| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Gillespie, Ulrika, et al.
(författare)
-
A comprehensive pharmacist intervention to reduce morbidity in patients 80 years or older : a randomized controlled trial
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Archives of Internal Medicine. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 0003-9926 .- 1538-3679. ; 169:9, s. 894-900
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUNDPatients 80 years or older are underrepresented in scientific studies. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of interventions performed by ward-based pharmacists in reducing morbidity and use of hospital care among older patients.METHODSA randomized controlled study of patients 80 years or older was conducted at the University Hospital of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden. Four hundred patients were recruited consecutively between October 1, 2005, and June 30, 2006, and were randomized to control (n = 201) and intervention (n = 199) groups. The interventions were performed by ward-based pharmacists. The control group received standard care without direct involvement of pharmacists at the ward level. The primary outcome measure was the frequency of hospital visits (emergency department and readmissions [total and drug-related]) during the 12-month follow-up period.RESULTSThree hundred sixty-eight patients (182 in the intervention group and 186 in the control group) were analyzed. For the intervention group, there was a 16% reduction in all visits to the hospital (quotient, 1.88 vs 2.24; estimate, 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-0.99) and a 47% reduction in visits to the emergency department (quotient, 0.35 vs 0.66; estimate, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.37-0.75). Drug-related readmissions were reduced by 80% (quotient, 0.06 vs 0.32; estimate, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.10-0.41). After inclusion of the intervention costs, the total cost per patient in the intervention group was $230 lower than that in the control group.CONCLUSIONIf implemented on a population basis, the addition of pharmacists to health care teams would lead to major reductions in morbidity and health care costs.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Ljungberg, Christina, et al.
(författare)
-
Hospital doctors' views of factors influencing their prescribing
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Journal of Evaluation In Clinical Practice. - : Wiley. - 1356-1294 .- 1365-2753. ; 13:5, s. 765-771
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rationale, aim and objective Factors influencing doctors in prescribing of drugs have mostly been studied in primary care. Studies performed in hospital care have primarily focused on new drugs, not prescribing in general. An in-depth understanding of the prescribing process in the more specialized secondary care is not only important for secondary care itself, but because it also influences prescribing in primary care. The aim of this study is therefore to identify factors that secondary care doctors believe influence them in prescribing drugs, using a qualitative approach. Method Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 hospital doctors in different medical specialities and the interviews were analysed from an interpretivist perspective. The information gathered was on how prescribing decisions were made in general and how the doctors chose a specific drug therapy, including information sources used. Results According to our interviews, the hospital doctors took patient-specific factors and cost into consideration when prescribing, informed by different written information sources and commercial verbal information. Personal practice, colleagues and therapeutic tradition at the hospital or clinic, were influential in the prescribing of drugs. The themes identified should not to be seen as individual influences; many of them probably act in combination. Conclusions If changes in prescribing behaviour are desired, factors warranting more attention include understanding how to influence therapeutic traditions and the doctor's personal habits for prescribing. The importance of clinical experience and information exchange with colleagues should not be underestimated in providing information about drugs to hospital doctors.
|
|
| 6. |
- Ljungberg, Christina, 1978-
(författare)
-
Prerequisites and Responsibility for Appropriate Prescribing - the Prescribers' View
- 2010
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall aim of this thesis was to explore aspects of the subjective views and experiences of doctors as prescribers, focusing on responsibility for and factors of importance in achieving appropriate prescribing. To provide insights into the prescriber’s perspective the study designs were qualitative. In the first studies secondary care doctors’ perceptions of appropriate prescribing and influences in prescribing were investigated in interviews. The doctors perceived that appropriate prescribing needed continuous revision. From the perspective of the prescribers the definition of prescribing could be rephrased as: “the outcome of the recurring processes of decision making that maximises net individual health gains within society’s available resources”. Among the influences in prescribing were guidelines, colleagues and therapeutic traditions. In the subsequent studies the experiences of exchanging information regarding a patient’s drugs in an electronic patient medical record (e-PMR) shared between primary and secondary care and views of responsibility was explored, using focus groups with both primary and secondary care doctors. Considering the gap between health care levels, doctors’ views of responsibility in prescribing and exchange of information are of concern. The doctors expressed how they assume information to be in the e-PMR and active information transfer has decreased. On the other hand, they experienced an information overload in the e-PMR system. There is a need for improved and structured communication between health-care givers. Taking responsibility to review all the patient’s medications was perceived as important, but described as still not done. Lack of responsibility taken was often due to acts of omission, i.e. that doctors did not make needed changes to the list of medications due to different barriers. The barriers rested both with individual doctors and the system, but to ensure solutions that are realisable in practise, perspectives of the doctors need to be taken into consideration when overcoming those barriers.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Montgomery, Anna, 1974-
(författare)
-
Counselling in Swedish Community Pharmacies : Understanding the Process of a Pharmaceutical Care Service
- 2009
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Community pharmacy practice is moving towards patient care and away from the mere dispensing of medicines. In this movement, which is guided by the philosophy of Pharmaceutical care (PC), new counselling services emerge. The purpose of the thesis was to add knowledge about the real-world provision of PC services by studying a defined PC service in Swedish pharmacies. Specific aims of this thesis were to investigate the experiences of professionals working with or close to the service and to describe the content of consultations, counselling behaviour and patterns of follow-up. Further aims were to characterise patients receiving the service and describe their perceived outcomes, in relation to standard service. Data were collected via focus groups, telephone interviews, observations, a patient medication record database and a cross-sectional survey. The practitioners reported greater use of their pharmaceutical knowledge and provision of more thorough patient support. Perceived barriers in delivering the service included difficulties in documenting and getting commitment from colleagues, managers and prescribers. Doctors working close to PC pharmacies held varying opinions about the service. Consultations dealt with issues potentially improving the outcomes of medical treatment, but the level of patient centredness varied and was limited by the practitioners’ focus on the computer screen. The rate of follow-up evaluations was modest, but was higher at pharmacies with a high volume of patients receiving the service. PC patients were mostly elderly and female, using about 10 prescription drugs. In comparison to patients receiving standard service, they were more worried, vulnerable and information-seeking. At the same time, their feelings of safety following the pharmacy visit were more pronounced than those of patients receiving standard service. They also felt better prepared for doctor visits. In order for community pharmacy to better meet patients’ needs and optimise PC services, increased attention should be given to implementation strategies, interprofessional collaboration and educational efforts focusing on patient centredness.
|
|
| 9. |
- Nordén-Hägg, Annika
(författare)
-
Failure-Free Pharmacies? : An Exploration of Dispensing Errors and Safety Culture in Swedish Community Pharmacies
- 2010
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Quality in pharmacies includes aspects such as error management and safety issues. The objective of this thesis was to explore these aspects of quality in Swedish community phar-macies. The specific aims were to compare a paper-based and a web-based reporting system for dispensing errors, regarding reporting behaviour and data quality. The impact of an intervention; a technical barrier, for preventing dispensing errors was evaluated. A survey tool, the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ), was adapted to Swedish pharmacies and used to describe the safety culture in these pharmacies. The potential relationship between safety culture and dispensing errors was also explored. Data was retrieved from the paper- and web-based reporting systems, semi-structured interviews as well as from a survey, using SAQ. The change in reporting system for dispensing errors increased the reporting of errors and enhanced the completeness of reported data. The web-based system facilitated follow-up and identification of preventive measures, but was associated with implementation problems. The intervention was associated with a significant decrease in the overall number of dispensing errors and, specifically, reports on errors with the wrong strength, and errors caused by registration failure in the pharmacy computers. The Swedish version of the survey tool, SAQ, demonstrated satisfying psychometric properties. No correlation between the SAQ Safety Climate dimension and dispensing errors was seen, while a positive relationship between the SAQ Stress Recognition dimension and dispensing errors was established. A number of other pharmacy characteristics, such as number of dispensed prescription items and employees, displayed positive relationships with dispensing errors. Staff age demonstrated a negative relationship with dispensing errors while other demographic variables such as national education background showed a positive relationship.
|
|
| 10. |
- Nordqvist, Ola, et al.
(författare)
-
Assessing and achieving readiness to initiate HIV medication
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Patient Education and Counseling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0738-3991 .- 1873-5134. ; 62:1, s. 21-30
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ObjectiveTo summarise published HIV-specific research on readiness theories, factors influencing readiness, instruments to measure readiness and interventions to increase readiness for treatment.MethodsMedline and PsychInfo were searched until August 2004.ResultsTwo HIV-specific readiness theories were identified. Fear of side effects, emotions emerging from the diagnosis and lack of trust in the physician were some barriers to overcome in order to reach readiness. Of the three measurement instruments found, the index of readiness showed the most promise. Multi-step intervention programs to increase readiness for HIV treatment had been investigated.ConclusionReadiness instruments may be useful tools in clinical practice but the predictive validity of the instruments needs to be further established in the HIV-infected population.Practice implicationsReadiness instruments and practice placebo trials may serve as complements to routine care, since health care providers currently have no better than chance probability in identifying those patients who are ready to adhere.
|
|
| 11. |
- Renberg, Tobias, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Exploring subjective outcomes perceived by patients receiving a pharmaceutical care service
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1551-7411 .- 1934-8150. ; 2:2, s. 212-231
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: There is a need for evidence to support expanded pharmacist services, especially regarding subjective outcomes experienced by patients. However, it is unclear what aspects of life are actually affected by such services. OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study are to identify patients' perceptions of both an expanded pharmacist service and its impact on subjective outcomes such as health and quality of life, and to elicit variables that may be targeted in future evaluation of the impact of such services. METHODS: In-depth interviews were performed with 12 respondents receiving a patient medication record service. The interviews were analyzed using a qualitative constant comparative method. RESULTS: The service was perceived very differently by unique respondents in regards to its purpose and content, as well as its outcomes. It was difficult for respondents to describe the service as separate from other health care experiences. Gaining control of drug treatment and a perceived feeling of increased safety were central concepts in patients' description of the service. Talking spontaneously about health effects of the service carried no meaning for the respondents. CONCLUSIONS: The value of enhanced patient consultation, empowerment, the feeling of safety, and increased drug knowledge are important to patients receiving this kind of service and should be central in choosing outcome measures when studying such services.
|
|
| 12. |
- Renberg, Tobias, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
-
Pharmacy users' expectations of pharmacy encounters : a Q-methodological study
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Health Expectations. - : Wiley. - 1369-6513 .- 1369-7625. ; 14:4, s. 361-373
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Pharmacy practice is evolving according to general healthcare trends such as increased patient involvement, evidence-based practice and public health initiatives. In addition to this, pharmacists strive to find new professional roles. Clients’ expectations of service encounters at pharmacies is an under-explored topic but crucial to understand how pharmacy practice can evolve efficiently. Objective: To identify and describe clusters of people with different normative expectations of the pharmacy encounter. Methods: Q-methodology, an approach to systematically explore subjectivity that retain complete patterns of response and organises these into factors of operant subjectivity. Setting and participants: 85 regular prescription medication users mainly recruited at Swedish community pharmacies. Results: Seven factors of operant subjectivity were identified, organised into two groups. Factors that emphasised the physical drug product as the central object of the pharmacy encounter were labelled as independent drug shopping; logistics of drug distribution; and drugs before drug use before healthcare. Factors that emphasised personal support as desirable were labelled competence as individual support; individualist professional relations, just take care of me; and practical healthcare and lifestyle support. Discussion and conclusions: The systematic q-methodological approach yielded valuable insights in how pharmacy clients construct their expectations for service encounters. They hold differentiating normative expectations for pharmacy services. Understanding these varying viewpoints is important for developing and prioritising among efficient pharmacy services. Clients’ expectations do not correspond with many of the trends that guide current pharmacy practice development. This might be a challenge for promoting or implementing services based on such trends.
|
|
| 13. |
- Ring, Lena, et al.
(författare)
-
Feasibility and validity of a computer administered version of SEIQoL-DW
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Quality of Life Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0962-9343 .- 1573-2649. ; 15:7, s. 1173-1177
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Computer administrered QoL instruments are increasingly used to assess outcomes. Our aim was to assess the feasibility and validity of an electronic version of the SEIQoL-DW. Pharmacy students (n = 40; mean age 25; 92% women) were administrated both the touch screen and the paper-and-pen versions in a cross-over study. The majority of the students (65 %) preferred the computer version, while almost a third (27%) preferred the paper and pen version. There was no overall order effect and the SEOQoL-DW index mean scores differed with 1.2 between the two versions. Those respondents completing the computer version first had higher scores than those completing the computer version second. The ICC comparing the formats was 0.77 (CI: 0.57-0.88) and the limits of agreement method showed that 85% of the observations were within +/- 1-10 units. Most students (82%) judged their QoL as being equivalent to their SEIQoL-DW score. The computer version of the SEIQoL-DW seems to be feasible and acceptable and seems to be valid alternative to the paper and pen version. However, further validation studies in larger patient populations are needed.
|
|
| 14. |
- Ring, Lena, et al.
(författare)
-
Living with skin diseases and topical treatment: patients' and providers' perspectives and priorities.
- 2007
-
Ingår i: The Journal of dermatological treatment. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0954-6634 .- 1471-1753. ; 18:4, s. 209-18
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: Relationship-centred care stresses the importance of taking both patients' and health-care providers' values, expectations and preferences into account to improve health outcomes. The aim of this qualitative study was to identify patients' and providers' views and experiences of skin disease and topical treatment. METHODS: Two types of focus group were used: (i) patients with chronic dermatological diseases and (ii) doctors, nurses and pharmacists working in dermatological care. RESULTS: Three major categories emerged: (i) problems related to the disease, (ii) problems related to the treatment and (iii) strategies for improving everyday life for patients. CONCLUSION: Patients and providers made several suggestions for improving everyday life. Future research needs to focus on how to achieve preference-matched shared decision-making, or concordance, between patients and health-care providers, taking different perspectives into account and how to evaluate the effect of the final, clinical, economical and humanistic outcomes of care and treatment. More seamless care and an increasingly shared understanding between patients and providers of their values, expectations and preferences for care and treatment may contribute to better health and better daily lives for patients.
|
|
| 15. |
|
|
| 16. |
- Serup, Jørgen, et al.
(författare)
-
Manage your skin problems for the dermatology patient
- 2006
-
Ingår i: The European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. The Continuing Medical Education Committee. EADV Master Class in Dermatology Series, F1. 2006. DVD-film.
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 17. |
- Södergård, Björn, 1973-
(författare)
-
Adherence and Readiness to Antiretroviral Treatment
- 2006
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Antiretroviral therapy places extraordinarily high demands on adherence, since non-adherence affects both individuals and society due to the spread of resistant viral strains. The aims of the thesis were to investigate the prevalence of adherence in Swedish HIV-infected patients, changes in adherence over time, and factors associated with adherence, including patients’ readiness to adhere. Further, to investigate the collaboration between nurses, doctors and pharmacists after the introduction of a HIV-clinic satellite pharmacy. Data were collected via two cross-sectional patient surveys in 1998 and 2002, qualitative interviews with health care personnel at a major HIV clinic, and a nation-wide, cross-sectional patient survey in 2003-2004. The level of adherence improved from 28% in 1998 to 57% in 2002, possibly due to simplified treatment and a new multi-professional treatment model at the clinic. The proportion of adherent patients was 63% in the nationwide survey. Factors associated with adherence were high age, high quality patient-provider relationships, no drug or alcohol problems and shorter time on treatment. A hypothesized structural equational model, using readiness and adherence as separate latent concepts, was tested and found to support readiness as a distinct factor influencing adherence. The health care personnel believed that conventional pharmacies had several disadvantages in serving the HIV infected population. They found the HIV-clinic satellite pharmacy valuable, since it contributed to increased communication and trust between the health care professions, and improved teamwork in medication management.In conclusion, the level of adherence increased over time, and several factors associated with adherence were identified. Improved collaboration between health care professionals may enhance treatment support, and increased attention should be given to interventions that focus on the individual’s readiness for behavioural change in order to optimize treatment outcomes.
|
|
| 18. |
- Södergård, Björn, et al.
(författare)
-
Adherence to treatment in Swedish HIV infected patients
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. - : Hindawi Limited. - 0269-4727 .- 1365-2710. ; 31:6, s. 605-616
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The objectives were to assess the prevalence of adherence to antiretroviral treatment in Swedish human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients and to evaluate factors associated with adherence. Methods: All HIV-treated patients, who attended one of 30 (of a total of 32) Swedish infectious diseases clinics, during 7 months, were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire containing the 9-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS) and questions about other factors potentially affecting adherence. The summary score of MMAS ranges from 1 to 13, where 13 indicates perfect adherence; patients scoring 11 or above (corresponding to 95% adherence level) were classified as 'adherent'. Results and discussion: In total 946 patients participated (response rate 97.5%). The proportion of patients who reported not missing a dose during the day prior to the completion of the questionnaire was 97% and the proportion classified as 'adherent' was 63%. 'Adherent' patients were more likely to have a good relationship with their health care professionals (P < 0.05) and not have problems with drugs or alcohol (P < 0.01). Being older (P < 0.01) and having a shorter time on current treatment (P < 0.01) and on treatment in total (P < 0.05) were factors also associated with good adherence. Conclusion: Factors modifiable for interventions by health care professionals are patient-provider relationship, drug or alcohol problems and patients with long treatment periods.
|
|
| 19. |
- Ulff, E, et al.
(författare)
-
Single application of a fluorescent test cream by healthy volunteers: assessment of treated and neglected body sites.
- 2007
-
Ingår i: The British journal of dermatology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0007-0963 .- 1365-2133. ; 156:5, s. 974-8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Management of dermatological self-treatment is demanding. Imperfect application of creams and ointments and poor adherence to topical treatment are common, resulting in unsatisfactory treatment outcome. OBJECTIVES: To assess the technique and precision of test subjects' self-application of a test cream. Treated and neglected skin sites were measured after intended widespread single application of a fluorescent test cream. METHODS: Twenty healthy volunteers (10 women, 10 men) were included. They were asked to treat their whole skin surface with the fluorescent test cream, except the head and neck and skin covered by underwear. Treated and untreated sites were subsequently measured under Wood's ultraviolet radiation. RESULTS: Thirty-one per cent of the skin surface that was a target for application did not show any fluorescence and thus was assumed to have been untreated. Typical neglected sites included the central back, the upper breast, the axilla with surrounding skin, the legs and the feet, particularly the sole. The posterior aspect of both trunk and extremities, not easily inspected, was more often neglected. In the treated sites the fluorescence was typically uneven. CONCLUSIONS: Qualified and motivated persons with no obvious physical limitations practised imperfect self-application of a test cream mimicking a therapeutic cream product. As much as 31% of the skin surface was neglected. Sites especially prone to nonapplication were identified. This might imply that dermatological patients on long-term self-treatment may practise local application very poorly, a problem of major therapeutic and economic importance. A fluorescent test cream can be used for research, and as an educational tool in the training of dermatological patients on how to apply local treatment.
|
|
| 20. |
- Wallman, Andy, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
-
An Exploration of How Students Learn in a Pharmacy Internship
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Pharmacy Education. - 1560-2214 .- 1477-2701. ; 11:1, s. 177-182
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background - The pharmacy internship introduces students to pharmacy practice. An understanding of learning processes in the internship is vital for educators in order to develop activities that support learning. Aim - The aim was to analyse students‟ learning activities in a Swedish pharmacy internship from both students‟ and tutors‟ perspectives. Method - Interviews with pharmacy internship students (n=17) and pharmacist tutors (n=18) were performed, followed by a qualitative analysis. Results – The results showed that learning activities ranged from formal, organized activities to informal learning by participating in the professional community. There was a perceived lack of integration between formal and informal activities. Tutors and students acknowledged the influence of the context for learning and the importance of tutors for supporting learning. Conclusion - Both formal and informal learning activities have to be accepted and made explicit. Integrating formal and informal learning activities, using the full continuum of possible learning activities, can enhance learning.
|
|
| 21. |
- Wallman, Andy, 1975-
(författare)
-
Pharmacy Internship : Students’ Learning in a Professional Practice Setting
- 2010
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The aim of this thesis was to explore Swedish pharmacist students’ learning during pharmacy internship. Internships are meant to introduce students to professional practice. Education programs have to reflect changes in the professional role, and take into account that learning in a professional practice setting differs from organized formal education. This thesis includes both quantitative and qualitative research approaches and applies workplace learning theories. A scheme for measuring pharmacy students’ reflective ability was developed and shown to be feasible and reliable. Factors important for reflection were found to be primarily social and contextual, especially trained tutor and small pharmacy size. Notably, learning style or critical thinking did not correlate to students’ reflective ability. Tutors and students perceived that students used a wide variety of activities supporting learning of a broad repertoire of knowledge and skills, preparing them for coming professional working life. Tutors are most important to support learning. However, the current curriculum and formal activities do not address all these outcomes and learning activities used, e.g. workplace learning. The first overall conclusion is that internship plays an essential part in the pharmacist education program. The integration of formal and informal learning activities during internship, including raising awareness of incidental learning, is important to support students in learning the professional practice of pharmacy. This integration could possibly be strengthened by introducing further tutor training, different assignments, and by using portfolios. The second conclusion is that the community of practice is essential for students’ learning during internship, especially the student-tutor interaction. Hence, the entire social context has to be considered and it is important to ensure a good learning environment at pharmacies during internship. In summary, this thesis contributes to the understanding of students’ learning during pharmacy internship and introduces educational research on the Swedish undergraduate pharmacy education programs.
|
|
| 22. |
- Wallman, Andy, et al.
(författare)
-
Swedish Students and Preceptors Perceptions of What Students Learn in a Six-Month Advanced Pharmacy Practice Experience
- 2011
-
Ingår i: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. - : American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. - 0002-9459 .- 1553-6467. ; 75:10, s. 1-10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. To identify what pharmacy students learn during the 6-month advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) in Sweden. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanMethods. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 pharmacy APPE students and 17 pharmacist preceptors and analyzed in a qualitative directed content analysis using a defined workplace learning typology for categories. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanResults. The Swedish APPE provides students with task performance skills for work at pharmacies and social and professional knowledge, such as teamwork, how to learn while in a work setting, self-evaluation, understanding of the pharmacist role, and decision making and problem solving skills. Many of these skills and knowledge are not accounted for in the curricula in Sweden. Using a workplace learning typology to identify learning outcomes, as in this study, could be useful for curricula development. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanConclusions. Exploring the learning that takes place during the APPE in a pharmacy revealed a broad range of skills and knowledge that students acquire.
|
|
