| 1. |
- Holmberg, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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A frequency domain linearized Navier-Stokes method including acoustic damping by eddy viscosity using RANS
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Sound and Vibration. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-460X .- 1095-8568. ; 346, s. 229-247
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, a method for including damping of acoustic energy in regions of strong turbulence is derived for a linearized Navier-Stokes method in the frequency domain. The proposed method is validated and analyzed in 2D only, although the formulation is fully presented in 3D. The result is applied in a study of the linear interaction between the acoustic and the hydrodynamic held in a 2D T-junction, subject to grazing flow at Mach 0.1. Part of the acoustic energy at the upstream edge of the junction is shed as harmonically oscillating disturbances, which are conveyed across the shear layer over the junction, where they interact with the acoustic field. As the acoustic waves travel in regions of strong shear, there is a need to include the interaction between the background turbulence and the acoustic field. For this purpose, the oscillation of the background turbulence Reynolds stress, due to the acoustic Field, is modeled using an eddy Newtonian model assumption. The time averaged flow is first solved for using RANS along with a k-epsilon turbulence model. The spatially varying turbulent eddy viscosity is then added to the spatially invariant kinematic viscosity in the acoustic set of equations. The response of the 2D T-junction to an incident acoustic field is analyzed via a plane wave scattering matrix model, and the result is compared to experimental data for a T-junction of rectangular ducts. A strong improvement in the agreement between calculation and experimental data is found when the modification proposed in this paper is implemented. Discrepancies remaining are likely due to inaccuracies in the selected turbulence model, which is known to produce large errors e.g. for flows with significant rotation, which the grazing flow across the T-junction certainly is A natural next step is therefore to test the proposed methodology together with more sophisticated turbulence models.
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| 2. |
- Holmberg, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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A linearized Navier-Stokes method including turbulence damping
- 2013
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Ingår i: 19th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. - Reston, Virginia : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. - 9781624102134
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, a method for including damping of acoustic energy in regions of strong turbulence is derived for a linearized Navier-Stokes method in the frequency domain. The result is applied in a study of the linear interaction of the acoustic and the hydrodynamic field in a 2D T-junction, subject to grazing flow at Mach 0.1. As the acoustic waves travel in regions of strong shear, there is a need to include the interaction between the background turbulence and the acoustic field. For this purpose, the oscillation of the background turbulence Reynold's stress, due to the acoustic field, is modeled using an eddy Newtonian model assumption. The time averaged flow is first solved for using RANS along with a k-ε turbulence model. The spatially varying turbulent viscosity is then added to the spatially invariant kinematic viscosity in the acoustic set of equations. The response of the 2D T-junction to an incident acoustic field is analyzed via a plane wave scattering matrix model, and the result is compared to experimental data for a T-junction of rectangular ducts. A strong improvement in the agreement between calculation and experimental data is found when the modification proposed in this paper is implemented.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Kierkegaard, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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A frequency domain linearized Navier-Stokes equations approach to acoustic propagation in flow ducts with sharp edges
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. - : Acoustical Society of America (ASA). - 0001-4966 .- 1520-8524. ; 127:2, s. 710-719
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Acoustic wave propagation in flow ducts is commonly modeled with time-domain non-linear Navier-Stokes equation methodologies. To reduce computational effort, investigations of a linearized approach in frequency domain are carried out. Calculations of sound wave propagation in a straight duct are presented with an orifice plate and a mean flow present. Results of transmission and reflections at the orifice are presented on a two-port scattering matrix form and are compared to measurements with good agreement. The wave propagation is modeled with a frequency domain linearized Navier-Stokes equation methodology. This methodology is found to be efficient for cases where the acoustic field does not alter the mean flow field, i.e., when whistling does not occur.
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| 5. |
- Kierkegaard, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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A linearized Navier-Stokes solver for the prediction of sound propagation in duct systems
- 2011
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Ingår i: 40th International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering 2011 Proceedings. ; , s. 248-256
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper is aimed at the development of simulation methodologies suitable both as industrial tools for the prediction of the acoustic performance of flow duct systems, as well as for analyzing the governing mechanisms of duct aeroacoustics.. A frequency-domain linearized Navier-Stokes equations methodology has been developed to simulate sound propagation and acoustic scattering in flow duct systems. The performance of the method has been validated to experimental data and analytical solutions for several cases of in-duct area expansions and orifice plates at different flow speeds. Good agreement has generally been found, suggesting that the proposed methodology is suitable for analyzing internal aeroacoustics.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Kierkegaard, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Acoustic propagation in a flow duct with an orifice plate
- 2008
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Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS OF ISMA 2008. - 9789073802865 ; , s. 485-495
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we present calculations of sound wave propagation in a straight duct with an orifice plate and a mean flow present. The wave propagation is modelled with a frequency domain linearized Navier-Stokes equations methodology. A two-dimensional approximation is used to an axisymmetric cylindrical geometry, and an appropriate frequency scaling is utilized to account for this. The relation between pressure and density is assumed isentropic and correction for duct damping based on viscous dissipation in the acoustic boundary layers is applied. Calculations are carried out for frequencies in the plane wave range up to the cut-on frequency of the first higher order propagating acoustical mode, and performed with a commercial Finite Element Method code on a quadrilateral mesh with third order shape functions. Results of transmission through, and reflections at the orifice are presented on a two-port scattering matrix form and are compared to measurements with good agreement.
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| 9. |
- Kierkegaard, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Flow field eigenmode decompositions in aeroacoustics
- 2010
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Ingår i: Computers & Fluids. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-7930 .- 1879-0747. ; 39:2, s. 338-344
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper an efficient method to study sound generation processes in low Mach number flows is presented. We apply the methodology on a two-dimensional flow over a cavity with smoothed corners. Instead of the full flow field obtained from, for example a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS), we use a reduced model based on global modes to obtain the aeroacoustic sources. Global modes are eigenmodes to the Navier-Stokes equations, linearized about a steady base flow. In a reduced model the perturbations from a steady state are approximated by a linear combination of the eigenmodes. The time dependence is determined by the corresponding eigenvalues. Curie's equation is used to calculate the acoustic field, and by studying the source terms in Curie's equation, mechanisms for sources of sound are identified. Results of acoustic pressure in the far-field and source strengths for different superpositions of eigenmodes are presented.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Kierkegaard, Axel, 1981-
(författare)
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Frequency Domain Linearized Navier-Stokes Equations Methods for Low Mach Number Internal Aeroacoustics
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Traffic is a major source of environmental noise in modern day's society. As a result, the development of new vehicles are subject to heavy governmental legislations. The major noise sources on common road vehicles are engine noise, transmission noise, tire noise and, at high speeds, wind noise. One way to reduce intake and exhaust noise is to attach mufflers to the exhaust pipes. However, to develop prototypes for the evaluation of muffler performance is a costly and time-consuming process. As a consequence, in recent years so called virtual prototyping has emerged as an alternative. Current industrial simulation methodologies are often rather crude, normally only including one-dimensional mean flows and one-dimensional acoustic fields. Also, flow generated noise is rudimentary modeled or not included at all. Hence, improved methods are needed to fully benefit from the possibilities of virtual prototyping. This thesis is aimed at the development of simulation methodologies suitable both as industrial tools for the prediction of the acoustic performance of flow duct systems, as well as for analyzing the governing mechanisms of duct aeroacoustics. Special focus has been at investigating the possibilities to use frequency-domain linearized Navier-Stokes equations solvers, where the equations are solved either directly or as eigenvalue formulations. A frequency-domain linearized Navier-Stokes equations methodology has been developed to simulate sound propagation and acoustic scattering in flow duct systems. The performance of the method has been validated to experimental data and analytical solutions for several cases of in-duct area expansions and orifice plates at different flow speeds. Good agreement has generally been found, suggesting that the proposed methodology is suitable for analyzing internal aeroacoustics.
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| 12. |
- Kierkegaard, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Generation and propagation of sound waves in low mach number flows
- 2007
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Ingår i: 13th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (28th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference). - 9781624100031
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aeroacoustic calculations are performed for a two-dimensional configuration of an orifice plate mounted in a straight duct in a low Mach number flow. The flow field is calculated by solving the compressible Navier-Stokes equations by means of a direct numerical simulation, using a high order finite difference scheme. The scheme is based on summation by parts operators and a penalty techniques is used to impose boundary conditions. Methods to decompose an acoustic field into upstream and downstream propagating waves are investigated for use in flows with vorticial structures present. The investigated methods are one formulation of a Two microphone method, and one technique which utilize the relation between acoustic pressure and velocity in an acoustic plane wave.
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| 13. |
- Kierkegaard, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Identifications of sources of sound in low Mach number flows by the use of flow field eigenmodes
- 2006
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Ingår i: 13th International Congress on Sound and Vibration 2006. - 9781627481502 ; , s. 2967-2974
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a method to study sound generation processes in low Mach Number flows. Instead of the full flow field obtained from e.g a DNS, we consider a base flow together with a time-dependent perturbation ,where the perturbation satisfy the Navier-Stokes equations linearized around the base-flow. In a reduced model the perturbation is approximated by a linear combination of the cigenmodes of a corresponding eigenvalue problem. The behavior in time is determined by the corresponding eigenvalues. Curie's equation is used to calculate the acoustic field. By studying the source terms in Curie's equation, it is possible to identify mechanisms for sources of sound. This makes it possible to study how the different sources of sound depend on different structures of the flow field. We apply the methodology on a two- dimensional flow over a cavity with smoothed corners. Results of acoustic pressure in the far field and source strengths for different superpositions of eigenmodes are presented.
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| 14. |
- Kierkegaard, Axel, 1981-
(författare)
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Numerical Investigations of Generation and Propagation of Sound Waves in Low Mach Number Internal Flows
- 2008
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Traffic is a major source of environmental noise in modern day society. Subsequently, development of new vehicles are subject to heavy governmental legislations. The major noise sources on common road vehicles are engine noise, transmission noise, tire noise and, at high speeds, wind noise. At low speeds (< 30-50 km/h), intake and exhaust noise are particularly important during acceleration. One way to reduce intake and exhaust noise is to attach mufflers to the exhaust pipes. However, to develop prototypes of mufflers for evaluation is a costly and time-consuming process. As a consequence, in recent years so-called virtual prototyping has emerged as an alternative. Current industrial simulation methodologies are often rather simple, either neglecting mean flow or including only one-dimensional mean flows. Also, flow generated noise is rudimentary modeled or not included at all. Hence, improved methods are needed to fully benefit from the possibilities of virtual prototyping. This thesis is divided in two main parts. The first topic is related to the development and evaluation of methods to simulate sound propagation and generation in two-dimensional confined geometries with arbitrary internal mean flows present. The performance of a new DNS code is evaluated for aeroacoustical purposes and a frequency domain linearized Navier-Stokes equations methodology is developed for acoustic wave propagation applications. Both methods are validated on a case of an in-duct orifice plate. In the second part, a so-called global mode decomposition technique is evaluated for aeroacoustical purposes. The flow field is described as a sum of the non-orthogonal solutions to its corresponding eigenvalue problem. This enables the acoustic analysis of source terms from each individual global mode, and thus reveals new insight into the sound generating mechanisms.
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| 15. |
- Kierkegaard, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Scattering matrix evaluation with CFD in low Mach number flow ducts
- 2009
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the SAE 2009 Noise and Vibration Conference. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We present an efficient methodology to perform calculations of acoustic propagation and scattering by components in ducts with flows. In this paper a methodology with a linearized Navier-Stokes equations solver in frequency domain is evaluated on a two-dimensional geometry of an in-duct area expansion. The Navier-Stokes equations are linearized around a time-independent mean flow that is obtained from an incompressible Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes solver which uses a k-ε turbulence model and adaptive mesh refinement. A plane wave decomposition method based on acoustic pressure and velocity is used to extract the up and downstream propagating waves. The reflection of the acoustic waves by the induct area expansion is calculated and compared to both measurements and analytical models. Frequencies in the plane wave range up to the cut-on frequency of the first higher order propagating acoustical mode are considered. The reflection is presented in a scattering matrix form that can be used in acoustical two-port calculations on complex duct systems such as exhaust system mufflers and ventilation systems.
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| 16. |
- Kierkegaard, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Simulations of a liner cell using a frequency-domain linearized Navier-Stokes methodology
- 2013
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Ingår i: 19th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference. - 9781624102134
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present numerical simulations of a liner concept, where a thin layer of metallic foam material is located in between the perforated plate and the backing cavity. This liner concept was first presented in Ref 1, where experimental tests showed that the acoustic characteristics of such a liner are nearly independent of both flow and temperature. We use the linearized Navier-Stokes equations in frequency domain to simulate the acoustic waves and the coupling to the hydrodynamic field in the main duct and the liner neck. The effect of the metallic foam is modeled using the Delany-Bazley model. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimental results presented in Ref 1. In addition, a parameter study on the influence of the flow resistivity of the metallic foam, mean flow speed and mean flow temperature is performed.
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| 17. |
- Kierkegaard, Axel, et al.
(författare)
-
Simulations of acoustic scattering in duct systems with flow
- 2010
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Ingår i: 20th International Congress on Acoustics 2010, ICA 2010 - Incorporating Proceedings of the 2010 Annual Conference of the Australian Acoustical Society. - 9781617827457 ; , s. 186-191
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present an efficient methodology to perform calculations of acoustic propagation and scattering by geometrical objects in ducts with flows. In this paper a methodology with a linearized Navier-Stokes equations solver in frequency domain is evaluated on a two-dimensional geometry of an in-duct area expansion. The Navier-Stokes equations are linearized around a time- independent mean flow that is obtained from an incompressible Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes solver which uses a k-ε turbulence model. A plane wave decomposition method based on acoustic pressure and velocity is used to extract the up- and downstream propagating waves. The scattering of the acoustic waves by the induct area expansion is calculated and compared to experiments. Frequencies in the plane wave range up to the cut-on frequency of the first higher order propagating acoustical mode are considered. The acoustical properties of the area expansion is presented in a scattering matrix form that can be used in acoustical two-port calculations on complex duct systems such as exhaust system mufflers and ventilation systems.
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| 18. |
- Kierkegaard, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Simulations of Duct Whistling with Nyquist Analysis and Linearized Navier-Stokes equations
- 2011
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Ingår i: 17th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference (32nd AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference). - Reston, Virigina : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper demonstrates a linear aeroacoustic simulation methodology to predict thewhistling of an orifice plate in a flow duct. The methodology is based on a linearized Navier-Stokes solver in the frequency domain with the mean flow field taken from a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solution. The whistling potentiality is investigated viaan acoustic energy balance for the in-duct element and good agreement with experimentaldata is shown. A Nyquist stability criterion based on the simulation data was applied topredict whistling of the orifice when placed in a finite sized duct and experiments werecarried out to validate the predictions. The results indicate that although whistling is anon-linear phenomena caused by an acoustic-flow instability feed-back loop, the linearizedNavier-Stokes equations can be used to predict both whistling potentiality and a ductsystem’s ability to whistle or not.
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| 19. |
- Kierkegaard, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Simulations of the scattering of sound waves at a sudden area expansion
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Sound and Vibration. - : Elsevier. - 0022-460X .- 1095-8568. ; 331:5, s. 1068-1083
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The scattering of acoustic plane waves at a sudden area expansion in a flow duct is simulated using the linearized Navier-Stokes equations. The aim is to validate the numerical methodology for the flow duct area expansion, and to investigate the influence of the downstream mean flow on the acoustic scattering properties. A comparison of results from numerical simulations, analytical theory and experiments is presented. It is shown that the results for the acoustic scattering obtained by the different methods gives excellent agreement. For the end correction, the numerical approach is found superior to the analytical model at frequencies where coupling of acoustic and hydrodynamic waves is significant. A study with two additional flow profiles, representing a non-expanding jet with infinitely thin shear layer, and an immediate expansion, shows that a realistic jet is needed to accurately capture the acoustic-hydrodynamic interaction. A study with several different artificial jet expansions concluded that the acoustic scattering is not significantly dependent on the mean flow profile below the area expansion. The constructed flow profiles give reasonable results although the reflection and transmission coefficients are underestimated, and this deviation seems to be rather independent of frequency for the parameter regime studied. The prediction of the end correction for the constructed mean flow profiles deviates significantly from that for the realistic profile in a Strouhal number regime representing strong coupling between acousticand hydrodynamic waves. It is concluded that the constructed flow profiles lack the ability to predict the loss of energy to hydrodynamic waves, and that this effect increases with increasing Mach number.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Kierkegaard, Axel, et al.
(författare)
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Simulations of whistling and the whistling potentiality of an in-duct orifice with linear aeroacoustics
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Sound and Vibration. - : Elsevier. - 0022-460X .- 1095-8568. ; 331:5, s. 1084-1096
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper demonstrates a linear aeroacoustic simulation methodology to predict the whistling of an orifice plate in a flow duct. The methodology is based on a linearized Navier-Stokes solver in the frequency domain with the mean flow field taken from a Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solution. The whistling potentiality is investigated via an acoustic energy balance for the in-duct element and good agreement with experimental data is shown. A Nyquist stability criterion based on the simulation data was applied to predict whistling of the orifice when placed in a finite sized duct and experiments were carried out to validate the predictions. The results indicate that although whistling is a non-linear phenomena caused by an acoustic-flow instability feed-back loop, the linearized Navier-Stokes equations can be used to predict both whistling potentiality and a duct system’s ability to whistle or not.
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| 22. |
- Åbom, Mats, et al.
(författare)
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On the use of linear aero-acoustic methods to predict whistling
- 2009
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Ingår i: 16th International Congress on Sound and Vibration 2009, ICSV 2009. ; , s. 2406-2413
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In duct aero-acoustic problems can be described using so called acoustic multi-port models. Such models represent a linear and time-invariant aero-acoustic model, which split the problem in a passive part, a scattering matrix in the frequency domain, describing the reflection and transmission and an active part describing the source strength. In accordance with Lighthill one normally assumes in this type of model that the source part is uncoupled from the acoustic field. However, this assumption can be relaxed and it is fully possible to assume that the source strength can be affected by incident sound waves via a linear and time-invariant mechanism. The most general frequency domain model for this is a matrix which formally can be added to the scattering matrix describing the passive part. This leads to a model that has the same structure as the traditional multi-port model, but where the scattering matrix also contains information about fluid-acoustic interaction effects which is the origin for creating fluid driven feedback loops or whistles.
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