| 1. |
- Högberg, Mona N, et al.
(författare)
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Quantification of effects of season and nitrogen supply on tree below-ground carbon transfer to ectomycorrhizal fungi and other soil organisms in a boreal pine forest
- 2010
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Ingår i: New Phytologist. - : Wiley. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 187:2, s. 485-493
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- P>The flux of carbon from tree photosynthesis through roots to ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi and other soil organisms is assumed to vary with season and with edaphic factors such as nitrogen availability, but these effects have not been quantified directly in the field. To address this deficiency, we conducted high temporal-resolution tracing of 13C from canopy photosynthesis to different groups of soil organisms in a young boreal Pinus sylvestris forest. There was a 500% higher below-ground allocation of plant C in the late (August) season compared with the early season (June). Labelled C was primarily found in fungal fatty acid biomarkers (and rarely in bacterial biomarkers), and in Collembola, but not in Acari and Enchytraeidae. The production of sporocarps of ECM fungi was totally dependent on allocation of recent photosynthate in the late season. There was no short-term (2 wk) effect of additions of N to the soil, but after 1 yr, there was a 60% reduction of below-ground C allocation to soil biota. Thus, organisms in forest soils, and their roles in ecosystem functions, appear highly sensitive to plant physiological responses to two major aspects of global change: changes in seasonal weather patterns and N eutrophication.
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| 2. |
- Keel, Sonja G., et al.
(författare)
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Allocation of carbon to fine root compounds and their residence times in a boreal forest depend on root size class and season
- 2012
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Ingår i: New Phytologist. - Malden : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 194:4, s. 972-981
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fine roots play a key role in the forest carbon balance, but their carbon dynamics remain largely unknown. We pulse labelled 50 m2 patches of young boreal forest by exposure to 13CO2 in early and late summer. Labelled photosynthates were traced into carbon compounds of < 1 and 13 mm diameter roots (fine roots), and into bulk tissue of these and first-order roots (root tips). Root tips were the most strongly labelled size class. Carbon allocation to all size classes was higher in late than in early summer; mean residence times (MRTs) in starch increased from 4 to 11 months. In structural compounds, MRTs were 0.8 yr in tips and 1.8 yr in fine roots. The MRT of carbon in sugars was in the range of days. Functional differences within the fine root population were indicated by carbon allocation patterns and residence times. Pronounced allocation of recent carbon and higher turnover rates in tips are associated with their role in nutrient and water acquisition. In fine roots, longer MRTs but high allocation to sugars and starch reflect their role in structural support and storage. Accounting for heterogeneity in carbon residence times will improve and most probably reduce the estimates of fine root production.
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| 3. |
- Metcalfe, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Informing climate models with rapid chamber measurements of forest carbon uptake
- 2017
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Ingår i: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 23:5, s. 2130-2139
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Models predicting ecosystem carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange under future climate change rely on relatively few real-world tests of their assumptions and outputs. Here, we demonstrate a rapid and cost-effective method to estimateCO2exchange from intact vegetation patches under varying atmospheric CO2concentrations.We find that net ecosys-tem CO2uptake (NEE) in a boreal forest rose linearly by 4.7 0.2% of the current ambient rate for every 10 ppmCO2increase, with no detectable influence of foliar biomass, season, or nitrogen (N) fertilization. The lack of any clearshort-term NEE response to fertilization in such an N-limited system is inconsistent with the instantaneous downreg-ulation of photosynthesis formalized in many global models. Incorporating an alternative mechanism with consider-able empirical support – diversion of excess carbon to storage compounds – into an existing earth system modelbrings the model output into closer agreement with our field measurements. A global simulation incorporating thismodified model reduces a long-standing mismatch between the modeled and observed seasonal amplitude of atmo-spheric CO2. Wider application of this chamber approach would provide critical data needed to further improvemodeled projections of biosphere–atmosphere CO2exchange in a changing climate.
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| 4. |
- Näsholm, Torgny, et al.
(författare)
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Are ectomycorrhizal fungi alleviating or aggravating nitrogen limitation of tree growth in boreal forests?
- 2013
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Ingår i: New Phytologist. - : Wiley. - 0028-646X .- 1469-8137. ; 198:1, s. 214-221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Symbioses between plant roots and mycorrhizal fungi are thought to enhance plant uptake of nutrients through a favourable exchange for photosynthates. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are considered to play this vital role for trees in nitrogen (N)-limited boreal forests. We followed symbiotic carbon (C)N exchange in a large-scale boreal pine forest experiment by tracing 13CO2 absorbed through tree photosynthesis and 15N injected into a soil layer in which ectomycorrhizal fungi dominate the microbial community. We detected little 15N in tree canopies, but high levels in soil microbes and in mycorrhizal root tips, illustrating effective soil N immobilization, especially in late summer, when tree belowground C allocation was high. Additions of N fertilizer to the soil before labelling shifted the incorporation of 15N from soil microbes and root tips to tree foliage. These results were tested in a model for CN exchange between trees and mycorrhizal fungi, suggesting that ectomycorrhizal fungi transfer small fractions of absorbed N to trees under N-limited conditions, but larger fractions if more N is available. We suggest that greater allocation of C from trees to ectomycorrhizal fungi increases N retention in soil mycelium, driving boreal forests towards more severe N limitation at low N supply.
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