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1.	Kjellander, Pia, et al. (författare) Validating a common tick survey method : cloth-dragging and line transects 2021 Ingår i: Experimental & applied acarology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0168-8162 .- 1572-9702. ; 83:1, s. 131-146 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Cloth-dragging is the most widely-used method for collecting and counting ticks, but there are few studies of its reliability. By using cloth-dragging, we applied a replicated line transects survey method, in two areas in Sweden with different Ixodes ricinus tick-densities (low at Grimso and high at Bogesund) to evaluate developmental stage specific repeatability, agreement and precision in estimates of tick abundance. 'Repeatability' was expressed as the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), 'agreement' with the Total Deviation Index (TDI) and 'precision' by the coefficient of variation (CV) for a given dragging distance. Repeatability (ICC) and agreement (TDI) were higher for the most abundant instar (nymphs) and in the area of higher abundance. At Bogesund tick counts were higher than at Grimso and so also repeatability, with fair to substantial ICC estimates between 0.22 and 0.75, and TDI ranged between 1 and 44.5 counts of difference (thus high to moderate agreement). At Grimso, ICC was poor to moderate and ranged between 0 and 0.59, whereas TDI remained low with estimates lower or equal to 1 count (thus high agreement). Despite a 100-fold lower abundance at Grimso, the same level of precision for nymphs could be achieved with a 70% increase of dragging effort. We conclude that the cloth-dragging technique is useful for surveying ticks' and primarily to estimate abundance of the nymphal stage, whereas it rarely will be recommended for larvae and adults.
2.	Aikens, Ellen O., et al. (författare) Wave-like Patterns of Plant Phenology Determine Ungulate Movement Tactics 2020 Ingår i: Current Biology. - Cambridge : Cell Press. - 0960-9822 .- 1879-0445. ; 30:17, s. 3444-3449 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Animals exhibit a diversity of movement tactics [1]. Tracking resources that change across space and time is predicted to be a fundamental driver of animal movement [2]. For example, some migratory ungulates (i.e., hooved mammals) closely track the progression of highly nutritious plant green-up, a phenomenon called "green-wave surfing" [3-5]. Yet general principles describing how the dynamic nature of resources determine movement tactics are lacking [6]. We tested an emerging theory that predicts surfing and the existence of migratory behavior will be favored in environments where green-up is fleeting and moves sequentially across large landscapes (i.e., wave-like green-up) [7]. Landscapes exhibiting wave-like patterns of green-up facilitated surfing and explained the existence of migratory behavior across 61 populations of four ungulate species on two continents (n = 1,696 individuals). At the species level, foraging benefits were equivalent between tactics, suggesting that each movement tactic is fine-tuned to local patterns of plant phenology. For decades, ecologists have sought to understand how animals move to select habitat, commonly defining habitat as a set of static patches [8, 9]. Our findings indicate that animal movement tactics emerge as a function of the flux of resources across space and time, underscoring the need to redefine habitat to include its dynamic attributes. As global habitats continue to be modified by anthropogenic disturbance and climate change [10], our synthesis provides a generalizable framework to understand how animal movement will be influenced by altered patterns of resource phenology.© 2020 Elsevier Inc.
3.	Alm Bergvall, Ulrika, et al. (författare) Nationella och internationella erfarenheter av inventeringsmetoder för vildsvinsskador : en kunskapssammanställning 2022 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Vildsvinet är en inhemsk art som producerar ekosystemtjänster till gagn för människor och natur samtidigt som de orsakar skador och därmed kostnader för lantbruket. I syfte att skapa en grund för en utveckling av tillförlitliga, praktiska och kostnadseffektiva skadeinventeringsmetoder, presenteras här ett kunskapsunderlag kring befintliga metoder för hur jordbruksskador inventeras och värderas. I rapporten sammanställs både internationell vetenskaplig litteratur och nationella metodbeskrivningar från en rad länder med liknande förhållanden som de svenska. Sammanfattningsvis används fyra olika huvudtyper av inventeringsmetoder eller kombinationer av dessa: enkätundersökning, markbaserad inventering, luftbaserad inventering med manuell avläsning, samt luftbaserad inventering med automatisk avläsning. Befintliga markbaserade metoder bör testas avseende noggrannhet och repeterbarhet, samt i vilken utsträckning de kan effektiviseras genom att kompletteras med drönar- eller satellitbilder. Automatiserade metoder med olika typer av optiska instrument och mjukvara bör också utvärderas i vilken mån de fungerar under svenska förhållanden och för olika grödor. Flera studier pekar på att stickprovsbaserade besiktningar kan behöva en referens i form av burar, hägn eller gårdar samt att totalinventeringar med hjälp av fjärranalys kan behöva kompletteras med markkontroller beroende på upplösningen i de bilder som används. I metodbeskrivningarna poängteras vikten av att samtliga parter har förtroende för valda kvantifieringsmetoder, och att detta uppnås genom gedigen kunskap hos, och kontinuerlig vidareutbildning av besiktningspersonerna. Vidare bör enkäter utformas och användas med stor kunskap om statistisk metodik. Flera vetenskapliga studier tar upp att omfattningen av skador kan påverkas av tidpunkten för skadegörelsen, och att det är centralt att också mäta följdskador i form av maskinskador och kasserat foder. Vi föreslår en satsning på att utveckla standardiserade och kvalitetssäkrade metoder med hög acceptans, samtidigt som man utvecklar ett användarvänligt rapporteringssystem som använder sig av information från den nationella blockdatabasen. Det är troligen avgörande för ett framgångsrikt rapporteringssystem att plattformen är enkel och inte för betungande för den enskilde lantbrukaren. Vi föreslår också en samordning mellan inventering på lokal, regional och nationell nivå och sannolikt även inrättande av referensgårdar.
4.	Alm Bergvall, Ulrika, et al. (författare) Projektstatus: ”Fysiologiska och beteendemässiga effekter av fångst och märkning av rådjur”. Delrapportering 130131 2013 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
5.	Alm Bergvall, Ulrika, et al. (författare) Settle Down! Ranging Behaviour Responses of Roe Deer to Different Capture and Release Methods 2021 Ingår i: Animals. - : MDPI AG. - 2076-2615. ; 11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Simple Summary The study of animal movement in wild, free ranging species is fundamental for advancing knowledge on ecosystem relationships and for conservation. The deployment of bio-logging devices to this purpose (often GPS-collars in large mammals) requires relatively invasive procedures, such as capture, handling and release. Capture and manipulation cause behavioural modifications that are largely understudied in wild species and may affect both the welfare of animals and the output of the studies. We evaluated post capture and release ranging behaviour responses of a small deer species (roe deer Capreolus capreolus) for five different capture methods across 14 study sites within the EURODEER collaborative project. Roe deer showed modifications in their movement behaviour, independently of the capture method. However, individuals recovered rapidly, converging towards the average behaviour within a relatively short interval of time (between 10 days and one month), demonstrating a general resilience to such stressful events. We encourage researchers to continually adapt capture and handling methods so as to minimize stress and prioritize animal welfare. The fitting of tracking devices to wild animals requires capture and handling which causes stress and can potentially cause injury, behavioural modifications that can affect animal welfare and the output of research. We evaluated post capture and release ranging behaviour responses of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) for five different capture methods. We analysed the distance from the centre of gravity and between successive locations, using data from 14 different study sites within the EURODEER collaborative project. Independently of the capture method, we observed a shorter distance between successive locations and contextual shift away from the home range centre of gravity after the capture and release event. However, individuals converged towards the average behaviour within a relatively short space of time (between 10 days and one month). If researchers investigate questions based on the distance between successive locations of the home range, we recommend (1) initial investigation to establish when the animals start to behave normally again or (2) not using the first two to three weeks of data for their analysis. We also encourage researchers to continually adapt methods to minimize stress and prioritize animal welfare wherever possible, according to the Refinement of the Three R's.
6.	Alm Bergvall, Ulrika, et al. (författare) The representativeness of the sample and individual differences in behavior 2011 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
7.	Alm Bergvall, Ulrika, et al. (författare) Vigilance adjustments in relation to long- and short term risk in wild fallow deer (Dama dama) 2016 Ingår i: Behavioural Processes. - : Elsevier BV. - 0376-6357 .- 1872-8308. ; 128, s. 58-63 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The risk allocation hypothesis predicts that vigilance should be adjusted to the temporal variation in risk. We test this hypothesis in wild fallow deer exposed to short term (disturbance) and long term (presence of a fawn after parturition) changes in risk. We recorded the proportion, frequency and type of vigilance and size of used area before and after parturition, in GPS-collared wild female fallow deer. Vigilance was divided in two main groups: non-grazing vigilance and grazing vigilance. The latter group was divided into grazing vigilance while chewing and a grazing vigilance when chewing was interrupted. By recording external disturbance in form of passing cars, we were able to investigate if this altered the amount, and type of vigilance. We found that females increased the proportion and frequency of grazing vigilance stop chewing after parturition. The grazing vigilance chewing was unaffected, but non-grazing vigilance decreased. Disturbance increased the proportion grazing vigilance stop chewing to the same extent before and after parturition. We found a clear decrease in female home range size after parturition as a possible behavioural adjustment. The increase in grazing vigilance stop chewing after parturition is a rarely described but expected cost of reproduction.
8.	Andersson, Martin O., et al. (författare) Molecular detection of Babesia capreoli and Babesia venatorum in wild Swedish roe deer, Capreolus capreolus 2016 Ingår i: Parasites & Vectors. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1756-3305. ; 9:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: The epidemiology of the zoonotic tick-transmitted parasite Babesia spp. and its occurrence in wild reservoir hosts in Sweden is unclear. In European deer, several parasite species, including Babesia capreoli and the zoonotic B. venatorum and B. divergens has been reported previously. The European roe deer, Capreolus capreolus, is an important and common part of the indigenous fauna in Europe, as well as an important host for Ixodes ricinus ticks, the vector of several Babesia spp. in Europe. Here, we aimed to investigate the occurrence of Babesia spp. in roe deer in Sweden. Findings: Roe deer (n = 77) were caught and sampled for blood. Babesia spp. was detected with a PCR assay targeting the 18S rRNA gene. The prevalence of Babesia spp. was 52 %, and two species were detected; B. capreoli and B. venatorum in 44 and 7.8 % of the individuals, respectively. Infection occurred both in summer and winter. Conclusions: We showed that roe deer in Sweden, close to the edge of their northern inland distributional range, are infected with Babesia spp. The occurrence of B. venatorum in roe deer imply that it is established in Sweden and the zoonotic implication of this finding should be regarded to a greater extent in future.
9.	Andren, Henrik, et al. (författare) Adaptiv älgförvaltning nr 14 : Ekosystemaspekter på älgförvaltning med stora rovdjur 2011 Ingår i: Fakta. Skog. - 1400-7789. Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
10.	Andren, Henrik, et al. (författare) De stora rovdjurens effekter på annat vilt och tamren 2018 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Den teoretiska bakgrunden ger en beskrivning av termer och fackuttryck, samt beskrivningar av hur olika faktorer påverkar relationerna mellan rovdjur och bytesdjur. Termen predator är synonymt med rovdjur, medan termen predation står för den process som består av dödande och konsumtion av bytesdjur, och omfattningen av den dödlighet hos bytesdjuren som rovdjuret orsakar. Rovdjurens påverkan på bytespopulationer varierar mellan områden och över tid, samtidigt som rovdjuren själva påverkas av bytespopulationerna. Rovdjur-bytesdjurssystemen är alltså inte bara dynamiska utan också interaktiva, d.v.s. de påverkar varandra. Rovdjurens påverkan på bytespopulationen beror i princip på fem faktorer: (1) bytespopulationens storlek, (2) bytespopulationens produktivitet/tillväxttakt, (3) rovdjurspopulationens storlek, (4) rovdjurspopulationens produktivitet/tillväxttakt samt (5) antalet bytesdjur tagna per rovdjur och tidsenhet (den s.k. funktionella responsen). Predation är ofta en kombination av additiv och kompensatorisk dödlighet. Med additiv dödlighet menar man att predationen läggs ovanpå (adderas till) annan dödlighet, med kompensatorisk dödlighet menar man att predationen ersätter annan typ av dödlighet. Ju större andel av predationen som är additiv desto större blir effekterna på bytesdjuren. Rovdjuren kan påverka sina bytesdjur inte bara genom direkt predation utan även genom att bytesdjuren ändrar sitt beteende i närvaron av rovdjuren. Rovdjuren är en del av ekosystemet, som förenklat består av producenter (växter), primärkonsumenter (växtätare) och sekundärkonsumenter (predatorer). Dessa delar kan också beskrivas som olika trofinivåer i ekosystemet. En mer komplex beskrivning av ett ekosystem är att arter är ordnade i ett nätverk av interaktioner både mellan och inom trofiska nivåer, s.k. näringsvävar. I komplexa näringsvävar ökar antalet interaktioner mellan arter både inom trofinivåer och mellan trofinivåer, vilket försvagar specifika interaktioner mellan enskilda arter. I Sverige saknas stora områden som är helt opåverkade av mänskliga aktiviteter, vilket gör människan till den viktigaste aktören för storskalig påverkan på ekosystem över hela landet. Människan påverkar ekosystemet på många sätt, t.ex. genom markanvändning, jakt, andra ingrepp och förvaltningsåtgärder, och kan helt förändra dynamiken mellan rovdjur och bytesdjur.Även ett kortfaktablad om rovdjurens effekter finns att ladda ned.Hur påverkar de stora rovdjuren bytesdjurens populationer?Grimsö forskningsstation vid Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU) har för Naturvårdsverkets räkning gjort en översikt av kunskapsläget om hur de stora rovdjuren påverkar de bytesdjur de jagar, det vill säga vilt och tamren. Hela rapporten, De stora rovdjurens effekter på annat vilt och tamren, kan du läsa här, eller på Naturvårdsverkets hemsida.
11.	Andren, Henrik, et al. (författare) Effect of supplemental feeding on habitat and crop selection by wild boar in Sweden 2023 Ingår i: Ethology Ecology & Evolution. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0394-9370 .- 1828-7131. ; 35, s. 106-124 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The wild boar population has increased rapidly during the last 2 decades in Southern and Central Sweden. This rise in population size has caused severe damages to agricultural fields through their foraging behavior. Given the hierarchical nature of habitat and resource selection, wildlife management needs to understand the selection on both levels to better understand the ecology of nuisance species and mitigate the damages they infer. Thus, there is an urgent need for more knowledge on the factors that influence habitat selection as a tool in the evidence-based management of wild boar to reduce the losses they cause in the agricultural sector. This study aims to evaluate a common management action (feeding stations) influencing wild boar selection of (1) habitats and (2) resources i.e., crop types, in South-Central Sweden during summer. Eleven wild boars were fitted with GPS/GSM-collars to record movement among different habitats and crops. Wild boar shows a high preference for clear-cuts, agricultural fields, and deciduous forests. The animals showed a high preference for crop fields with oat, spring wheat, and mixed crops. A binary logistic model revealed both a positive and negative significant influence of distance to feeding stations on the selection of different habitats and crop fields. In general, feeding stations influenced the selection of different habitats and crops negatively i.e., the closer a habitat or crop field is to a feeding station, the higher the likelihood of its selection. The study recommends adjustments to wild boar management and cropping systems to reduce damages on highly selected crop fields.
12.	Andren, Henrik, et al. (författare) Gör brandområdet till ett jättelikt skyddat reservat 2014 Ingår i: Dagens nyheter (DN debatt). - 1101-2447. Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
13.	Andren, Henrik, et al. (författare) Mycket att vinna på att inrätta ett reservat 2014 Ingår i: Dagens nyheter. - 1101-2447. Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
14.	Augustsson, Evelina, et al. (författare) Density-dependent dinner: Wild boar overuse agricultural land at high densities 2024 Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 70 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The Swedish wild boar (Sus scrofa) population has increased rapidly over the last decades, resulting in conflicts with human activities. Particularly, the increase has been challenging for agriculture as wild boar cause damage on crops and grasslands. To predict under what conditions to expect damage and where to prioritize management actions, basic knowledge about wild boar habitat and space use is needed. In this study, we used data from 99 wild boar equipped with GPS-collars, collected over a large temporal scale and throughout their distributional range in southern Sweden. We investigated wild boar home range size and habitat use across gradients of habitat availability and population density. Functional response in habitat use was assessed by estimating the use and availability of agricultural land on individual level and then, on population-level evaluating how use changed with changing availability. Finally, a potential response in habitat use was evaluated in relation to population density, i.e., the interaction between availability and population density. Home range size was negatively related to population density for both male and female wild boar. Wild boar used agricultural land more intensively with increasing population density and when other habitat types were less available. Our findings show that wild boar spatial behavior is highly context dependent and may vary considerably due to landscape characteristics and local conditions. Wild boars tend to overuse agricultural land at high densities which has strong implications for wildlife management. It is therefore important to consider local conditions when predicting space and habitat use by wild boar. Overall, this study provided a better understanding of the drivers of wild boar distribution and space use in agro-forested mosaic landscapes and how this knowledge can improve management practices.
15.	Bergvall, Ulrika A., 1970-, et al. (författare) Chemical Immobilization of Free-ranging Fallow Deer (Dama dama) : Effect of Needle Length on Induction Time 2015 Ingår i: Journal of Wildlife Diseases. - : Wildlife Disease Association. - 0090-3558 .- 1943-3700. ; 51:2, s. 484-487 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We evaluated impact of the needle length, sex, and body condition on chemical immobilization induction time in 50 (29 males and 21 females) free-ranging fallow deer (Dama dama) in Sweden, 2006-11. Induction time is probably the single most important factor when immobilizing free-ranging wildlife with the use of a remote drug-delivery system. Induction times should be short to minimize stress and risk of injury, and to ensure that immobilized animals can be found and clinically monitored as soon as possible. We measured the distance between the darting location and where we recovered the immobilized animal and also the time occurring between the two events. We used two types of needles: 2.0 × 30- or 2.0 × 40-mm barbed needles with side ports. The most important result is that a 10-mm-longer dart needle can reduce the retrieval time substantially (>20 min) until an animal is under monitoring. On average after the darting, the retrieval time decreased from 51 to 29 min and the distance decreased from 519 m from the darting location to 294 m. We suggest that a needle length of 40 mm is preferable for immobilization of wild fallow deer, especially for animals in over-average-to-fat body condition.
16.	Bergvall, Ulrika A., et al. (författare) Personality and foraging decisions in fallow deer, Dama dama 2011 Ingår i: Animal Behaviour. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-3472 .- 1095-8282. ; 81:1, s. 101-112 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Recent studies have examined the ecological and evolutionary bases for variation in animal personality. However, only a few such studies have examined how foraging parameters are influenced by different personality domains. In wild ungulates, the trade-off between the time spent on food intake and antipredator behaviour differs between individuals, but the underlying reason for this is not yet well understood. One possibility is that this trade-off reflects personality dimensions such as boldness. To relate foraging decisions to personality we measured personality and performed feeding experiments with familiar and novel food in familiar and novel situations. We measured personality traits in 15 tame fallow deer, using novel object tests (NO), behavioural observations (BO) and personality ratings (PR). Boldness dimensions were found using PR and NO, dominance dimensions were found using BO and PR, and a flexibility dimension was found using BO. Multitrait–multimethod analysis showed that similar dimensions were significantly correlated across different methods and that different dimensions were not significantly correlated, even if measured using the same method. We also found that novel food eaten in familiar situations and familiar food eaten in novel situations were strongly related to boldness but not dominance, flexibility or age. Thus the trade-off between the benefits of gaining more food and the costs of reduced vigilance or increased toxin ingestion reflect boldness. These findings highlight the nature of personality dimensions in ungulates and how boldness impacts foraging behaviour.
17.	Bergvall, Ulrika A., et al. (författare) The use of box-traps for wild roe deer : behaviour, injuries and recaptures 2017 Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 63:4 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Tracking devices are commonly used to locate and monitor wild animals for studying spatial ecology and survival rates. There is growing interest in capture effects, partially to minimize the impact on the study species, but also for animal welfare reasons. This study aims to examine roe deer behaviour in box-traps, when restrained, when released and during recaptures to quantify injuries and deaths over a period of 41 years. We use data from 2911 captures from 926 individuals between 1973 and 2014. We recorded behaviour inside the box-traps over two seasons. We also recorded behavioural data from 671 catches of 346 individuals during six seasons to study habituation. Additionally, we discuss box-traps in relation to ethological theory and animal welfare. Over a 41-year period, one roe deer suffering from starvation was found dead in a trap (0.035%), which cannot be solely related to capture (N = 926). About 58% of all roe deer were recaptured at least once during their life time. There was a low prevalence of injuries (0.5% of the captures, N = 2911), and they occurred predominately to the nose or antlers in velvet (in males). During the first hour after capture, animals typically stand very tense between eating bouts. Thereafter, the deer tended to move more softly and exhibited resting behaviours (e.g. lying down). Overall, we conclude that this method of capture and handling had very low impact on the welfare or survival of roe deer, which also habituated to recapture over successive events.
18.	Bhardwaj, Manisha, et al. (författare) Inducing fear using acoustic stimuli-A behavioral experiment on moose (Alces alces) in Sweden 2022 Ingår i: Ecology and Evolution. - : Wiley. - 2045-7758. ; 12 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Prey species may display anti-predatory behavior, i.e., flight, increased vigilance, and decreased feeding, in response to the true presence of a predator or to the implied presence of a predator through, e.g., acoustic cues. In this study, we investigated the anti-predatory reactions of moose (Alces alces) to acoustic stimuli related to hunting, at saltlick stones, a known attractant. In before-during-after-control-impact experiments, we compared the behavioral responses of individuals to: (i) two hunting-related acoustic stimuli-hunting dog barking and human speaking; (ii) nonpredatory acoustic stimuli-bird sounds and; and (iii) no acoustic stimulus (control). We asked: (1) How does the probability of moose leaving the site differ depending on the stimulus they are exposed to?; (2) What affect do the acoustic stimuli have on the amount of time moose spend vigilant, feeding, or away from the site?; and (3) What affect do the stimuli have on the time between events at a site? We found that when exposed to the human stimulus, moose left the sites in 75% of the events, which was significantly more often compared to the dog (39%), bird (24%), or silent (11%) events. If moose did not leave the site, they spent more time vigilant, and less time feeding, particularly when exposed to a dog or human stimulus. Furthermore, moose spent the most time away from the site and took the longest to visit the site again after a human stimulus. Moose were also more likely to leave the site when exposed to the bird stimulus than during silent controls. Those that remained spent more time vigilant, but their behaviors returned to baseline after the bird stimulus ended. These findings suggest that acoustic stimuli can be used to modify the behavior of moose; however, reactions towards presumably threatening and nonthreatening stimuli were not as distinct as we had expected.
19.	Bonnot, Nadège, et al. (författare) Stick or twist: roe deer adjust their flight behaviour to the perceived trade-off between risk and reward 2017 Ingår i: Animal Behaviour. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-3472 .- 1095-8282. ; 124, s. 35-46 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Because avoiding predation is crucial for fitness, foraging animals must trade acquisition of high-quality resources against risk avoidance when the best resources occur in locations with high predation risk. Although optimality models predict the distance at which an animal should initiate vigilance and flight, many studies have shown that animals generally flee soon after detecting an approaching threat, supporting the 'flush early and avoid the risk' (FEAR) hypothesis. Despite this, flight behaviour varies markedly depending on context, suggesting some behavioural plasticity in the response of prey to a given threat. We evaluated the degree of plasticity in the flight responses of roe deer, Capreolus capreolus, a highly flexible species which thrives in human-dominated landscapes. Based on individually identifiable animals and a standardized flight initiation protocol, we measured the distance at which a deer detected an approaching threat, and the distance at which it subsequently initiated flight. Our results provide strong support for the FEAR hypothesis, suggesting that alert and flight responses are strongly coupled in roe deer. However, the perceived level of both risk (in terms of landscape openness and proximity to human infrastructure) and reward (in terms of habitat quality) influenced the time it took for a deer to detect an approaching threat, and the subsequent time for which the threat was tolerated prior to flight. Overall, our findings indicate that although roe deer minimize monitoring costs when assessing risk by fleeing early, they also adjust their monitoring and flight responses to the local risk-resource trade-off. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.
20.	Bonnot, Nadège, et al. (författare) Who’s afraid of the big bad wolf? : Variation in the stress response among personalities and populations in a large wild herbivore 2018 Ingår i: Oecologia. - Amsterdam : Springer. - 0029-8549 .- 1432-1939. ; 188:1, s. 85-95 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Faced with rapid environmental changes, individuals may express different magnitude and plasticity in their response to a given stressor. However, little is known about the causes of variation in phenotypic plasticity of the stress response in wild populations. In the present study, we repeatedly captured individual roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from two wild populations in Sweden exposed to differing levels of predation pressure and measured plasma concentrations of stress-induced cortisol and behavioral docility. While controlling for the marked effects of habituation, we found clear between-population differences in the stress-induced cortisol response. Roe deer living in the area that was recently recolonized by lynx (Lynx lynx) and wolves (Canis lupus) expressed cortisol levels that were around 30% higher than roe deer in the human-dominated landscape free of large carnivores. In addition, for the first time to our knowledge, we investigated the stress-induced cortisol response in free-ranging newborn fawns and found no evidence for hypo-responsiveness during early life in this species. Indeed, stress-induced cortisol levels were of similar magnitude and differed between populations to a similar extent in both neonates and adults. Finally, at an individual level, we found that both cortisol and docility levels were strongly repeatable, and weakly negatively inter-correlated, suggesting that individuals differed consistently in how they respond to a stressor, and supporting the existence of a stress-management syndrome in roe deer. © 2018, The Author(s).
21.	Borg, O., et al. (författare) Expansion of spatial and host range of Puumala virus in Sweden : an increasing threat for humans? 2017 Ingår i: Epidemiology and Infection. - : Cambridge University Press. - 0950-2688 .- 1469-4409. ; 145:8, s. 1642-1648 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Hantaviruses are globally distributed and cause severe human disease. Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) is the most common species in Northern Europe, and the only hantavirus confirmed to circulate in Sweden, restricted to the northern regions of the country. In this study, we aimed to further add to the natural ecology of PUUV in Sweden by investigating prevalence, and spatial and host species infection patterns. Specifically, we wanted to ascertain whether PUUV was present in the natural reservoir, the bank vole (Myodes glareolus) further south than Dalälven river, in south-central Sweden, and whether PUUV can be detected in other rodent species in addition to the natural reservoir. In total, 559 animals were collected at Grimsö (59°43'N; 15°28'E), Sala (59°55'N; 16°36'E) and Bogesund (59°24'N; 18°14'E) in south-central Sweden between May 2013 and November 2014. PUUV ELISA-reactive antibodies were found both in 2013 (22/295) and in 2014 (18/264), and nine samples were confirmed as PUUV-specific by focus reduction neutralization test. Most of the PUUV-specific samples were from the natural host, the bank vole, but also from other rodent hosts, indicating viral spill-over. Finally, we showed that PUUV is present in more highly populated central Sweden.
22.	Chapron, Guillaume, et al. (författare) Misuse of Scientific Data in Wolf Policy 2013 Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 339, s. 1521-1521 Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
23.	Chiappa, Giulia, et al. (författare) A Novel High Discriminatory Protocol for the Detection of Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Stricto and Borrelia garinii in Ticks 2022 Ingår i: Pathogens. - : MDPI. - 2076-0817. ; 11:11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Bacteria of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex are the causative agents of Lyme borreliosis (LB). Even if the conventional diagnosis of LB does not rely on the species itself, an accurate species identification within the complex will provide a deepened epidemiological scenario, a better diagnosis leading to a more targeted therapeutic approach, as well as promote the general publics awareness. A comparative genomics approach based on the 210 Borrelia spp. genomes available in 2019 were used to set up three species-specific PCR protocols, able to detect and provide species typing of Borrelia afzelii, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (s.s.) and Borrelia garinii, the three most common and important human pathogenic Lyme Borrelia species in Europe. The species-specificity of these protocols was confirmed on previously identified B. afzelii, B. burgdorferi s.s. and B. garinii specimens detected in Ixodes ricinus samples. In addition, the protocols were validated on 120 DNA samples from ticks collected in Sweden, showing 88% accuracy, 100% precision, 72% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The proposed approach represents an innovative tool in epidemiological studies focused on B. burgdorferi s.l. occurrence in ticks, and future studies could suggest its helpfulness in routine diagnostic tests for health care.
24.	Dalin, Anne-Marie, et al. (författare) SLU satsar vilt och brett! Viltforskningens fakultetsövergripande utvecklingsmöjligheter vid SLU; Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet 2015 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
25.	Debeffe, L., et al. (författare) Short- and long-term repeatability of docility in the roe deer: sex and age matter 2015 Ingår i: Animal Behaviour. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-3472 .- 1095-8282. ; 109, s. 53-63 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Behavioural consistency is a key assumption when evaluating how between-individual differences in behaviour influence life history tactics. Hence, understanding how and why variation in behavioural repeatability occurs is crucial. While analyses of behavioural repeatability are common, few studies of wild populations have investigated variation in repeatability in relation to individual status (e.g. sex, age, condition) and over different timescales. Here, we aimed to fill this gap by assessing within-population variation in the repeatability of docility, as assessed by the individual’s response to human handling, in a free-ranging population of European roe deer, Capreolus capreolus. Docility was an equally repeatable behaviour at both short- and long-term timescales, suggesting that this behavioural trait is stable across time. Repeatability did not differ markedly between age and sex categories but tended to be higher in juvenile males than in juvenile females. Finally, contrary to expectation, individual variation in the repeatability of docility was not correlated with individual body mass. Further studies are required to assess the life history consequences of the individual variation in docility we report here.
26.	Elofsson, Katarina, et al. (författare) Optimal management of two ecologically interacting deer speciesreality matters, beliefs don't 2017 Ingår i: Natural Resource Modeling. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0890-8575 .- 1939-7445. ; 30:4 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The aim of this paper is to analyze the optimal management of two ecologically interdependent, competing species, roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama). To this end, we develop a numerical stage-structured model, accounting for species-specific life history characteristics, gender, and stage-specific hunting values. Two contrasting management regimes are considered: optimal joint management of the two species and management where the decision maker is ignorant about interspecific competition. Results from our case study show that the presence of interspecific competition reduces roe deer population size and harvest by 30% and 47%, respectively, and reduces the net present value by 9%. High interspecific competition could lead to the exclusion of the roe deer from the area. In contrast, ignorance about the level and consequences of interspecific competition has no impact on harvest decisions and revenues. The explanation is the higher hunting benefits for fallow deer. Summary for Managers Wildlife managers need bioeconomic models for decisions on ecologically interdependent species. This study investigates optimal joint management of roe and fallow deer when the fallow deer exerts a negative impact on roe deer due to interspecific competition. Results show that interspecific competition reduces the net present value of hunting at the study site by 9%. Regulations will not increase the net present value of hunting in a situation where the manager is ignorant of interspecific competition.
27.	Fahlman, Åsa, et al. (författare) Measurement of catestatin and vasostatin in wild boar Sus scrofa captured in a corral trap 2021 Ingår i: BMC Research Notes. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 1756-0500. ; 14:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Objective Our aim was to analyse the chromogranin A-derived peptides vasostatin and catestatin in serum from wild boar (Sus scrofa) captured in a corral trap. Acute capture-related stress quickly leads to a release of adrenalin and noradrenalin, but these hormones have a short half-life in blood and are difficult to measure. Chromogranin A (CgA), a glycoprotein which is co-released with noradrenalin and adrenalin, is relatively stable in circulation and the CgA-derived peptides catestatin and vasostatin have been measured in domestic species, but not yet in wildlife. Results Vasostatin and catestatin could be measured and the median (range) serum concentrations were 0.91 (0.54-2.86) and 0.65 (0.35-2.62) nmol/L, respectively. We conclude that the CgA-derived peptides vasostatin and catestatin can be measured in wild boar serum and may thus be useful as biomarkers of psychophysical stress.
28.	Fahlman, Åsa, et al. (författare) Wild boar behaviour during live-trap capture in a corral-style trap : implications for animal welfare 2020 Ingår i: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-605X .- 1751-0147. ; 62:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BackgroundWildlife traps are used in many countries without evaluation of their effect on animal welfare. Trap-capture of wild animals should minimise negative effects on animal welfare, irrespective of whether the animals are trapped for hunting, research, or management purposes. Live-trap capture of wild boar (Sus scrofa) followed by killing inside the trap by gunshot is a recently introduced but disputed hunting method in Sweden. Approval of trap constructions is based on gross necropsy findings of 20 trapped and shot wild boars. For improved animal welfare evaluation, our aim was to study wild boar behaviour during live-trapping in a 16 m2 square corral-style trap. Behavioural assessments were conducted after filming 12 capture events of in total 38 wild boars (five adults, 20 subadults, 13 piglets). Selected behavioural traits were compared with pathological changes (trap-related lesions) found at necropsy of the 20 subadults, to determine if these variables were useful proxies of capture-induced stress in wild boar.ResultsThe wild boars spent less time resting in the evening than in the night and morning. Using Friedman’s ANOVA, there was an overall difference in the time spent foraging. However, we only found a difference between the evening and morning in the Wilcoxon matched pairs test after the Sequential Bonferroni correction, where the wild boars spent more time foraging in the evening than in the morning. Single captured individuals showed more escape behaviours and reacted more strongly to external stimuli than individuals captured in a group. It was more common for animals to charge against the mesh walls of the trap upon human approach compared to upon initial capture when the trap door closed. Trap-related pathological findings due to trauma were documented in 13 of the 20 subadults that were necropsied. Behavioural alterations indicative of capture-induced stress (e.g. charging into the trap walls) were documented in trapped wild boars with no or minor physical injuries (e.g. skin abrasions, subcutaneous haemorrhage).ConclusionsBehavioural assessment provided valuable information for determination of capture-induced stress in wild boar when evaluating live-trapping in a corral-style trap, whereas pathological evaluation through necropsy did not fully reflect the animal welfare aspects of live-trapping. We emphasize the inclusion of species-specific behavioural data assessment for evaluation of capture-related stress during live-trapping and for testing of new trap constructions before approval.
29.	Gamfeldt, Lars, 1975, et al. (författare) Higher levels of multiple ecosystem services are found in forests with more tree species 2013 Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 4 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Forests are of major importance to human society, contributing several crucial ecosystem services. Biodiversity is suggested to positively influence multiple services but evidence from natural systems at scales relevant to management is scarce. Here, across a scale of 400,000km2, we report that tree species richness in production forests shows positive to positively hump-shaped relationships with multiple ecosystem services. These include production of tree biomass, soil carbon storage, berry production and game production potential. For example, biomass production was approximately 50% greater with five than with one tree species. In addition, we show positive relationships between tree species richness and proxies for other biodiversity components. Importantly, no single tree species was able to promote all services, and some services were negatively correlated to each other. Management of production forests will therefore benefit from considering multiple tree species to sustain the full range of benefits that the society obtains from forests.
30.	Garrido, Pablo, et al. (författare) Ett rikligt fältskikt minskar betestrycket på gran kring foderplatser 2016 Ingår i: Fakta. Skog. - 1400-7789. Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract På 28 % av de undersökta provytorna kring foderplatser noterades hjortbete på gran. På betespåverkade träd var ca 9 % av alla skott inom 0,5-4 m höjd betade. Betet upphörde vid ca 200 m avstånd från foderplatserna. Betestrycket på gran påverkades framförallt av tillgången på alternativt naturligt bete. Att plantera gran för att undvika betesskador är ingen slutgiltig lösning på betesproblematiken. Givet att antalet växtätare hålls konstant föreslår vi att foderplatserna placeras där det finns ett rikt fältskikt, eller att skogen sköts på ett sådant sätt att fältskikt och lövträd gynnas, så att betesskadorna minimeras.
31.	Garrido, Pablo, et al. (författare) Natural forage composition decreases deer browsing on Picea abies around supplemental feeding sites 2014 Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0282-7581 .- 1651-1891. ; 29, s. 234-242 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In southern Sweden, maintaining high cervid densities through supplemental feeding has become a common management practice. We aim at investigating deer browsing pressure on young Norway spruce in relation to distance from supplemental feeding sites. Because available forage is considered important in understanding browsing patterns, we modeled several factors affecting food availability, and their interaction effect with distance. We confirmed earlier studies about a locally high browsing pressure on natural vegetation adjacent to supplemental feeding sites where browsing pressure declined with distance and alternative forage abundance. Novel is that browsing on spruce occurred in 27.6% of the investigated plots. The browsing pressure of those plots averaged 9%. Distance was the most important factor in relation to browsing. The interactive effect of occurring field layer (FL), and deciduous trees was also highlighted as these significantly affected the relationship between browsing pressure on spruce and distance. In the studied conditions, browsing pressure ceased at ca. 205 m, whereas in scenarios of an abundant FL, browsing levels were negligible already at 0 m from supplemental feeding sites. We suspect that most of the browsing was caused by fallow deer in our study area.
32.	Gentsch, Regina, et al. (författare) Cortisol response of wild ungulates to trauma situations: hunting is not necessarily the worst stressor 2018 Ingår i: European Journal of Wildlife Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4642 .- 1439-0574. ; 64 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Animal welfare concerns are becoming a central issue in wildlife management and conservation. Thus, we investigated stress response of wild ungulates to potentially traumatic situations (shooting injuries, vehicle collisions, entanglement, injuries or diseases) and hunting methods (stalking, battues and hunts with dogs) by means of serum cortisol concentrations from blood collected from killed animals. Cortisol levels in roe deer ranged below and in wild boar above levels for moose, red deer and fallow deer (hence, pooled as a group "deer"). Apart from species, cortisol concentration in trauma situations was mainly explained by trauma type and presence of disturbance after the trauma event. Effect of trauma type differed significantly for "deer", with animals caught in fences and suffering vehicle collisions experiencing higher cortisol levels than animals injured by shooting. Differences between hunting methods were observed in the cervids ("deer" and roe deer), with stalking leading to lower cortisol levels than hunts with dogs (both groups) and battues (roe deer). Events both before and after the shot, such as duration of pursuit prior to shooting, location of injury, trauma length and presence of disturbance after the shot were relevant for cortisol levels in hunted cervids. Our results indicate that search teams tracking and euthanising wounded animals should behave in a calm way to minimise disturbance. Still, it is important to acknowledge that many situations described in the literature, i.e. reindeer handling, roe deer captures and red deer yarding, seem even more stressful, beside vehicle collisions, than most hunting methods.
33.	Gustafsson, Lena, et al. (författare) Rapid ecological response and intensified knowledge accumulation following a north European mega-fire 2019 Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0282-7581 .- 1651-1891. ; 34:4, s. 234-253 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Deepened knowledge on response of biota and ecological processes following fire is essential for a future with warmer climate and more disturbances. In 2014 the first mega-fire (13,100 ha) for at least a century in Scandinavia hit south-central Sweden, in a production forest landscape shaped by clearcutting forestry. Ecological dynamics is followed in >20 projects from universities, authorities and citizen science initiatives, rapidly accumulating substantial amounts of data. We outline projects and summarize their results during the first four years, demonstrating a rapid succession of fungi, lichens, vascular plants, birds, mammals, ticks, butterflies, beetles, and drastically altered carbon dynamics. We characterize forest operations including regeneration measures and point to patterns in pest and pathogen infestations. 8,000 ha is set aside for natural succession, with the rest harvested and managed for forest production, offering excellent opportunities for studies on salvage logging effects, already evident for birds. We demonstrate a strong regrowth of deciduous trees, and the protected part will in some decades likely develop into the largest deciduous-dominated area in boreal north Europe outside Russia. Continued studies of biodiversity and ecological processes are urgent for this unique area.
34.	Halvarsson, Peter, et al. (författare) Parasitic strongyle nemabiome communities in wild ruminants in Sweden 2022 Ingår i: Parasites and Vectors. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1756-3305. ; 15 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Wildlife hosts may serve as reservoirs for strongyles, which can be transmitted to domestic livestock. Therefore, studies evaluating nemabiome compositions in wildlife ruminants are of great use in assessing the possibility of transmission of important nematode pathogens to domestic sheep in Sweden.Methods: First, fecal samples were collected from roe deer (n = 125), fallow deer (n = 106), red deer (n = 18) and mouflon (n = 13) in south central Sweden during the hunting season in 2019. Second, after fecal examination samples were cultured and the larvae were harvested, followed by DNA extractions. Third, all samples were barcoded and processed for sequence analysis on the PacBio platform. Finally, bioinformatic sequence analysis was conducted with DADA2, while species diversity and richness, as well as interactions between the different hosts, were calculated and analyzed in R.Results: Nematode ITS2 sequences were found in 225 of 262 (86%) samples. In total, 31 taxa were identified, among which 26 (86%) to the species level. These were found in different combinations, among which 24 (77%) occurred in roe deer, 19 (61%) in fallow deer, 20 (65%) in red deer and 10 (32%) in mouflon. Five of the species found are known to be associated with livestock (Chabertia ovina, Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus axei). However, in the present study the relative abundance and prevalence of most of these species were low. The most striking exception was T axei, which was relatively abundant in all wildlife hosts. Mostly a wide range of wildlife specific nematodes such as Ostertagia leptospicularis and Spiculopteragia spp. were identified including the invasive nematode Spiculopteragia houdemeri, which was found for the first time in red deer, fallow deer, and mouflon in Sweden. The difference in the number of shared species between mouflon and all cervids (n = 6) was less than among all three cervids (n= 8).Conclusion: In this study, we investigated the community structure of parasitic intestinal nematodes in four wildlife hosts, and we found that the majority of the parasite species identified were wildlife specific. We also found a new, potentially invasive species not reported before. After comparing the nemabiome of the wildlife hosts in this study with a previous study in sheep from the same geographical region, we conclude that the horizontal transmission potential appears to be relatively low. Still, cross-infections of nematodes between game and sheep cannot be completely ignored.
35.	Hedmark, Eva, et al. (författare) Vildsvin i de Nordiska länderna : en rapport på uppdrag av Nordiska Ministerrådet 2021 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Vildsvinet (Sus scrofa) förekommer i stora delar av Europa, södra Asien och norra Afrika. Arten har introducerats till Nordamerika, Sydamerika, Nya Zeeland och Australien. I Europa har vildsvinet ökat kraftigt både till antal och utbredning under de senaste trettio åren och i Norden förekommer vildsvin i Finland, Sverige, Norge och Danmark. Vildsvin är i ett historiskt perspektiv en naturlig del av den Nordiska faunan, med undantag för Island. Arten utrotades dock under olika perioder (1000-talet i Norge, 1700-talet i Sverige, 1800-talet i Danmark) och har sannolikt inte funnits naturligt i Finland under de senaste 8 000 åren. Under de senaste decennierna har dock vildsvinet återkommit till Sverige genom rymningar från hägn och via naturlig spridning från grannländer till Finland, Danmark och Norge. Artens naturliga förmåga att snabbt föröka sig har medfört en stor population i Sverige, med påföljande och ökade skador framför allt inom jordbruket. Även vildsvinsolyckor i trafiken har ökat kraftigt i takt med den ökande vildsvinsstammen. Den ökande populationen innebär också att risken för spridning av sjukdomar ökar, framför allt är oron inom svinproduktionsnäringen påtaglig. Det allvarligaste hotet anses vara Afrikansk svinpest (ASF) som sprids bland vildsvin i stora delar av forna Östeuropa och länder som gränsar till väst. Under våren 2021 fick Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet (SLU) i uppdrag av Nordiska Ministerrådet att sammanfatta kunskapsläge, förvaltningsmål och policys kring vildsvinssituationen i de Nordiska länderna med särskilt fokus på nuläge och framtiden.Förekomst och övergripande nationella mål för vildsvinspopulationernaI Sverige är den övergripande och nationella målsättningen för vildsvinspopulationen att nå ”en hållbar, kontrollerad och frisk population av vildsvin, anpassad till regionala och lokala förutsättningar”. I Finland är målsättningen att minska stammen till 500–600 djur. I Norge definieras vildsvinet som en främmande art och det övergripande förvaltningsmålet är ”minsta möjliga antal vildsvin på minsta möjliga område”. I Danmark finns ett tydligt mål att vildsvin inte ska tillåtas återetablera sig. I Sverige har vildsvinspopulationen ökat kraftigt sedan 80-talet och uppskattningsvis finns idag minst 300 000 vildsvin i landet. Utbredningen sträcker från söder upp till ungefär i höjd med Gävleborgs och Dalarnas län. I Finland har en population etablerats genom att vildsvin vandrat in från sydöst. Förra året uppskattades den finska populationen omfatta omkring 3 500 djur. Populationen är tätast i sydöstra Finland men vildsvin förekommer ända upp till Norra Österbotten. I Norge dokumenterades föryngring av frilevande vildsvin för första gången 2005. Därefter har en population på 400–1 200 djur etablerats i ett område längs gränsen mot Sverige, från Halden i söder till Kongsvinger i norr. Genom vildsvinets kraftiga expansion i Europa, inklusive Tyskland, har vildsvin också vandrat in i Danmark söderifrån och år 2018 fanns en stam på 100–150 djur i landet. Därefter har Danmark i stort sett eliminerat alla frilevande vildsvin samt uppfört ett stängsel längs hela den tyska landsgränsen och på så sätt minskat risken för spridning av ASF från Tyskland.Skador på gröda, mark och i trafikenVid större tätheter kan vildsvin orsaka stora skador inom jordbruket. Omfattningen av skadorna påverkas av flera faktorer, men antalet vildsvin är den främsta parametern varför vi ser betydligt färre skador i Finland och Norge än i Sverige. När vildsvinen söker efter föda i form av maskar, insekter och växtdelar skadas jordbruksgrödor genom att de trampar ned, bökar och betar. Skador orsakade av vildsvin innefattar även maskinskador då vildsvinen bökat upp jord och sten. I Sverige, år 2015, beräknades kostnaderna för vildsvinens skador inom jordbruket till mer än en miljard SEK per år. Även anläggningar som golfbanor och trädgårdar kan skadas av bökande vildsvin. Ökande vildsvinstammar innebär också fler trafikolyckor med vildsvin inblandade. Under perioden 2003–2016 beräknas den totala kostnaden för vildsvinsrelaterade trafikolyckor i Sverige ha ökat med 536%, från 1,9 miljoner till 12,3 miljoner EUR.SjukdomsspridningASF är en anmälningspliktig virussjukdom som kan drabba vildsvin och tamsvin. Sjukdomen smittar inte människa men klassas som en epizooti eftersom den kan orsaka stora ekonomiska förluster för grisnäringen. Vaccin är under utveckling men botemedel saknas och sedan 2014 förekommer sjukdomen i flera länder inom EU med etablering i vildsvinsstammar i Tyskland, Polen, Slovakien, Ungern och de baltiska länderna, dock inte i Norden. ASF finns även i Ryssland (sedan 2009), Ukraina och Serbien. Smitta sprids genom kontakt mellan djur och via indirekt överföring av virus. Viruset kan dessutom överleva flera år i kylt, fryst, rökt eller saltat kött, varför även charkprodukter från drabbade länder utgör ett hot. Även import av foder kan utgöra en risk för spridning. Andra förvaltningsrelevanta sjukdomar som förekommer bland vildsvin inkluderar bland annat trikiner och salmonella.EkosystemtjänsterOlika intressegrupper, och individer inom intressegrupper, värderar ofta samma ekosystemtjänst olika beroende på kontext och grad av påverkan eller otjänst. Vildsvinets påverkan på sin omgivning genom bök, födointag och tramp är i fel kontext en uppenbar otjänst medan bök i till exempel en granmonokultur, i lagom dos, kan utgöra en viktig tjänst för att öka den biologiska mångfalden. Övriga mer uppenbara tjänster som arten anses bidra med i olika utsträckning är fröspridning, spillning, asätande, biologisk kontroll av skadeinsekter, produktion av viltkött och rekreation med mer.Åtgärder och policys i de Nordiska ländernaDen viktigaste åtgärden för att minska vildsvinens negativa effekter i de nordiska länderna är ökat jakttryck. Samverkan mellan markägare, jägare och andra förvaltande aktörer framhålls ofta som en springande punkt för att nå förvaltningsmålen, både lokalt och nationellt. Gemensamt för län derna är exempelvis lättnader i jaktbestämmelserna samt information/utbildning för att öka jakten. I Sverige pågår ett omfattande arbete för att förenkla och öka avsättningen av vildsvinskött till marknaden och på så sätt motivera till ökad jakt. I Finland och Norge kan jägare erhålla ersättning för skjutna djur genom att sända in prov för smitto- och hälsoövervakning. Danmark har sedan 2018 intensifierat ansträngningarna för att utrota vildsvinet genom att bygga ett vildsvinsstängsel längs hela den dansk-tyska gränsen och genom intensiv jakt vid bevakade utfodringsplatser. Åtgärder för att förhindra ASF är aktuella i alla nordiska länder, och tycks vara särskilt centrala i Danmark och Finland, som gränsar direkt till länder med ASF. Danmarks huvudsakliga åtgärd för att hindra smittspridning via vildsvin är att förhindra dem från att etablera sig i landet. I Finland har tillsynen intensifierats genom provtagning, regler, rekommendationer, och gränskontroller, men också genom regler för import av foder och köttprodukter. Informationsinsatser om ASF och dess smittvägar har gjorts i alla länder. Information har exempelvis riktats till jägare, lantbrukare, allmänhet och turister. I Norge och Finland finns krav på att observationer av sjuka eller självdöda vildsvin ska rapporteras till veterinär eller myndighet. I samtliga nordiska länder med vildsvin finns övervakningsprogram där djuren analyseras med avseende på ASF och andra sjukdomar. Sammanfattande överväganden med särskilt fokus på behov av samverkan i NordenEtt Nordiskt samverkansråd liknande samverkan kring förvaltningen av de stora rovdjuren i Sverige, Norge och Finland skulle sannolikt koordinera och effektivisera vildsvinsförvaltningen, särskilt i gränsbygder. Ett sådant samverkansråd kan driva frågor och initiera diskussioner kring: • gemensamma lagar, regler och riktlinjer med avseende på jakt, sjukdomsövervakning (provtagning), export/import och regler kring försäljning av vildsvinskött och förädlade charkuterier. • ett ökat forsknings-, övervaknings och kunskapsutbyte mellan länderna gällande populationsövervakning, inventering av jord/skogsbruksskador, skadebekämpning, jakt och smittskyddsåtgärder. Förvaltnings- och övervakningsinriktad forskning bedrivs i olika omfattning i såväl Sverige, Norge och Finland. • samordnad information kring vilka förvaltningsåtgärder som empiriskt varit framgångsrika och vilka regler/riktlinjer/rekommendationer som gäller i de olika nordiska länderna. Det är i nuläget svårt att få en aktuell överblick över olika myndigheters senaste beslut, när de börjar gälla, huruvida det är rekommendationer eller krav och så vidare.
36.	Helldin, Jan Olof, et al. (författare) Similar impacts, similar solutions? : The effects of transport infrastructure on outdoor recreation and wildlife 2010 Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation. - Raleigh : Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University. ; , s. 268-275 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
37.	Huber, Nikolaus, et al. (författare) Quantifying capture stress in free ranging European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) 2017 Ingår i: BMC Veterinary Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1746-6148. ; 13 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BackgroundTo understand and reduce the concomitant effects of trapping and handling procedures in wildlife species, it is essential to measure their physiological impact. Here, we examined individual variation in stress levels in non-anesthetized European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), which were captured in box traps and physically restrained for tagging, biometrics and bio-sampling. In winter 2013, we collected venous blood samples from 28 individuals during 28 capture events and evaluated standard measurements for stress (heart rate, body temperature, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, lactate and total cortisol). Additionally, we assessed stress using the immunological tool, Leukocyte Coping Capacity (LCC), a real-time proxy for stress measuring oxygen radical production by leukocytes. Finally, the behavioral response to handling was recorded using a scoring system.ResultsLCC and therefore stress levels were negatively influenced by the time animals spent in the box trap with human presence at the capture site prior to handling. In contrast, none of the classical stress measures, including total cortisol, nor the behavioral assessment, were correlated with the stressor tested (time of human presence prior to handling) and thus did not provide a clear depiction regarding the extent of the animals short-term stress response.ConclusionsOverall our study verifies the LCC as a strong method to quantify short-term stress reactions in wildlife. Moreover, our results clearly show that human presence at the trapping site prior to handling should be kept to an absolute minimum in order to reduce stress levels.
38.	Jamemo, Anders, et al. (författare) Avmagringssjuka (CWD) hos hjortdjur 2019 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract • Chronic wasting disease (CWD) kallas på svenska avmagringssjukaoch drabbar hjortdjur. En smittsam variant av sjukdomen (även kalladklassisk CWD) påträffades 2016 hos norska vildrenar.• Senare har även atypiska varianter av CWD påträffats hos älg och kronvilti Norge och Finland. Under 2019 har CWD konstaterats hos tre älgkori Norrbotten. De svenska fallen liknar de norska fallen av CWD hosälg. Det är för närvarande oklart om atypisk CWD uppkommer spontant,och om den är smittsam.• CWD är en obotlig och utan undantag dödlig neurologisk prionsjukdomsom drabbar hjortdjur.• Sjukdomen är känd i Nordamerika sedan 1960-talet. Där har den hittillspåträffats hos åsnehjort, vitsvanshjort, wapiti, älg och ren. I Europa antas,förutom ren, älg och kronhjort, även rådjur vara mottagliga för smitta.Experiment tyder på att dovhjort är mindre mottaglig.• Inkubationstiden (tiden mellan smitta och uppvisande av symptom) äri genomsnitt 1,5-2,5 år, men kan vara längre.• Symptomen utgörs av kraftig avmagring, beteendeförändringar, stapplandegång, osynkroniserade rörelser, skakningar, tandgnissling, torr päls, hängandehuvud, ökad salivavsöndring och urinering, samt extrem törst.Symptomen utvecklas gradvis och inträffar först i senare stadier av sjukdomsförloppet,och de flesta smittade djur visar inga synliga sjukdomsteckenförrän efter lång tid.• CWD smittar genom direktkontakt mellan djur, men även indirekt viaväxter, jord och vatten. Smittämnet kan bevaras i miljön i flera år.• Smittan kan spridas till nya områden via långvandrande hjortdjur, menäven via asätare, flytt av renar eller hägnat hjortvilt samt transport avslaktkroppar eller slaktrester. Det är också möjligt att smitta kan spridas viakontaminerat foder, via människor med kontaminerade kläder och utrustningsamt via lockmedel för jakt som innehåller substanser från hjortdjur.• Andelen smittade djur i en population ökar långsamt, men antas gåsnabbare när miljön blir alltmer kontaminerad med smitta.• I USA finns exempel på hur CWD lett till en nedgång i hjortdjurspopulationeroch modellsimuleringar tyder på att populationer slutligen riskeraratt dö ut.• Det är i nuläget svårt att förutspå hur svenska populationer av hjortdjurskulle påverkas av sjukdomen. De långsiktiga konsekvenserna för såvälförvaltningen av hjortdjur som för rennäringen, skulle sannolikt bliallvarliga.• I nuläget finns inga bevis för att CWD kan överföras till människa. Riskenför att CWD är en zoonos (sjukdom som smittar mellan djur och människa)anses vara liten, men går inte att helt avfärda med dagens kunskap.Rekommendationen är dock att inte äta kött från djur med påvisad CWD.
39.	Jarnemo, Anders, et al. (författare) Hjortvilt i Sverige - en kunskapssammanställning 2018 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Denna rapport är en kunskapssammanställning över det svenska hjortviltets utbredning, biologi, hemområdesstorlekar, rörelsemönster och mellanartsinteraktioner. Kunskapssammanställningen är del i ett underlag för en handlingsplan under utarbetande av berörda myndigheter (Jordbruksverket, Naturvårdsverket, Statens veterinärmedicinska anstalt (SVA)) med anledning av risken för spridning av avmagringssjuka (Chronic wasting disease, CWD). Rapporten sammanställdes på uppdrag av Naturvårdsverket (NV-07973-17).Förekomst av älg, rådjur, kronvilt och dovvilt i Sverige har kartlagts med hjälp av statistik över avskjutning och viltolyckor. Älg och rådjur är fördelat över hela landet, där rådjuren förekommer i högre utsträckning söder om den biologiska norrlandsgränsen (Limes norrlandicus, genom södra Värmland i väster till Gästrikland i öster) jämfört med norr om denna. Kronvilt förekommer i samtliga län förutom Norrbottens och Gotlands län, men har en fläckvis utbredning med huvudsaklig utbredning i Götaland och södra Svealand. Starka populationer finns i Skåne, Kalmar län och Sörmland. Dovviltet förekommer främst i södra Sverige med tyngdpunkt i Skåne, Östergötland och Sörmland.Älgen är en solitärlevande art med undantag av kor med kalvar. Gruppbildning kan dock uppstå på platser med attraktiv föda, speciellt under vintern. Även om vandringar kan styras av viltstängsel, infrastruktur, vattendrag och topografi, finns inga absoluta barriärer i landskapet för älg. Medan älgar i södra Sverige är mer stationära, är det i Norrland vanligt med säsongsvandringar på upp till 200 km. Hemområdesstorlek kan variera kraftigt mellan olika populationer, men generellt har norrländska älgar större hemområden än de sydsvenska, med maximalvärden 29 000 ha respektive 6 000 ha. Likaså har inlandsälgar större hemområden än kustälgar i Norrland.Rådjur lever ensamma eller i små familjegrupper. Utvandringsfrekvensen är hög för båda könen. Arten verkar tämligen okänslig för olika typer av barriärer i landskapet och har en snabb spridningskapacitet. I södra Sverige rör det sig vanligen om en genomsnittlig utvandring på 1-3 km, men sträckor på upp till 100 km har observerats på Grimsö. I Norrland är utvandringsfrekvensen mycket hög och här utvandrar rådjuren längre sträckor med i genomsnitt 115-125 km med en längsta observerad utvandring på 470 km. I Syd- och Mellansverige verkar rådjurs hemområden sällan överstiga 100 ha, men man kan förvänta sig större hemområden i jordbruksdominerade landskap. I Västerbotten har hemområden på upp til 2 000 ha uppmätts. Kronvilt är grupplevande. Hindarna är trogna sitt uppväxtområde och spridningen går långsamt. Hjortarna är mer benägna att utvandra. Kronvilt är känsliga för barriärer, vilket ytterligare fördröjer spridning. Hindar i Skåne har en genomsnittlig hemområdesstorlek på 2 600 ha (max. 5 900 ha), medan hindar i Kolmården har 1 200 ha (max 1 800 ha) och hindar på Hunneberg 900 ha (max. 1 500 ha). Medan de mellansvenska hindarna verkar stationära, kan skånska hindar säsongsvandra eller pendla på avstånd upp till 25 km. Hjortarna i Kolmården och i Skåne hade vintersommarområden på i genomsnitt 3 400 ha (max. 6 600 ha) respektive 4 300 ha (max. 8 700 ha). Det är vanligt både i Kolmården och i Skåne att hjortarna säsongsvandrar mellan vinter-sommarområde och brunstområde upp till 23 respektive 47 km. Under brunsten kan hjortar också besöka två eller flera brunstlokaler belägna på avstånd upp till 18 km ifrån varandra.Dovvilt är utpräglat grupplevande och kan bilda mycket täta populationer. Spridningen till nya områden går mycket långsamt. Det verkar vanligt att unga hjortar utvandrar, medan utvandringen av hindar är låg. På Koberg har hemområden för hindar mätts till i genomsnitt 270 ha (max. 647 ha). För hjortar har hemområden på upp till 1 760 ha uppmätts. Av 18 hjortar gjorde fyra säsongsvandringar på mer än 5 km mellan brunstplats och vinter-sommarområde.Såväl habitat- som födoöverlapp kan vara stort mellan älg, rådjur, kronvilt och dovvilt. Arterna kan också ses beta i varandras närhet på fält med attraktiva grödor, liksom att de kan utnyttja samma foderplatser och detta ibland samtidigt. Aggressivt beteende från dovvilt kan dock förmå rådjur och kronvilt att dra sig undan. En negativ effekt av dovvilt på rådjur härrör troligen både från födokonkurrens och interferens.
40.	Kjær, Lene Jung, et al. (författare) Potential drivers of human tick-borne encephalitis in the Örebro region of Sweden, 2010-2021 2023 Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 13:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Incidence of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has increased during the last years in Scandinavia, but the underlying mechanism is not understood. TBE human case data reported between 2010 and 2021 were aggregated into postal codes within Örebro County, south-central Sweden, along with tick abundance and environmental data to analyse spatial patterns and identify drivers of TBE. We identified a substantial and continuing increase of TBE incidence in Örebro County during the study period. Spatial cluster analyses showed significant hotspots (higher number of cases than expected) in the southern and northern parts of Örebro County, whereas a cold spot (lower number of cases than expected) was found in the central part comprising Örebro municipality. Generalised linear models showed that the risk of acquiring TBE increased by 12.5% and 72.3% for every percent increase in relative humidity and proportion of wetland forest, respectively, whereas the risk decreased by 52.8% for every degree Celsius increase in annual temperature range. However, models had relatively low goodness of fit (R2 < 0.27). Results suggest that TBE in Örebro County is spatially clustered, however variables used in this study, i.e., climatic variables, forest cover, water, tick abundance, sheep as indicator species, alone do not explain this pattern.
41.	Kjellander, Eva, 1965- (författare) Jag och mitt fanskap : vad musik kan betyda för människor 2013 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract This dissertation aims to find further understanding of how people with special interest in a certain artist utilise music and the fact that they are fans in their everyday lives. I have opted to study two fans included in each group selected for this study: Kiss, Status Quo and Lasse Stefanz, one male and one female fan belonging to each respective group. I have worked according to grounded theory as a method, and through an analysis of their musical life stories, I have attempted to identify why they became fans and how them being fans has affected them in their lives.Four categories, fandom as: a marker of identity, socialisation, a form of self therapy and a pseudo religion and the core category authenticity usage show the results of the study. The categories show that to a large extent it all comes down to the musical identity of these people, i.e. the identity of being a fan, and their experiences of being fans. They have been socialised into a specific genre, which has meant increased interest in a specific artist. Family, media and friends have all played a part in this socialisation. The informants have developed cultural competence as concerns their idols, although they have also gained the subcultural capital resources required in order to come across as credible fans. Various kinds of experiences offer meaning and nourish the fans. Security and stability in everyday lives are also contributing factors to them being fans and the music offers them something that they are unable to acquire from elsewhere. They have established different strategies in order to be able to be fans, one of these being legitimacy. A vital part of this legitimacy consists in them viewing the bands as authentic, i.e. important.
42.	Kjellander, Petter, et al. (författare) A large-scale screening for the taiga tick, Ixodes persulcatus, and the meadow tick, Dermacentor reticulatus, in southern Scandinavia, 2016 2019 Ingår i: Parasites and Vectors. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1756-3305. ; 12 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The taiga tick, Ixodes persulcatus, has previously been limited to eastern Europe and northern Asia, but recently its range has expanded to Finland and northern Sweden. The species is of medical importance, as it, along with a string of other pathogens, may carry the Siberian and Far Eastern subtypes of tick-borne encephalitis virus. These subtypes appear to cause more severe disease, with higher fatality rates than the central European subtype. Until recently, the meadow tick, Dermacentor reticulatus, has been absent from Scandinavia, but has now been detected in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Dermacentor reticulatus carries, along with other pathogens, Babesia canis and Rickettsia raoultii. Babesia canis causes severe and often fatal canine babesiosis, and R. raoultii may cause disease in humans. We collected 600 tick nymphs from each of 50 randomly selected sites in Denmark, southern Norway and south-eastern Sweden in August-September 2016. We tested pools of 10 nymphs in a Fluidigm real time PCR chip to screen for I. persulcatus and D. reticulatus, as well as tick-borne pathogens. Of all the 30,000 nymphs tested, none were I. persulcatus or D. reticulatus. Our results suggest that I. persulcatus is still limited to the northern parts of Sweden, and have not expanded into southern parts of Scandinavia. According to literature reports and supported by our screening results, D. reticulatus may yet only be an occasional guest in Scandinavia without established populations.
43.	Kjellander, Petter (författare) A one night stand? Reproductive excursions of female roe deer as a breeding dispersal tactic 2014 Ingår i: Oecologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0029-8549 .- 1432-1939. ; 176, s. 431-443 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Breeding dispersal, defined as the net movement between successive breeding sites, remains a poorly understood and seldom reported phenomenon in mammals, despite its importance for population dynamics and genetics. In large herbivores, females may be more mobile during the breeding season, undertaking short-term trips (excursions) outside their normal home range. If fertilisation occurs, leading to gene flow of the male genome, this behaviour could be considered a form of breeding dispersal from a genetic point of view. Here, we investigated ranging behaviour of 235 adult roe deer using intensive GPS monitoring in six populations across Europe within the EURODEER initiative. We show that excursions are common from June to August among females, with 41.8 % (vs. 18.1 % of males) making at least one excursion. Most individuals performed only one excursion per season and departure dates for females were concentrated in time, centred on the rutting period, suggesting a link with reproduction. The distance females travelled during excursions was significantly greater than the site-specific average diameter of a male home range, while travel speed decreased once they progressed beyond this diameter, indicating search behaviour or interaction with other male(s) outside the resident male's territory. Because adults are normally highly sedentary, the potential for mating with relatives is substantial; hence, we conclude that rut excursions could be an alternative tactic enabling females to avoid mating with a closely related male. To understand better the ultimate drivers at play, it will be crucial to explore the genetic causes and consequences of this behaviour.
44.	Kjellander, Petter, et al. (författare) Access to mates in a territorial ungulate is determined by the size of a male's territory, but not by its habitat quality 2009 Ingår i: Journal of Animal Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0021-8790 .- 1365-2656. ; 78, s. 42-51 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This may explain the stability of male territories between years, suggesting that male territoriality conforms to an 'always stay' and 'low risk-low gain' mating strategy in roe deer.
45.	Kjellander, Petter, et al. (författare) Age-specific variation in male breeding success of a territorial ungulate species, the European roe deer 2009 Ingår i: Journal of Mammalogy. - 0022-2372 .- 1545-1542. ; 90, s. 661-665 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We investigated age-specific variation in male yearly breeding success (YBS) using genetic estimates obtained from 2 populations of a territorial ungulate, the European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). YBS in both populations was markedly age-structured, with 3 distinct stages, supporting the dome-shaped pattern of variation commonly reported for age-dependent variation in life-history traits of ungulates. YBS was low at 2 years of age, peaked at 3-8 years of age, and tended to decline afterwards (senescence). Most males successfully reproduced for the 1st time at 3 years of age, which is well after their physiological maturity. The few successful young males (i.e., 2 year olds) were likely fast-growing individuals that could successfully hold a territory. The high variance in YBS and antler size for old males at Bogesund, Sweden, suggests that only some males of this age class are able to maintain large antlers and, hence, retain their territories.
46.	Kjellander, Petter, et al. (författare) Assessing the intensity of sexual selection on male body mass and antler length in roe deer Capreolus capreolus: is bigger better in a weakly dimorphic species? 2010 Ingår i: Oikos. - : Wiley. - 0030-1299 .- 1600-0706. ; 119, s. 1484-1492 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
47.	Kjellander, Petter (författare) Between-population differences in the genetic and maternal components of body mass in roe deer 2018 Ingår i: BMC Evolutionary Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2148. ; 18 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Understanding the genetic and environmental mechanisms governing variation in morphology or phenology in wild populations is currently an important challenge. While there is a general consensus that selection is stronger under stressful conditions, it remains unclear whether the evolutionary potential of traits should increase or decrease with increasingly stressful conditions. Here, we investigate how contrasting environmental conditions during growth may affect the maternal and genetic components of body mass in roe deer, the most abundant and widespread wild ungulate in Western Europe. Body mass is a key life history trait that strongly influences both survival and reproductive performance in large herbivores. We used pedigrees and animal models to determine the variance components of juvenile and adult winter body mass in two populations experiencing contrasting early-life conditions.Results: Our analyses showed that roe deer at Chize, where habitat was poor and unpredictable, exhibited very low genetic variance in juvenile body mass. Instead, variance in mass was mainly driven by among-cohort differences in early-life conditions and maternal environment. In contrast, roe deer at Bogesund, where resource availability during the critical period of fawn rearing was higher, displayed a substantial level of genetic variance in body mass. We discuss the potential role of past demography and viability selection on fawn body mass on the erosion of genetic variance in the poor habitat.Conclusions: Our study highlights the importance of accounting for both spatial (i.e. between-population variation) and temporal (i.e. cohort variation) heterogeneity in environmental conditions, especially in early life, to understand the potential for adaptive responses of wild populations to selection.
48.	Kjellander, Petter (författare) Beyond Climate Envelope Projections: Roe Deer Survival and Environmental Change 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Wildlife Management. - : Wiley. - 0022-541X. ; 80, s. 452-464 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Research on climate change impacts has focused on projecting changes in the geographic ranges of species, with less emphasis on the vital rates giving rise to species distributions. Managing ungulate populations under future climate change will require an understanding of how their vital rates are affected by direct climatic effects and the indirect climatic and non-climatic effects that are often overlooked by climate impact studies. We used generalized linear models and capture-mark-recapture models to assess the influence of a variety of direct climatic, indirect climatic, and non-climatic predictors on the survival of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) at 2 sites in Sweden. The models indicated that although direct climatic effects (e.g., precipitation) explained some variation in survival, indirect climatic effects (e.g., an index of vegetation production), and non-climatic effects (hunting by lynx [Lynx lynx] and humans) had greater explanatory power. Climate change is likely to increase vegetation productivity in northern Europe, and, coupled with the positive effects of vegetation productivity on roe deer survival, might lead to population increases in the future. Survival was negatively affected by lynx presence where these predators occur and by human harvest in the site that lacked predators. In the future, managers might find that a combination of increased harvest and predation by recovering carnivore populations may be necessary to mitigate climate-induced increases in roe deer survival. Considering vegetation availability and predation effects is likely to improve predictions of ungulate population responses to variation in climate and, therefore, inform management under future climate change. (C) 2016 The Wildlife Society.
49.	Kjellander, Petter, et al. (författare) Body size in the Eurasian lynx in Sweden: dependence on prey availability 2010 Ingår i: Polar Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0722-4060 .- 1432-2056. ; 33, s. 505-513 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is a common predator of both roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in Sweden. We investigated the influence of prey availability, latitude, sex, and age on body size and body mass variation of the Eurasian lynx in Sweden, using data from 243 specimens whose locality of capture, year of capture, sex, and age were known. We found that both body size and body mass of the lynx in Sweden are mainly affected by the lynx sex and age but also by the availability of prey during the first year of life. Body size and body mass of lynx as well as the density of roe deer increased from Central Sweden to South. Furthermore, body size and body mass of lynx increased from Central Sweden to North (i.e. within the reindeer husbandry area). Lynx body size was slightly smaller within the reindeer husbandry area (approximately north of latitudes 62A degrees-63A degrees N) compared to outside, probably because reindeer are more difficult prey to hunt, as well as being migratory and thus an unpredictable prey for the Eurasian lynx compared to the non-migratory roe deer. Our results support a growing body of evidence showing that food availability at growth has a major effect on body size of animals.
50.	Kjellander, Petter (författare) Challenges and science-based implications for modern management and conservation of European ungulate populations 2017 Ingår i: Mammal Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2199-2401 .- 2199-241X. ; 62, s. 209-217 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Wildlife management systems face growing challenges to cope with increasingly complex interactions between wildlife populations, the environment and human activities. In this position statement, we address the most important issues characterising current ungulate conservation and management in Europe. We present some key points arising from ecological research that may be critical for a reassessment of ungulate management in the future.

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