| 1. |
- Estrada, Karol, et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies 56 bone mineral density loci and reveals 14 loci associated with risk of fracture.
- 2012
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Ingår i: Nature genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1546-1718 .- 1061-4036. ; 44:5, s. 491-501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bone mineral density (BMD) is the most widely used predictor of fracture risk. We performed the largest meta-analysis to date on lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD, including 17 genome-wide association studies and 32,961 individuals of European and east Asian ancestry. We tested the top BMD-associated markers for replication in 50,933 independent subjects and for association with risk of low-trauma fracture in 31,016 individuals with a history of fracture (cases) and 102,444 controls. We identified 56 loci (32 new) associated with BMD at genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10(-8)). Several of these factors cluster within the RANK-RANKL-OPG, mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, endochondral ossification and Wnt signaling pathways. However, we also discovered loci that were localized to genes not known to have a role in bone biology. Fourteen BMD-associated loci were also associated with fracture risk (P < 5 × 10(-4), Bonferroni corrected), of which six reached P < 5 × 10(-8), including at 18p11.21 (FAM210A), 7q21.3 (SLC25A13), 11q13.2 (LRP5), 4q22.1 (MEPE), 2p16.2 (SPTBN1) and 10q21.1 (DKK1). These findings shed light on the genetic architecture and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying BMD variation and fracture susceptibility.
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| 2. |
- Zheng, Hou-Feng, et al.
(författare)
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Whole-genome sequencing identifies EN1 as a determinant of bone density and fracture
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 526:7571, s. 112-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The extent to which low-frequency (minor allele frequency (MAF) between 1-5%) and rare (MAF <= 1%) variants contribute to complex traits and disease in the general population is mainly unknown. Bone mineral density (BMD) is highly heritable, a major predictor of osteoporotic fractures, and has been previously associated with common genetic variants(1-8), as well as rare, population specific, coding variants(9). Here we identify novel non-coding genetic variants with large effects on BMD (n(total) = 53,236) and fracture (n(total) = 508,253) in individuals of European ancestry from the general population. Associations for BMD were derived from whole-genome sequencing (n = 2,882 from UK10K (ref. 10); a population-based genome sequencing consortium), whole-exome sequencing (n = 3,549), deep imputation of genotyped samples using a combined UK10K/1000 Genomes reference panel (n = 26,534), and de novo replication genotyping (n = 20,271). We identified a low-frequency non-coding variant near a novel locus, EN1, with an effect size fourfold larger than the mean of previously reported common variants for lumbar spine BMD8 (rs11692564(T), MAF51.6%, replication effect size510.20 s.d., P-meta = 2 x 10(-14)), which was also associated with a decreased risk of fracture (odds ratio = 0.85; P = 2 x 10(-11); ncases = 98,742 and ncontrols = 409,511). Using an En1cre/flox mouse model, we observed that conditional loss of En1 results in low bone mass, probably as a consequence of high bone turnover. We also identified a novel low frequency non-coding variant with large effects on BMD near WNT16 (rs148771817(T), MAF = 1.2%, replication effect size +10.41 s.d., P-meta = 1 x 10(-11)). In general, there was an excess of association signals arising from deleterious coding and conserved non-coding variants. These findings provide evidence that low-frequency non-coding variants have large effects on BMD and fracture, thereby providing rationale for whole-genome sequencing and improved imputation reference panels to study the genetic architecture of complex traits and disease in the general population.
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| 3. |
- Coviello, Andrea D, et al.
(författare)
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A genome-wide association meta-analysis of circulating sex hormone-binding globulin reveals multiple Loci implicated in sex steroid hormone regulation.
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLoS genetics. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-7404 .- 1553-7390. ; 8:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a glycoprotein responsible for the transport and biologic availability of sex steroid hormones, primarily testosterone and estradiol. SHBG has been associated with chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and with hormone-sensitive cancers such as breast and prostate cancer. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of 21,791 individuals from 10 epidemiologic studies and validated these findings in 7,046 individuals in an additional six studies. We identified twelve genomic regions (SNPs) associated with circulating SHBG concentrations. Loci near the identified SNPs included SHBG (rs12150660, 17p13.1, p=1.8×10(-106)), PRMT6 (rs17496332, 1p13.3, p=1.4×10(-11)), GCKR (rs780093, 2p23.3, p=2.2×10(-16)), ZBTB10 (rs440837, 8q21.13, p=3.4×10(-09)), JMJD1C (rs7910927, 10q21.3, p=6.1×10(-35)), SLCO1B1 (rs4149056, 12p12.1, p=1.9×10(-08)), NR2F2 (rs8023580, 15q26.2, p=8.3×10(-12)), ZNF652 (rs2411984, 17q21.32, p=3.5×10(-14)), TDGF3 (rs1573036, Xq22.3, p=4.1×10(-14)), LHCGR (rs10454142, 2p16.3, p=1.3×10(-07)), BAIAP2L1 (rs3779195, 7q21.3, p=2.7×10(-08)), and UGT2B15 (rs293428, 4q13.2, p=5.5×10(-06)). These genes encompass multiple biologic pathways, including hepatic function, lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and T2D, androgen and estrogen receptor function, epigenetic effects, and the biology of sex steroid hormone-responsive cancers including breast and prostate cancer. We found evidence of sex-differentiated genetic influences on SHBG. In a sex-specific GWAS, the loci 4q13.2-UGT2B15 was significant in men only (men p=2.5×10(-08), women p=0.66, heterogeneity p=0.003). Additionally, three loci showed strong sex-differentiated effects: 17p13.1-SHBG and Xq22.3-TDGF3 were stronger in men, whereas 8q21.12-ZBTB10 was stronger in women. Conditional analyses identified additional signals at the SHBG gene that together almost double the proportion of variance explained at the locus. Using an independent study of 1,129 individuals, all SNPs identified in the overall or sex-differentiated or conditional analyses explained ∼15.6% and ∼8.4% of the genetic variation of SHBG concentrations in men and women, respectively. The evidence for sex-differentiated effects and allelic heterogeneity highlight the importance of considering these features when estimating complex trait variance.
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| 4. |
- Kilpeläinen, Tuomas O, et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide meta-analysis uncovers novel loci influencing circulating leptin levels
- 2016
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Leptin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone, the circulating levels of which correlate closely with overall adiposity. Although rare mutations in the leptin (LEP) gene are well known to cause leptin deficiency and severe obesity, no common loci regulating circulating leptin levels have been uncovered. Therefore, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of circulating leptin levels from 32,161 individuals and followed up loci reaching P<10(-6) in 19,979 additional individuals. We identify five loci robustly associated (P<5 × 10(-8)) with leptin levels in/near LEP, SLC32A1, GCKR, CCNL1 and FTO. Although the association of the FTO obesity locus with leptin levels is abolished by adjustment for BMI, associations of the four other loci are independent of adiposity. The GCKR locus was found associated with multiple metabolic traits in previous GWAS and the CCNL1 locus with birth weight. Knockdown experiments in mouse adipose tissue explants show convincing evidence for adipogenin, a regulator of adipocyte differentiation, as the novel causal gene in the SLC32A1 locus influencing leptin levels. Our findings provide novel insights into the regulation of leptin production by adipose tissue and open new avenues for examining the influence of variation in leptin levels on adiposity and metabolic health.
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| 5. |
- Pajala, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of water column dissolved oxygen concentrations on lake methane emissions : results from a whole-lake oxygenation experiment
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 2169-8953 .- 2169-8961. ; 128:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lakes contribute 9%–19% of global methane (CH4) emissions to the atmosphere. Dissolved molecular oxygen (DO) in lakes can inhibit the production of CH4 and promote CH4 oxidation. DO is therefore often considered an important regulator of CH4 emissions from lakes. Presence or absence of DO in the water above the sediments can affect CH4 production and emissions by (a) influencing if methane production can be fueled by the most reactive organic matter in the top sediment layer or rely on deeper and less degradable organic matter, and (b) enabling CH4 accumulation in deep waters and potentially large emissions upon water column turnover. However, the relative importance of these two DO effects on CH4 fluxes is still unclear. We assessed CH4 fluxes from two connected lake basins in northern boreal Sweden where one was experimentally oxygenated. Results showed no clear difference in summer CH4 emissions attributable to water column DO concentrations. Large amounts of CH4 accumulated in the anoxic hypolimnion of the reference basin but little of this may have been emitted because of incomplete mixing, and effective methane oxidation of stored CH4 reaching oxic water layers. Accordingly, ≤24% of the stored CH4 was likely emitted in the experimental lake. Overall, our results suggest that hypolimnetic DO and water column CH4 storage might have a smaller impact on CH4 emissions in boreal forest lakes than previous estimates, yet potential fluxes associated with water column turnover events remain a significant uncertainty in lake CH4 emission estimates.
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| 6. |
- Zheng, Hou-Feng, et al.
(författare)
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WNT16 influences bone mineral density, Cortical bone thickness, bone strength, and Osteoporotic fracture risk
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLoS genetics. - SAN FRANCISCO, USA : PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE. - 1553-7404. ; 8:7, s. e1002745-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We aimed to identify genetic variants associated with cortical bone thickness (CBT) and bone mineral density (BMD) by performing two separate genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analyses for CBT in 3 cohorts comprising 5,878 European subjects and for BMD in 5 cohorts comprising 5,672 individuals. We then assessed selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for osteoporotic fracture in 2,023 cases and 3,740 controls. Association with CBT and forearm BMD was tested for ∼2.5 million SNPs in each cohort separately, and results were meta-analyzed using fixed effect meta-analysis. We identified a missense SNP (Thr>Ile; rs2707466) located in the WNT16 gene (7q31), associated with CBT (effect size of -0.11 standard deviations [SD] per C allele, P = 6.2×10(-9)). This SNP, as well as another nonsynonymous SNP rs2908004 (Gly>Arg), also had genome-wide significant association with forearm BMD (-0.14 SD per C allele, P = 2.3×10(-12), and -0.16 SD per G allele, P = 1.2×10(-15), respectively). Four genome-wide significant SNPs arising from BMD meta-analysis were tested for association with forearm fracture. SNP rs7776725 in FAM3C, a gene adjacent to WNT16, was associated with a genome-wide significant increased risk of forearm fracture (OR = 1.33, P = 7.3×10(-9)), with genome-wide suggestive signals from the two missense variants in WNT16 (rs2908004: OR = 1.22, P = 4.9×10(-6) and rs2707466: OR = 1.22, P = 7.2×10(-6)). We next generated a homozygous mouse with targeted disruption of Wnt16. Female Wnt16(-/-) mice had 27% (P<0.001) thinner cortical bones at the femur midshaft, and bone strength measures were reduced between 43%-61% (6.5×10(-13)
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| 7. |
- Casas-Ruiz, Joan P., et al.
(författare)
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Integrating terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems to constrain estimates of land-atmosphere carbon exchange
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2041-1723. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this Perspective, we put forward an integrative framework to improve estimates of land-atmosphere carbon exchange based on the accumulation of carbon in the landscape as constrained by its lateral export through rivers. The framework uses the watershed as the fundamental spatial unit and integrates all terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems as well as their hydrologic carbon exchanges. Application of the framework should help bridge the existing gap between land and atmosphere-based approaches and offers a platform to increase communication and synergy among the terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric research communities that is paramount to advance landscape carbon budget assessments.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Hedström, Per, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Brownification increases winter mortality in fish
- 2017
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Ingår i: Oecologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0029-8549 .- 1432-1939. ; 183:2, s. 587-595
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In northernclimateswinter is a bottleneck for many organisms. Low light and resource availability constrain individual foraging rates,potentially leading tostarvation and increasedmortality.Increasinginput of humic substances to aquatic ecosystems causesbrownification of water and hence a further decreaseof light availability,which may lead tofurther decreased foraging ratesand starvation mortality during winter.To test this hypothesis, we measured the effectsof experimentally increased humicwaterinput on consumption and survival of young-of-the-year (YOY) three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) over winterin largeoutdoor enclosures. Population densitieswereestimated in autumn andthefollowing springand food availabilityand consumptionwere monitoredoverwinter. As hypothesized,mortality washigher underhumic(76%)as compared to ambientconditions (64%).Also, body condition and ingested prey biomass werelower under humic conditionseven thoughresource availability wasnotlower under humic conditions. Light conditions were significantly poorer under humic conditions. This suggeststhat increased mortality and decreased body condition and ingested prey biomasswasnot due to decreased resource availability but due todecreasedsearch efficiencyin this visual feeding consumer. Increased future brownification of aquatic systems may therefore negatively affect both recruitment and densities of fish.
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| 11. |
- Karlsson, Jan, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Ice-melt period dominates annual carbon dioxide evasion from clear-water Arctic lakes
- 2024
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Ingår i: Limnology and Oceanography Letters. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2378-2242. ; 9:2, s. 112-118
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current estimates of carbon dioxide (CO2) evasion from Arctic lakes are highly uncertain because few studies integrate seasonal variability, specifically evasion during spring ice-melt. We quantified annual CO2 evasion for 14 clear-water Arctic lakes in Northern Sweden through mass balance (ice-melt period) and high-frequency loggers (open-water period). On average, 80% (SD: ± 18) of annual CO2 evasion occurred within 10 d following ice-melt. The contribution of the ice-melt period to annual CO2 evasion was high compared to earlier studies of Arctic lakes (47% ± 32%). Across all lakes, the proportion of ice-melt : annual CO2 evasion was negatively related to the dissolved organic carbon concentration and positively related to the mean depth of the lakes. The results emphasize the need for measurements of CO2 exchange at ice-melt to accurately quantify CO2 evasion from Arctic lakes.
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| 12. |
- Kilpeläinen, Tuomas O, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic variation near IRS1 associates with reduced adiposity and an impaired metabolic profile.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Nature genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1546-1718 .- 1061-4036. ; 43:8, s. 753-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genome-wide association studies have identified 32 loci influencing body mass index, but this measure does not distinguish lean from fat mass. To identify adiposity loci, we meta-analyzed associations between ∼2.5 million SNPs and body fat percentage from 36,626 individuals and followed up the 14 most significant (P < 10(-6)) independent loci in 39,576 individuals. We confirmed a previously established adiposity locus in FTO (P = 3 × 10(-26)) and identified two new loci associated with body fat percentage, one near IRS1 (P = 4 × 10(-11)) and one near SPRY2 (P = 3 × 10(-8)). Both loci contain genes with potential links to adipocyte physiology. Notably, the body-fat-decreasing allele near IRS1 is associated with decreased IRS1 expression and with an impaired metabolic profile, including an increased visceral to subcutaneous fat ratio, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, risk of diabetes and coronary artery disease and decreased adiponectin levels. Our findings provide new insights into adiposity and insulin resistance.
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| 13. |
- Liu, Ching-Ti, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of gene-by-sex interaction effect on bone mineral density
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. - : Wiley. - 1523-4681 .- 0884-0431. ; 27:10, s. 2051-2064
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sexual dimorphism in various bone phenotypes, including bone mineral density (BMD), is widely observed; however, the extent to which genes explain these sex differences is unclear. To identify variants with different effects by sex, we examined gene-by-sex autosomal interactions genome-wide, and performed expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis and bioinformatics network analysis. We conducted an autosomal genome-wide meta-analysis of gene-by-sex interaction on lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) BMD in 25,353 individuals from 8 cohorts. In a second stage, we followed up the 12 top single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; p?
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| 14. |
- Nielson, Carrie M., et al.
(författare)
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Novel Genetic Variants Associated With Increased Vertebral Volumetric BMD, Reduced Vertebral Fracture Risk, and Increased Expression of SLC1A3 and EPHB2
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. - : Wiley. - 0884-0431. ; 31:12, s. 2085-2097
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have revealed numerous loci for areal bone mineral density (aBMD). We completed the first GWAS meta-analysis (n=15,275) of lumbar spine volumetric BMD (vBMD) measured by quantitative computed tomography (QCT), allowing for examination of the trabecular bone compartment. SNPs that were significantly associated with vBMD were also examined in two GWAS meta-analyses to determine associations with morphometric vertebral fracture (n=21,701) and clinical vertebral fracture (n=5893). Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analyses of iliac crest biopsies were performed in 84 postmenopausal women, and murine osteoblast expression of genes implicated by eQTL or by proximity to vBMD-associated SNPs was examined. We identified significant vBMD associations with five loci, including: 1p36.12, containing WNT4 and ZBTB40; 8q24, containing TNFRSF11B; and 13q14, containing AKAP11 and TNFSF11. Two loci (5p13 and 1p36.12) also contained associations with radiographic and clinical vertebral fracture, respectively. In 5p13, rs2468531 (minor allele frequency [MAF]=3%) was associated with higher vBMD (β=0.22, p=1.9×10-8) and decreased risk of radiographic vertebral fracture (odds ratio [OR]=0.75; false discovery rate [FDR] p=0.01). In 1p36.12, rs12742784 (MAF=21%) was associated with higher vBMD (β=0.09, p=1.2×10-10) and decreased risk of clinical vertebral fracture (OR=0.82; FDR p=7.4×10-4). Both SNPs are noncoding and were associated with increased mRNA expression levels in human bone biopsies: rs2468531 with SLC1A3 (β=0.28, FDR p=0.01, involved in glutamate signaling and osteogenic response to mechanical loading) and rs12742784 with EPHB2 (β=0.12, FDR p=1.7×10-3, functions in bone-related ephrin signaling). Both genes are expressed in murine osteoblasts. This is the first study to link SLC1A3 and EPHB2 to clinically relevant vertebral osteoporosis phenotypes. These results may help elucidate vertebral bone biology and novel approaches to reducing vertebral fracture incidence.
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| 15. |
- Nordanstig, Annika, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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EndoVAscular treatment and ThRombolysis for Ischemic Stroke Patients (EVA-TRISP) registry: basis and methodology of a pan-European prospective ischaemic stroke revascularisation treatment registry.
- 2021
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Ingår i: BMJ open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 11:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Thrombolysis in Ischemic Stroke Patients (TRISP) collaboration was a concerted effort initiated in 2010 with the purpose to address relevant research questions about the effectiveness and safety of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT). The collaboration also aims to prospectively collect data on patients undergoing endovascular treatment (EVT) and hence the name of the collaboration was changed from TRISP to EVA-TRISP. The methodology of the former TRISP registry for patients treated with IVT has already been published. This paper focuses on describing the EVT part of the registry.All centres committed to collecting predefined variables on consecutive patients prospectively. We aim for accuracy and completeness of the data and to adapt local databases to investigate novel research questions. Herein, we introduce the methodology of a recently constructed academic investigator-initiated open collaboration EVT registry built as an extension of an existing IVT registry in patients with acute ischaemic stroke (AIS).Currently, the EVA-TRISP network includes 20 stroke centres with considerable expertise in EVT and maintenance of high-quality hospital-based registries. Following several successful randomised controlled trials (RCTs), many important clinical questions remain unanswered in the (EVT) field and some of them will unlikely be investigated in future RCTs. Prospective registries with high-quality data on EVT-treated patients may help answering some of these unanswered issues, especially on safety and efficacy of EVT in specific patient subgroups.This collaborative effort aims at addressing clinically important questions on safety and efficacy of EVT in conditions not covered by RCTs. The TRISP registry generated substantial novel data supporting stroke physicians in their daily decision making considering IVT candidate patients. While providing observational data on EVT in daily clinical practice, our future findings may likewise be hypothesis generating for future research as well as for quality improvement (on EVT). The collaboration welcomes participation of further centres willing to fulfill the commitment and the outlined requirements.
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| 16. |
- Ohlsson, Claes, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic determinants of serum testosterone concentrations in men.
- 2011
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Ingår i: PLoS genetics. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-7404 .- 1553-7390. ; 7:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Testosterone concentrations in men are associated with cardiovascular morbidity, osteoporosis, and mortality and are affected by age, smoking, and obesity. Because of serum testosterone's high heritability, we performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association data in 8,938 men from seven cohorts and followed up the genome-wide significant findings in one in silico (n=871) and two de novo replication cohorts (n=4,620) to identify genetic loci significantly associated with serum testosterone concentration in men. All these loci were also associated with low serum testosterone concentration defined as <300 ng/dl. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) locus (17p13-p12) were identified as independently associated with serum testosterone concentration (rs12150660, p=1.2×10(-41) and rs6258, p=2.3×10(-22)). Subjects with ≥ 3 risk alleles of these variants had 6.5-fold higher risk of having low serum testosterone than subjects with no risk allele. The rs5934505 polymorphism near FAM9B on the X chromosome was also associated with testosterone concentrations (p=5.6×10(-16)). The rs6258 polymorphism in exon 4 of SHBG affected SHBG's affinity for binding testosterone and the measured free testosterone fraction (p<0.01). Genetic variants in the SHBG locus and on the X chromosome are associated with a substantial variation in testosterone concentrations and increased risk of low testosterone. rs6258 is the first reported SHBG polymorphism, which affects testosterone binding to SHBG and the free testosterone fraction and could therefore influence the calculation of free testosterone using law-of-mass-action equation.
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| 17. |
- Pajala, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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Higher apparent gas transfer velocities for CO2 compared to CH4 in small lakes
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 57:23, s. 8578-8587
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large greenhouse gas emissions occur via the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) from the surface layer of lakes. Such emissions are modeled from the air-water gas concentration gradient and the gas transfer velocity (k). The links between k and the physical properties of the gas and water have led to the development of methods to convert k between gases through Schmidt number normalization. However, recent observations have found that such normalization of apparent k estimates from field measurements can yield different results for CH4 and CO2. We estimated k for CO2 and CH4 from measurements of concentration gradients and fluxes in four contrasting lakes and found consistently higher (on an average 1.7 times) normalized apparent k values for CO2 than CH4. From these results, we infer that several gas-specific factors, including chemical and biological processes within the water surface microlayer, can influence apparent k estimates. We highlight the importance of accurately measuring relevant air-water gas concentration gradients and considering gas-specific processes when estimating k.
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| 18. |
- Pascual, Didac, et al.
(författare)
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The missing pieces for better future predictions in subarctic ecosystems: A Torneträsk case study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 50:2, s. 375-392
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Arctic and subarctic ecosystems are experiencing substantial changes in hydrology, vegetation, permafrost conditions, and carbon cycling, in response to climatic change and other anthropogenic drivers, and these changes are likely to continue over this century. The total magnitude of these changes results from multiple interactions among these drivers. Field measurements can address the overall responses to different changing drivers, but are less capable of quantifying the interactions among them. Currently, a comprehensive assessment of the drivers of ecosystem changes, and the magnitude of their direct and indirect impacts on subarctic ecosystems, is missing. The Torneträsk area, in the Swedish subarctic, has an unrivalled history of environmental observation over 100 years, and is one of the most studied sites in the Arctic. In this study, we summarize and rank the drivers of ecosystem change in the Torneträsk area, and propose research priorities identified, by expert assessment, to improve predictions of ecosystem changes. The research priorities identified include understanding impacts on ecosystems brought on by altered frequency and intensity of winter warming events, evapotranspiration rates, rainfall, duration of snow cover and lake-ice, changed soil moisture, and droughts. This case study can help us understand the ongoing ecosystem changes occurring in the Torneträsk area, and contribute to improve predictions of future ecosystem changes at a larger scale. This understanding will provide the basis for the future mitigation and adaptation plans needed in a changing climate.
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| 19. |
- Rudberg, David, et al.
(författare)
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Contribution of gas concentration and transfer velocity to CO2 flux variability in northern lakes
- 2024
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Ingår i: Limnology and Oceanography. - : WILEY. - 0024-3590 .- 1939-5590.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The CO( 2)flux (FCO2) from lakes to the atmosphere is a large component of the global carbon cycle anddepends on the air-water CO2concentration gradient (Delta CO2) and the gas transfer velocity (k). Both Delta CO2 and k can vary on multiple timescales and understanding their contributions toFCO(2)is important for explaining var-iability influxes and developing optimal sampling designs. We measuredFCO2 and Delta CO(2 )and derivedkforone full ice-free period in 18 lakes usingfloating chambers and estimated the contributions of Delta CO2 and k to FCO2 variability. Generally, kcontributed more than Delta CO2to short-term (1-9d) FCO2 variability. With in creased temporal period, the contribution of k to FCO2 variability decreased, and in some lakes resulted in Delta CO2 contrib-uting more thank to FCO2 variability over the full ice-free period. Increased contribution of Delta CO2 to FCO2 vari-ability over time occurred across all lakes but was most apparent in large-volume southern-boreal lakes and indeeper (>2m) parts of lakes, whereaskwas linked to FCO(2 )variability in shallow waters. Accordingly, knowing the variability of bothk and Delta CO(2 )over time and space is needed for accurate modeling of F CO2 from these vari-ables. We conclude that priority in FCO(2 )assessments should be given to direct measurements of FCO2 at multiplesites when possible, or otherwise from spatially distributed measurements of Delta CO(2 )combined with k- models that incorporate spatial variability of lake thermal structure and meteorology.
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| 20. |
- Schenk, Jonathan, 1992-, et al.
(författare)
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Methane in Lakes : Variability in Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition and the Potential Importance of Groundwater Input
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Earth Science. - Lausanne, Switzerland : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-6463. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Methane (CH4) is an important component of the carbon (C) cycling in lakes. CH4 production enables carbon in sediments to be either reintroduced to the food web via CH4 oxidation or emitted as a greenhouse gas making lakes one of the largest natural sources of atmospheric CH4. Large stable carbon isotopic fractionation during CH4 oxidation makes changes in 13C:12C ratio (δ13C) a powerful and widely used tool to determine the extent to which lake CH4 is oxidized, rather than emitted. This relies on correct δ13C values of original CH4 sources, the variability of which has rarely been investigated systematically in lakes. In this study, we measured δ13C in CH4 bubbles in littoral sediments and in CH4 dissolved in the anoxic hypolimnion of six boreal lakes with different characteristics. The results indicate that δ13C of CH4 sources is consistently higher (less 13C depletion) in littoral sediments than in deep waters across boreal and subarctic lakes. Variability in organic matter substrates across depths is a potential explanation. In one of the studied lakes available data from nearby soils showed correspondence between δ13C-CH4 in groundwater and deep lake water, and input from the catchment of CH4 via groundwater exceeded atmospheric CH4 emissions tenfold over a period of 1 month. It indicates that lateral hydrological transport of CH4 can explain the observed δ13C-CH4 patterns and be important for lake CH4 cycling. Our results have important consequences for modelling and process assessments relative to lake CH4 using δ13C, including for CH4 oxidation, which is a key regulator of lake CH4 emissions.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Berlin, Johan, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Backsourcing in the private and public sectors — A systematic review
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Financial Accountability and Management. - 0267-4424 .- 1468-0408. ; 39:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article provides a systematic review of the literature on backsourcing. The aim is to synthesize existing literature in order to compare and analyze similarities and differences in backsourcing in the private and public sectors. The study asks questions about: which methods and theories have been used, why backsourcing has been implemented, and what reasons have been described for backsourcing. The study is based on an analysis of 500 articles about backsourcing and 33 articles in the final data set. The results show that backsourcing is primarily caused by: increased costs, lack of quality, and contract problems in the private sector, along with loss of control, cost saving, and changed strategy in the public sector. The study's synthesis highlights three explanations for how backsourcing is managed and interpreted in both the sectors. The article contributes specifically to summarizing current research on backsourcing, synthesizing how backsourcing has been studied, illustrating gaps in the research, as well as explaining relevant differences between private and public backsourcing.
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| 24. |
- Berlin, Johan, 1975, et al.
(författare)
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Involuntary backsourcing in the public sector ‐ From conflict to collaboration
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Public Administration. - : Wiley. - 0033-3298 .- 1467-9299. ; 100:3, s. 674-691
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to contribute to the literature on how involuntary backsourcing in public organisations is performed in practice and how it affects the relationship between principal and agent. The study focuses on two questions; 1) Which stages characterise the process when public contracts are involuntary terminated? 2) How does involuntary backsourcing affect the relationship between principal and agent during the transfer period? The study's case concerns public backsourcing in Sweden, in particular, how a metropolitan municipality manages involuntary backsourcing. This study provides in‐depth insights into backsourcing and its practice, as well the degree to which the conflict dimension between the parties is affected. The study shows ‐ paradoxically ‐ that the relationship between principal and agent during the transition phase is characterised by dependence, mutual exchange of information, collaboration and less conflict. The study contributes to developing the theory of backsourcing, particularly the behaviour that is played out between principal and agent in the transition stage. The findings identify the need for public organisations which make outsourcing decisions to have contingency plans for bringing operations back in‐house.
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| 25. |
- Buker, P., et al.
(författare)
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DO3SE modelling of soil moisture to determine ozone flux to forest trees
- 2012
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 12:12, s. 5537-5562
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The DO3SE (Deposition of O-3 for Stomatal Exchange) model is an established tool for estimating ozone (O-3) deposition, stomatal flux and impacts to a variety of vegetation types across Europe. It has been embedded within the EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) photochemical model to provide a policy tool capable of relating the flux-based risk of vegetation damage to O-3 precursor emission scenarios for use in policy formulation. A key limitation of regional flux-based risk assessments has been the assumption that soil water deficits are not limiting O-3 flux due to the unavailability of evaluated methods for modelling soil water deficits and their influence on stomatal conductance (g(sto)), and subsequent O-3 flux. This paper describes the development and evaluation of a method to estimate soil moisture status and its influence on g(sto) for a variety of forest tree species. This DO3SE soil moisture module uses the Penman-Monteith energy balance method to drive water cycling through the soil-plant-atmosphere system and empirical data describing g(sto) relationships with pre-dawn leaf water status to estimate the biological control of transpiration. We trial four different methods to estimate this biological control of the transpiration stream, which vary from simple methods that relate soil water content or potential directly to g(sto), to more complex methods that incorporate hydraulic resistance and plant capacitance that control water flow through the plant system. These methods are evaluated against field data describing a variety of soil water variables, g(sto) and transpiration data for Norway spruce (Picea abies), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), birch (Betula pendula), aspen (Populus tremuloides), beech (Fagus sylvatica) and holm oak (Quercus ilex) collected from ten sites across Europe and North America. Modelled estimates of these variables show consistency with observed data when applying the simple empirical methods, with the timing and magnitude of soil drying events being captured well across all sites and reductions in transpiration with the onset of drought being predicted with reasonable accuracy. The more complex methods, which incorporate hydraulic resistance and plant capacitance, perform less well, with predicted drying cycles consistently underestimating the rate and magnitude of water loss from the soil. A sensitivity analysis showed that model performance was strongly dependent upon the local parameterisation of key model drivers such as the maximum g(sto), soil texture, root depth and leaf area index. The results suggest that the simple modelling methods that relate g(sto) directly to soil water content and potential provide adequate estimates of soil moisture and influence on g(sto) such that they are suitable to be used to assess the potential risk posed by O-3 to forest trees across Europe.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Carlström, Eric, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Quasi-backsourcing in the Public Sector : The Challenge of Withdrawing from an Intertwined and Long-standing Relationship
- 2021
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Public Administration. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0190-0692 .- 1532-4265. ; 46:4, s. 302-311
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to map the process involved in terminating a long-standing business relationship in a public context. It employed an exploratory study to interview 35 politicians, senior- and middle managers, ambulance- and dispatch centre staff and representatives of a regional alliance of patients. Growing criticism from a county council towards a contractor ended in a decision to bring services back in-house. However, terminating the contract failed and instead a state of quasi-backsourcing emerged. Only parts of the services were taken back in-house, with few reported benefits. The study suggests that caution is needed in relation to backsourcing services from a closely intertwined contractor.
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| 28. |
- Dahlerup, Drude, et al.
(författare)
-
What does it mean to be a feminist MP? A comparative analysis of the Swedish and Danish parliaments
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Party Politics. - : SAGE Publications. - 1354-0688 .- 1460-3683. ; 27:6
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The issue of whether political interests are gendered, and if so, how, has been a recurrent theme in research. While there have been several attempts recently to address gendered political interests theoretically, the central concept of feminism has not been explored in any depth in this context. This article uses unique data pertaining to self-identification as a “feminist” MP, and explores how it relates to gender, party and certain policy issues previously connected to women in Sweden and Denmark. The two neighboring countries both have a high representation of women, but while the Swedish government called itself “feminist,” this was unthinkable in the Danish case. Our main finding is that in both countries male feminist MPs deviate from their female counterparts by not supporting “acting for women” which indicates a separate and gendered understanding of what being a male feminist implies. However, no strong association addressing intrinsic feminists male concerns such as parental leave, was found. Another possibility could be that male feminists refrain from taking agency from females, what the “acting for” option could imply. We conclude that the concept of “acting for women” needs to be abducted from its central stance in feminism as a category of representation to mirror the multifaceted contemporary landscape.
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| 29. |
- De Fine Licht, Jenny, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
Här, där eller överallt? Medborgares åsikter om lokalisering av offentlig service
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Kapitel i Ulrika Andersson, Patrik Öhberg, Anders Carlander, Johan Martinsson & Nora Theorin (red) Ovisshetens tid. Göteborg: SOM-institutet, Göteborgs universitet.. - Göteborg : SOM-institutet, Göteborgs universitet. - 9789189673540 ; , s. 329-342
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det här kapitlet handlar om svenska folkets åsikter om lokalisering av offentlig service. Vi analyserar uppfattningar relaterade till bevarande av skolor och stöd till livsmedelsbutiker i glesbygd, samt centralisering av universitet och sjukvård, och undersöker i vilken grad ideologiska och avståndsbaserade faktorer bidrar till att förklara åsiktsvariationen. Dramatiken i lokaliseringspolitiken beskrivs ofta som en konflikt mellan stad och land, eller centrum och periferi, men resultaten visar att bostadsort och avstånd till service inte alls är så avgörande som man skulle kunna tro. Det är svårt att koppla människors åsikter om lokalisering till var de bor. Däremot har ideologiska faktorer en viss betydelse. Våra resultat väcker därmed nya spännande frågor om vad som egentligen förklarar den stora åsiktspridning och de starka känslor som kommer till uttryck när politiker och medborgare hanterar dessa frågor.
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| 30. |
- De Fine Licht, Jenny, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
Här, där eller överallt? – Tabellbilaga
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Bilaga till kapitlet de Fine Licht, Karlsson & Skoog (2023): "Här, där eller överallt? Medborgares åsikter om lokalisering av offentlig service". I Ulrika Andersson, Patrik Öhberg, Anders Carlander, Johan Martinsson & Nora Theorin (red) "Ovisshetens tid". Göteborg: SOM-institutet, Göteborgs universitet.. - Göteborg och Umeå : Göteborgs universitet och Umeå universitet.
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna PM är en bilaga till kapitlet de Fine Licht, Karlsson & Skoog (2023): Här, där eller överallt? Medborgares åsikter om lokalisering av offentlig service, publicerad i Ulrika Andersson, Patrik Öhberg, Anders Carlander, Johan Martinsson & Nora Theorin (red) Ovisshetens tid. Göteborg: SOM-institutet, Göteborgs universitet. I denna bilaga redovisas resultat på de frågor projektet Lokaliseringsutmaningen ställt i den nationella SOM-undersökningen 2022 och som ligger till grund för analyserna i ovan nämnda kapitel.
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| 31. |
- De Fine Licht, Jenny, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
Närhet eller effektivitet – en kommunal utmaning
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Kommunal Ekonomi. - : Föreningen Sveriges kommunalekonomer. - 0282-0099 .- 2002-3995. ; 2023:2, s. 39-40
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 32. |
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Demokratisk och effektiv styrning. En antologi om forskning i offentlig förvaltning
- 2007
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den offentliga förvaltningens huvuduppgift är att tillhandahålla tjänster för medborgarna i enlighet med politiskt fattade beslut. I detta arbete står förvaltningen återkommande inför svåra målkonflikter, där många önskemål skall tillfredställas inom ramen för begränsade ekonomiska resurser. Förvaltningens mångfald av organisationsformer speglar därför en ambition från makthavarna att vilja styra den offentliga verksamheten på ett både demokratiskt och effektivt sätt. Hur förvaltningen arbetar för att nå dessa mål är kärnan i den akademiska disciplinen offentlig förvaltning (public administration). Demokratisk och effektiv styrning - En antologi om forskning i offentlig förvaltning samlar en rad bidrag som alla speglar forskningsfronten inom ämnet offentlig förvaltning i Sverige. Läsaren möter intressanta tankar, observationer och teorier kring allt från borgmästare och vargar till marknadsmässiga löner och jämställdhet. I grunden ligger målkonflikten mellan ekonomi och politik, men boken sätter också fokus på ledarskapets betydelse i de offentliga organisationerna och hur styrning går till när omständigheterna är särskilt problematiska. Förvaltningshögskolan vid Göteborgs universitet är den enda av sitt slag i Sverige. Här bedrivs grundutbildning, forskarutbildning och forskning i universitetsdisciplinen offentlig förvaltning. Ingen annan institution i landet har offentlig förvaltning som huvudämne.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Donatella, Pierre, et al.
(författare)
-
Local politicians’ perceptions of financial conditions – do they align with financial indicators?
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Local Government Studies. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0300-3930 .- 1743-9388. ; 50:1, s. 28-47
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Throughout history, critics of democracy have doubted people’s ability to govern themselves. For example, are local politicians – who often lack any formal training in accounting or economics – really able to comprehend complex financial information? Previous studies addressing this issue are in short supply, and their results are generally pessimistic. The aim of this paper is to test which – if any – financial indicators are related to local politicians’ perceptions of financial conditions in the setting of Swedish municipalities, thus extending earlier studies to a European context. Our analysis shows strong and significant correlations between most of the financial indicators tested and politicians’ perception of their municipality’s financial condition, including financial indicators capturing the levels of net income, equity ratio and tax rates. These findings provide optimism and strengthen arguments for the defenders of democratic government.
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| 35. |
- Donatella, Pierre, et al.
(författare)
-
Why do politicians perceive the same financial conditions differently?
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Public Administration. - 0033-3298 .- 1467-9299.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Behavioral public administration research has provided empirical evidence of several perception biases when individuals process information. Building on these findings, we seek to advance the literature by analyzing politicians' financial perceptions of their own government. Drawing on the theory of motivated reasoning, we examine the context of Swedish municipalities and find financial perception gaps associated with politicians' party affiliation (establishment or anti-establishment), parliamentary position (opposition or governing party), and formal hierarchical rank. Specifically, politicians representing anti-establishment and opposition parties, as well as those occupying lower positions in the political hierarchy—and thus having less influence over and less responsibility for municipal affairs—tend to perceive the financial situation more negatively. These findings suggest the presence of a motivationally driven bias in politicians' perceptions of financial conditions; moreover, they illustrate that these perceptions are influenced by factors beyond the traditional financial, socioeconomic, and demographic ones examined in previous research.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Erlingsson, Gissur Ó, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
-
Den lokala demokratins vägval
- 2022. - 1
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sveriges kommuner ansvarar för betydelsefulla och kostnadstunga verksamheter. De har därtill långtgående befogenheter och rätt att beskatta sina invånare. Kommunernas centrala roll i det svenska statsskicket ställer därför höga krav på en välfungerande lokal demokrati.De fyra forskarna i sns Demokratiråd 2022 undersöker hur den lokala demokratin mår. Vilka är de främsta utmaningarna? Och vilka vägval finns? Utifrån sin analys för de fram förslag till hur demokratin skulle kunna fungera bättre.
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| 38. |
- Erlingsson, Gissur Ó, et al.
(författare)
-
Kommunala vägval och konkurrerande demokratimodeller
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Papper presenterat vid Nordiska kommunforskarkonferensen (NORKOM XXX) i Oslo den 25–26 november 2021..
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
-
Folkets främsta företrädare
- 2018
-
Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I denna antologi presenterar 13 forskare studier om svenska riksdagsledamöter. Vi får bland annat veta hur väl riksdagsledamöternas åsikter överensstämmer med väljarnas – både när det gäller politiska sakfrågor och hur de demokratiska spelreglerna bör se ut. Några kapitel handlar om social representation, särskilt med betoning på kvinnor och män i politiken och feministerna i riksdagen undersöks. En studie berör hur politiska erfarenheter från lokal och regional nivå påverkar riksdagsledamöterna. Två kapitel handlar om hur olika partierna är åsiktsmässigt. Kontakter mellan medborgare och riksdagsledamöter, social tillit och upplevelser av politisk makt är andra teman som behandlas. Bidragen bygger på resultat från Riksdagsundersökningen (RDU, en enkät riktad till samtliga riksdagsledamöter som genomförts vid Göteborgs universitet sedan 1960-talet. Antologins redaktör, David Karlsson, är undersökningsledare för RDU och verksam vid Förvaltningshögskolan, Göteborgs universitet. Medverkande författare från Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, Göteborgs universitet, är: Dennis Andersson, Peter Esaiasson, Sören Holmberg, Elin Naurin, Henrik Ekengren Oscarsson, Helena Olofsdotter Stensöta, Lena Wängnerud och Patrik Öhberg. Därtill medverkar Magnus Hagevi (Linnéuniversitetet), Lukas Lindstrand (tidigare SOM-institutet, Göteborgs universitet), Alexander Reiljan (European University Institute) samt Alexander Ryan (Mittuniversitetet).
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Gilljam, Mikael, 1957, et al.
(författare)
-
Politik på hemmaplan. Tiotusen fullmäktigeledamöter tycker om politik och demokrati
- 2010
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I Sverige har kommuner och landsting ett huvudansvar för en stor del av den offentliga politiken. Den demokratiska makten ligger där i händerna på cirka 14 000 folkvalda ledamöter i kommun- och landstingsfullmäktige. I ett demokratiskt perspektiv är det av största vikt för medborgarna att känna till vilken politik dessa folkvalda vill föra. De folkvalda har också stora kunskaper om hur de politiska institutionerna fungerar i praktiken och vilka problem och möjligheter som demokratiska reformer skulle innebära. Även på dessa områden är det intressant att få veta hur våra folkvalda tycker och tänker. Under 2008-2009 genomförde vi Kommun- och landstingsfullmäktigeundersökningen, en enkät till samtliga folkvalda politiker på kommunal och regional nivå i Sverige. Enkäten besvarades av nära 10 000 fullmäktigeledamöter. Undersökningen är den absolut största i sitt slag som genomförts i Sverige. I boken Politik på hemmaplan redovisar vi hur Sveriges fullmäktigeledamöter ställer sig i en rad politiska sakfrågor och hur de tycker att demokratin i kommuner och landsting fungerar och bör fungera. I boken redovisas också hur ledamöterna ser på nya politiska organisationsformer, protester och hot mot politiker, partipolitiska konflikter och social representation. I många av dessa frågor har den partipolitiska tillhörigheten stor betydelse, men vi finner också belägg för att politikernas sociala bakgrund spelar roll för deras ställningstaganden liksom huruvida de tillhör den regerande majoriteten eller oppositionen.
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| 47. |
- Gilljam, Mikael, 1957, et al.
(författare)
-
Representationsprinciper i riksdag och kommun
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Martin Brothén & Sören Holmberg: Folkets representanter. En bok om riksdagsledamöter och politisk representation i Sverige.. - Göteborg : Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, Göteborgs universitet. - 9789161815302 ; , s. 35-64
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Gilljam, Mikael, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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Representatives' Attitudes Toward Citizen Protests in Sweden: The Impact of Ideology, Parliamentary Position and Experiences
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Legislative Studies Quarterly. - : Wiley. - 0362-9805. ; 37:2, s. 251-268
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What affects political representatives' attitudes toward citizen protests? We test the impact of political representatives' left-right ideology, parliamentary position, and earlier experience of citizen protests. Using data from a pioneering survey covering all local political representatives in Sweden (n = 9,101, response rate 70%), we examine attitudes toward controversial noninstitutionalized forms of citizen protests. The results show that representatives to the right show considerably lower protest acceptance than those to the left. Representatives in office show significantly lower levels of acceptance than those of the opposition. Finally, the results show that representatives with more protest experience show higher protest acceptance.
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