| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Andershed, Henrik A., et al.
(författare)
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The usefulness of self-reported psychopathy-like traits in the study of antisocial behaviour among non-referred adolescents
- 2002
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Ingår i: European Journal of Personality. - New York : John Wiley & Sons. - 0890-2070 .- 1099-0984. ; 16:5, s. 383-402
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Addresses the question of whether it is possible to use a self-report measure of psychopathic traits on non-referred youth samples to identify a subgroup of problematic youths who are particularly problematic and different from other problem youths. A large sample of 1,279 eighth-grade, non-referred adolescents (mean age 14.42 yrs), and their parents were assessed. Students completed self-report measures that assessed personality, conduct problems, and family functioning. Parents responded by completing and mailing in a questionnaire. Results show that the adolescents exhibiting a low-socialized psychopathy-like personality constellation had a more frequent, violent, and versatile conduct-problem profile than other low-socialized and well socialized adolescents. The psychopathy-like adolescents also differed from other poorly socialized adolescents in ways that suggested that their etiological background was different from adolescents with non-psychopathy-like conduct problems. The authors conclude that self-report measures can indeed be useful for research purposes in subtyping youths with conduct problems.
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| 5. |
- Andershed, Henrik
(författare)
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Antisocial behavior in adolescence : the role of individual characteristics
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main aim of this dissertation is to investigate whether traits on the level of the individual are important in understanding violent, frequent antisocial behavior among adolescents. The first of the four studies included in this dissertation asks whether individual-level explanations are going to be a fruitful approach at all. The other three studies speak to the question which particular individual characteristics are related to violent, frequent antisocial behavior. Two different large samples of 14 to 16-year-old male and female non-referred adolescents were assessed. The adolescents were mainly assessed with self-report questionnaires but information from parents and teachers was also incorporated in one of the samples. Results show that aggressive, antisocial behavior for a subgroup of adolescents cuts across social contexts, indicating that their aggressive behavior is largely dependent on individual characteristics, more than on situational factors. It is further shown that a constellation of personality traits involving a grandiose, manipulative interpersonal disposition, callous, unemotional affective traits, and an impulsive, irresponsible behavioral style, characterizes a subgroup of antisocial adolescents who have more violent, frequent antisocial behavior than antisocial adolescents without this personality constellation. This same subgroup also shows more pronounced problem behaviors of other kinds — early behavioral problems, problems with inhibiting aggressive behaviors, and problems with hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention. Moreover, the results show that the affective facet of this particular personality constellation, involving callous, unemotional traits, plays an important role in violent, frequent antisocial behavior independently of other antisocial-related dimensions such as impulsivity, hyperactivity, and sensation seeking traits. Importantly, the main findings were similar for males and females. It is concluded that specific personality traits are important to consider when moving further toward an understanding of violent, frequent antisocial behavior and that research on non-referred, community samples of youths can be particularly helpful for this purpose. Implications for prevention and intervention and directions for future research are discussed.
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| 6. |
- Andershed, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Bullying in school and violence on the streets : are the same people involved?
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention. - London : Taylor & Francis. - 1404-3858 .- 1651-2340. ; 2:1, s. 31-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Examined the relationship between bullying in school and street violence. 2,915 adolescents (aged 14-15 yrs) completed questionnaires concerning street violence, weapon carrying, violence victimization, loitering, bullying, and nights away from home. Results show that bullying others in school was strongly linked to violent behavior and weapon-carrying on the streets, both among males and females. Bullying others in school was also related to being violently victimized on the streets. Findings suggest that school bullying is in many cases a part of a more general violent and aggressive behavior pattern, and that preventive efforts targeting individuals with bullying behavior in school may decrease violence among adolescents in the community as well.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Andershed, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding the abnormal by studying the normal
- 2002
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Ingår i: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-690X .- 1600-0447. ; 106:Suppl. 412, s. 75-80
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: In the present paper we ask whether it is meaningful to study psychopathic traits in non-referred youths and whether this kind of research can be used to understand the development of criminal full-blown psychopathy. Method: We review studies that have investigated the utility of assessing psychopathic traits in non-referred samples of youths. Results: Research shows that psychopathic traits in non-referred youths manifest similarly to how they are manifested among incarcerated offenders, as indicated by similarities in factor structures. Also, psychopathic traits relate similarly to frequent, violent antisocial behavior in non-referred youths as among adult and adolescent institutionalized criminal offenders. Thus, the differences between the non-referred conduct-problem youths exhibiting a psychopathic personality pattern and the incarcerated, criminal youths identified as psychopathic seem to be quantitative rather than qualitative. Conclusion: It is concluded that research on non-referred youth samples can provide important knowledge about the processes that underlie the development of psychopathic traits and how this development can be prevented. Implications for future research and intervention and prevention are discussed.
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| 9. |
- Andersson [Andershed], Anna-Karin
(författare)
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The rhythm of adolescence : morningness-eveningness and adjustment from a developmental perspective
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In recent developmental research, sleep-wake patterns and preferences, in other words Morningness-Eveningness, have been shown to be related to various kinds of problem behavior. Previous research on adolescents has demonstrated that individuals with a sleep-wake preference toward staying up late in the evening and arising late in the morning (i.e., Eveningness), are more likely to face problems in development. Accordingly, Eveningness has been proposed as a risk factor in development, but through processes which researchers have not been able to fully explain. The present dissertation focuses on the relationship between Morningness-Eveningness and developmental patterns across contexts in adolescence. Links between Morningness-Eveningness, and negative adjustment, life style, personality characteristics, family relationships, peer networks, and school achievement, are discussed within an interactionistic framework. Also, factors that might explain and/or moderate these associations are elucidated. The empirical material stems from two cohorts of 8th grade adolescents in a middle size Swedish community. Eveningness is proposed to be a concurrent marker of risk behavior. However, there seems to be different kinds of Evening types that encounter different kinds of problems. Also, the present findings do not support the notion of Morningness being protective. How temporal patterns in general, and Eveningness in particular, are connected to other behaviors is emphasized as important knowledge for stemming negative developmental processes and facilitating positive outcomes.
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| 10. |
- Besic, Nejra, 1980-
(författare)
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At first blush : the impact of shyness on early adolescents' social worlds
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Shyness as a behavioral characteristic has been in focus of research in psychology for a number of decades. Adolescent shyness has, however, been relatively overlooked compared with studies conducted on children and adults. This dissertation concentrated on adolescent shyness, aiming to attain a better comprehension about how shyness during this developmental phase might affect, and be affected by social relationships. The first aim of this dissertation was to study in which way shyness influences and is influenced by significant people in adolescents’ lives: peers, friends, and parents. Study III showed that shy youths socialized each other over time into becoming even more shy. Study VI demonstrated that youths’ shyness affected parenting behaviors, more so than parent’s behaviors affected youth shyness. The second aim of this dissertation was to investigate what shyness means for adolescents’ choices of relationships with friends, whereas the third aim focused on whether adolescents’ ways of dealing with peers would have consequences for their internal and external adjustment. As Study I showed, youths might take on off-putting, startling appearances in order to cope with their shyness. This strategy seemed, nonetheless, not particularly successful for the shy youths in terms of emotional adjustment. Study III showed that adolescents who were shy tended to choose others similar to themselves in shyness as friends. Study II showed that shyness might indeed have some positive implications for adolescent development, as it was found to serve a protective role in the link between advanced maturity and various types of problem behaviors. Overall, the findings point to some gender differences regarding all of the abovementioned processes. In sum then, the studies in this dissertation show that even though youths’ shy, socially fearful characteristics affect their emotional adjustment and those around them, shy youths are part of a larger social arena where they are active agents in shaping their own development. Although adolescent shyness might be linked with several negative outcomes, however, it might be other people’s reactions to socially fearful behaviors that help create and/or maintain these outcomes over time.
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| 11. |
- Besic, Nejra, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Punks, Goths, and Other Eye-Catching Peer Crowds : Do They Fulfill a Function for Shy Youths?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of research on adolescence. - Hillsdale, N.J. : Blackwell Publishing. - 1050-8392 .- 1532-7795. ; 19:1, s. 113-121
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adolescent peer crowds such as Punks and Goths are mainly identified by their strikingly unusual or even shocking appearances. Although many studies find these crowds, few have tried to explain why some youths take on these startling or shocking appearances. We hypothesized that an off-putting appearance is a way to cope with behavioral inhibition by limiting social contacts. Using data from 1,200 7th - 11th graders, we compared peer crowds characterized by their startling appearance (“Radical” crowds) with three theoretically relevant comparison groups. Results showed that youths affiliating with Radical crowds were more inhibited than other youths, including those in crowds previously shown to be shy or socially anxious. Inhibited Radicals, however, had poorer emotional adjustment than inhibited youths in other crowds. If Radical styles are a way for inhibited youths to cope by limiting social contacts, the strategy does not seem to be beneficial for emotional adjustment.
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| 12. |
- Besic, Nejra, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Shy adolescents' perceptions of parental overcontrol and emotional coldness : examining bidirectional links
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Two kinds of parental behaviors—overcontrol and emotional coldness—have been linked with children’s shy behaviors. The questions we addressed are whether this applies to adolescent shyness, and whether shyness in itself might also affect parental behaviors. The participants were 916 7th-9th graders in a longitudinal project. We used a cross-lagged path model with three time points. Shyness predicted an increase in feeling overly controlled by parents at Time 2, which then predicted an increase in shyness at Time 3. Shyness also predicted an increase in perceived coldness-rejection by parents at Time 2. Finally, shyness predicted decreases in parental warmth at both timepoints. The effects did not differ for boys and girls. These results show that adolescent shyness predicts parental behaviors, though perhaps less strongly than in childhood. They also suggest some bidirectional effects in which parental responses to shy youths might serve to strengthen the shyness.
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| 13. |
- Besic, Nejra, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Shyness as basis for friendship selection and socialization in a youth social network
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Shy children and adolescents have previously been found to have friends with similarly shy, withdrawn behavioral characteristics. How peers might socialize shyness over time has, however, not been thoroughly investigated before. Our network included 834 youths (339 girls, and 495 boys; M = 14.29), followed for three years. We used the social network analysis software, SIENA, to analyze the data. The results show that those youths who are shy are less popular and choose fewer friends in the network. They also tend to choose friends who are shy, and over time they will influence each other into becoming more shy – over and above other effects. Finally, girls’ shyness is more influenced than boys’ by their friends’ shyness levels. These results show the significance of looking at shy youths’ friendships over time, and embedded in social networks.
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| 14. |
- Besic, Nejra, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Shyness as protective factor in the link between advanced maturity and early adolescent problem behavior
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Advanced maturity in early adolescence has previously been linked with several problem behaviors. In this study, we examine whether shyness and gender might moderate this link. The participants were 787 early adolescents (Mage = 13.73; 401 girls and 386 boys), followed for one year. We conducted moderation analyses with shyness and gender as moderators of the links between advanced maturity and problem behaviors (drunkenness and intercourse) and between one problem behavior and another. Protective effects of shyness were found for both boys and girls. For high-risk behaviors (risky drinking behaviors and one-night stands) protective effects were found for boys. Controlling for romantic involvement did not alter the moderation effects, thus failing to support the idea that protection was due to shy youths not being drawn into advanced peer groups by romantic partners. Thus, shyness might serve as protective factor against problem behaviors in early adolescence.
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| 15. |
- Bowen, Francois, et al.
(författare)
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Childhood internalizing problems : prediction from kindergarten, effect of maternal overprotectiveness, and sex differences
- 1995
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Ingår i: Development and psychopathology (Print). - : Cambridge University Press. - 0954-5794 .- 1469-2198. ; 7:3, s. 481-498
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Used kindergarten teacher-rated anxiety-withdrawal, peer-rated popularity and shyness, and mother-rated adaptability to predict 5th-grade teacher-, peer-, and self-rated internalizing problems in 144 boys and 125 girls. The effect of maternal overprotectiveness (OP) as a moderator between kindergarten variables and 5th-grade outcomes was also examined. Kindergarten peer-rated low popularity was the best predictor of later internalizing problems for boys and girls, followed by peer-rated shyness for boys and teacher-rated anxiety-withdrawal for girls. Moderating effects of maternal OP were found only for boys. Maternal OP moderated the relation between kindergarten popularity and teacher-rated anxiety-withdrawal and 5th-grade teacher-rated anxiety-withdrawal for boys. Unpopular, anxious-withdrawn boys were more likely to be seen later by their teachers as anxious-withdrawn if their mothers were nonoverprotective.
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| 16. |
- Burk, William J., et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol use and friendship dynamics : selection and socialization in early-, middle-, and late-adolescent peer networks
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. - : Rutgers University. - 1937-1888 .- 1938-4114. ; 73:1, s. 89-98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: This study examined developmental trends of peer selection and socialization related to friends' alcohol use in early-, middle-, and late-adolescent peer networks, with the primary goal of identifying when these mechanisms emerge, when these mechanisms exert their strongest effects, and when (or if) they decrease in importance. Gender and reciprocity are also tested as moderators of selection and socialization.Method: Cross-sequential study (three age cohorts assessed at three annual measurements) of 950 youth (53% male) initially attending classrooms in Grade 4 (n = 314; M = 10.1 years), Grade 7 (n = 335; M = 13.1 years), and Grade 10 (n = 301; M = 16.2 years).Results: Similarity between friends' drinking behaviors emerged in Grade 6, peaked in Grade 8, and decreased throughout late adolescence. Adolescents in all three age groups selected peers with similar drinking behaviors, with effects being more robust for early-adolescent males and for late-adolescent females. Peers' alcohol use emerged as a significant predictor of middle-adolescent alcohol use and remained a significant predictor of individual drinking behaviors throughout late adolescence. Socialization did not differ as a function of gender or reciprocity.Conclusions: Alcohol-related peer selection was relatively more important than socialization in early-adolescent friendship networks; both mechanisms contributed to explaining similarity between the drinking behaviors of friends in middle and late adolescence. Effects of peer socialization emerged in middle adolescence and remained throughout late adolescence. (J Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 73, 89-98, 2012)
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| 17. |
- Burk, William J., et al.
(författare)
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The co-evolution of early adolescent friendship networks, school involvement, and delinquent behaviors
- 2008
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Ingår i: Revue française de sociologie. - 0035-2969 .- 1958-5691. ; 49:3, s. 499-522
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cette étude examine les processus de sélection et d’influence liés à l’engagement scolaire et au comportement délinquant dans les relations d’amitié chez les adolescents. Nous appliquons des modèles d’analyse de réseaux dynamiques (Snijders, Steglich et Schweinberger, 2007) examinant la co-évolution des comportements et des réseaux à un échantillon longitudinal de jeunes suédois (n = 445) observé pendant cinq ans. Les résultats indiquent que les choix des jeunes sont caractérisés par un fort niveau de réciprocité, de transitivité, d’homophilie de genre et d’homophilie fondée sur des niveaux semblables d’engagement scolaire et de comportement déviant. Des effets d’influence indiquent que les jeunes adoptent les comportements déviants de leurs amis. Le niveau d’engagement scolaire permet de prédire des changements dans le comportement déviant et ce dernier permet en retour de prédire une évolution dans l’engagement scolaire.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- DeLay, Dawn, et al.
(författare)
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Adolescent friend similarity on alcohol abuse as a function of participation in romantic relationships : Sometimes a new love comes between old friends
- 2016
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Ingår i: Developmental Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0012-1649 .- 1939-0599. ; 52:1, s. 117-129
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study tests the hypothesis that adolescents with romantic partners are less similar to their friends on rates of alcohol abuse than adolescents without romantic partners. Participants (662 girls, 574 boys) ranging in age from 12 to 19 years nominated friends and romantic partners, and completed a measure of alcohol abuse. In hierarchical linear models, friends with romantic partners were less similar on rates of alcohol abuse than friends without romantic partners, especially if they were older and less accepted. Follow-up longitudinal analyses were conducted on a subsample (266 boys, 374 girls) of adolescents who reported friendships that were stable across 2 consecutive years. Associations between friend reports of alcohol abuse declined after adolescents became involved in a romantic relationship, to the point at which they became more similar to their romantic partners than to their friends.
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| 20. |
- Diamantopoulou, Sofia, 1975-
(författare)
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Behavioral and Cognitive Aspects of Poor Peer Relations in Children
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Viewing peer relations as markers of children’s adjustment, the present thesis examined the associations between disruptive behavior problems (i.e., symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder [ADHD] and aggression) and peer relations. A second aim was to examine how children’s cognitive functioning and view of self and of their social standing are associated with their peer relations and interactions. Gender differences in the above relations were also examined. The findings indicate that although disruptive behaviors are related to poor peer relations, low levels of prosociality (Study I) and poor cognitive functioning (i.e., poor executive functioning; Study II) exacerbate children’s peer problems. Further, overly positive perceptions of one’s social acceptance and low global self-evaluations were both related to aggression within the peer group (Study III). As regards gender differences, high levels of symptoms of ADHD and poor executive functioning, had graver consequences for the peer acceptance of girls’ than of boys’ (Study I and Study II) indicating that these characteristics may not fit the cultural stereotype for girls. Results are discussed in terms of viewing poor peer relations as indicators of problematic adjustment, and also, in terms of assessing the particular significance that peer relations have for children’s self-view and behavior within the peer group. Implications of the findings as regards the interactions between behavior, cognitions, and gender on children’s peer relations are also discussed.
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| 21. |
- Dickson, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Parental Supervision and Alcohol Abuse Among Adolescent Girls
- 2015
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Ingår i: Pediatrics. - : American academic Pediatrics. - 0031-4005 .- 1098-4275. ; 136:4, s. 617-624
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Inadequate parent supervision during the early adolescent years forecasts a host of conduct problems, including illicit alcohol consumption. Early pubertal maturation may exacerbate problems, because girls alienated from same-age peers seek the company of older, more mature youth. The current study examines overtime associations between parent autonomy granting and adolescent alcohol abuse during a developmental period when alcohol consumption becomes increasingly normative, to determine if early maturing girls are at special risk for problems arising from a lack of parent supervision.METHODS: At annual intervals for 4 consecutive years, a community sample of 957 Swedish girls completed surveys beginning in the first year of secondary school (approximate age: 13 years) describing rates of alcohol intoxication and perceptions of parent autonomy granting. Participants also reported age at menarche.RESULTS: Multiple-group parallel process growth curve models revealed that early pubertal maturation exacerbated the risk associated with premature autonomy granting: Alcohol intoxication rates increased 3 times faster for early maturing girls with the greatest autonomy than they did for early maturing girls with the least autonomy. Child-driven effects were also found such that higher initial levels of alcohol abuse predicted greater increases in autonomy granting as parent supervision over children engaged in illicit drinking waned.CONCLUSIONS: Early maturing girls are at elevated risk for physical and psychological adjustment difficulties. The etiology of escalating problems with alcohol can be traced, in part, to a relative absence of parent supervision during a time when peer interactions assume special significance.
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| 22. |
- Eklund, Jenny M., et al.
(författare)
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Romantic relationships and delinquent behaviour in adolescence : the moderating role of delinquency propensity
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Adolescence. - : Wiley. - 0140-1971 .- 1095-9254. ; 33:3, s. 377-386
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is some evidence that adolescent romantic involvement is associated with delinquent behaviour. One aim of this longitudinal study was to determine whether this holds for romantic relationships deemed important by the participants. A second aim was to test whether this association was stronger for adolescents with pre-existing delinquent behaviour and personality traits of impulsivity and thrill seeking (delinquency propensity). Sex differences also were examined. Participants were 686 7th and 8th grade students who completed three assessments over three years. The results showed that delinquency was associated with earlier romantic relationships among those who were higher in delinquency propensity one year earlier. This association was stronger among girls than boys. Thus, romantic relationships amplified girls' and boys' existing delinquency propensity, but this was strongest among girls. (C) 2009 The Association for Professionals in Services for Adolescents. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 23. |
- Elsik, Christine G., et al.
(författare)
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The Genome Sequence of Taurine Cattle : A Window to Ruminant Biology and Evolution
- 2009
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 324:5926, s. 522-528
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To understand the biology and evolution of ruminants, the cattle genome was sequenced to about sevenfold coverage. The cattle genome contains a minimum of 22,000 genes, with a core set of 14,345 orthologs shared among seven mammalian species of which 1217 are absent or undetected in noneutherian (marsupial or monotreme) genomes. Cattle-specific evolutionary breakpoint regions in chromosomes have a higher density of segmental duplications, enrichment of repetitive elements, and species-specific variations in genes associated with lactation and immune responsiveness. Genes involved in metabolism are generally highly conserved, although five metabolic genes are deleted or extensively diverged from their human orthologs. The cattle genome sequence thus provides a resource for understanding mammalian evolution and accelerating livestock genetic improvement for milk and meat production.
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| 24. |
- Engels, Rutger C. M. E., et al.
(författare)
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Illusions of parental control : parenting and smoking onset in Dutch and Swedish adolescents
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Social Psychology. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0021-9029 .- 1559-1816. ; 35:9, s. 1912-1935
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Parental control is assumed to be associated with smoking onset: Parents who exert control on their children and monitor their children's behavior are less likely to have children who start to smoke. However, the empirical evidence for this assumption is mostly from cross-sectional studies. The present research examined the prospective associations between parental control and smoking onset among Dutch and Swedish adolescents and their parents. Findings revealed nonsignificant links between general parental control and smoking onset in both samples, and no link between smoking-specific parental control and smoking onset in the Dutch sample, thereby questioning the assumption that parental control prevents adolescent smoking onset.
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| 25. |
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Friends, lovers, and groups : key relationships in adolescence
- 2007
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- (From the cover) Everyone agrees that peers are important in adolescence. Recently, there have been some noteworthy advances in research on adolescent peer relationships and this volume, written by leading experts, presents four key areas of these innovative studies. Firstly, the discovery of a "deviancy training" mechanism of peer influence is examined, in which antisocial pairs have been observed to reward each other with approval for deviant or antisocial talk, and this has been linked to escalations in antisocial behavior. The second area is the study of romantic partners as important peer relationships in adolescence. This is a newly emerging field of research with only a dozen or so studies published to date. The text then looks at the application of behavioral genetic analytical techniques to understand peer selection and influence processes. This line of research will also shed a new light on social environmental influences on adolescent problem behaviors. The final area covers the use of designs that capture both in-school and out-of-school peers in order to understand their relative influence on problem behavior. As the first of the Hot Topics in Developmental Research series, a three-part developmental psychology range, this volume presents the work of highly prestigious chapter authors edited by Rutger Engels, Margaret Kerr and Håkan Stattin. This research tool is useful reading for researchers, final year undergraduates and postgraduates in developmental and health psychology, and child psychologists.
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| 26. |
- Gilovich, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of temporal perspective on subjective confidence
- 1993
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0022-3514 .- 1939-1315. ; 64:4, s. 552-560
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Four studies examined whether people tend to lose confidence in their prospects for success the closer they are to the moment of truth. Study 1 found that students think they will do better on their midterm exams when asked on the 1st day of class than when asked on the day of the exam. Studies 2 and 4 replicated this finding under controlled conditions. Study 3 demonstrated that the same effect holds retrospectively: People are more confident that they would have performed well at a task long after the time to perform has passed. Data are presented indicating that these results stem from a tendency for people to feel more accountable for their assessments, and thus focus less on the causes of success and more on the causes of failure, as the time to perform approaches. Implications for the experience of regret are discussed.
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| 27. |
- Glatz, Terese, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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A test of cognitive dissonance theory to explain parents’ reactions to youths’ alcohol intoxication
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Studies have shown that parents reduce control and support in response to youths’ drinking. Why they react this way, however, is still much unknown. From cognitive dissonance theory, we derived hypotheses about parents’ reactions.Methods: We used a longitudinal, school-based sample of 494 youths (13 and 14 years, 56% boys) and their parents. General Linear Model (GLM) analyses were used to test the main hypotheses.Results:In accord with our hypotheses, parents who encountered their youths intoxicated became less opposed to underage drinking over time. In addition, parents who remained strongly opposed to youth drinking experienced more worries than parents who became less opposed. Alternative explanations for the results were tested, but were not supported.Conclusions: The findings suggest that to eliminate the dissonance between their strict attitudes against youth drinking and their knowledge of their own youths’ drinking, parents changed their attitudes and became more lenient.
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| 28. |
- Glatz, Terese, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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A test of cognitive dissonance theory to explain parents' reactions to youths' alcohol intoxication
- 2012
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Ingår i: Family Relations. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0197-6664 .- 1741-3729. ; 61:4, s. 629-641
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies have shown that parents reduce control and support in response to youths' drinking. Why they react this way, however, is still unknown. From cognitive dissonance theory, we derived hypotheses about parents' reactions. We used a longitudinal, school-based sample of 494 youths (13 and 14 years, 56% boys) and their parents. General Linear Model (GLM) analyses were used to test the main hypotheses. In accord with our hypotheses, parents who encountered their youths intoxicated became less opposed to underage drinking over time. In addition, parents who remained strongly opposed to youth drinking experienced more worries than parents who became less opposed. Alternative explanations for the results were tested, but were not supported. The findings suggest that to eliminate the dissonance between their strict attitudes against youth drinking and their knowledge of their own youths' drinking, parents changed their attitudes and became more lenient.
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| 29. |
- Glatz, Terese, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Parents’ reactions to adolescents’ hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention problems : do their experiences of having raised a child before matter?
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Parents learn from their experiences of having raised a child before, but it is unknown if it makes them better to deal with challenging behaviors in their later-born children. Some behaviors are particularly difficult to handle, such as Hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention problems (HIA), which have been shown to make parents feel powerless. In this study, we examined if these feelings were dependent on parents’ experiences with their older children. Two models were examined, the learning-from-experience model and the spillover model, which make different predictions of how parents make use of their earlier experiences when they raise their later-born children. We used reports from 372 parents who had one child (M = 11.92 years), and 198 parents who had two children (M = 11.89 and 14.35 years). In agreement with Bugental’s parental attribution model, HIA was associated with parents’ feelings of powerlessness among parents who both had and those who had not raised a child before. Further, we did not find empirical support for the learning-from-experience model — parents felt powerless about their younger children with HIA even if they had raised a child before with HIA. However, consistent with the spillover hypothesis, parents felt particularly powerless about their younger children with HIA if they also felt powerless about their older children. These findings highlight the importance of acknowledging parents’ experiences with their older children in research and clinical settings.
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| 30. |
- Glatz, Terese, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
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Parents’ reactions to youths’ hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention problems
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. - Berlin : Springer. - 0091-0627 .- 1573-2835. ; 39:8, s. 1125-1135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hyperactivity, impulsivity, and attention problems(HIA) in children and adolescents are stressful for parents. In this study, we used theories of parents’ perceived power and attributions for youths’ behaviors to develop a model to understand parents’ reactions to their youths’ HIA. We followed 706 youths (376 boys and 330 girls, aged 10–12 years at T1) and their parents in a community-based project over 5 years. Measures of youths’ HIA, youths’ unresponsiveness to correction, parents’ feelings of powerlessness, parental monitoring, and parents’ negative behaviors toward their youths, were used. HIA in youths predicted increases in parents’ perceptions that their youths were unresponsive to correction, which in turn prompted parents to feel more powerless over time. Further, parents’ feelings of powerlessness were associated with increases in negative parenting behaviors over time. These results indicate a movement to more negative parenting practices over time as a result of youths’ HIA.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Hafen, Christopher A., et al.
(författare)
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Homophily in stable and unstable adolescent friendships : Similarity breeds constancy
- 2011
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Ingår i: Personality and Individual Differences. - : Pergamon Press. - 0191-8869 .- 1873-3549. ; 51:5, s. 607-612
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study examines homophily among adolescent friends. Participants were drawn from a community-based sample of Swedish youth who ranged from 11 to 18 years old. A total of 436 girls and 338 boys identified their closest friends and described their own delinquent activities, intoxication frequency, achievement motivation, and self-worth. Correlations and difference scores describe similarity between reciprocally nominated friends on each dimension. Adolescents who remained friends from one year to the next tended to be more similar than those who did not, during the friendship and, to a lesser extent, before the friendship. Comparisons with random pairs of same-age peers revealed that age-group homophily accounts for most of the similarity between unstable friends but only a fraction of the similarity between stable friends.
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| 33. |
- Hiatt, Cody, et al.
(författare)
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Best friend influence over adolescent problem behaviors : Socialized by the satisfied
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology (Print). - : Routledge. - 1537-4416 .- 1537-4424. ; 46:5, s. 695-708
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study was designed to examine best friend influence over alcohol intoxication and truancy as a function of relative perceptions of friendship satisfaction. The participants were 700 adolescents (306 boys, 394 girls) who were involved in same-sex best friendships that were stable from one academic year to the next. Participants completed self-report measures of alcohol intoxication frequency and truancy at 1-year intervals. Each member of each friendship dyad also rated his or her satisfaction with the relationship. At the outset, participants were in secondary school (approximately 13-14 years old) or high school (approximately 16-17 years old). More satisfied friends had greater influence than less satisfied friends over changes in intoxication frequency and truancy. Problem behaviors of less satisfied friends increased over time if the more satisfied friend reported relatively higher, but not relatively lower, initial levels of drinking or truancy. The results support the hypothesis that adolescent friends are not similarly influential. The power to socialize, for better and for worse, rests with the partner who has a more positive perception of the relationship.
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| 34. |
- Hudson, Thomas J., et al.
(författare)
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International network of cancer genome projects
- 2010
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 464:7291, s. 993-998
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) was launched to coordinate large-scale cancer genome studies in tumours from 50 different cancer types and/or subtypes that are of clinical and societal importance across the globe. Systematic studies of more than 25,000 cancer genomes at the genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic levels will reveal the repertoire of oncogenic mutations, uncover traces of the mutagenic influences, define clinically relevant subtypes for prognosis and therapeutic management, and enable the development of new cancer therapies.
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| 35. |
- Johansson, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Linking adult psychopathy with childhood hyperactivity-impulsivity-attention problems and conduct problems through retrospective self-reports
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality Disorders. - : Guilford Publications. - 0885-579X. ; 19:1, s. 94-101
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the present study was to test whether adult criminals with psychopathy diagnoses, more than those without, have histories of hyperactivity–impulsivity–attention problems (HIA) and conduct problems (CP). We compared psychopathic and nonpsychopathic violent criminal offenders on retrospective reports of conduct problems before the age of 15 and hyperactivity–impulsivity–attention problems before the age of 10. We used a sample of 186 adult men sentenced to prison in Sweden for 4 years or more for violent, nonsexual crimes. The mean age was 30.7(SD = 9.4). The results showed that a combination of childhood HIA problems and CP was typical for adult psychopathic offenders. They were four times more likely than chance to have had a combination of HIA problems and CP during childhood and only one–fifth as likely than chance to have had neither problem. Nonpsychopathic offenders, on the other hand, were five times more likely than chance to have had neither problem and only one-quarter as likely than chance to have had both problems.
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| 36. |
- Johansson, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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On the operationalization of psychopathy : further support for a three-faceted personality oriented model
- 2002
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Ingår i: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 0001-690X .- 1600-0447. ; 106:suppl. s412, s. 81-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE:This study is an attempt to compare two alternative models of psychopathy (PCL-R); (i) the traditional 17-item two-factor model where the first factor describes a deceitful, manipulative and callous, unemotional dimension and the second factor describes the impulsive, irresponsible and antisocial behavioral lifestyle dimension; and (ii) a recently proposed 13-item three-factor model involving an interpersonal facet, an affective facet and a behavioral facet.METHOD:Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of PCL-R scores on a sample of 293 adult male violent offenders were conducted.RESULTS:The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that the 13 items yielded three easily interpretable factors: an interpersonal factor, an affective factor and a behavioral/lifestyle factor. Through confirmatory factor analysis we showed that this model had a significantly closer fit to the data than the classical 17-item, two-factor model of the PCL-R.CONCLUSION:The study supports the three-faceted model of psychopathy.
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| 37. |
- Johansson, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Psychopathy and intelligence : a second look
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Personality Disorders. - : Guilford Publications. - 0885-579X. ; 19:4, s. 357-369
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Empirical studies using the PCL-R (Hare, 2003) have shown no intelligence differences between psychopaths and nonpsychopaths. However, Cleckley (1976) argued that psychopaths often show superior intelligence. The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the correlation between intelligence and severity of criminal development is the opposite in psychopaths than in nonpsychopathic criminals using a sample of 370 men sentenced for violent (nonsexual) crimes. That pattern would provide a way of explaining the discrepancy between Cleckley's view and later empirical work. The results showed that for nonpsychopaths, higher total IQ and particularly verbal intelligence meant a later start in violent crime. For those diagnosed as psychopaths, however, this association was reversed.
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| 38. |
- Johansson, Peter, 1953-
(författare)
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Understanding psychopathy trough the study of long-term violent offenders
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Psychopathy describes a collection of personality traits that logically would facilitate violent, criminal behavior. This dissertation deals with issues that might shed light on how to treat or prevent this socially devastating personality disorder: the conceptualization of the disorder; how psychopathic offenders compare with nonpsychopathic offenders; and whether there are some psychopathic offenders who might be more amenable to treatment than others. The four studies use data from a sample of about 400 violent offenders who were assessed in a national prison unit. The first study dealt with the definition of psychopathy. Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of PCL-R scores, we compared the traditional 17- item, two-factor model with a more recently proposed 13-item, three-factor model. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the 13 items yielded three easily interpretable factors: an interpersonal factor, an affective factor, and a behavioral/lifestyle factor. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that this model had a significantly closer fit to the data than the traditional 17-item, two-factor model. The second and third studies compared psychopathic with nonpsychopathic offenders. In the second study we tested whether psychopathic more than nonpsychopathic offenders had histories of hyperactivityimpulsivity- attention problems (HIA) and conduct problems (CP). We used their retrospective reports of conduct problems before the age of 15 and HIA before the age of 10. The results showed that a combination of childhood HIA and CP was typical for psychopathic but not nonpsychopathic offenders. The third study tested the hypothesis that intelligence is positively correlated with severity of criminal development in psychopathic criminals and negatively correlated in nonpsychopathic criminals. That pattern would provide a way of explaining the discrepancy between Cleckley’s view and later empirical work and open the door to new ideas about prevention and treatment. For non-psychopaths, higher total intelligence scores, particularly verbal intelligence, meant a later start in violent crime. For those diagnosed as psychopaths, however, this association was reversed. The fourth study investigated whether meaningful subtypes of psychopathy could be identified. Model-based cluster analysis of Revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCLR Hare, 2003) and trait anxiety scores in the psychopathic subgroup (n = 124; PCL-R > 29) revealed two clusters, which we labeled primary and secondary. Secondary psychopaths had greater trait anxiety and fewer psychopathic traits than primary psychopaths, but comparable levels of antisocial behavior. They also had more borderline personality features, poorer interpersonal functioning, and more symptoms of major mental disorder than primary psychopaths. Psychopathy is a complex and in some ways mysterious disorder, and little is known about how it develops. Taken together, these studies provide some clues that might ultimately lead to ways of preventing the development of psychopathy. Early HIA problems apparently put children in a risk group. Apparently, high intelligence plays a role in the most problematic cases, and the disorder can develop in the presence of anxiety. Although the idea is not without problems, adult psychopaths who are high on anxiety might be more amenable to treatment than those who are not.
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| 39. |
- Joshi, Peter K, et al.
(författare)
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Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations
- 2015
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 523:7561, s. 459-462
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders, and Darwin was one of the first to recognize that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness that is common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power. Here we use runs of homozygosity to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts, and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in one second, general cognitive ability and educational attainment (P < 1 × 10(-300), 2.1 × 10(-6), 2.5 × 10(-10) and 1.8 × 10(-10), respectively). In each case, increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months' less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing evidence that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been.
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| 40. |
- Jutengren, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Adolescents' deliberate self-harm, interpersonal stress, and the moderating effects of self-regulation : A two-wave longitudinal analysis.
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of School Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-4405 .- 1873-3506. ; 49:2, s. 249-264
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The predictive effects of peer victimization and harsh parenting on deliberate self-harm were examined. As derived from the experiential avoidance model, the study also tested whether these links were moderated by individual self-regulation approaches. Data were collected at two points in time from 880 junior high school students (mean age = 13.72) in Sweden. Analyses using structural equation modeling revealed that Peer Victimization was predictive of self-harm. Although Harsh Parenting was not predictive of self-harm, this link was moderated by adolescents' gender. No moderating effect of self-regulation was revealed. The study concludes that the high prevalence of deliberate self-harm recently found in community samples of adolescents cannot be prevented without attending to environmental psychosocial factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)(journal abstract)
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| 41. |
- Kakihara, Fumiko, 1974-
(författare)
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Incorporating adolescents' interpretations and feelings about parents into models of parental control
- 2010
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Much of research on parental control has focused on how parents can effectively regulate their adolescents. Barber contributed to this by theorizing that there are two types of control that have import during adolescence: behavioral and psychological control. In his framework, the absence of behavioral control increases adolescents’ externalizing because adolescents’ self-regulation is not promoted, whereas the presence of psychological control increases adolescents’ internalizing problems, through impinging on their psychological and emotional well-being. These conceptualizations, however, focus on parents’ actions, goals, and intentions. Little attention has been given to how adolescents interpret and respond to control in light of their own needs and goals. In this dissertation, a model was tested in which adolescents’ interpretations and responses reflecting their psychological needs are the intermediate processes linking control and adjustment. Using experimental methods, Study I revealed that adolescents interpret parental control. Contrary to Barber’s ideas, adolescents interpreted both high levels of behavioral control and psychological control equally negatively. Compared to moderate levels, adolescents viewed high levels as meaning that parents were being intrusive, and that adolescents were less competent and mattered less to parents. In Study II and III, the full model was tested. The results were consistent with the proposal that when control leads to youths feeling more over-controlled or less connected to their parents, their adjustment suffers. Thus, the effects of control were mediated by adolescents’ responses. In addition, this process depended on adolescents’ age and gender, as well as their acceptance of parental authority. Older adolescents, boys, and those who accept less parental authority tended to view control more negatively than younger adolescents, girls, and those who accept less authority. Across the three studies, the results suggest that when youths’ needs are taken into account, behavioral control acts much like psychological control, impeding adolescents’ adjustment. Discussion focuses on the implications for further research on parental control. It is concluded that it is important to consider adolescents’ perspectives or agency in theoretical accounts of parental control. Parents can only try to control their adolescents, and their success or failure should be viewed as a joint process involving both parents and their adolescents.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Kakihara, Fumiko, et al.
(författare)
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The relationship of parental control to youth adjustment : Do youths' feelings about their parents play a role?
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of Youth and Adolescence. - New York, USA : Springer. - 0047-2891 .- 1573-6601. ; 39:12, s. 1442-1456
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent research suggests that youths interpret parental control and that this may have implications for how control affects youths' adjustment. In this study, we propose that youths' feelings about being over-controlled by parents and feeling connected to parents are intermediary processes linking parental control and youths' adjustment. We used three years of longitudinal data sampled from 1,022 Swedish youths in 7th, 8th, and 9th grade (47.3% girls; 12-17 years old, M age = 14.28 years, SD = .98) who were mainly Swedish in ethnic origin. We tested models linking parental control (i.e., rules, restriction of freedom, and coldness-rejection) to adjustment (i.e., norm-breaking, depressive symptoms, and self-esteem) through youths feeling over-controlled by and connected to parents. The overall model incorporating youths' feelings showed that restrictions and coldness-rejection were both indirectly linked to increases in norm-breaking and depressive symptoms through increases in youths feeling over-controlled. Parental rules still independently predicted decreases in norm-breaking and in self-esteem, and coldness-rejection predicted increases in norm-breaking. In addition, some paths (e.g., feeling over-controlled to self-esteem) depended on the youths' age, whereas others depended on their gender. These results suggest that when youths' feelings are taken into account, all behavioral control is not the same, and the line between behavioral control and psychological control is blurred. We conclude that it is important to consider youths' feelings of being controlled and suggest that future research focus more on exploring this idea.
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| 44. |
- Kerr, Margaret, et al.
(författare)
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A reinterpretation of parental monitoring in longitudinal perspective
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Journal of research on adolescence. - Malden, uSA : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1050-8392 .- 1532-7795. ; 20:1, s. 39-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A commonly used measure of parental monitoring is parents’ knowledge of adolescents’ daily activities. This measure has been criticized on the grounds that parents get more knowledge about teenagers’ daily activities through willing youth disclosure than through their own active monitoring efforts, but this claim was based on cross-sectional data. In the present study, we re-examine this claim with longitudinal data over two years from 938 7th and 8th graders and their parents. Youth disclosure was a significant longitudinal predictor of parental knowledge in single-rater and cross-rater models. Neither measure of parents’ monitoring efforts—control or solicitation—was a significant predictor. In analyses involving delinquency, parental monitoring efforts did not predict changes in delinquency over time, but youth disclosure did. We conclude that because knowledge measures do not seem to represent parental monitoring efforts, the conclusions from studies using these measures should be reinterpreted.
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| 45. |
- Kerr, Margaret, et al.
(författare)
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Boys' behavioral inhibition and the risk of later delinquency
- 1997
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Ingår i: Archives of General Psychiatry. - 0003-990X .- 1538-3636. ; 54:9, s. 809-816
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Used longitudinal data to test 3 hypotheses: that behavioral inhibition (BI) is a protective factor in the development of delinquency (DL), whereas social withdrawal (SD) is not; that comorbidity of SD and aggression are associated with negative outcomes, whereas comorbidity of BI and aggression is not; and BI might put children at greater risk for later depressive symptoms (DS). Ss were 778 boys (aged 10 yrs) who were studied until age 15. Peer ratings from the Pupil Evaluation Inventory were used to classify Ss on disruptiveness, BI, and SD for ages 10, 11, and 12. Self-reported DS from the Children's Depression Inventory at age 15 was used as the measure of DS, and self-reports of behavior during 1-yr periods prior to the 13-, 14-, and 15-yr assessments were used as the measure of DL. The first 2 hypotheses were supported. Disruptive profiles that did not include BI were significantly linked to outcome profiles that included DL, whereas profiles including BI were not. There was no trade-off between protection against DL and risk for DS. Comorbid disruptiveness and BI and comorbid disruptiveness and SD were linked to different outcomes. The outcomes were different for Ss with BI and SD depending on whether they were disruptive.
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| 46. |
- Kerr, Margaret
(författare)
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Childhood and adolescent shyness in long-term perspective : does it matter?
- 2000
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Ingår i: Shyness. - London : Routledge. - 0415224322 ; , s. 64-87
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In most western cultures, parents are concerned about children who seem to be shy. Developmentalists, as well, consider interactions with peers necessary to normal social development, and they usually consider shy behavior an obstacle to normal development. In this chapter, the author looks at whether these notions are supported when a long-term perspective is taken. Using data from a birth-to-midlife study, the author examines the links between childhood shyness and middle adulthood adjustment. Ss were from a suburb of Stockholm, and had been participating in a longitudinal study since they were born in the mid-1950s. Ss were seen every year until the age of 16 and then again at about ages 25 and 37. Results indicate that there were no relations between early shyness and any of the variables that tapped quality of relationships. In contrast, adolescent-developing shyness was a negative predictor of nearly all measures of the frequency and the quality of interactions with friends and partners. Concerning psychological well-being, early-developing shyness was clearly less problematic than later-developing shyness for males, but the same was not true for females. It appears that what is important for adult adjustment is the shyness that emerges in adolescence.
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| 47. |
- Kerr, Margaret
(författare)
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Culture as a context for temperament : suggestions from the life courses of shy Swedes and Americans
- 2001
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Ingår i: Temperament in context. - Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. - 0805830197 ; , s. 118-129
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The author suggests a goodness-of-fit model that builds on previous models. She posits that, in any given culture, there are both psychological and practical features of the environment that reflect people's shared assumptions about behavior. As a result, the environment favors some temperamentally based behaviors over others, and the favored behaviors are then more likely to be associated with good developmental outcomes. The author draws examples of the various links in this model from the literature on shyness, inhibition, and anxiety, and compared findings from two studies of the life courses of shy people: one with an American sample (Caspi, Elder and Bem, 1988) and the other with a Swedish sample (Kerr, Lambert and Bem, 1996).
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
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