| 1. |
- Adl, Sina M., et al.
(författare)
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Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. - : WILEY. - 1066-5234 .- 1550-7408. ; 66:1, s. 4-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This revision of the classification of eukaryotes follows that of Adl et al., 2012 [J. Euk. Microbiol. 59(5)] and retains an emphasis on protists. Changes since have improved the resolution of many nodes in phylogenetic analyses. For some clades even families are being clearly resolved. As we had predicted, environmental sampling in the intervening years has massively increased the genetic information at hand. Consequently, we have discovered novel clades, exciting new genera and uncovered a massive species level diversity beyond the morphological species descriptions. Several clades known from environmental samples only have now found their home. Sampling soils, deeper marine waters and the deep sea will continue to fill us with surprises. The main changes in this revision are the confirmation that eukaryotes form at least two domains, the loss of monophyly in the Excavata, robust support for the Haptista and Cryptista. We provide suggested primer sets for DNA sequences from environmental samples that are effective for each clade. We have provided a guide to trophic functional guilds in an appendix, to facilitate the interpretation of environmental samples, and a standardized taxonomic guide for East Asian users.
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| 2. |
- Karpov, Sergei V., et al.
(författare)
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A Theoretical Investigation of the Polyaddition of an AB2+A2+B4 Monomer Mixture
- 2024
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Ingår i: Polymers. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4360. ; 16:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) are widely applied nowadays as functional materials for biomedicine needs, nonlinear optics, organic semiconductors, etc. One of the effective and promising ways to synthesize HBPs is a polyaddition of AB2+A2+B4 monomers that is generated in the A2+CB2, AA′+B3, A2+B′B2, and A2+C2+B3 systems or using other approaches. It is clear that all the foundational features of HBPs that are manufactured by a polyaddition reaction are defined by the component composition of the monomer mixture. For this reason, we have designed a structural kinetic model of AB2+A2+B4 monomer mixture polyaddition which makes it possible to predict the impact of the monomer mixture’s composition on the molecular weight characteristics of hyperbranched polymers (number average (DPn) and weight average (DPw) degree of polymerization), as well as the degree of branching (DB) and gel point (pg). The suggested model also considers the possibility of a positive or negative substitution effect during polyaddition. The change in the macromolecule parameters of HBPs formed by polyaddition of AB2+A2+B4 monomers is described as an infinite system of kinetic equations. The solution for the equation system was found using the method of generating functions. The impact of both the component’s composition and the substitution effect during the polyaddition of AB2+A2+B4 monomers on structural and molecular weight HBP characteristics was investigated. The suggested model is fairly versatile; it makes it possible to describe every possible case of polyaddition with various monomer combinations, such as A2+AB2, AB2+B4, AB2, or A2+B4. The influence of each monomer type on the main characteristics of hyperbranched polymers that are obtained by the polyaddition of AB2+A2+B4 monomers has been investigated. Based on the results obtained, an empirical formula was proposed to estimate the pg = pA during the polyaddition of an AB2+A2+B4 monomer mixture: pg = pA = (−0.53([B]0/[A]0)1/2 + 0.78)υAB2 + (1/3)1/2([B]0/[A]0)1/2, where (1/3)1/2([B]0/[A]0)1/2 is the Flory equation for the A2+B4 polyaddition, [A]0 and [B]0 are the A and B group concentration from A2 and B4, respectively, and υAB2 is the mole fraction of the AB2 monomer in the mixture. The equation obtained allows us to accurately predict the pg value, with an AB2 monomer content of up to 80%.
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| 3. |
- Karpov, Vladimir, et al.
(författare)
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К ВОПРОСУ О ТИПАХ ИНФОРМАЦИИВ ДВУЯЗЫЧНОМ СЛОВАРЕ : [On Information Types in a Bilingual Dictionary]
- 2019
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Ingår i: Voprosy leksikografii – Russian Journal of Lexicography. - : Tomsk State University. - 2227-4200. ; 16, s. 38-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article aims to make an inventory of the information types that an academic bilingual dictionary (i.e. a dictionary providing reliable information on lexical systems of the two contrasted languages) should contain. Empirical data were collected from the New German-Russian Comprehensive Dictionary (in three volumes, edited by D. Dobrovol'skij) and the upcoming Active German-Russian Dictionary. The authors argue that not only should the data get updated in dictionaries, but the principles of their structuring have to be regularly reconsidered in order to make them consistent with the trends in contemporary linguistic studies too. Today, we see quite clearly what types of lexicographic information an academic explanatory dictionary should contain; hence, there is an obvious need to adapt these principles to bilingual dictionaries. The specific feature of a bilingual dictionary is that it has to take into account the specificities of both the source language L1 and the target language L2. Describing types of lexicographic information, relevant for a bilingual dictionary, the authors take into account the need: (1) to ensure a systematic description of the words of the same lexicographic type; (2) to reveal and record relevant characteristics of a word's formal behaviour, namely, its capacity to carry the phrase stress, the word's defective paradigm along with its inability to have some grammatical forms in certain meanings, etc. Information types of most interest and importance appear to be the following: (i) pronunciation particularities (including the accent allocation of the word's components and the phrase stress); (ii) grammatical characteristics; (iii) differentiation of meanings and translation of lexemes (i.e. cross-linguistic functional equivalence and the means to record it). Methodologically, this study relies on Ju.D. Apresjan's lexicographic works. Two principles he devised are central to dictionary of any kind: the principle of integrated description of a language (i.e. description in which the dictionary is tuned to grammar, and grammar to the dictionary) and the systematicity principle. According to the integration principle, any case in which the grammatical behaviour of a lexeme does not follow regular rules should be registered in a dictionary entry. Applying these principles in bilingual lexicography encounters additional difficulties; cf., for example, the cases in which two compared units of L1 and L2 show significant differences in their syntactic behaviour. The concept of information types opens up new perspectives in bilingual lexicography. First, it helps to structure a dictionary entry by dividing it into zones and sub-zones for registering information of a given type, which serves to unify the metalanguage of description. Second, for each information type, there should be a corresponding group of words that have a certain feature in common, i.e. when specifying an information type, there also arises a need to specify what words it characterizes, hence to define a group of words with a given common feature. Third, once we take into consideration different information types, a bilingual dictionary, then, becomes a result of contrasting lexical systems of two languages rather than just an inventory of lexical units and their translations. With this concept, bilingual lexicography enters the field of academic research.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Shadrina, Olga, et al.
(författare)
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Consensus HIV-1 subtype A integrase and its raltegravir-resistant variants: Design and characterization of the enzymatic properties.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Biochimie. - : Elsevier BV. - 1638-6183 .- 0300-9084. ; 102C:Mar 2, s. 92-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Model studies of the subtype B and non-subtype B integrases are still required to compare their susceptibility to antiretroviral drugs, evaluate the significance of resistance mutations and identify the impact of natural polymorphisms on the level of enzymatic reactivity. We have therefore designed the consensus integrase of the HIV-1 subtype A strain circulating in the former Soviet Union territory (FSU-A) and two of its variants with mutations of resistance to the strand transfer inhibitor raltegravir. Their genes were synthesized, and expressed in E coli; corresponding His-tagged proteins were purified using the affinity chromatography. The enzymatic properties of the consensus integrases and their sensitivity to raltegravir were examined in a series of standard in vitro reactions and compared to the properties of the integrase of HIV-1 subtype B strain HXB2. The consensus enzyme demonstrated similar DNA-binding properties, but was significantly more active than HXB-2 integrase in the reactions of DNA cleavage and integration. All integrases were equally susceptible to inhibition by raltegravir and elvitegravir, indicating that the sporadic polymorphisms inherent to the HXB-2 enzyme have little effect on its susceptibility to drugs. Insensitivity of the mutated enzymes to the inhibitors of strand transfer occurred at a cost of a 30-90% loss of the efficacies of both 3'-processing and strand transfer. This is the first study to describe the enzymatic properties of the consensus integrase of HIV-1 clade A and the effects of the resistance mutations when the complex actions of sporadic sequence polymorphisms are excluded.
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