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1.
  • Ahlgren, Christina, et al. (författare)
  • Effects on physical performance and pain from three dynamic training programs for women with work-related trapezius myalgia
  • 2001
  • Ingår i: Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1650-1977 .- 1651-2081 .- 0000-0000. ; 33:4, s. 162-9
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • To compare training programs for women with trapezius myalgia regarding physical performance and pain, 102 women were randomized to strength, endurance, co-ordination and non-training groups. Before and after the intervention, static strength and dynamic muscular endurance in shoulder muscles were measured on a Cybex II dynamometer. Muscle activity in shoulder muscles was monitored via surface EMG. The signal amplitude ratio between the active and passive phase of repeated contractions indicated the ability to relax. Pain at present, pain in general and pain at worst were measured on visual analogue scales. After training, within group comparisons showed that the training groups rated less pain, and in the strength training group ratings of pain at worst differed from the non-training group. Using the non-training group as a reference, static strength increased in the strength and endurance training groups and muscular endurance in all training groups. The study indicates that regular exercises with strength, endurance or co-ordination training of neck/shoulder muscles might alleviate pain for women with work-related trapezius myalgia.
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2.
  • Ambrosio, Fabrisia, et al. (författare)
  • Biological basis of exercise-based treatments for musculoskeletal conditions
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: PM&R. - : Elsevier. - 1934-1482 .- 1934-1563. ; 3:6 Suppl 1, s. S59-S63
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Exercise-based therapies are the cornerstone of rehabilitation programs. While the benefits of exercise on systemic and tissue function are generally accepted, mechanisms underlying these benefits are sometimes poorly understood. An improved understanding of the effects of mechanical loading on molecular and cellular processes has the potential to lead to more disease-specific and efficacious exercise-based therapies. The purpose of this paper is to review the current literature examining the role of mechanical signaling on muscle and cartilage biology.
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3.
  • Ambrosio, Fabrisia, et al. (författare)
  • The effect of muscle loading on skeletal muscle regenerative potential : an update of current research findings relating to aging and neuromuscular pathology
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. - Baltimore : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0894-9115 .- 1537-7385. ; 88:2, s. 145-155
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Skeletal muscle is a dynamic tissue with a remarkable ability to continuously respond to environmental stimuli. Among its adaptive responses is the widely investigated ability of skeletal muscle to regenerate after loading or injury or both. Although significant basic science efforts have been dedicated to better understand the underlying mechanism controlling skeletal muscle regeneration, there has been relatively little impact in the clinical approaches used to treat skeletal muscle injuries and wasting. The purpose of this review article is to provide an overview of the basic biology of satellite cell function in response to muscle loading and to relate these findings in the context of aging and neuromuscular pathology for the rehabilitation medicine specialist.
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4.
  • Andersson, Helena, et al. (författare)
  • Active recovery training does not affect the antioxidant response to soccer games in elite female players
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: British Journal of Nutrition. - Cambridge, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press. - 0007-1145 .- 1475-2662. ; 104:10, s. 1492-1499
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Changes in plasma endogenous and dietary antioxidants and oxidative stress markers were studied following two 90 min elite female soccer games separated by 72 h of either active or passive recovery. The active recovery group (n 8) trained for 1 h at 22 and 46 h after the first game (low-intensity cycling and resistance training), while the passive group rested (n 8). Blood samples were taken before the games; immediately after the games; 21, 45 and 69 h after the first game; and immediately after the second game. The oxidative stress markers and antioxidants were not affected by active recovery. The oxidative stress marker GSSG increased by the same extent after both the games, while the lipid peroxidation marker diacron-reactive oxygen metabolite remained unchanged. The endogenous antioxidants total glutathione and uric acid and ferric reducing/antioxidant power increased immediately after both the games with the same amplitude, while increases in cysteine, cysteine-glycine and total thiols reached significant levels only after the second game. The changes in dietary antioxidants after the first game were either rapid and persistent (tocopherols and ascorbic acid (AA) increased; polyphenols decreased) or delayed (carotenoids). This resulted in high pre-second game levels of tocopherols, AA and carotenoids. Polyphenols returned to baseline at 69 h, and were not affected by the second game. In conclusion, the soccer-associated dietary antioxidant defence, but not the endogenous antioxidant defence, is persistent. Similar acute oxidative stress and endogenous antioxidant responses and dissimilar dietary antioxidant reactions occur during two repeated female soccer games. Finally, the complex antioxidant response to soccer is not affected by active recovery training.
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5.
  • Andersson, Helena M., 1973-, et al. (författare)
  • Active recovery training does not affect the antioxidant response to soccer games in elite female players
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Changes in plasma endogenous and dietary antioxidants and oxidative stress markers were studied following two 90-min elite female soccer games separated by 72 h of either active or passive recovery. The active recovery group (n=8) trained for one hour at 22 and 46 h after the first game (low-intensity cycling and resistance training)while the passive group rested(n=8). Blood samples were taken before, immediately after, 21, 45 and 69 h after the first and immediately after the second game. The oxidative stress markers and antioxidants were not affected by active recovery. The oxidative stress marker oxidized glutathione increased by the same extent after both games, while the lipid peroxidation marker diacrons reactive-oxygen metabolites remained unchanged. The endogenous antioxidants total glutathione, uric acid and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay increased immediately after both games with the same amplitude, while increases in cysteine, cysteine-glycine and total thiols reached significant levels only after the second game. The changes in dietary antioxidants after the first game were either rapid and persistent (tocopherols, ascorbic acid increased; polyphenols decreased) or delayed (carotenoids). This resulted in high pre-second game levels of tocopherols, ascorbic acid and carotenoids. Polyphenols returned to baseline at 69 h and were not affected by the second game. In conclusion, the soccer-associated dietary but not endogenous antioxidant defence is persistent. Similar acute oxidative stress and endogenous antioxidant responses and dissimilar dietary antioxidant reactions occur during two repeated female soccer games. Finally, the complex antioxidant response to soccer is not affected by active recovery training.
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6.
  • Andersson, Helena M., et al. (författare)
  • Differences in the inflammatory plasma cytokine response following two elite female soccer games separated by a 72-h recovery
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. - Malden, USA : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 20:5, s. 740-747
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We investigated changes in a large battery of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in elite female soccer players following two 90-min games separated by a 72-h active or passive recovery. Blood samples were taken from 10 players before, within 15-20 min, 21, 45 and 69 h after the first game and within 15-20 min after the second game. The leukocyte count was analyzed, together with several plasma pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, using a multiplex bead array system. After the first and second game, the total leukocytes and neutrophils increased significantly. Likewise, increases (P<0.05) in pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-12, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon-gamma (INF-gamma), IL-17], chemokines [monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-8 and monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG)], anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2R, IL-4, IL-5, IL-7, IL-10, IL-13, INF-alpha) and the mixed cytokine IL-6 were observed. Leukocyte and cytokine levels were normalized within 21 h. Active recovery (low-intensity exercises) did not affect the cytokine responses. A dampened cytokine response was observed after the second game as only IL-12, IL-6, MCP-1, IL-8 and MIG increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, a robust pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine response occurs after the first but not the second soccer game. The implications of the dampened cytokine response in female players after the second game are unknown.
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7.
  • Andersson, Helena M., et al. (författare)
  • Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in elite female soccer : effects of active recovery
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0195-9131 .- 1530-0315. ; 40:2, s. 372-380
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • PURPOSE: To investigate the time course of recovery from neuromuscular fatigue and some biochemical changes between two female soccer matches separated by an active or passive recovery regime. METHODS: Countermovement jump (CMJ), sprint performance, maximal isokinetic knee flexion and extension, creatine kinase (CK), urea, uric acid, and perceived muscle soreness were measured in 17 elite female soccer players before, immediately after, 5, 21, 45, 51, and 69 h after a first match, and immediately after a second match. Eight players performed active recovery (submaximal cycling at 60% of HRpeak and low-intensity resistance training at < 50% 1RM) 22 and 46 h after the first match. RESULTS: In response to the first match, a significant decrease in sprint performance (-3.0 +/- 0.5%), CMJ (-4.4 +/- 0.8%), peak torque in knee extension (-7.1 +/- 1.9%) and flexion (-9.4 +/- 1.8%), and an increase in CK (+ 152 +/- 28%), urea (15 +/- 2), uric acid (+ 11 +/- 2%), and muscle soreness occurred. Sprint ability was first to return to baseline (5 h) followed by urea and uric acid (21 h), isokinetic knee extension (27 h) and flexion (51 h), CK, and muscle soreness (69 h), whereas CMJ was still reduced at the beginning of the second match. There were no significant differences in the recovery pattern between the active and passive recovery groups. The magnitude of the neuromuscular and biochemical changes after the second match was similar to that observed after the first match. CONCLUSION: The present study reveals differences in the recovery pattern of the various neuromuscular and biochemical parameters in response to a female soccer match. The active recovery had no effects on the recovery pattern of the four neuromuscular and three biochemical parameters.
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8.
  • Andersson, Helena M., et al. (författare)
  • Plasma antioxidant responses and oxidative stress following a soccer game in elite female players
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. - Malden, USA : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 20:4, s. 600-608
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We aimed to investigate markers of oxidative stress and levels of endogenous and dietary antioxidants in 16 elite female soccer players in response to a 90-min game (average intensity 82+/-3% HRpeak). Blood samples were taken before, immediately and 21 h after the game. Plasma-oxidized glutathione, the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH:GSSG) and lipid peroxidation measured by d-ROMs were used as markers of oxidative stress. Plasma endogenous [uric acid, total glutathione (TGSH)] and dietary antioxidants (alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, total carotenoids and polyphenols) were analyzed using liquid chromatography and the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Exercise induced an acute increase (P<0.05) in GSSG, uric acid, TGSH, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbic acid. In parallel, the GSH:GSSG ratio and polyphenols decreased (P<0.05). GSSG, GSH:GSSG ratio, uric acid, TGSH, and ascorbic acid returned to baseline at 21 h, while polyphenols and alpha-tocopherol remained altered. Total carotenoids increased above baseline only at 21 h (P<0.05). Lipid peroxidation, measured by d-ROMs, remained unchanged throughout the study. Thus, intermittent exercise in well-trained female athletes induces a transient increase in GSSG and a decrease in the GSH:GSSG ratio, which is effectively balanced by the recruitment of both endogenous and dietary antioxidants, resulting in the absence of lipid peroxidation measured by d-ROMs.
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9.
  • Andersson, Helena M., 1973- (författare)
  • The physiological impact of soccer on elite female players and the effects of active recovery training
  • 2010
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Female soccer is becoming more popular and professional in the world. There are, however, limited scientific data available on how elite female players respond to physical stress during soccer games. An effective recovery strategy following a game is important, because there are few recovery days between the games in international tournaments. The present thesis, which was designed to mirror a competitive situation, aimed to investigate changes in several physiological systems occurring in female elite players in response to two soccer games. It also aimed to investigate the effects of active recovery training on the recovery of several physiological systems. METHODS: Two elite female soccer teams played two 90-min games separated by 72 h active or passive recovery. The active recovery training (cycling at 60% HRpeak, resistance training at <50% 1RM) lasted one hour and was performed 22 and 46 h after the first game. Countermovement jump (CMJ), 20-m sprint time and isokinetic knee strength were measured before, immediately, 5, 21, 45, 51, and 69 h after the first game, and immediately after the second game. The physical stress markers (CK, urea), oxidative stress markers (e.g., GSSG, lipid peroxidation), endogenous (e.g., UA, thiols) and dietary antioxidants (e.g., tocopherols, carotenoids) and a large battery of cytokines (e.g., IL-6, TNF-α) were analysed in blood. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in the performance parameters, oxidative stress and antioxidant levels or inflammatory response between the active and passive recovery groups. Sprint and isokinetic knee strength were reduced by the same extent after both games. CMJ decreased after the first game and remained reduced throughout the study period. Blood physical stress markers, GSSG and endogenous antioxidants increased with similar amplitude after both games together with unchanged lipid peroxidation. The dietary antioxidants showed either a rapid and persistent change (e.g., tocopherols) or a delayed rise (carotenoids) after the first game. A transient increase occurred in several pro- (e.g., IL-12, TNF-a, MCP-1), anti-inflammatory (e.g., IL-4, IL-10, INF-a) and mixed (IL-6) cytokines after the first game. Fewer cytokines increased in response to the second game. CONCLUSION: Two repeated elite female soccer games separated by 72 h induced similar acute changes in several physiological parameters. After the first game, differences in the recovery pattern of the neuromuscular parameters occurred. In particular, the slow recovery of CMJ indicates that special attention should be devoted to the training of explosive force. Furthermore, the recruitment of antioxidants in response to the transient increase in GSSG resulted in the maintenance of the redox-balance in female players. Similarly, a strong and balanced pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine response occurred after one single female soccer game. The consequences of the dampened cytokine response during repeated soccer games are, however, unknown. In general, the majority of the parameters had recovered prior to the second game and the physiological alterations induced by the first game did not affect the performance of players in the second game. Finally, active recovery training conducted after a soccer game does not accelerate the recovery time for neuromuscular, oxidative stress, antioxidant and inflammatory responses in elite female players.
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10.
  • Bankole, Landry-Cyrille, 1970-, et al. (författare)
  • Fibre type-specific satellite cell content in two models of muscle disease
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Histopathology. - : Wiley. - 0309-0167 .- 1365-2559. ; 63:6, s. 826-832
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aims: Muscle satellite cells (SCs) are responsible for the regenerative events following muscle fibre injury. This study aimed to improve our understanding of SC behaviour in two models of muscle disorder with different pathological mechanisms and onset of disease.Methods and results: Pax7(+)SC content was assessed in types I and II fibres of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD; n=9; age 132years), polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM; n=9; age 52 +/- 12years) and in controls (n=5; age 26 +/- 5years). Pax7(+)SCs number in type I and II fibres was higher (P<0.05) in DMD and in PM/DM compared to controls. Type I fibres were associated with a higher number of Pax7(+)SCs compared to type II fibres only in DMD; Pax7(+)SCs number in type I fibres was about threefold higher in DMD compared to PM/DM (P<0.05). In DMD, Pax7(+)SC content in small regenerating fibres (0.09 +/- 0.09 SCs/fibre) was similar to that in fibres from healthy skeletal muscle. The proportion of activated SCs (Ki-67(+)SCs) was fivefold lower in DMD (0.4 +/- 0.4%) compared to PM/DM (2.8 +/- 2%). Pax7(+) cells located outside the basal lamina were observed in DMD muscles only.Conclusion: The capacity to generate new SCs is increased even in severely impaired muscles and a fibre type-specific enhancement of SC occurs in type I muscle fibres in DMD.
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11.
  • Bankole, Landry-Cyrille, 1977-, et al. (författare)
  • Safety and efficacy of a 6-month home-based exercise program in patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy A randomized controlled trial
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Medicine. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0025-7974 .- 1536-5964. ; 95:31
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Previous randomized controlled trials investigating exercise training programs in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) patients are scarce and of short duration only. This study assessed the safety and efficacy of a 6-month home-ased exercise training program on fitness, muscle, and motor function in FSHD patients.Methods: Sixteen FSHD patients were randomly assigned to training (TG) and control (CG) groups (both n=8) in a home-based exercise intervention. Training consisted of cycling 3 times weekly for 35minutes (combination of strength, high-intensity interval, and low-intensity aerobic) at home for 24 weeks. Patients in CG also performed an identical training program (CTG) after 24 weeks. The primary outcome was change in peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) measured every 6 weeks. The principal secondary outcomes were maximal quadriceps strength (MVC) and local quadriceps endurance every 12 weeks. Other outcome measures included maximal aerobic power (MAP) and experienced fatigue every 6 weeks, 6-minute walking distance every 12 weeks, and muscle characteristics from vastus lateralis biopsies taken pre- and postintervention.Results: The compliance rate was 91% in TG. Significant improvements with training were observed in the VO2 peak (+19%, P= 0.002) and MAP by week 6 and further to week 24. Muscle endurance, MVC, and 6-minute walking distance increased and experienced fatigue decreased. Muscle fiber cross-sectional area and citrate synthase activity increased by 34% (P=0.008) and 46% (P=0.003), respectively. Dystrophic pathophysiologic patterns were not exacerbated. Similar improvements were experienced by TG and CTG.Conclusions: A combined strength and interval cycling exercise-training program compatible with patients' daily professional and social activities leads to significant functional benefits without compromising muscle tissue.
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12.
  • Bass, Joseph J., et al. (författare)
  • Overexpression of the vitamin D receptor (VIM) induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Molecular Metabolism. - : Elsevier. - 2212-8778. ; 42
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective: The Vitamin D receptor (VDR) has been positively associated with skeletal muscle mass, function and regeneration. Mechanistic studies have focused on the loss of the receptor, with in vivo whole-body knockout models demonstrating reduced myofibre size and function and impaired muscle development. To understand the mechanistic role upregulation of the VDR elicits in muscle mass/health, we studied the impact of VDR over-expression (OE) in vivo before exploring the importance of VDR expression upon muscle hypertrophy in humans.Methods: Wistar rats underwent in vivo electrotransfer (IVE) to overexpress the VDR in the Tibialis anterior (TA) muscle for 10 days, before comprehensive physiological and metabolic profiling to characterise the influence of VDR-OE on muscle protein synthesis (MPS), anabolic signalling and satellite cell activity. Stable isotope tracer (D2O) techniques were used to assess sub-fraction protein synthesis, alongside RNA-Seq analysis. Finally, human participants underwent 20 wks of resistance exercise training, with body composition and transcriptomic analysis.Results: Muscle VDR-OE yielded total protein and RNA accretion, manifesting in increased myofibre area, i.e., hypertrophy. The observed increases in MPS were associated with enhanced anabolic signalling, reflecting translational efficiency (e.g., mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR-signalling), with no effects upon protein breakdown markers being observed. Additionally, RNA-Seq illustrated marked extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, while satellite cell content, markers of proliferation and associated cell-cycled related gene-sets were upregulated. Finally, induction of VDR mRNA correlated with muscle hypertrophy in humans following long-term resistance exercise type training.Conclusion: VDR-OE stimulates muscle hypertrophy ostensibly via heightened protein synthesis, translational efficiency, ribosomal expansion and upregulation of ECM remodelling-related gene-sets. Furthermore, VDR expression is a robust marker of the hypertrophic response to resistance exercise in humans. The VDR is a viable target of muscle maintenance through testable Vitamin D molecules, as active molecules and analogues. (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier GmbH.
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13.
  • Bass, Joseph J., et al. (författare)
  • The mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy in response to transient knockdown of the vitamin D receptor in vivo
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physiology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0022-3751 .- 1469-7793. ; 599:3, s. 963-979
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • KEY POINTS:Reduced vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression prompts skeletal muscle atrophy.Atrophy occurs through catabolic processes, namely the induction of autophagy, while anabolism remains unchanged.In response to VDR-KD mitochondrial function and related gene-set expression is impaired.In vitro VDR knockdown induces myogenic dysregulation occurring through impaired differentiation.These results highlight the autonomous role the VDR has within skeletal muscle mass regulation.Objective: Vitamin-D deficiency is estimated to affect ∼40% of the world's population and has been associated with impaired muscle maintenance. Vitamin-D exerts its actions through the Vitamin-D-receptor (VDR), the expression of which was recently confirmed in skeletal muscle, and its down-regulation is linked to reduced muscle mass and functional decline. To identify potential mechanisms underlying muscle atrophy, we studied the impact of VDR knockdown (KD) on mature skeletal muscle in vivo, and myogenic regulation in vitro in C2C12 cells.Methods: Male Wistar rats underwent in vivo electrotransfer (IVE) to knock down the VDR in hind-limb tibialis anterior (TA) muscle for 10 days. Comprehensive metabolic and physiological analysis was undertaken to define the influence loss of the VDR on muscle fibre composition, protein synthesis, anabolic and catabolic signalling, mitochondrial phenotype, and gene expression. Finally, in vitro lentiviral transfection was used to induce sustained VDR-KD in C2C12 cells to analyse myogenic regulation.Results: Muscle VDR-KD elicited atrophy through a reduction in total protein content, resulting in lower myofibre area. Activation of autophagic processes was observed, with no effect upon muscle protein synthesis or anabolic signalling. Furthermore, RNA-Seq analysis identified systematic down-regulation of multiple mitochondrial respiration related protein and genesets. Finally, in vitro VDR-knockdown impaired myogenesis (cell cycling, differentiation and myotube formation).Conclusion: Taken together, these data indicate a fundamental regulatory role of the VDR in the regulation of myogenesis and muscle mass; whereby it acts to maintain muscle mitochondrial function and limit autophagy.
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14.
  • Bauset, Celia, et al. (författare)
  • Nuts and Metabolic Syndrome : Reducing the Burden of Metabolic Syndrome in Menopause
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Nutrients. - : MDPI. - 2072-6643. ; 14:8
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Menopause imposes a dramatic fall in estrogens, which is followed by an increase in the proportion of fat. The rising androgen/estrogen ratio along the menopause transition favors the accumulation of central fat, which contributes to insulin resistance and a series of concatenated effects, leading to a higher incidence of metabolic syndrome. The modulatory effect of diet on the metabolic syndrome phenotype has been shown for the Mediterranean diet, and nuts are key determinants of these health benefits. This review of the impact of nuts on the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome cluster examined studies-prioritizing meta-analyses and systemic reviews-to summarize the potential benefits of nut ingestion on the risk of metabolic syndrome associated with menopause. Nuts have a general composition profile that includes macronutrients, with a high proportion of unsaturated fat, bioactive compounds, and fiber. The mechanisms set in motion by nuts have shown different levels of efficacy against the disturbances associated with metabolic syndrome, but a beneficial impact on lipids and carbohydrate metabolism, and a potential, but minimal reduction in blood pressure and fat accumulation have been found.
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15.
  • Bergens, Oscar, 1991-, et al. (författare)
  • Associations between Circulating Inflammatory Biomarkers and Indicators of Muscle Health in Older Men and Women
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Medicine. - : MDPI. - 2077-0383. ; 10:22
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Systemic inflammation is believed to contribute to declining muscle health during aging. The present study aims to examine associations between indicators of muscle health and pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in older men and women, while also considering the impacts of physical activity and protein intake. An assessment of skeletal muscle index (SMI) by bioelectrical impedance analysis, handgrip strength, and 5-sit-to-stand time, using standardized procedures, was conducted in a population of older men (n = 90) and women (n = 148) aged 65-70 years. The inflammatory biomarkers C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α were assessed in blood samples. Data were analyzed and stratified according to biological sex using multiple linear regression models. In older women, SMI was inversely associated with the pro-inflammatory markers CRP (β = -0.372; p < 0.05), fibrinogen (β = -0.376; p < 0.05), and IL-6 (β = -0.369; p < 0.05). Importantly, these associations were independent of abdominal adiposity (waist circumference), protein intake, physical activity level, as well as any adherence to muscle strengthening guidelines (≥2 sessions/week). In contrast, no corresponding associations were observed in men. In conclusion, our findings indicate the detrimental influence of a pro-inflammatory environment on muscle health regardless of important lifestyle-related factors in older women. However, the lack of such associations in older men highlights the importance of considering biological sex when examining the complex interaction between the systemic inflammatory environment and muscle health.
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16.
  • Bergens, Oscar, 1991-, et al. (författare)
  • Cardiorespiratory Fitness Does Not Offset Adiposity-Related Systemic Inflammation in Physically Active Older Women
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : Williams & Wilkins Co.. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197. ; 104:9, s. 4119-4126
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • CONTEXT: Chronic inflammation increases diabetes risk and may be exacerbated by excess adipose tissue. Whether cardiovascular fitness can offset chronic inflammation associated with excess adipose tissue in older adults is unclear.OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to examine the influence of cardiorespiratory fitness on links between adiposity and pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers related to metabolic risk in physically active older women.DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Cross-sectional study comprising older community-dwelling women (n = 109; age, 65-70 yr).MAIN OUTCOME: Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed using a standardized submaximal test and participants were categorized into high and low adiposity-related metabolic risk (body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and total fat mass). The inflammatory biomarkers C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, IL-18, adiponectin, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1α) were analyzed.RESULTS: Regardless of adiposity measure, women in the metabolic high-risk group had significantly (P<0.05) elevated CRP and lower adiponectin levels. Levels of IL-6 and MIP1-α were significantly elevated in the high-risk group defined by WHR and total fat mass. IL-18 level was significantly elevated in the high-risk group based on WHR only. Importantly, a high cardiorespiratory fitness level did not attenuate the detrimental links between adiposity measures and inflammation.CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, cardiorespiratory fitness does not offset the detrimental links between adiposity and several inflammatory biomarkers related to metabolic risk in physically active older women. Reducing abdominal adipose tissue in older adults should be emphasized in efforts aiming to attenuate age-related systemic inflammation and metabolic risk regardless of cardiorespiratory fitness.
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17.
  • Bergens, Oscar, 1991- (författare)
  • Chronic Systemic Inflammation, Body Composition and Physical Activity Behaviours in Older Adults
  • 2022
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Ageing is associated with a gradual physical decline accompanied by changes in body composition. The occurrence of a low-grade yet chronic state of systemic inflammation has gained interest for its potential consequences in the ageing process. Importantly, a physically active lifestyle may promote the maintenance of muscle mass, reduction in adipose tissue, and alleviate progression of a chronic pro-inflammatory state. The overall aim of this thesis was to explore relationships between biomarkers of systemic inflammation, body composition, and physical activity behaviours in community-dwelling older adults aged 65 to 70 years.A main finding of the thesis is the existence of associations between body composition and systemic inflammation in older adults, where excess adipose tissue is adversely associated with levels of inflammatory biomarkers in older women. Inverse associations were also observed between muscle mass and levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers in older women. This thesis also highlights sex-specific associations between systemic inflammation and physical activity behaviours. Longer time spent sedentary was also associated with higher levels of proinflammatory biomarkers in older women and lower level of antiinflammatory biomarkers in older men. Reallocating time spent in activities of lower intensities with higher intensities was associated with lower levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers in older women. Overall, the findings of this thesis support efforts promoting physical activity at the expense of sedentary time in order to combat age-related systemic inflammation and metabolic risk in older adults.
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18.
  • Bergens, Oscar, 1991-, et al. (författare)
  • Impact of healthy diet and physical activity on metabolic health in men and women : Study Protocol Clinical Trial (SPIRIT Compliant)
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Medicine. - : Wolters Kluwer. - 0025-7974 .- 1536-5964. ; 99:16
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction: Healthy dietary patterns and physical activity (PA) represent important lifestyle behaviors with considerable potential to influence on age-related metabolic health. Yet, data on the combined effects of these lifestyle behaviors on metabolic health including low-grade systemic inflammation in aging populations remain scarce. Therefore, this protocol describes a randomized controlled trial aiming to examine the impacts of healthy dietary patterns alone or combined with PA on metabolic health in middle-aged and older men and women. Material and methods: The ORUDIET study is a 3-arm randomized controlled 16-week trial: Healthy Diet (HD), Healthy diet plus PA (HD-PA), and control (CON). The trial is open label, randomized with allocation concealment, parallel groups with passive controls. Participants without overt disease aged between 55 and 70 years, with BMI below 35, a current intake of a maximum of 1 serving of fruit and vegetable per day, and noncompliance to PA guidelines are eligible for inclusion. Participants in HD are instructed to increase fruit and vegetable intake to 5 servings per day (equivalent to 500 g). Participants in HD-PA receive the same dietary intervention as the HD and are additionally instructed to engage in moderate-to-vigorous physical activities for at least 150 minutes per week. The primary study outcomes are changes in metabolic and inflammatory health biomarkers. Secondary outcomes are changes in body composition and perceived health. Ethics and dissemination: The study protocol has been approved by the ethical review board in Uppsala, Sweden. The results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated in national and international conferences.
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19.
  • Bergens, Oscar, 1991-, et al. (författare)
  • Sedentary Patterns and Systemic Inflammation : Sex-Specific Links in Older Adults
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Physiology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-042X. ; 12
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The study aimed to examine sex-specific associations between objectively measured sedentary patterns and pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in older adults when considering the moderating impact of physical activity (PA). Accelerometer-based monitoring of sedentary patterns and PA was conducted in a population of older men (n = 83; age: 67.4 ± 1.5; height: 178.7 ± 6.6 cm; weight: 80.9 ± 10.6 kg) and women (n = 146; age: 67.4 ± 1.6; height: 164.2 ± 6.1 cm; weight: 64.6 ± 10.1 kg) aged 65-70. Blood samples were collected for the assessment of the inflammatory biomarkers C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10, IL-18, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression models. Total and bouts of ≥10 min of sedentary time were inversely associated with the anti-inflammatory marker IL-10 in older men (accumulated sedentary time: β = -0.116; bouts: β = -0.099; all p < 0.05). Associations were independent of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and total PA volume. In women, total and bouts of ≥10 min of sedentary time were detrimentally associated with the pro-inflammatory marker fibrinogen (accumulated sedentary time: β = -0.130; bouts: β = -0.085; all p < 0.05). Associations remained between accumulated sedentary time and fibrinogen when adjusting for MVPA and total PA volume. This study highlights sex-specific routes by which sedentary patterns impact on pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in older adults. The findings support efforts to promote accumulation of time spent in PA at the expense of time in sedentary pursuits on low-grade inflammation in older men and women. 
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20.
  • Brook, Matthew S, et al. (författare)
  • Neither myonuclear accretion nor a myonuclear domain size ceiling is a feature of the attenuated hypertrophic potential of aged human skeletal muscle
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: GeroScience. - : Springer. - 2509-2715 .- 2509-2723. ; 45, s. 451-462
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Ageing limits growth capacity of skeletal muscle (e.g. in response to resistance exercise), but the role of satellite cell (SC) function in driving this phenomenon is poorly defined. Younger (Y) (~ 23 years) and older (O) men (~ 69 years) (normal-weight BMI) underwent 6 weeks of unilateral resistance exercise training (RET). Muscle biopsies were taken at baseline and after 3-/6-week training. We determined muscle size by fibre CSA (and type), SC number, myonuclei counts and DNA synthesis (via D2O ingestion). At baseline, there were no significant differences in fibre areas between Y and O. RET increased type I fibre area in Y from baseline at both 3 weeks and 6 weeks (baseline: 4509 ± 534 µm2, 3 weeks; 5497 ± 510 µm2 P < 0.05, 6 weeks; 5402 ± 352 µm2 P < 0.05), whilst O increased from baseline at 6 weeks only (baseline 5120 ± 403 µm2, 3 weeks; 5606 ± 620 µm2, 6 weeks; 6017 ± 482 µm2 P < 0.05). However, type II fibre area increased from baseline in Y at both 3 weeks and 6 weeks (baseline: 4949 ± 459 µm2, 3 weeks; 6145 ± 484 µm2 (P < 0.01), 6 weeks; 5992 ± 491 µm2 (P < 0.01), whilst O showed no change (baseline 5210 ± 410 µm2, 3 weeks; 5356 ± 535 µm2 (P = 0.9), 6 weeks; 5857 ± 478 µm2 (P = 0.1). At baseline, there were no differences in fibre myonuclei number between Y and O. RET increased type I fibre myonuclei number from baseline in both Y and O at 3 weeks and 6 weeks with RET (younger: baseline 2.47 ± 0.16, 3 weeks; 3.19 ± 0.16 (P < 0.001), 6 weeks; 3.70 ± 0.29 (P < 0.0001); older: baseline 2.29 ± 0.09, 3 weeks; 3.01 ± 0.09 (P < 0.001), 6 weeks; 3.65 ± 0.18 (P < 0.0001)). Similarly, type II fibre myonuclei number increased from baseline in both Y and O at 3 weeks and 6 weeks (younger: baseline 2.49 ± 0.14, 3 weeks; 3.31 ± 0.21 (P < 0.001), 6 weeks; 3.86 ± 0.29 (P < 0.0001); older: baseline 2.43 ± 0.12, 3 weeks; 3.37 ± 0.12 (P < 0.001), 6 weeks; 3.81 ± 0.15 (P < 0.0001)). DNA synthesis rates %.d-1 exhibited a main effect of training but no age discrimination. Declines in myonuclei addition do not underlie impaired muscle growth capacity in older humans, supporting ribosomal and proteostasis impairments as we have previously reported.
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21.
  • Brook, M. S., et al. (författare)
  • Omega-3 supplementation during unilateral resistance exercise training in older women : A within subject and double-blind placebo-controlled trial
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. - : Elsevier. - 2405-4577. ; 46, s. 394-404
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND & AIMS: The skeletal muscle anabolic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) appear favoured towards women; a property that could be exploited in older women who typically exhibit poor muscle growth responses to resistance exercise training (RET). Here we sought to generate novel insights into the efficacy and mechanisms of n-3 PUFA alongside short-term RET in older women.METHODS: We recruited 16 healthy older women (Placebo n = 8 (PLA): 67±1y, n-3 PUFA n = 8: 64±1y) to a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial (n-3 PUFA; 3680 mg/day versus PLA) of 6 weeks fully-supervised progressive unilateral RET (i.e. 6 × 8 reps, 75% 1-RM, 3/wk-1). Strength was assessed by knee extensor 1-RM and isokinetic dynamometry ∼ every 10 d. Thigh fat free mass (TFFM) was measured by DXA at 0/3/6 weeks. Bilateral vastus lateralis (VL) biopsies at 0/2/4/6 weeks with deuterium oxide (D2O) dosing were used to determine MPS responses for 0-2 and 4-6 weeks. Further, fibre cross sectional area (CSA), myonuclei number and satellite cell (SC) number were assessed, alongside muscle anabolic/catabolic signalling via immunoblotting.RESULTS: RET increased 1-RM equally in the trained leg of both groups (+23 ± 5% n-3 PUFA vs. +25 ± 5% PLA (both P < 0.01)) with no significant increase in maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) (+10 ± 6% n-3 PUFA vs. +13 ± 5% PLA). Only the n-3 PUFA group increased TFFM (3774 ± 158 g to 3961 ± 151 g n-3 PUFA (P < 0.05) vs. 3406 ± 201 g to 3561 ± 170 PLA) and type II fibre CSA (3097 ± 339 μm2 to 4329 ± 264 μm2 n-3 PUFA (P < 0.05) vs. 2520 ± 316 μm2 to 3467 ± 303 μm2 in PL) with RET. Myonuclei number increased equally in n-3 PUFA and PLA in both type I and type II fibres, with no change in SC number. N-3 PUFA had no added benefit on muscle protein synthesis (MPS), however, during weeks 4-6 of RET, absolute synthesis rates (ASR) displayed a trend to increase with n-3 PUFA only (5.6 ± 0.3 g d-1 to 7.1 ± 0.5 g d-1 n-3 PUFA (P = 0.09) vs. 5.5 ± 0.5 g d-1 to 6.5 ± 0.5 g d-1 PLA). Further, the n-3 PUFA group displayed greater 4EBP1 activation after acute RE at 6 weeks.CONCLUSION: n3-PUFA enhanced RET gains in muscle mass through type II fibre hypertrophy, with data suggesting a role for MPS rather than via SC recruitment. As such, the present study adds to a literature base illustrating the apparent enhancement of muscle hypertrophy with RET in older women fed adjuvant n3-PUFA.
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22.
  • Chaillou, Thomas, 1985-, et al. (författare)
  • Glutamine-stimulated in vitro hypertrophy is preserved in muscle cells from older women
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Mechanisms of Ageing and Development. - : Elsevier. - 0047-6374 .- 1872-6216. ; 187
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Age-related loss of muscle mass may result from reduced protein synthesis stimulation in response to anabolic stimuli, such as amino acid (AA) supplementation. The exact etiology of anabolic resistance to AA remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anabolic response [cell size, protein synthesis and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway] to the AA glutamine (a strong anabolic AA highly present in skeletal muscle) in myotubes obtained from 8 young (YW; 21-35 yrs) and 8 older (OW; 65-70 yrs) healthy women. This in vitro model of human primary myogenic cells explores the intrinsic behavior of muscle cells, while excluding potential influences of external factors. We showed that despite lower muscle mass, strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in OW compared to YW, myotube size (myotube diameter and area) and protein synthesis were not altered in OW, and glutamine-induced myotube hypertrophy and protein synthesis were preserved in OW. Apart from a lower glutamine-induced increase in P70S6 kinase phosphorylation in OW, no significant differences in other components of the mTOR pathway were observed between groups. Altogether, our data support the idea that the intrinsic capacity of muscle cells to respond to glutamine stimulation is preserved in healthy older women.
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23.
  • Charifi, N., et al. (författare)
  • Enhancement of microvessel tortuosity in the vastus lateralis muscle of old men in response to endurance training
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Journal of Physiology. - : Wiley. - 0022-3751 .- 1469-7793. ; 554:Pt 2, s. 559-569
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Muscle microvascularization is usually quantified in transverse sections, in absolute terms (capillaries around fibres, CAF, or capillary-to-fibre ratio, C/F) or as CAF related to fibre area (CAF/area, CAFA). The capillary-to-fibre perimeter exchange ratio (CFPE) has been introduced in order to assess the role of the capillary-to-fibre interface in resistance to O(2) diffusion. The ratio between the length of capillaries in contact with fibres and fibre perimeter (LC/PF) has also been used as an index for capillary tortuosity. The possibility of change in capillary tortuosity with endurance training was not considered in previous studies. Consequently, this study investigated the effect of 14 weeks of endurance training on muscle microvascularization, including microvessel tortuosity, in 11 elderly men (8th decade). Microvessels were analysed using the CD31 antibody. Together with the significant increase in peak oxygen exchange and citrate synthase activity, there was a significant increase in C/F. While CFPE and CAFA remained unchanged, an important finding was the clear increase in LC/PF (56%; P < 0.001) for a same sarcomere length. We also found a strong correlation between oxidative enzyme activity and LC/PF both before and after training. These results indicate that endurance training induces significant remodelling in the microvessel network in elderly men and that an increase in the degree of microvessel tortuosity would be an important mechanism of adaptation to endurance training.
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24.
  • Deane, Colleen S., et al. (författare)
  • The acute transcriptional response to resistance exercise : impact of age and contraction mode
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Aging. - : Impact Journals LLC. - 1945-4589. ; 11:7, s. 2111-2126
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Optimization of resistance exercise (RE) remains a hotbed of research for muscle building and maintenance. However, the interactions between the contractile components of RE (i.e. concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC)) and age, are poorly defined. We used transcriptomics to compare age-related molecular responses to acute CON and ECC exercise. Eight young (21 +/- 1 y) and eight older (70 +/- 1 y) exercise-naive male volunteers had vastus lateralis biopsies collected at baseline and 5 h post unilateral CON and contralateral ECC exercise. RNA was subjected to next-generation sequencing and differentially expressed (DE) genes tested for pathway enrichment using Gene Ontology (GO). The young transcriptional response to CON and ECC was highly similar and older adults displayed moderate contraction-specific profiles, with no GO enrichment. Age-specific responses to ECC revealed 104 DE genes unique to young, and 170 DE genes in older muscle, with no GO enrichment. Following CON, 15 DE genes were young muscle-specific, whereas older muscle uniquely expressed 147 up-regulated genes enriched for cell adhesion and blood vessel development, and 28 down-regulated genes involved in mitochondria! respiration, amino acid and lipid metabolism. Thus, older age is associated with contraction-specific regulation often without clear functional relevance, perhaps reflecting a degree of stochastic age-related dysregulation.
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25.
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26.
  • Edholm, Peter, 1977-, et al. (författare)
  • Lower limb explosive strength capacity in elderly women : effects of resistance training and healthy diet
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Journal of applied physiology. - : American Physiological Society. - 8750-7587 .- 1522-1601. ; 123:1, s. 190-196
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The effects of 24 wk of resistance training combined with a healthy diet on lower limb explosive strength capacity were investigated in a population of healthy elderly women. Participants (n = 63; 67.5 ± 0.4 yr) were randomized into three groups; resistance training (RT), resistance training and healthy diet (RT-HD), and control (CON). Progressive resistance training was performed at a load of 75-85% one-repetition maximum. A major adjustment in the healthy dietary approach was an n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio below 2. Lower limb maximal strength, explosive force capacity during dynamic and isometric movements, whole body lean mass, and physical function were assessed. Whole body lean mass significantly increased by 1.5 ± 0.5% in RT-HD only. Isometric strength performance during knee extension as well as the performance in the five sit-to-stand and single-leg-stance tests increased similarly in RT and RT-HD. Improvements in dynamic peak power and time to reach peak power (i.e shorter time) during knee extension occurred in both RT (+15.7 ± 2.6 and -11.0 ± 3.8%, respectively) and RT-HD (+24.6 ± 2.6 and -20.3 ± 2.7%, respectively); however, changes were significantly larger in RT-HD. Similarly, changes in peak force and rate of force development during squat jump were higher in RT-HD (+58.5 ± 8.4 and +185.4 ± 32.9%, respectively) compared with RT (+35.7 ± 6.9 and +105.4 ± 22.4%, respectively). In conclusion, a healthy diet rich in n-3 PUFA can optimize the effects of resistance training on dynamic explosive strength capacity during isolated lower limb movements and multijoint exercises in healthy elderly women.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Age-related decline in lower limb explosive strength leads to impaired ability to perform daily living tasks. The present randomized controlled trial demonstrates that a healthy diet rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) enhances resistance training-induced gains in dynamic explosive strength capacity during isolated lower limb movements and multijoint exercises in healthy elderly women. This supports the use of strategies combining resistance training and dietary changes to mitigate the decline in explosive strength capacity in older adults.
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27.
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28.
  • Edholm, Peter, 1977-, et al. (författare)
  • Muscle mass and aerobic capacity in older women : Impact of regular exercise at middle age
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Experimental Gerontology. - : Elsevier. - 0531-5565 .- 1873-6815. ; 147
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: The impact of regular exercise habits at middle-age on muscle mass and function at old age remains inconclusive. While regular exercise likely represents a primary source of health-enhancing physical activity (PA), the physical demand of occupation needs to be considered. Additionally, PA level at old age should be taken into account in order to elucidate true associations between past exercise behaviors and muscle mass and function at old age. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the impact of regular exercise habits during middle age years on muscle mass and physical function at old age, while considering occupation and objectively assessed PA level at old age.METHODS: Self-reported leisure-time PA during middle age years [35-65 years] and present accelerometer-derived PA level were assessed in a population of community-dwelling older women (65-70 years; n = 112). Participants who accumulated at least 600 MET-min of PA per week during middle age years were classified as physically active. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), aerobic fitness and maximal isometric arm and leg strength were determined. Analyses of differences in muscle mass and physical function between physically active and inactive at middle age were adjusted by present PA, adiposity level, and the physical demand of former occupation (sedentary vs manual).RESULTS: Participants accumulating at least 600 MET-min of exercise-related activities during middle-age years had higher aerobic fitness (P < 0.01) and SMI (P < 0.05) at old age compared to their less active peers. Notably, these beneficial impacts were driven by exercise habits during late middle-age period [50 to 65 years], and remained significant after further adjustment by the physical demand of former occupation and present PA behavior at old age. Finally, middle-age engagement in exercise-related activities had no influence on maximal arm and leg isometric strength at old age.CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the importance of engaging in regular PA of at least moderate intensity during middle age years in order to promote benefits at the level of muscle mass and aerobic fitness. This clearly supports the potential of PA in delaying aerobic capacity impairment and the occurrence of clinically manifest sarcopenia at old age.
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29.
  • Edholm, Peter, 1977- (författare)
  • Muscle mass and physical function in ageing : the effects of physical activity and healthy diet
  • 2020
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Ageing is associated with a gradual deterioration in physical function, accompanied by a decrease in muscle mass, leading to loss of independency. In this respect, physical activity and healthy diet represent key lifestyle factors with potential to delay onset of age-related physical disability. The overall aim of the present thesis was to explore the effects of physical activity behaviours in general and resistance training (RT) in particular, with or without addition of a healthy diet (HD), on muscle mass and physical function in older community-dwelling women. A main finding was that physical activity of at least moderate intensity at old age infers beneficial effects on physical function, even in individuals with a previously sedentary lifestyle. Additionally, engagement in exercise-related activities during middleage years is linked to better physical function and higher muscle massat old age, regardless of present physical activity level. This thesis further highlights that in older women RT combined with HD rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids elicits significant gains in muscle mass, whereas no corresponding gain was induced by RT alone. Likewise, larger improvements in muscle strength and physical function were evident in response to combined effects by RT and HD compared to RT alone. Taken together, findings from this thesis support public health efforts aiming to promote physical activity of at least moderate intensity together with a healthy diet rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in order to combat age-related decline in muscle mass and physical function.
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30.
  • Edholm, Peter, 1977-, et al. (författare)
  • Physical function in older adults : Impacts of past and present physical activity behaviors
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 29:3, s. 415-421
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • While physical activity (PA) may counteract age-related functional decline and loss of independence at old age, to what extent physical function is influenced by past or present PA behaviors is currently unclear. Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine relationships between both past and present PA behaviors and components of physical function in older women. A physical function score based on the 6-minute walk test, squat jump, and single-leg-stance balance was aggregated in 60 older women (65-70 years). Present PA behavior was assessed by accelerometry (Actigraph) and past leisure-time PA was self-reported, where times in sports-related activities and in walking were analyzed separately. Analysis of differences in physical function across tertiles of PA behaviors was adjusted by DXA-derived fat mass. Physical activity level at present age and engagements in sports-related activities before retirement age, excluding walking, were both associated (P < 0.05) to physical function. Time spent in PA of at least moderate intensity was associated with physical function (P < 0.05), whereas no corresponding relationships to either sedentary time or time in light intensity PA were observed. In conclusion, PA behaviors at present age and engagement in sports-related activities performed during adulthood are both related to physical function in older women. Being physically active at old age infers beneficial effects on physical function, even in individuals with a past or present sedentary lifestyle, which supports public health efforts aiming at increasing daily time in PA of at least moderate intensity to preserve physical function in older women.
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31.
  • Eliason, Gabriella, 1975-, et al. (författare)
  • Alterations in the muscle-to-capillary interface in patients with different degrees of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Respiratory Research. - London, United Kingdom : BioMed Central. - 1465-9921 .- 1465-993X. ; 11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: It is hypothesized that decreased capillarization of limb skeletal muscle is implicated in the decreased exercise tolerance in COPD patients. We have recently demonstrated decreased number of capillaries per muscle fibre (CAF) but no changes in CAF in relation to fibre area (CAFA), which is based on the diffusion distance between the capillary and muscle fibre. The aim of the current study is to investigate the muscle-to-capillary interface which is an important factor involved in oxygen supply to the muscle that has previously been suggested to be a more sensitive marker for changes in the capillary bed compared to CAF and CAFA.Methods: 23 COPD patients and 12 age-matched healthy subjects participated in the study. Muscle-to-capillary interface was assessed in muscle biopsies from the tibialis anterior muscle using the following parameters:1) The capillary-to-fibre ratio (C:Fi) which is defined as the sum of the fractional contributions of all capillary contacts around the fibre2) The ratio between C:Fi and the fibre perimeter (CFPE-index)3) The ratio between length of capillary and fibre perimeter (LC/PF) which is also referred to as the index of tortuosity.Exercise capacity was determined using the 6-min walking test. Results: A positive correlation was found between CFPE-index and ascending disease severity with CFPE-index for type I fibres being significantly lower in patients with moderate and severe COPD. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between exercise capacity and CFPE-index for both type I and type IIa fibres.Conclusion: It can be concluded that the muscle-to-capillary interface is disturbed in the tibialis anterior muscle in patients with COPD and that interface is strongly correlated to increased disease severity and to decreased exercise capacity in this patient group. 
  •  
32.
  • Eliason, Gabriella, et al. (författare)
  • Physical performance and muscular characteristics in different stages of COPD
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 19:6, s. 865-870
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study has examined exercise capacity and muscle morphology in patients with different severities of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Twenty-three patients and 12 healthy matched controls were recruited. Based on the severity of airflow obstruction, patients were divided into two subgroups. Exercise capacity was determined using a 6-min walk test. Muscle fiber composition, fiber area and number of satellite cells/muscle fiber were determined in muscle biopsies using immunohistochemistry. A progressive decline in exercise capacity was noted with ascending disease severity. Furthermore, a correlation between reduction in exercise capacity and changes in muscle fiber composition was observed in COPD. The group with severe and very severe COPD had a lower proportion of type I and a higher proportion of type IIa fibers compared with the other groups. In severe and very severe COPD, a reduction in fiber area of type IIa fibers was also seen. The number of satellite cells/muscle fiber did not differ between the groups. In conclusion, a decline in exercise capacity occurs already in mild and moderate COPD, indicating that the 6-min walk test is a reliable indicator of disease severity. Furthermore, changes in skeletal muscle morphology are associated with disease severity while muscle regenerative capacity is not altered.
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33.
  • Eriksson, Anders, et al. (författare)
  • Skeletal muscle morphology in power-lifters with and without anabolic steroids
  • 2005
  • Ingår i: Histochemistry and Cell Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0948-6143 .- 1432-119X. ; 124:2, s. 167-175
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The morphological appearance of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle from high-level power-lifters on long-term anabolic steroid supplementation (PAS) and power-lifters never taking anabolic steroids (P) was compared. The effects of long- and short-term supplementation were compared. Enzyme-immunohistochemical investigations were performed to assess muscle fiber type composition, fiber area, number of myonuclei per fiber, internal myonuclei, myonuclear domains and proportion of satellite cells. The PAS group had larger type I, IIA, IIAB and IIC fiber areas (p<0.05). The number of myonuclei/fiber and the proportion of central nuclei were significantly higher in the PAS group (p<0.05). Similar results were seen in the trapezius muscle (T) but additionally, in T the proportion of fibers expressing developmental myosin isoforms was higher in the PAS group compared to the P group. Further, in VL, the PAS group had significantly larger nuclear domains in fibers containing > or = 5 myonuclei. The results of AS on VL morphology in this study were similar to previously reported short-term effects of AS on VL. The initial effects from AS appear to be maintained for several years.
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34.
  • Feasson, L., et al. (författare)
  • Exercise therapy and myopathies
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Revue neurologique (Paris). - : Elsevier BV. - 0035-3787 .- 2213-0004. ; 166:3, s. 269-278
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Since the first consensus papers published early in the 2000s, a growing number of recent publications has shown that adapted physical activity is not only safe in the context of myopathy but also potentially effective as a therapeutic tool. After a short recall of the different exercise modalities, the mechanical strain they induce and the expected muscular benefits, the present paper reviews the different studies related to exercise therapy in myopathic patients and provides a critical analysis of the topic. Myopathies are rare diseases with many different etiologies and a large number of training modalities which could be useful for the different muscular challenges have been proposed. We have chosen to focus on several specific training modalities and to discuss the results from the most recent papers. The purpose of this review is to, firstly, update physical training guidelines for patients with myopathy and, secondly, highlight some common pitfalls associated with this strategy. This is particularly important for medical and allied professionals involved in prescribing and managing exercise therapy protocols. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
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35.
  • Folkesson, Mattias, 1972- (författare)
  • Heat shock proteins in exercised human skeletal muscle
  • 2018
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Exercise is considered as an important stressor accompanied by concerted molecular and cellular changes leading to adaptations at the level of skeletal muscle size and function. An important protein family produced by cells in response to stressful conditions is the heat shock proteins (HSPs). It is suggested that the different HSPs play specific roles in acute and longterm responses to exercise-induced stress. The overall aim of this thesis was to explore the expression of four different HSPs (αB-crystallin, HSP27, HSP60 and HSP70) in human skeletal muscle exposed to exercise, with a special emphasis on the role played by HSP27 in the hypertrophy of human skeletal muscle.One of the major findings was the fibre type-specific expression of HSPs in resting human skeletal muscle, including the preferential expression of HSP27 in fast type II muscle fibres. Another finding was the occurrence of training background-related differences in the expression of HSPs. Also, a cytoplasmic relocation of HSP27, occurring specifically in type II muscle fibres, was shown in response to a single bout of resistance exercise. Interestingly, there were no corresponding changes in response to an endurance exercise bout, suggesting that HSP27 may be specifically involved in the adaptations to resistance exercise. In order to test this hypothesis, an in-vitro exercise model based on the electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) of muscle cells was developed. The EPS protocol, including an 8 h restitution period, induced a significant hypertrophy of muscle cells together with molecular changes similar to those previously described in response to exercise in humans. The role of HSP27 in the hypertrophy of human muscle cells was examined through the downregulation of HSP27. Based on data from morphological and microarray analyses, findings indicate that HSP27 is not mandatory for the hypertrophy of human muscle cells. Overall, the present thesis clarified the expression of different HSPs in human skeletal muscle and provided an in-vitro-based approach for the elucidation of the exact role played by HSPs in the adaptations of human skeletal muscle to exercise.
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36.
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37.
  • Folkesson, Mattias, 1972-, et al. (författare)
  • Immunohistochemical changes in the expression of HSP27 in exercised human vastus lateralis muscle
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Acta Physiologica. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 1748-1708 .- 1748-1716. ; 194:3, s. 215-222
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aim: The role of HSP27 in the adaptive process of skeletal muscle to exercise, especially in humans, is not well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate immunohistochemical changes in HSP27 expression in human vastus lateralis muscle following resistance and endurance exercises.Methods: Two different exercise protocols were used: (1) one-leg ergometer cycling (EC, n = 6) consisting of two 30-min bouts at 40% and 75% of peak oxygen uptake, respectively, and (2) leg extension resistance exercise (RE, n = 9) including 10 sets of eight repetitions at a load corresponding to 70% of one maximal repetition (1RM). Immunohistochemistry using specific monoclonal antibodies was used to determine the location of HSP27 protein in muscle biopsies from human vastus lateralis.Results: Our results show that RE, but not EC, induced a significant appearance of scattered accumulations of HSP27 protein in muscle fibres from five of nine subjects. The number of fibres with accumulation of HSP27 in RE ranged from 0% to 32% with a mean of 6.3% of the total number of fibres.Conclusion: We conclude that this rapid HSP27 protein relocation after RE is an important player in the cellular remodelling of human muscle fibres in response to exercise involving high-force contractions, but not in response to endurance exercises.
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38.
  • Folkesson, Mattias, 1972-, et al. (författare)
  • The expression of heat shock protein in human skeletal muscle : effects of muscle fibre phenotype and training background
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Acta Physiologica. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1748-1708 .- 1748-1716. ; 209:1, s. 26-33
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aim: Exercise-induced adaptations of skeletal muscle are related to training mode and can be muscle fibre type specific. This study aimed to investigate heat shock protein expression in type I and type II muscle fibres in resting skeletal muscle of subjects with different training backgrounds.Methods: Three groups of subjects were included: healthy active not engaged in any training programme (ACT, n = 12), resistance trained (RES, n = 6) and endurance trained (END, n = 8). Biopsies were obtained from vastus lateralis, and immunohistochemistry was performed using monoclonal antibodies against myosin heavy chain I and IIA, αB-crystallin, HSP27, HSP60 and HSP70.Results: In ACT and RES, but not in END, a fibre type–specific expression with higher staining intensity in type I than type II fibres was seen for αB-crystallin. The opposite (II > I) was found for HSP27 in subjects from ACT (6 of 12 subjects) and RES (3 of 6), whereas all subjects from END displayed uniform staining. HSP60 showed no fibre-specific expression. HSP70 displayed a fibre-specific expression pattern (I > II) in ACT (4 of 12), but not in END or RES.Conclusion: This study shows that the level of expression of the different HSPs in human skeletal muscle is influenced by muscle fibre phenotype. The fibre type–specific expression of HSP70 is influenced by resistance and endurance training, whereas those of αB-crystallin and HSP27 is influenced only by endurance training, suggesting the existence of a training-modality-specific action on the adaptive processes including heat shock proteins in human skeletal muscle.
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39.
  • Gharahdaghi, Nima, et al. (författare)
  • Pharmacological hypogonadism impairs molecular transducers of exercise-induced muscle growth in humans
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2190-5991 .- 2190-6009. ; 13:2, s. 1134-1150
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: The relative role of skeletal muscle mechano-transduction in comparison with systemic hormones, such as testosterone (T), in regulating hypertrophic responses to exercise is contentious. We investigated the mechanistic effects of chemical endogenous T depletion adjuvant to 6 weeks of resistance exercise training (RET) on muscle mass, function, myogenic regulatory factors, and muscle anabolic signalling in younger men.METHODS: Non-hypogonadal men (n = 16; 18-30 years) were randomized in a double-blinded fashion to receive placebo (P, saline n = 8) or the GnRH analogue, Goserelin [Zoladex (Z), 3.6 mg, n = 8], injections, before 6 weeks of supervised whole-body RET. Participants underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), ultrasound of m. vastus lateralis (VL), and VL biopsies for assessment of cumulative muscle protein synthesis (MPS), myogenic gene expression, and anabolic signalling pathway responses.RESULTS: Zoladex suppressed endogenous T to within the hypogonadal range and was well tolerated; suppression was associated with blunted fat free mass [Z: 55.4 ± 2.8 to 55.8 ± 3.1 kg, P = 0.61 vs. P: 55.9 ± 1.7 to 57.4 ± 1.7 kg, P = 0.006, effect size (ES) = 0.31], composite strength (Z: 40 ± 2.3% vs. P: 49.8 ± 3.3%, P = 0.03, ES = 1.4), and muscle thickness (Z: 2.7 ± 0.4 to 2.69 ± 0.36 cm, P > 0.99 vs. P: 2.74 ± 0.32 to 2.91 ± 0.32 cm, P < 0.0001, ES = 0.48) gains. Hypogonadism attenuated molecular transducers of muscle growth related to T metabolism (e.g. androgen receptor: Z: 1.2 fold, P > 0.99 vs. P: 1.9 fold, P < 0.0001, ES = 0.85), anabolism/myogenesis (e.g. IGF-1Ea: Z: 1.9 fold, P = 0.5 vs. P: 3.3 fold, P = 0.0005, ES = 0.72; IGF-1Ec: Z: 2 fold, P > 0.99 vs. P: 4.7 fold, P = 0.0005, ES = 0.68; myogenin: Z: 1.3 fold, P > 0.99 vs. P: 2.7 fold, P = 0.002, ES = 0.72), RNA/DNA (Z: 0.47 ± 0.03 to 0.53 ± 0.03, P = 0.31 vs. P: 0.50 ± 0.01 to 0.64 ± 0.04, P = 0.003, ES = 0.72), and RNA/ASP (Z: 5.8 ± 0.4 to 6.8 ± 0.5, P > 0.99 vs. P: 6.5 ± 0.2 to 8.9 ± 1.1, P = 0.008, ES = 0.63) ratios, as well as acute RET-induced phosphorylation of growth signalling proteins (e.g. AKTser473 : Z: 2.74 ± 0.6, P = 0.2 vs. P: 5.5 ± 1.1 fold change, P < 0.001, ES = 0.54 and mTORC1ser2448 : Z: 1.9 ± 0.8, P > 0.99 vs. P: 3.6 ± 1 fold change, P = 0.002, ES = 0.53). Both MPS (Z: 1.45 ± 0.11 to 1.50 ± 0.06%·day-1 , P = 0.99 vs. P: 1.5 ± 0.12 to 2.0 ± 0.15%·day-1 , P = 0.01, ES = 0.97) and (extrapolated) muscle protein breakdown (Z: 93.16 ± 7.8 vs. P: 129.1 ± 13.8 g·day-1 , P = 0.04, ES = 0.92) were reduced with hypogonadism result in lower net protein turnover (3.9 ± 1.1 vs. 1.2 ± 1.1 g·day-1 , P = 0.04, ES = 0.95).CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that endogenous T sufficiency has a central role in the up-regulation of molecular transducers of RET-induced muscle hypertrophy in humans that cannot be overcome by muscle mechano-transduction alone.
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40.
  • Gharahdaghi, Nima, et al. (författare)
  • Testosterone therapy induces molecular programming augmenting physiological adaptations to resistance exercise in older men
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2190-5991 .- 2190-6009. ; 10:6, s. 1276-1294
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: The andropause is associated with declines in serum testosterone (T), loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia), and frailty. Two major interventions purported to offset sarcopenia are anabolic steroid therapies and resistance exercise training (RET). Nonetheless, the efficacy and physiological and molecular impacts of T therapy adjuvant to short-term RET remain poorly defined.Methods: Eighteen non-hypogonadal healthy older men, 65-75 years, were assigned in a random double-blinded fashion to receive, biweekly, either placebo (P, saline, n = 9) or T (Sustanon 250 mg, n = 9) injections over 6 week whole-body RET (three sets of 8-10 repetitions at 80% one-repetition maximum). Subjects underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, ultrasound of vastus lateralis (VL) muscle architecture, and knee extensor isometric muscle force tests; VL muscle biopsies were taken to quantify myogenic/anabolic gene expression, anabolic signalling, muscle protein synthesis (D2O), and breakdown (extrapolated).Results: Testosterone adjuvant to RET augmented total fat-free mass (P=0.007), legs fat-free mass (P=0.02), and appendicular fat-free mass (P=0.001) gains while decreasing total fat mass (P=0.02). Augmentations in VL muscle thickness, fascicle length, and quadriceps cross-section area with RET occured to a greater extent in T (P < 0.05). Sum strength (P=0.0009) and maximal voluntary contract (e.g. knee extension at 70 degrees) (P=0.002) increased significantly more in the T group. Mechanistically, both muscle protein synthesis rates (T: 2.13 +/- 0.21%center dot day(-1) vs. P: 1.34 +/- 0.13%center dot day(-1), P=0.0009) and absolute breakdown rates (T: 140.2 +/- 15.8 g center dot day(-1) vs. P: 90.2 +/- 11.7 g center dot day(-1), P=0.02) were elevated with T therapy, which led to higher net turnover and protein accretion in the T group (T: 8.3 +/- 1.4 g center dot day (-1) vs. P: 1.9 +/- 1.2 g center dot day (-1), P=0.004). Increases in ribosomal biogenesis (RNA:DNA ratio); mRNA expression relating to T metabolism (androgen receptor: 1.4-fold; Srd5a1: 1.6-fold; AKR1C3: 2.1-fold; and HSD17 beta 3: two-fold); insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 signalling [IGF-1Ea (3.5-fold) and IGF-1Ec (three-fold)] and myogenic regulatory factors; and the activity of anabolic signalling (e.g. mTOR, AKT, and RPS6; P < 0.05) were all up-regulated with T therapy. Only T up-regulated mitochondrial citrate synthase activity (P=0.03) and transcription factor A (1.41 +/- 0.2-fold, P=0.0002), in addition to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator 1-alpha mRNA (1.19 +/- 0.21-fold, P=0.037).Conclusions: Administration of T adjuvant to RET enhanced skeletal muscle mass and performance, while up-regulating myogenic gene programming, myocellular translational efficiency and capacity, collectively resulting in higher protein turnover, and net protein accretion. T coupled with RET is an effective short-term intervention to improve muscle mass/function in older non-hypogonadal men.
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41.
  • Hanssen, K. E., et al. (författare)
  • The effect of strength training volume on satellite cells, myogenic regulatory factors, and growth factors
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. - Hoboken, USA : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0905-7188 .- 1600-0838. ; 23:6, s. 728-739
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of this work was to study the effect of training volume on activation of satellite cells. Healthy untrained men were randomly assigned into two groups. The 3L-1UB group (n = 10) performed three-set leg exercises and single-set upper body exercises, and the 1L-3UB group (n = 11) performed single-set leg exercises and three-set upper body exercises. Both groups performed three sessions (80-90 min) per week for 11 weeks. Biopsies were taken from m. vastus lateralis and m. trapezius. The number of satellite cells, satellite cells positive for myogenin and MyoD, and the number of myonuclei were counted. Homogenized muscle was analyzed for myogenin and MyoD, and extracted ribonucleic acid (RNA) was monitored for selected growth factor transcripts. Knee extensor strength increased more in the 3L-1UB group than in the 1L-3UB group (48 ± 4% vs 29 ± 4%), whereas the strength gain in shoulder press was similar in both training groups. The number of satellite cells in m. vastus lateralis increased more in the 3L-1UB group than in the 1L-3UB group. The number of myonuclei increased similarly in both groups. The messenger RNA expression of growth factors peaked after 2 weeks of training. In conclusion, increasing training volume enhanced satellite cell numbers in the leg muscle, but not in the upper body muscle.
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42.
  • Harandi, Vahid M., 1985- (författare)
  • A Muscle Perspective on the Pathophysiology of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis : Differences between extraocular and limb muscles
  • 2016
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a late-onset progressive neurodegenerative disorder. ALS has been traditionally believed to be primarily a motor neuron disease. However, accumulating data indicate that loss of contact between the axons and the muscle fibres occurs early; long before the death of motor neurons and that muscle fibres may initiate motor neuron degeneration. Thus, the view of ALS is changing focus from motor neurons alone to also include the muscle fibres and the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). While skeletal muscles are affected in ALS, oculomotor disturbances are not dominant features of this disease and extraocular muscles (EOMs) are far less affected than limb muscles. Why oculomotor neurons and EOMs are capable to be more resistant in the pathogenetic process of ALS is still unknown.The overall goal of this thesis is to explore the pathophysiology of ALS from a muscle perspective and in particular study the expression and distribution of key neurotrophic factors (NTFs) and Wnt proteins in EOMs and limb muscles from ALS donors and from SOD1G93A transgenic mice. Comparisons were made with age-matched controls to distinguish between changes related to ALS and to ageing.Results: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4) were present in EOMs and limb muscles at both mRNA and protein levels in control mice. The mRNA levels of BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4 were significantly lower in EOMs than in limb muscles of early and/or late control mice, indicating an intrinsic difference in NTFs expression between EOMs and limb muscles. qRT-PCR analysis showed significantly upregulated mRNA levels of NT-3 and GDNF in EOMs but significantly downregulated mRNA levels of NT-4 in limb muscles from SOD1G93A transgenic mice at early stage. The NTFs were detected immunohistochemically in NMJs, nerve axons and muscle fibres. The expression of BDNF, GDNF and NT-4 on NMJs of limb muscles, but not of EOMs, was significantly decreased in terminal stage ALS animals as compared to the limb muscles of the age-matched controls. In contrast, NTFs expression in intramuscular nerve axons did not present significant changes in either muscle group of early or late ALS mice. NTFs, especially BDNF and NT-4 were upregulated in some small-sized muscle fibres in limb muscles of late stage ALS mice. All the four Wnt isoforms, Wnt1, Wnt3a, Wnt5a and Wnt7a were detected in most axon profiles in all human EOMs with ALS, whereas significantly fewer axon profiles were positive in the human limb muscles except for Wnt5a. Similar differential patterns were found in myofibres, except for Wnt7a, where its expression was elevated within sarcolemma of limb muscle fibres. β-catenin, a marker of the canonical Wnt pathway was activated in a subset of myofibres in the EOMs and limb muscle in all ALS patients. In the SOD1G93A mouse, all four Wnt isoforms were significantly decreased in the NMJs at the terminal stage compared to age matched controls.Conclusions: There were clear differences in NTF and Wnt expression patterns between EOM and limb muscle, suggesting that they may play a role in the distinct susceptibility of these two muscle groups to ALS. In particular, the early upregulation of GDNF and NT-3 in the EOMs might play a role in the preservation of the EOMs in ALS. Further studies are needed to determine whether these proteins and the pathways they control may be have a future potential as protecting agents for other muscles.
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43.
  •  
44.
  • Hosford-Donovan, Adrian, 1983-, et al. (författare)
  • Observational and mechanistic links between C-reactive protein and blood pressure in elderly women
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Maturitas. - Clare, Ireland : Elsevier. - 0378-5122 .- 1873-4111. ; 89, s. 52-57
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • It is hypothesized that chronic systemic inflammation contributes to the age-related decline in cardiovascular function. The aim of the present study was to combine an assessment of the relationship between the serum level of C-reactive protein (CRP) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in 108 elderly women (65 and 70 years) with an in-vitro exploration of the effects of CRP on the proliferative and angiogenic potential of endothelial cells exposed to serum in elderly women. Based on the median CRP level in our population, LowCRP (CRP<1.3mg/L) and HighCRP (>1.3mg/L) groups were identified. Body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were significantly higher in the HighCRP group than in the LowCRP group (p<0.05). The influence of CRP on SBP and DBP remained significant after adjustments for BMI and use of antihypertensive medication (p<0.05). When adjusting for waist circumference the observed influence of CRP on SPB was attenuated (p=0.062). We next evaluated the ability to form capillary tubes (angiogenesis assay) and the proliferation rate of endothelial cells exposed to the sera of elderly women. Increased serum CRP levels were associated with an increased doubling time of endothelial cells (R(2)=0.39; p<0.05) and decreased capillary tube length (R(2)=0.30; p<0.05), indicating a reduction in the proliferation rate of endothelial cells and angiogenic potential. In conclusion, chronic inflammation influences blood pressure in elderly women and compromises endothelial cell function, thus contributing to the age-related decline in vascular health.
  •  
45.
  • Kadi, Fawzi, et al. (författare)
  • Cellular adaptation of the trapezius muscle in strength-trained athletes
  • 1999
  • Ingår i: Histochemistry and Cell Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0948-6143 .- 1432-119X. ; 111:3, s. 189-195
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of this study was to elucidate the cellular events that occur in the trapezius muscle following several years of strength training. In muscle biopsies from ten elite power lifters (PL) and six control subjects (C), several parameters were studied: cross-sectional area of muscle fibres, myosin heavy chain composition (MHC) and capillary supply [capillaries around fibres (CAF) and CAF/fibre area]. A method was also developed for counting the number of myonuclei and satellite cell nuclei. The proportion of fibres expressing MHC IIA, the cross-sectional area of each fibre type and the number of myonuclei, satellite cells and fibres expressing markers for early myogenesis were significantly higher in PL than in C (P<0.05). A significant correlation between the myonuclear number and the cross-sectional area was observed. Since myonuclei in mature muscle fibres are not able to divide, we suggest that the incorporation of satellite cell nuclei into muscle fibres resulted in the maintenance of a constant nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. The presence of small diameter fibres expressing markers for early myogenesis indicates the formation of new muscle fibres.
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46.
  • Kadi, Fawzi (författare)
  • Cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the action of testosterone on human skeletal muscle : a basis for illegal performance enhancement
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: British Journal of Pharmacology. - Basingstoke : Nature Publ. Group. - 0007-1188 .- 1476-5381. ; 154:3, s. 522-528
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The popularity of testosterone among drug users is due to its powerful effects on muscle strength and mass. Important mechanisms behind the myotrophic effects of testosterone were uncovered both in athletes using steroids for several years and in short-term controlled studies. Both long-term and short-term steroid usage accentuates the degree of fibre hypertrophy in human skeletal muscle by enhancing protein synthesis. A mechanism by which testosterone facilitates the hypertrophy of muscle fibres is the activation of satellite cells and the promotion of myonuclear accretion when existing myonuclei become unable to sustain further enhancement of protein synthesis. Interestingly, long-term steroid usage also enhances the frequency of fibres with centrally located myonuclei, which implies the occurrence of a high regenerative activity. Under the action of testosterone, some daughter cells generated by satellite cell proliferation may escape differentiation and return to quiescence, which help to replenish the satellite cell reserve pool. However, whether long-term steroid usage induces adverse effects of satellite cells remains unknown. Testosterone might also favour the commitment of pluripotent precursor cells into myotubes and inhibit adipogenic differentiation. The effects of testosterone on skeletal muscle are thought to be mediated via androgen receptors expressed in myonuclei and satellite cells. Some evidence also suggests the existence of an androgen-receptor-independent pathway. Clearly, testosterone abuse is associated with an intense recruitment of multiple myogenic pathways. This provides an unfair advantage over non-drug users. The long-term consequences on the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle are unknown.
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47.
  • Kadi, Fawzi, 1970-, et al. (författare)
  • Chronic Systemic Inflammation, Physical Activity and Skeletal Muscle in Elderly
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0195-9131 .- 1530-0315. ; 49:5, s. 234-234
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • PURPOSE: It t is hypothesized that chronic systemic inflammation is influenced by physical activity level and is involved in the age-related decline in muscle function. The impact of physical activity behaviours on the level of C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in elderly women is investigated. The impact of chronic systemic inflammation on muscle mass and the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind the putative inflammation-mediated action on human muscle cells are explored.METHODS: Total amount of sedentary time, 30-minute periods of sedentary time and breaks in sedentary behaviour and time spent in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were assessed using accelerometry in a cohort of 89 elderly women. Serum HsCRP and TNF-α are were measured. The proliferative and metabolic capacity of human muscle cells obtained from vastus lateralis and exposed to CRP are assessed.RESULTS: No variables of sedentary behaviour were significantly associated with the level of CRP or TNF-α. In contrast, time spent in MVPA was inversely associated with the level of CRP, independently of sedentary behaviour and waist circumference, but not TNF-α. Serum CRP levels were inversely associated to skeletal muscle mass. Elevated serum CRP levels were associated to reduced proliferative rate of human muscle cells and changes in the regulation of the size muscle cells.CONCLUSIONS: Elevation in the inflammatory status in elderly is influenced by the amount of time spent in MVPA and exerts detrimental effects on skeletal muscle mass.
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48.
  • Kadi, Fawzi, 1970-, et al. (författare)
  • Dynamics of Perceived Barriers to Change Physical Activity and Eating Habits in Adults Before and During a Lifestyle Intervention in a Primary Care Setting : A Mixed Methods Approach
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Journal of Primary Care & Community Health. - : Sage Publications. - 2150-1319 .- 2150-1327. ; 15
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: There is scarcity of data exploring the dynamics of barriers to changing physical activity (PA) and eating habits during a lifestyle intervention in a primary care setting. The aim of the present study was to investigate barriers to lifestyle change before and during a primary care lifestyle intervention in adults with different sociodemographic backgrounds.Methods: Barriers to healthy eating and PA were assessed in 114 adults (age = 55 +/- 9 years) using a questionnaire before inclusion in the intervention. During the lifestyle intervention, factors perceived as obstacles to reach goals for PA and healthy eating habits were collected using focus group interviews in a sub-sample of 25 adults and analyzed using thematic analysis.Results: At least 1 barrier to changing eating and PA habits was reported in 65% and 67% of the population, respectively, without differences due to sex, place of birth, and educational level. Before entering the lifestyle intervention, intrapersonal factors including lack of willpower and lack of enjoyment were the dominant barriers to PA and healthy eating, irrespective of place of birth, sex, and education level. In contrast, environmental factors such as lack of support from family and work-related constraints emerged as important barriers to overcome during the action phase of the lifestyle intervention.Conclusions: The present study highlights the dynamics of barriers to changing PA and eating habits in a primary care lifestyle intervention, emphasizing the need for barrier assessment during the different phases of an intervention to tailor support activities for successful lifestyle behavioral change.
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49.
  • Kadi, Fawzi, et al. (författare)
  • Effects of anabolic steroids on the muscle cells of strength-trained athletes
  • 1999
  • Ingår i: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 0195-9131 .- 1530-0315. ; 31:11, s. 1528-1534
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • PURPOSE: Athletes who use anabolic steroids get larger and stronger muscles. How this is reflected at the level of the muscle fibers has not yet been established and was the topic of this investigation. METHODS: Muscle biopsies were obtained from the trapezius muscles of high-level power lifters who have reported the use of anabolic steroids in high doses for several years and from high-level power lifters who have never used these drugs. Enzyme-immunohistochemical investigation was performed to assess muscle fiber types, fiber area, myonuclear number, frequency of satellite cells, and fibers expressing developmental protein isoforms. RESULTS: The overall muscle fiber composition was the same in both groups. The mean area for each fiber type in the reported steroid users was larger than that in the nonsteroid users (P < 0.05). The number of myonuclei and the proportion of central nuclei were also significantly higher in the reported steroid users (P < 0.05). Likewise, the frequency of fibers expressing developmental protein isoforms was significantly higher in the reported steroid users group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Intake of anabolic steroids and strength-training induce an increase in muscle size by both hypertrophy and the formation of new muscle fibers. We propose that activation of satellite cells is a key process and is enhanced by the steroid use. The incorporation of the satellite cells into preexisting fibers to maintain a constant nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio seems to be a fundamental mechanism for muscle fiber growth. Although all the subjects in this study have the same level of performance, the possibility of genetic differences between the two groups cannot be completely excluded.
  •  
50.
  • Kadi, Fawzi, et al. (författare)
  • Effects of one bout of endurance exercise on the expression of myogenin in human quadriceps muscle
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: Histochemistry and Cell Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0948-6143 .- 1432-119X. ; 121:4, s. 329-334
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The objective of this study was to investigate the cellular localisation of MyoD and myogenin in human skeletal muscle fibres as well as the possible alterations in the expression of MyoD and myogenin in response to a single bout of endurance exercise at 40% and 75% of maximum oxygen uptake (VO(2) max). Twenty-five biopsies (5 per subject) from the vastus lateralis muscle were obtained before exercise, from the exercising leg at 40% and 75% of VO(2) max and from the resting leg following these exercise bouts. The tyramide signal amplification-direct and the Vectastain ABC methods using specific monoclonal antibodies were used to determine the exact location of myogenin and MyoD, to identify muscle satellite cells and to determine myosin heavy chain (MyHC) composition. At rest, myonuclei did not express MyoD or myogenin. Following a single bout of exercise at 40% and 75% of VO(2) max, an accumulation of myogenin in myonuclei and not in satellite cells was observed in biopsies from the exercised leg but not in biopsies before exercise and from the resting leg. The number of myogenin-positive myonuclei varied among individuals indicating differences in the response to a single exercise bout. In conclusion, this immunohistochemical study showed that a rapid rearrangement of myogenin expression occurs in exercised human skeletal muscles in response to a single bout of exercise.
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