making are also more likely to become successful in Dota-2. More studies, preferably longitudinal, are needed to replicate the findings of this study and to establish the directionality between factors.
|
|
| 10. |
- Hjärtström, Hanna, et al.
(author)
-
Distraction and facilitation : The impact of emotional sounds in an emoji oddball task
- 2019
-
In: PsyCh Journal. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2046-0252 .- 2046-0260. ; 8:2, s. 180-186
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Emotional stimuli are argued to capture attention and consume attentional resources differently depending on their emotionalcontent. The present study investigates the impact of the automatic detection of unexpected and to-be-ignored emotional stimuli onhuman behavioral responses, and aims to unravel the differences in distraction between two negative emotional stimuli: sadness and anger.Forty participants (Mage= 25.5 years) performed a visual categorization task where angry and sad emoji faces were presented after eithera standard neutral tone (in 80% of trials) or a deviant emotional sound (tone changing in pitch; sad or angry sound in 10% of trials each)that was to be ignored. Deviant trials were either congruent (e.g., sad sound—sad face) or incongruent (e.g., angry sound—sad face).Although the stimuli presented to the participants were brief and to-be-ignored, results indicate that participants were significantly moredistracted by sad compared to angry stimuli (seen as prolonged response times). Findings are discussed with reference to the nature ofthe two negative emotions.
|
|
| 11. |
|
|
| 12. |
|
|
| 13. |
|
|
| 14. |
- Körning-Ljungberg, Jessica, et al.
(author)
-
An empirical investigation of the capture of attention by urgent and non-urgent alarms
- 2009
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Studies aiming to establish what constitutes an efficient auditory alarm have used subjective ratings to measure perceived urgency. Such studies have suggested that words spoken urgently are rated as more urgent than words spoken non-urgently. The present study aimed to measure objectively the potency of alarms to capture attention away from a focal task using a cross-modal oddball paradigm. Participants judged the parity of visual digits while ignoring task-irrelevant sounds. On most trials, a sine wave tone (standard) preceded each digit. On rare trials, the standard was replaced by a spoken word (novel). All novels distracted participants from the visual task, with urgent alarms yielding faster response latencies than non-urgent alarms. Subjective ratings confirmed that participants rated urgently spoken words as more urgent. Future work should examine whether our findings reflect perceptual differences between urgent and non-urgent novels, or the speeding up of visual targets by urgent novels.
|
|
| 15. |
- Körning-Ljungberg, Jessica, et al.
(author)
-
Attention captured - what constitutes a good alarm?
- 2009
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Most high risk occupations involve a stressful environment and auditory alarms designed to capture operator's attention and alert them about potential incidents. Most studies on auditory alarms have been conducted using subjective measurements to explore, for example, perceived urgency, highlighting factor such as the spoken intonation as important. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of intonation and valence on behavioral performance in using a cross-modal oddball measuring the involuntary capture of attention by sound. Participants judged if visually presented digits were odd or even while exposed to task-irrelevant sounds. In 80% of the trials, a sine wave tone (standard) preceded each digit, while on 20% of the trials the standard was replaced by a spoken word (novel). Novels varied in semantic valence (negative versus neutral) and intonation (urgent versus calm). Subjective ratings of perceived "urgency" and "attention grabbingness" were subsequently collected for these words from the same participants. The results revealed that, compared to the standard condition, all novels increased accuracy slightly and equally. Response latencies proved more sensitive, however, yielding a reduced distraction effect for urgent than non-urgent words, while the words' valence had no impact. The results from the subjective ratings on the other hand showed that both the words urgency and content increased significantly perceived "urgency" and "attention grabbingness". In conclusion, some of our findings fit well with alarm studies on alarms using subjective ratings and their assumption that subjective ratings are valuable for the design of better alarms. However, our results also highlight the lack of correspondence between subjective and objective measures of attention capture with respect to the words' content.
|
|
| 16. |
|
|
| 17. |
- Körning-Ljungberg, Jessica
(author)
-
Auditory attentional capture : dissociations between objective and subjective indices
- 2008
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- With relevance to auditory alarm design, we examined whether the semanticity of spoken words (Negatively-valenced vs Neutral; Non-words vs words; Action vs non-Action words) and their intonation-style ("urgent" vs. "calm") modulate the extent to which words capture attention from a visually-presented serial recall task (objective measure) and whether these behavioural effects map onto subjective ratings of "Perceived urgency" and "Attention grabbingness" (subjective measure). Compared to quiet or a repeated tone, the infrequent presentation of a spoken word captured attention-as indexed by an impairment of serial recall-but there were no effects of semanticity or intonation. However, action words were rated as more urgent and attention-grabbing than neutral words which were rated as more urgent and attention-grabbing than non-words. "Urgent" words were also rated higher in urgency and attention grabbingness than "calm" words regardless of valence. The results question the utility of subjective ratings for the purpose of spoken-alarm design.
|
|
| 18. |
- Körning-Ljungberg, Jessica, et al.
(author)
-
Cognitive after-effects of vibration and noise exposure and the role of subjective noise sensitivity
- 2007
-
In: Journal of Occupational Health. - : Wiley. - 1341-9145 .- 1348-9585. ; 49:2, s. 111-116
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigated the effects on attention performance after exposure to noise and whole-body vibration in relation to subjective noise sensitivity. Sixteen high and 16 low sensitivity male students, as determined by the Weinstein Noise Sensitivity Questionnaire, participated in a within-subjects experiment. Noise and vibration stimuli similar to those usually occurring in forestry vehicles were presented either individually, combined or not at all in four separate sessions lasting approximately 44 min. After exposure, participants completed an attention task and made subjective ratings of alertness. No main effect of noise sensitivity was observed in MANOVA, thus the data was pooled with the data from a pilot study using the exact same procedure without using a noise sensitivity inclusion criterion. The combined data revealed performance degradation in the attention task after exposure to vibration, regardless as to whether it was presented alone or in combination with noise. Increased ratings of alertness after vibration exposure and decreased ratings of alertness after noise exposure were also found. Neither synergistic nor antagonistic effects were observed from the combined noise and vibration exposure.
|
|
| 19. |
|
|
| 20. |
- Körning-Ljungberg, Jessica
(author)
-
Combined exposures of noise and whole-body vibration and the effects on psychological responses : a review
- 2009
-
In: Noise & Vibration Bulletin. - 0144-7785. ; , s. 198-119
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this review is to shed light on a research area that concerns the studies of psychological responses to combined exposures of noise and whole-body vibration (WBV). Vehicle drivers are a group of workers that are often exposed to multiple stressors like noise, WBV and mental loads. Degraded performance because of environmental stressors may lead to injury or accidents. Standards that govern health risk assessment do not take into consideration the complexities of these multiple exposure environments (ISO 1997a, ISO 1999). Some studies have shown that the effect of one factor may be different than the effect of two factors presented together. For example, negative combined effects have been found in tracking tasks (Sommer and Harris, 1973), in arithmetic tasks (Harris and Schoenberger, 1980), as well as in subjective ratings (Ljungberg, Neely, Lundstrom, 2004), although in many of the studies the noise and WBV stimuli have been very unlike those that can be found in real working environments. Applying methods from the 'irrelevant sound' paradigm (e.g. Jones, 1990) by using short-term memory tasks with a serial component as well as focus on frequencies rather than level has been revealed to tap the resources both objectively and subjectively more in both noise and WBV studies (e.g. Banbury et al. 2001; Kjellberg, 1990). Still, most experiments that have been conducted have focused on rather short exposure times in controlled laboratory settings. Using longer exposure times might also reveal other results since longer exposure times may be negatively related to sensitivity to noise and WBV (Abbate et al. 2004; Neely, Lundstrom, and Bjorkvist, 2002, Weinstein, J 978).
|
|
| 21. |
- Körning-Ljungberg, Jessica
(author)
-
Combined exposures of noise and whole-body vibration and the effects on psychological responses : a review
- 2008
-
In: Journal of Low Frequency Noise Vibration and Active Control. - : SAGE Publications. - 0263-0923 .- 1461-3484 .- 2048-4046. ; 27:4, s. 267-279
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this review is to shed light on a research area that concerns the studies of psychological responses to combined exposures of noise and whole-body vibration (WBV). Vehicle drivers are a group of workers that are often exposed to multiple stressors like noise, WBV and mental loads. Degraded performance because of environmental stressors may lead to injury or accidents. Standards that govern health risk assessment don't take into consideration the complexities of these multiple exposure environments (ISO 1997a, ISO 1999). Some studies have shown that the effect of one factor may be different than the effect of two factors presented together. For example, negative combined effects have been found in tracking tasks (Sommer and Harris, 1973), in arithmetic tasks (Harris and Schoenberger, 1980), as well as in subjective ratings (Ljungberg, Neely, Lundström, 2004), although in many of the studies the noise and WBV stimuli have been very unlike those that can be found in real working environments. Applying methods from the "irrelevant sound" paradigm (e.g. Jones, 1990) by using short-term memory tasks with a serial component as well as focus on frequencies rather than level has been revealed to tap the resources both objectively and subjectively more in both noise and WBV studies (e.g. Banbury et al. 2001; Kjellberg, 1990) Still, most experiments that have been conducted have focused on rather short exposure times in controlled laboratory settings. Taking into consideration to use longer exposure times might also reveal other results since longer exposure times may be negatively related to sensitivity to noise and WBV (Abbate et al. 2004; Neely, Lundström, and Björkvist, 2002; Weinstein, 1978)
|
|
| 22. |
- Körning-Ljungberg, Jessica, et al.
(author)
-
Effects on spatial skills after exposure to low frequency noise
- 2004
-
In: Journal of Low Frequency Noise Vibration and Active Control. - : SAGE Publications. - 0263-0923 .- 1461-3484 .- 2048-4046. ; 23:1, s. 1-6
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A study of spatial skills was conducted with 27 male and 27 female participants. The aim of the study was to examine the post-exposure effect of a complex low frequency noise (21 Hz) on a mental rotation task. It was hypothesised that reaction time and number of errors would increase after 20 minutes exposure to noise exposure compared to performance after a control condition, and that groups exposed to higher intensity noise would exhibit greater impairment. Three groups of participants were exposed to a control condition and a noise condition (either, 77, 81 or 86 dB (A)). After each exposure, subjects completed a mental rotation task where the stimulus consisted of one of three letters presented in five different rotations, showed either normally or mirrored. The participants were asked to respond as quickly and accurately as possible, affirmatively if the letter presented was not mirrored and negatively if it was mirrored. Statistical analysis revealed that the medium intensity level generated significant post-exposure effects while no effects were seen at the low or high intensity levels
|
|
| 23. |
|
|
| 24. |
- Körning-Ljungberg, Jessica, et al.
(author)
-
Effects on spatial skills after exposure to low frequency noise
- 2002
-
In: Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 46th annual meeting - Bridging fundamentals & new opportunities : Baltimore, Maryland, September 30 - October 4, 2002. - : Human Factors and Ergonomics Society.
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A study of spatial skills was conducted with 27 male and 27 female participants. The aim of the study was to examine the post-exposure effect of a complex low frequency noise (21 Hz) on a mental rotation task. It was hypothesised that reaction time and number of errors would increase after 20 minutes exposure to noise, and that persons exposed to more intense noise would exhibit greater impairment. Three groups of participants were exposed to a quiet control condition and a noise condition (either 77, 81 or 86 dB(A)). After each exposure, subjects completed a mental rotation task where the stimulus consisted of one of three letters presented in five different rotations, shown either normally or mirrored. The participants were asked to respond as quickly and accurately as possible, affirmatively if the letter presented was not mirrored and negatively if mirrored. Statistical analysis revealed that the medium intensity level generated post-exposure effects when comparing noise and a quiet condition.
|
|
| 25. |
|
|
| 26. |
|
|
| 27. |
- Körning-Ljungberg, Jessica, et al.
(author)
-
Psychological effects of combined noise and whole body vibration : a review and avenues for future research
- 2010
-
In: Proceedings of the Institution of mechanical engineers. Part D, journal of automobile engineering. - 0954-4070 .- 2041-2991. ; 224:D10, s. 1289-1302
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Vehicle drivers are often exposed to noise, whole-body vibrations (WBV) and mental loads, but the knowledge of how combined effects from multiple environmental stressors affect mental load is sparse. Studies have shown that the effect of one factor may be different than the effect of two factors presented together. For example, negative combined effects have been found when people perform mental tasks (e.g., Sommer and Harris, 1973; Harris and Schoenberger, 1980), as well as in subjective ratings (e.g., Ljungberg, Neely, Lundström, 2004). Although some of the studies investigating the combined effects of noise and WBV suffer from low ecological validity and few have investigated the possible effects on higher cognitive functions. Applying methods well-known to be sensitive to sound exposures by using serial recall tasks (e.g., Jones, Madden & Miles, 1992) as well as methods developed in the studies of noise after-effects (e.g., Glass & Singer, 1972) may be a way to continue the research field of combined effects of noise and WBV
|
|
| 28. |
|
|
| 29. |
- Körning-Ljungberg, Jessica
(author)
-
Psychological responses to noise and vibration
- 2006
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Vehicle drivers are a group of workers that are exposed to noise and whole-body vibration (WBV) several hours a day. Some drivers may also be exposed to high mental loads – monitoring and manipulating physical controls while engaging problem solving activities often with strong short-term memory and spatial manipulation components. Present standards and regulations that govern health risk assessment do not take into consideration the complexities of these multiple exposure environments. The effect of one factor (for example, noise or WBV) may be different than the effect of two factors presented together. This thesis investigates whether the combination of noise and WBV affects the performance of cognitive tasks more than when the exposures are presented separately. A series of studies were designed to expose subjects to noise and WBV stimuli designed to simulate real life working conditions. Different combinations of subjective ratings, cognitive tests, and cortisol measurements were conducted both during and immediately after exposures, which ranged from 20 to 45 minutes. The studies have shown that a combination of noise and WBV do not degrade cognitive performance more than a single stimulus. However, WBV can degrade attention performance after exposure is turned off when drivers have been working under high mental load during exposure. The combined stimuli are also experienced as more annoying and work is more difficult in such conditions. The exposure times and task difficulty levels used in this thesis did not produce biological stress as measured by cortisol. Nevertheless, subjective ratings are sometimes seen as early indicators of other symptoms and with increased task difficulty and/or longer exposure times there may appear other measurable outcomes of the combined stimuli.
|
|
| 30. |
- Körning-Ljungberg, Jessica, et al.
(author)
-
The bilingual effects of linguistic distances on episodic memory and verbal fluency
- 2020
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 61:2, s. 195-203
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The impact of linguistic distance or the relatedness between two languages, on bilinguals’ episodic memory performance and verbal fluency is an understudied area. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine if differences in linguistic distances have differential effects on these abilities. Measures of episodic recognition, categorical fluency, and global cognitive functioning were also considered in the analyses. Two matched samples with participants living and educated in Sweden were drawn from the Betula Prospective Cohort Study. Results showed that bilinguals who speak linguistically similar languages (Swedish and English), performed significantly better than monolinguals on both episodic memory recall and letter fluency, while bilinguals who speak two languages that are more distant (Swedish and Finnish), showed no advantages compared to their monolingual counterparts. For both tasks, however, a linear trend was observed indicative of better performance for the Swedish‐English group compared to the Finnish‐Swedish group, and for the Swedish‐Finnish group compared to the monolinguals group. As expected, no differences between groups were found in any of the other cognitive tasks. Overall, results suggest that the impact of linguistic distances should be explored in more detail in the future.
|
|
| 31. |
- Körning-Ljungberg, Jessica
(author)
-
The role of semantic content of spoken words and the effect on serial recall
- 2008
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- With relevance to auditory alarm design, the aim with this study was to investigate if semantic content of words (Negative, Neutral, Non-words and Action words) and the way words are spoken ("urgent" and "calm") interrupt performance in serial recall when applying a deviant paradigm. Subjective ratings of perceived "Urgency" and "Attention grabbing" were also measured. An interruption in recall was found caused by the words, but no effects were related to the semantic content or to the way they were spoken. Interestingly, results showed that participants rated action words as more urgent and attention grabbing than neutral words and non-words. However, neutral words generated higher ratings than the non-words. Participants also experienced higher urgency and attention grabbing effect by words that were spoken "urgent" than those spoken "calm", independent of whether they were negative or neutral. In conclusion it is argued there is a dissociation between subjective and objective measurements.
|
|
| 32. |
- Körning-Ljungberg, Jessica, et al.
(author)
-
‘What’s in a name?’ ‘No more than when it's mine own’. Evidence from auditory oddball distraction
- 2014
-
In: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 150, s. 161-6
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Research of the distractor value of hearing the own name has shown that this self-referring stimulus captures attention in an involuntary fashion and create distraction. The behavioral studies are few and the outcomes are not always clear cut. In this study the distraction by own name compared to a control name was investigated by using a cross-modal oddball task in two experiments. In the first experiment, thirty-nine participants were conducting a computerized categorization task while exposed to, to-be ignored own and matched control names (controlling for familiarity, gender and number of syllables) as unexpected auditory deviant stimulus (12.5% trials for each name category) and a sine wave tone as a standard stimulus (75% of the trials). In the second experiment, another group of thirty-nine participants completed the same task but with the additional deviant stimulus of an irrelevant word added (10% trials for each deviant type and 70% trials with the standard stimulus). Results showed deviant distraction by exposure to both the irrelevant word, own and the control name compared to the standard tone but no differences were found showing that the own name captured attention and distracted the participants more than an irrelevant word or a control name. The results elucidate the role of the own name as a potent auditory distractor and possible limitations with its theoretical significance for general theories of attention are discussed.
|
|
| 33. |
- Lohilahti Bladfält, Sanna
(author)
-
Driving technology and development : Usability studies of gear shifters with variations in pattern, stability and design
- 2020
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Over the last few decades, the development of technology used in cars has moved forward at a very intensive pace. The focus has started to shift from the technology to the human as a user. The work done earlier regarding, for example, driver’s capabilities to process information, has now become a focus when developing modern cars in order to make driving more safe, efficient, and pleasurable. With increased knowledge comes new questions. With advancing technology and opportunities, questions about the user and how to adapt the technology to humans has become increasingly detailed and complex. One of these technological devices is the novel gear shifter used in passenger cars. Today, there is a transition taking place. Traditional gear shifters, which use a mechanical connection to the transmission, are being replaced by gear shifters that rely on electronic systems. This will allow for greater variation in both the function and design of modern cars. However, there is still a lack of knowledge about this new technology; we know little about what effects these variations can have on users. The aim of this thesis is to contribute with knowledge regarding this new technology by studying the conditions for technological development in general and the usability of modern gear shifters in passenger cars in particular.One field study, two laboratory studies and one interview study will be described in this thesis work. The field study, which was conducted with traditional shift-by-wire gear shifters, showed that the joystick shifter was the most preferred gear shifter type since it was familiar, however, the largest number of errors was made with the joystick and stalk shifter. Familiarity and the car environment seemed to influence the overall acceptance and attitude towards the gear shifters. The second and third study showed evidence of driver difficulties with the monostable gear shifters. Difficulties concerned the lack of dedicated positions, which withdrew both visual and haptic aid for the driver and could presumably increase the driver’s cognitive load, causing the driver to feel lost in the shifter pattern and to direct too much attention towards the gear shifter instead of the road. Participants described how extensive use of gear shifter modes that are lined up in a row could be cognitively demanding and that the single fixed position of the gear shifter did not provide the type of haptic or visual feedback that could help the driver become oriented with the shifter pattern. The third study compared the performance of the gear shifters in younger and older participants. The older participants made more errors and had longer task completion times than the younger participants. However, the older participants rated the gear shifters with higher ease-of-use scores than the younger participants. The older participants seemed to learn how to use the polystable gear shifters quite quickly, but not the monostable gear shifters. The fifth paper used a different approach and methodology to describe the complexities of decision-making in the Swedish vehicle industry. It revealed a situation where decision-making was a balancing act between normative and descriptive decision-making, often dependent on available knowledge and guidelines and whether there was time and money to acquire new and complementary knowledge. If resources for knowledge acquisition were lacking, social networking was described as a way to compensate. Well-functioning communication between teams and key actors in the development process was also revealed to be crucial for efficient decision-making. Also, a more agile way of working has the potential to impact decision-making due to different resource requirements for hardware and software.
|
|
| 34. |
- Marsh, John E., et al.
(author)
-
Executive Processes Underpin the Bilingual Advantage on Phonemic Fluency : Evidence From Analyses of Switching and Clustering
- 2019
-
In: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-1078. ; 10
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Bilinguals often show a disadvantage in lexical access on verbal fluency tasks wherein the criteria require the production of words from semantic categories. However, the pattern is more heterogeneous for letter (phonemic) fluency wherein the task is to produce words beginning with a given letter. Here, bilinguals often outperform monolinguals. One explanation for this is that phonemic fluency, as compared with semantic fluency, is more greatly underpinned by executive processes and that bilinguals exhibit better performance on phonemic fluency due to better executive functions. In this study, we re-analyzed phonemic fluency data from the Betula study, scoring outputs according to two measures that purportedly reflect executive processes: clustering and switching. Consistent with the notion that bilinguals have superior executive processes and that these can be used to offset a bilingual disadvantage in verbal fluency, bilinguals (35-65 years at baseline) demonstrated greater switching and clustering throughout the 15-year study period.
|
|
| 35. |
- Marsh, John Everett, et al.
(author)
-
Irrelevant changing-state vibrotactile stimuli disrupt verbal serial recall: implications for theories of interference in short-term memory
- 2024
-
In: Journal of Cognitive Psychology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2044-5911 .- 2044-592X. ; 36:1, s. 78-100
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- What causes interference in short-term memory? We report the novel finding that immediate memory for visually-presented verbal items is sensitive to disruption from task-irrelevant vibrotactile stimuli. Specifically, short-term memory for a visual sequence is disrupted by a concurrently presented sequence of vibrations, but only when the vibrotactile sequence entails change (when the sequence “jumps” between the two hands). The impact on visual-verbal serial recall was similar in magnitude to that for auditory stimuli (Experiment 1). Performance of the missing item task, requiring recall of item-identity rather than item-order, was unaffected by changing-state vibrotactile stimuli (Experiment 2), as with changing-state auditory stimuli. Moreover, the predictability of the changing-state sequence did not modulate the magnitude of the effect, arguing against an attention-capture conceptualisation (Experiment 3). Results support the view that interference in short-term memory is produced by conflict between incompatible, amodal serial-ordering processes (interference-by-process) rather than interference between similar representational codes (interference-by-content).
|
|
| 36. |
|
|
| 37. |
- Marsja, Erik, 1981-, et al.
(author)
-
Deviance Distraction Is Contingent on Stimuli Being Presented Within the Same Modality
- 2014
-
In: Abstracts of the Psychomic Society. - : The Psychonomic Society. ; , s. 101-101
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Sudden and unexpected changes in the auditory and visual channel are known to capture attention. This attention capture has been shown to negatively impact performance in an ongoing task (i.e., deviance distraction). In three experiments we examined if deviant stimuli presented in a different modality than astandard stimuli caused distraction in a visual categorization task, using a multi-sensory oddball task. In two experiments a deviant sound was presented (20 % of trials) against 80 % vibrotactile standard trials. In one the standard was omitted on deviating sound trials, while in the other the standard and deviants were presented simultaneously. In the third experiment the standard vibration was omitted in 20 % of the trials without any presentation of a deviant sound. Results showed distraction by deviating sounds (p < .05), but not when standard vibrations were presented simultaneously (p >.05). Interestingly, the omission of a standard vibration showed distraction (p < .05). In conclusion, deviance distraction might be bound to within rather than between modalities.
|
|
| 38. |
|
|
| 39. |
|
|
| 40. |
- Marsja, Erik, 1981-, et al.
(author)
-
Spatial Change In Multisensory Distractors Impact On Spatial and Verbal Short-Term Memory Performance
- 2016
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Unexpected changes (known as deviant sounds) in a repetitive stream ofstandardsounds are known to prolong responses in visual categorization tasks (Parmentier, 2014) and disrupt short-term memory (Hughes, Vachon, & Jones, 2005; 2007). While this deviation effect,has been studied extensively, unexpected changes in multisensory irrelevant stimuli have yet to be explored. A further issue is whether a spatial change in either tactile, auditory, or in both modalities simultaneously, affects verbal and spatial short-term memorysimilarly. We explored how spatial and verbal memory performance were affected by a spatial change unexpectedly presented in a multisensory stream consisting of task-irrelevant vibrations and sounds.The sounds were presented from headphones and the vibrations from coin-like vibrating motors strapped to the upper arms of the participants. In the majority of trials (approximately 80%) the multisensory stream was presented on one side of the body whereas on deviant trials the irrelevant stimuli changed to the other side of the body. Preliminarily results suggest that a spatial change in a multisensory stream of irrelevant stimuli affects short-term memory performance both the spatial and verbal domains similarly. We conclude by discussing the results in the framework of multisensory views of short-term memory and attention (e.g., Cowan's, 1988; 1995) and the predictive coding framework (e.g., Talsma, 2015)
|
|
| 41. |
- Nordin, Steven, et al.
(author)
-
Stress and odor sensitivity in persons with noise sensitivity
- 2013
-
In: Noise & Health. - : Medknow Publications. - 1463-1741 .- 1998-4030. ; 15:64, s. 173-177
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Previous research has indicated that sensory sensitivity/intolerance to a specific modality may be part of a more general environmental hypersensitivity, and possibly mediated by stress. This study investigated the relationship between noise sensitivity, perceived stress, and odor sensitivity in a group of men. A quasi-experimental design was used. One-hundred and thirty-four male undergraduate students completed Weinsteins noise sensitivity scale from which a low-sensitivity group (n = 16) and a high-sensitivity (n = 16) group were formed. These two groups were screened for loss in auditory and olfactory detection sensitivity, and completed the perceived stress questionnaire (PSQ) and the chemical sensitivity scale (CSS). One-way analysis of variance and Spearman correlational analyses were performed. Significantly higher scores on the PSQ (P < 0.05) and the CSS (P < 0.05) were found in the high noise-sensitivity group compared to the low noise-sensitivity group. These findings raise the question of whether the relation between noise and odor sensitivity reflects a general environmental sensitivity.
|
|
| 42. |
- Parmentier, Fabrice B. R., et al.
(author)
-
A behavioral study of distraction by vibrotactile novelty
- 2011
-
In: Journal of Experimental Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0096-1523 .- 1939-1277. ; 37:4, s. 1134-1139
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Past research has demonstrated that the occurrence of unexpected task-irrelevant changes in the auditory or visual sensory channels captured attention in an obligatory fashion, hindering behavioral performance in ongoing auditory or visual categorization tasks and generating orientation and re-orientation electrophysiological responses. We report the first experiment extending the behavioral study of cross-modal distraction to tactile novelty. Using a vibrotactile-visual cross-modal oddball task and a bespoke hand-arm vibration device, we found that participants were significantly slower at categorizing the parity of visually presented digits following a rare and unexpected change in vibrotactile stimulation (novelty distraction), and that this effect extended to the subsequent trial (postnovelty distraction). These results are in line with past research on auditory and visual novelty and fit the proposition of common and amodal cognitive mechanisms for the involuntary detection of change.
|
|
| 43. |
- Parmentier, Fabrice B.R., et al.
(author)
-
Behavioral distraction by auditory novelty is not only about novelty : the role of the distracter’s informational value
- 2010
-
In: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 115:3, s. 504-511
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Unexpected events often distract us. In the laboratory, novel auditory stimuli have been shown to capture attention away from a focal visual task and yield specific electrophysiological responses as well as a behavioral cost to performance. Distraction is thought to follow ineluctably from the sound’s low probability of occurrence or, put more simply, its unexpected occurrence. Our study challenges this view with respect to behavioral distraction and argues that past research failed to identify the informational value of sound as a mediator of novelty distraction. We report an experiment showing that (1) behavioral novelty distraction is only observed when the sound announces the occurrence and timing of an upcoming visual target (as is the case in all past research); (2) that no such distraction is observed for deviant sounds conveying no such information; and that (3) deviant sounds can actually facilitate performance when these, but not the standards, convey information. We conclude that behavioral novelty distraction, as observed in oddball tasks, is observed in the presence of novel sounds but only when the cognitive system can take advantage of the auditory distracters to optimize performance.
|
|
| 44. |
- Parmentier, Fabrice, et al.
(author)
-
The involuntary capture of attention by novel sounds : is it really about novelty?
- 2009
-
In: APCAM 2009.
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Unexpected events often distract us. In the laboratory, novel auditory stimuli have been shown to capture attention away from a focal visual task and yield specific electrophysiological responses as well as a behavioral cost to performance. This phenomenon is thought to follow ineluctably from the sound's low probability of occurrence or, put more simply, its unexpected occurrence. Our study challenges this view and argues that past research failed to identify the informational value of sound as a mediator of novelty distraction. We report an experiment showing that (1) novelty distraction is only observed when the sound announces the occurrence and timing of an upcoming visual target (as is the case in all past research); (2) that no such distraction is observed for deviant sounds conveying no such information; and that (3) deviant sounds can actually facilitate performance when these, but not the standards, convey information. We conclude that novelty distraction is observed in the presence of novel sounds but only when the cognitive system can take advantage of the auditory distracters to optimize performance.
|
|
| 45. |
- Rouchitsas, Alexandros, 1980-
(author)
-
Virtual Human Characters for Autonomous Vehicle-to-Pedestrian Communication
- 2022
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Pedestrians base their street-crossing decisions on both vehicle-centric cues, like speed and acceleration, and driver-centric cues, like gaze direction and facial expression. In the future, however, drivers of autonomous vehicles will be preoccupied with non-driving related activities and thus unavailable to provide pedestrians with relevant communicative cues. External human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) hold promise for filling the expected communication gap by providing information about the current state and future behaviour of an autonomous vehicle, to primarily ensure pedestrian safety and improve traffic flow, but also promote public acceptance of autonomous vehicle technology. The aim of this thesis is the development of an intuitive, culture-transcending eHMI, that can support multiple pedestrians in parallel make appropriate street-crossing decisions by communicating pedestrian acknowledgement and vehicle intention. In the proposed anthropomorphic eHMI concept, a virtual human character (VHC) is displayed on the windshield to communicate pedestrian acknowledgement and vehicle intention via gaze direction and facial expression, respectively. The performance of different implementations of the proposed concept is evaluated in the context of three monitor-based, laboratory experiments where participants performed a crossing intention task. Four papers are appended to the thesis. Paper I provides an overview of controlled studies that employed naive participants to evaluate eHMI concepts. Paper II evaluates the effectiveness of the proposed concept in supporting a single pedestrian or two co-located pedestrians make appropriate street-crossing decisions. Paper III evaluates the efficiency of emotional facial expressions in communicating non-yielding intention. Paper IV evaluates the efficiency of emotional and conversational facial expressions in communicating yielding and non-yielding intention. An implementation of the proposed anthropomorphic eHMI concept where a male VHC communicates non-yielding intention via an angry expression, cruising intention via cheek puff, and yielding intention via nod, is shown to be both highly effective in ensuring the safety of a single pedestrian or even two co-located pedestrians without compromising traffic flow in either case, and the most efficient. Importantly, this level of effectiveness is reached in the absence of any explanation of the rationale behind the eHMI concept or training to interact with it successfully.
|
|
| 46. |
- Sehlström, Malcolm, et al.
(author)
-
Relations of personality factors and suitability ratings to Swedish military pilot education completion
- 2024
-
In: International Journal of Selection and Assessment. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0965-075X .- 1468-2389.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Improved understanding of what it takes to be a pilot is an ongoing effort within aviation. We used an exploratory approach to examine whether there are personality-related differences in who completes the Swedish military pilot education. Assessment records of 182 applicants, accepted to the education between the years of 2004 and 2020 were studied (Mean age 24, SD 4.2 96% men, 4% women). Discriminant analysis was used to explore which personality traits and suitability ratings might be related to education completion. Analysis included suitability assessments made by senior pilots and by a psychologist, a number of traits assessed by the same psychologist, as well as the Commander Trait Inventory (CTI). The resulting discriminant function was significant (Wilk's Lambda = 0.808, (20) = 32.817, p = .035) with a canonical correlation of 0.44. The model was able to classify 74.1% of sample cases correctly. The modeling suggests that senior pilot assessment and psychologist assessment both predict education completion. Also contributing were the traits energy, professional motivation, study forecast and leader potential.
|
|
| 47. |
- Stenling, Andreas, 1982-, et al.
(author)
-
Physical activity and cognitive function: between-person and within-person associations and moderators
- 2021
-
In: Aging, Neuropsychology and Cognition. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1382-5585 .- 1744-4128. ; 28:3, s. 392-417
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the present study, we decomposed between- and within-person effects and examined moderators of the longitudinal physical activity-cognition association. Participants (N = 1722) were drawn from the Betula study and we included four waves of data across 15 years. Bayesian multilevel modeling showed that self-reported physical activity did not predict changes in cognitive function. Physical activity positively predicted cognitive performance at baseline, and the relations were stronger for more active (compared to less active) older adults. Physical activity had a positive within-person effect on cognitive function. The within-person effect of physical activity on episodic memory recall was stronger for participants who on average engaged in less physical activity. The within-person effect on verbal fluency was stronger for participants with more education. Our results suggest that preserving cognitive functioning in old age might be more a matter of what you do in old age than reflecting what you did earlier in life.
|
|
| 48. |
- Sundström, Anna, et al.
(author)
-
Mental Demands at Work and Risk of Dementia.
- 2020
-
In: Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. - : IOS Press. - 1387-2877 .- 1875-8908. ; 74:3, s. 735-740
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- High mental demands at work was examined as a possible protective factor to reduce the risk of dementia in 1,277 initially dementia-free participants, aged 60 years and older. The cohort was followed for a mean of 13.6 years. During follow-up, 376 participants developed all-cause dementia (Alzheimer’s disease = 199; vascular dementia = 145). The association between mental demands at work and dementia was analyzed with Cox hazard models, adjusted for a range of covariates. The results revealed no significant association between mental demands at work and incidence of dementia. Based on the measures used in this study, it was concluded that high mental demands at work may not reduce the risk of dementia later on in life.
|
|
| 49. |
- Sörman, Daniel Eriksson, 1974-, et al.
(author)
-
The influence of personality traits on engagement in lifelong learning
- 2024
-
In: International Journal of Lifelong Education. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0260-1370 .- 1464-519X. ; 43:2-3, s. 259-276
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Today, adult individuals must be able to continuously learn and adapt to the rapid changes occurring in society. However, little is known about the individual characteristics, particularly personality traits, that make adults more likely to engage in learning activities. Moreover, few studies have longitudinally and objectively investigated the influence of personality on engagement in lifelong learning throughout working age. This study therefore used longitudinal data (15 years) to examine which personality traits predicted level and long-term changes in learning activities among 1329 Swedish adults aged 30-60. The results from growth curve modelling showed that over the follow-up period, novelty seeking and self-transcendence were both positively related to overall level of engagement in learning activities, although not to rate of change. Regarding specific activities, novelty seeking was related to higher levels of engagement in attending courses, taking on new education, and making occupational changes, while harm avoidance was negatively related to the likelihood of changing occupation. The results of this study underscore the importance of considering personality in relation to engagement in lifelong learning activities. Insights from this study can potentially increase the likelihood of finding methods to promote lifelong learning, which can be beneficial for educators, policymakers, and companies.
|
|
| 50. |
- Sörqvist, Patrik, et al.
(author)
-
A sub-process view of working memory capacity : Evidence from effects of speech on prose memory
- 2010
-
In: Memory. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0965-8211 .- 1464-0686. ; 18:3, s. 310-326
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this article we outline a "sub-process view" of working memory capacity (WMC). This view suggests that any relationship between WMC and another construct (e.g., reading comprehension) is actually a relationship with a specific part of the WMC construct. The parts, called sub-processes, are functionally distinct and can be measured by intrusion errors in WMC tasks. Since the sub-processes are functionally distinct, some sub-process may be related to a certain phenomenon, whereas another sub-process is related to other phenomena. In two experiments we show that a sub-process (measured by immediate/current-list intrusions) is related to the effects of speech on prose memory (semantic auditory distraction), whereas another sub-process (measured by delayed/prior-list intrusions), known for its contribution to reading comprehension, is not. In Experiment 2 we developed a new WMC task called "size-comparison span" and found that the relationship between WMC and semantic auditory distraction is actually a relationship with a sub-process measured by current-list intrusions in our new task.
|
|
