| 1. |
- Kasvayee, Keivan Amiri, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
-
Characterization and modeling of the mechanical behavior of high silicon ductile iron
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Materials Science & Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 708, s. 159-170
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates the effect of the solidification conditions and silicon content on the mechanical properties of ductile iron and presents empirical models for predicting the tensile behavior based on the microstructural characterizations. Two ductile iron grades of GJS-500-7 and GJS-500-14 were cast with silicon content of 2.36% and 3.71%, respectively. The cast geometry consisted of six plates with different thicknesses that provided different cooling rates during the solidification. Microstructure analysis, tensile and hardness tests were performed on the as-cast material. Tensile behavior was characterized by the Ludwigson equation. The tensile fracture surfaces were analyzed to quantify the fraction of porosity. The results showed that graphite content, graphite nodule count, ferrite fraction and yield strength were increased by increasing the silicon content. A higher silicon content resulted in lower work hardening exponent and strength coefficient on the Ludwigson equation. The results for 0.2% offset yield and the Ludwigson equation parameters were modeled based on microstructural characteristics, with influence of silicon content as the main contributing factor. The models were implemented into a casting process simulation to enable prediction of microstructure-based tensile behavior. A good agreement was obtained between measured and simulated tensile behavior, validating the predictions of simulation in cast components with similar microstructural characteristics.
|
|
| 2. |
- Kasvayee, Keivan Amiri, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
-
Effect of Boron and Cross-Section Thickness on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ductile Iron
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Materials Science Forum. - : Trans Tech Publications. - 0255-5476 .- 1662-9752. ; 925, s. 249-256
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eeffect of Boron addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ductile iron, GJS-500-7 grade was studied. Three cast batches with the Boron content of 10, 49 and 131ppm were cast in a casting geometry containing plates with thicknesses of 7, 15, 30, 50 and 75mm. Microstructure analysis, tensile test, and hardness test were performed on the samples which were machined from the casting plates. Addition of 49 ppm Boron decreased pearlite fraction by an average of 34±6% in all the cast plates. However, minor changes were observed in the pearlite fraction by increasing Boron from 49 to 131 ppm. Variation in the plate thickness did not affect the pearlite fraction. The 0.2% offset yield and ultimate tensile strength was decreased by an average of 11±1% and 18±2%, respectively. Addition of 49 ppm Boron decreased Brinell hardness by 16±1%, while 11±2% reduction was obtained by addition of 131ppm Boron.
|
|
| 3. |
- Kasvayee, Keivan Amiri, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
-
Microstructural strain distribution in ductile iron; Comparison between finite element simulation and digital image correlation measurements
- 2015
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper presents a study on micro-scale deformation and the effect of microstructure on localised deformation of ductile iron, utilizing in-situ tension testing, digital image correlation (DIC) and finite element analysis (FEA). A tensile stage integrated with an optical microscope was used to acquire a series of micrographs during the tensile test. Applying DIC and an etched speckle pattern, a high resolution local strain field was measured in the microstructure. In addition, a finite element (FE) model was used to predict the strain maps. The materials parameters were optimized based on Ramberg-Osgood model. The DIC and simulation strain maps conformed to a large extent resulting in the verification of the model in micro-scale level. It was found that the Ramberg-Osgood theory can be used to capture the main trends of strain localization. The discrepancies between the simulated and DIC results were explained based on microstructure dimensionality, differences in spatial resolution and uncertainty in the FE-model.
|
|
| 4. |
- Kasvayee, Keivan Amiri, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
-
Microstructural strain localization and crack evolution in ductile iron
- 2015
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper focuses on the deformation and crack evolution in ductile iron under tension, investigated by coupled in-situ tensile test and finite element simulation. Micro-crack initiation and development were tracked at the microstructure level. The local strain around micro-cracks were measured by using Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The results obtained from the experiments were compared to a finite element model including cohesive elements to enable crack propagation. The resulting local strains were analyzed in connection to the observed micro-crack incidents in both DIC and simulation. The predictions of the finite element model showed good agreement with those obtained from the experiment, in the case of early decohesion, the amplitude of the strain localization and macroscopic stress-strain behavior. The results revealed that decohesion was commonly initiated early around graphite surrounded by ferrite which was identified as high strain regions. By increasing the global deformation, micro-cracks initiated in these areas and propagated but were arrested within the ferrite zone due to strain hardening and stress shielding of pearlite. Both the DIC and the simulation revealed that irregular shaped graphite were more susceptible to strain localization and micro-crack initiation. It could be observed that the cohesive model was able to capture the main trends of localized plastic deformation and crack initiation
|
|
| 5. |
- Kasvayee, Keivan Amiri, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
-
Microstructural strain mapping during in-situ cyclic testing of ductile iron
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Materials Characterization. - : Elsevier. - 1044-5803 .- 1873-4189. ; 140, s. 333-339
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on local strain distribution in the microstructure of high silicon ductile iron during cyclic loading. In-situ cyclic test was performed on compact-tension (CT) samples inside the scanning electron microscope (SEM) to record the whole deformation and obtain micrographs for microstructural strain measurement by means of digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Focused ion beam (FIB) milling was used to generate speckle patterns necessary for DIC measurement. The equivalent Von Mises strain distribution was measured in the microstructure at the maximum applied load. The results revealed a heterogeneous strain distribution at the microstructural level with higher strain gradients close to the notch of the CT sample and accumulated strain bands between graphite particles. Local strain ahead of the early initiated micro-cracks was quantitatively measured, showing high strain localization, which decreased by moving away from the micro-crack tip. It could be observed that the peak of strain in the field of view was not necessarily located ahead of the micro-cracks tip which could be because of the (i) strain relaxation due to the presence of other micro-cracks and/or (ii) presence of subsurface microstructural features such as graphite particles that influenced the strain concentration on the surface.
|
|
| 6. |
- Kasvayee, Keivan Amiri, 1986-
(författare)
-
On the deformation behavior and cracking of ductile iron; effect of microstructure
- 2017
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis focuses on the effect of microstructural variation on the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of ductile iron. To research and determine these effects, two grades of ductile iron, (i) GJS-500-7 and (ii) high silicon GJS-500-14, were cast in a geometry containing several plates with different section thicknesses in order to produce microstructural variation. Microstructural investigations as well as tensile and hardness tests were performed on the casting plates. The results revealed higher ferrite fraction, graphite particle count, and yield strength in the high silicon GJS-500-14 grade compared to the GJS-500-7 grade.To study the relationship between the microstructural variation and tensile behavior on macroscale, tensile stress-strain response was characterized using the Ludwigson equation. The obtained tensile properties were modeled, based on the microstructural characteristics, using multiple linear regression and analysis of variance (ANOVA). The models showed that silicon content, graphite particle count, ferrite fraction, and fraction of porosity are the major contributing factors that influence tensile behavior. The models were entered into a casting process simulation software, and the simulated microstructure and tensile properties were validated using the experimental data. This enabled the opportunity to predict tensile properties of cast components with similar microstructural characteristics.To investigate deformation behavior on micro-scale, a method was developed to quantitatively measure strain in the microstructure, utilizing the digital image correlation (DIC) technique together with in-situ tensile testing. In this method, a pit-etching procedure was developed to generate a random speckle pattern, enabling DIC strain measurement to be conducted in the matrix and the area between the graphite particles. The method was validated by benchmarking the measured yield strength with the material’s standard yield strength.The microstructural deformation behavior under tensile loading was characterized. During elastic deformation, strain mapping revealed a heterogeneous strain distribution in the microstructure, as well as shear bands that formed between graphite particles. The crack was initiated at the stress ranges in which a kink occurred in the tensile curve, indicating the dissipation of energy during both plastic deformation and crack initiation. A large amount of strain localization was measured at the onset of the micro-cracks on the strain maps. The micro-cracks were initiated at local strain levels higher than 2%, suggesting a threshold level of strain required for micro-crack initiation.A continuum Finite Element (FE) model containing a physical length scale was developed to predict strain on the microstructure of ductile iron. The material parameters for this model were calculated by optimization, utilizing the Ramberg-Osgood equation. The predicted strain maps were compared to the strain maps measured by DIC, both qualitatively and quantitatively. To a large extent, the strain maps were in agreement, resulting in the validation of the model on micro-scale.In order to perform a micro-scale characterization of dynamic deformation behavior, local strain distribution on the microstructure was studied by performing in-situ cyclic tests using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A novel method, based on the focused ion beam (FIB) milling, was developed to generate a speckle pattern on the microstructure of the ferritic ductile iron (GJS-500-14 grade) to enable quantitative DIC strain measurement to be performed. The results showed that the maximum strain concentration occurred in the vicinity of the micro-cracks, particularly ahead of the micro-crack tip.
|
|
| 7. |
- Kasvayee, Keivan Amiri, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
-
Strain localization and crack formation effects on stress-strain response of ductile iron
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Materials Science & Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 0921-5093 .- 1873-4936. ; 702, s. 265-271
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The strain localization and crack formation in ferritic-pearlitic ductile iron under tension was investigated by in-situ tensile tests. In-situ tensile tests under optical microscope were performed and the onset of the early ferrite-graphite decohesions and micro-cracks inside the matrix were studied. The results revealed that early ferrite-graphite decohesion and micro-cracks inside the ferrite were formed at the stress range of 280–330 MPa, where a kink occurred in the stress-strain response, suggesting the dissipation of energy in both plastic deformation and crack initiation. Some micro-cracks initiated and propagated inside the ferrite but were arrested within the ferrite zone before propagating in the pearlite. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was used to measure local strains in the deformed micrographs obtained from the in-situ tensile test. Higher strain localization in the microstructure was measured for the areas in which the early ferrite-graphite decohesions occurred or the micro-cracks initiated. © 2017 Elsevier B.V.
|
|
| 8. |
- Sujakhu, S., et al.
(författare)
-
On the fatigue damage micromechanisms in Si-solution-strengthened spheroidal graphite cast iron
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 8756-758X .- 1460-2695. ; 41:3, s. 625-641
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Graphite nodules in spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGI) play a vital role in fatigue crack initiation and propagation. Graphite nodules growth morphology can go through transitions to form degenerated graphite elements other than spheroidal graphite nodules in SGI microstructure. These graphite particles significantly influence damage micromechanisms in SGI and could act differently than spheroidal graphite nodules. Most of the damage mechanism studies on SGI focused on the role of spheroidal graphite nodules on the stable crack propagation region. The role of degenerated graphite elements on SGI damage mechanisms has not been frequently studied. In this work, fatigue crack initiation and propagation tests were conducted on EN-GJS-500-14 and observed under scanning electron microscope to understand the damage mechanisms for different graphite shapes. Crack initiation tests showed a dominant influence of degenerated graphite elements where early cracks initiated in the microstructure. Most of the spheroidal graphite nodules were unaffected at the early crack initiation stage, but few of them showed decohesion from the ferrite matrix and internal cracking. In the crack propagation region, graphite/ferrite matrix decohesion was the frequent damage mechanism observed with noticeable crack branching around graphite nodules and the crack passing through degenerated graphite elements. Finally, graphite nodules after decohesion acted like voids which grew and coalesced to form microcracks eventually causing rapid fracture of the remaining section.
|
|
