| 1. |
- Belyazid, Salim, et al.
(författare)
-
A Sustainability Assessment of the Urban Rehabilitation Project of the Medina of Fez, Morocco
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. - 9780967291482
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The old city of Fez, Morocco, classified as Heritage of Humankind by the UNESCO, is subject to an integrated rehabilitation plan running over 15 years. The plan aims at restoring and preserving the economy, cultural value, and social heritage of the old city. The study follows a system dynamics approach to describe and analyze the rehabilitation plan in order to identify the strengths and defects of the plan. This study shows that while the plan is giving relatively satisfying results over the short and medium terms, it is unlikely to attain long term sustainability.
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| 2. |
- Camphuis, Kevin
(creator_code:cre_t)
-
PROTEIN DIVERSIFICATION: An EIT FOOD White Paper
- 2022
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Food systems transformation is critical for meeting our climate goals, and for ensuring individual health and food security by boosting resilience to external shocks. We face the challenge of producing enough nutritious food for our growing global population, whilst reducing our environmental impact at a time of increased competition and scarcity of resources. Protein diversification can play an important role in enhancing the resilience of food systems, in support of the EU’s main policy goals.
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| 3. |
- Hallström, Elinor, et al.
(författare)
-
How much meat can we eat to sustain a healthy life and planet? The case of Swedish meat consumption
- 2015
-
Ingår i: International conference on Life Cycle Assessment as reference methodology for assessing supply chains and supporting global sustainability challenges : LCA FOR “FEEDING THE PLANET AND ENERGY FOR LIFE” - LCA FOR “FEEDING THE PLANET AND ENERGY FOR LIFE”. - 9788882863210 ; , s. 29-35
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainability of Swedish meat consumption is assessed from the perspectives of nutrition, health, climate and land use. Our results suggest that more sustainable food systems can be achieved via changes in Swedish meat consumption and that our multidimensional approach can be useful in identifying such changes.
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| 4. |
- Haraldsson, Hördur, et al.
(författare)
-
The coming water shortage in the Jordan River Basin - Finding objectivity in a subjective problem
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Proceeding of the 20th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. ; , s. 78-78
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water distribution and availability in the Jordan region were studied. Self-sufficiency in water availability within the region is determined by the minimum amount of water used per person that is renewable. The objectives of the study were to identify the causes of water shortages and alternative use of water to prolong future supplies. According to our analysis, Israel and Jordan will overutilise their water source by a factor of 2 and Palestine by a factor of 1, by the year 2030. Water recycling has a potential in all the countries. The agricultural sector makes up the bulk of the water use (73-85%). Different water-saving techniques and alternative crop production can drastically reduce water use. Diverting away from agriculture and alternatively developing the industry sector would alleviate the immediate water shortages but will make the region dependent on the global grain market.
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| 5. |
- Hirschnitz-Garbers, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Potentiale und Kernergebnisse der Simulationen von Ressourcen-schonung(spolitik) : Endbericht des Projekts „Modelle, Potentiale und Langfristszenarien für Ressourceneffizienz“ (Sim-Ress)
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Human use of natural resources poses a great challenge to social-ecological and socio-technical sys- tems alike: supply risks, pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions, waste generation on the one hand, but also issues of global justice and societal well-being on the other hand. In order to test potential im- pacts of developments and strategies relevant to resource policy, the SimRess project first identified trends that positively or negatively affect resource use in Germany and globally in the future. These trends were then incorporated into resource relevant scenarios (without as well as with assumptions of further resource and climate policy measures), which served as frames for simulating potential im- pacts via the econometric model GINFORS3 and the system dynamic model WORLD6 as well as through a soft-link of both models.The simulation results show on the one hand that continuing existing resource policy efforts on na- tional and international level will remain an important contribution to increasing resource productiv- ity and economic development. On the other hand, however, it was found that achieving targets for per-capita resource use, as called for by national and international sustainability scholars, needs a much greater level of ambition in national and international resource policy. This demands widening resource policy’s focus from increasing productivity in production structures to also tackling changes in consumption and investment patterns. Correspondingly, it seems important to expand the toolkit of resource policy instruments to much more integrate both economic and regulatory measures.
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| 6. |
- Hirschnitz-Garbers, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
System analysis for environmental policy – System thinking through system dynamic modelling and policy mixing as used in the SimRess project
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Diverse and complex interactions as well as multi-actor systems characterise resource use and re- source policy. This makes system analysis a relevant tool to orient resource policy towards the long term. Analysing such complex systems requires systemic thinking, consideration of causal loops as well as time-lags and delays in system responses.In the SimRess project, system analysis encompassed participatory conceptual system modelling via involving external stakholders into identifying system boundaries and elements via causal loop dia- grams (CLDs). The CLDs were than reflected in the parametrisation of simulation models and the de- velopment of policy mixes.Only a limited number of stakeholders participated in two of the five workshops needed for a fully- fledged group modelling process. Therefore, the project team finalised internally the conceptual sys- tem model. Although this reduced ownership and transparency of the system model, the two work- shops provided relevant system knowledge for further modelling work and policy mix development.During policy mix development in SimRess, we needed to deviate from the theoretical concept of pol- icy mixing based on available project capacities and stakeholder decisions. On the one hand, under- standing and assessing cumulative effects of policy mixes challenged conceptual policy mix develop- ment and simulation capacities. On the other hand, stakeholder decisions impacted on the depth at which system analysis via simulation models could be undertaken.
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| 7. |
- Kalen, Christer, et al.
(författare)
-
Future Demand and Supply of Food in China - A modeling attempt
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Proceeding of the 20th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. ; , s. 85-85
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper focuses on future scenarios of demand and supply of grain in China. Economic development has been growing at a steady pace for decades and there are no signs of a decline in the near future. Projections of population trends show that the population will continue to expand until 2050, when a levelling- off is predicted. The growth of both population and economy drives industrialisation and urbanisation where area for settlement and infrastructure is demanded. Agricultural land is converted into urban area with high water consumption and pollution problems. People with a higher income diversify the diet, a diet that needs a larger area for production. The fundamental basis for self-subsistence in food production - agricultural land and clean water - is diminishing rapidly and may soon necessitate an extensive grain import. This study concludes that even if conservation measures are carried out China may face an extensive need for import of grain products.
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| 8. |
- Kawahara, Takahiro, et al.
(författare)
-
Systems Analysis of the Impacts of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami on Energy Supply System in Kamaishi-City
- 2013
-
Ingår i: [Host publication title missing]. - 9781935056119
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami hit coastal cities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima Prefectures of Tohoku Region devastating the energy supply system in the region. Electricity and fuel shortages caused severe problems in the city of Kamaishi varying from lack of mobility, communication, heating to reduced health conditions. This paper, aims to analyze the impacts of the earthquake and the tsunami on local energy supply system in Kamaishi City by; i) clarifying what energy services were in need when there was a shortage in energy supply right after the disasters by performing semi-structured interviews; and ii) identifying and analyzing causes and effects of the energy supply shortage at local level when the disasters occurred by applying systems thinking approach and causal loop diagramming methodology. Suggested alternative potential measures in tackling energy supply shortages and in preparing future disaster risk reduction plans are expected to be use of policy makers
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| 9. |
- Kifle, Dejene, et al.
(författare)
-
A Simple Assessment of the Global Long Term Supply of the Rare Earth Elements by Using a System Dynamics Model
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Environment and Natural Resources Research. - 1927-0496. ; 3:1, s. 77-91
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our simple dynamic-simulation model shows that the global supply of Rare Earth Elements is limited for meeting the future demands of new technologies. Unless improved recycling policies are adapted strategic elements may become scarce in the next half-century as a result of a “peak Rare Earths Elements” phenomenon. The model results also show that the market alone cannot solve the resource-inefficiency problem because the market’s instant and opportunistic nature impedes the long-term planning that is needed. Market mechanisms will only function if governments discourage wasteful practices by requiring recycling and long-term planning as conditions for the industry before the resource becomes too scarce. We conclude that technologies and industrial capacity for effectively recycling Rare Earth Elements will be in demand, and that effective recycling policy should be put in place soon to make the supply sustainable over the long-term
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| 10. |
- Koca, Deniz, et al.
(författare)
-
A stakeholder participated system science based sustainable development indicator framework
- 2012
-
Ingår i: [Host publication title missing]. - 9781627485784
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growing interest in sustainable development indicators (SDI) has resulted in the development and application of various SDI frameworks in the past two decades. Identification and selection of “right” indicators with such frameworks are essential, in the sense that, it is the information from these indicators that will help policy and decision makers to better understand the efficiency, effectiveness and impacts of existing sustainable development policies, as well as to develop and apply new ones. To develop the “right” indicators with the existing SDI frameworks, however, is challenging due to following three issues: 1) The majority of indicators developed by existing SDI frameworks provide information only covering individual issues, sectors or topics from disconnected three “pillars” of sustainable development – namely; environment, economy and society. These indicators are pillar-specific and do not provide information on interlinkages between different pillars. The capital/domain-based framework, for instance, is centred on the economic and environmental pillars, where as causal frameworks (Pressure-State-Respond and its variations), are limited mostly to the environmental pillar of sustainable development. Moreover, most indicators developed by the existing SDI frameworks (except for, partly the casual frameworks) lack the explicit interlinkages and cause effect relationships between each other even if they cover the same pillar of sustainable development and are sorted out under same issue, sector or topic; 2) Cases where stakeholder participation in developing indicators with existing SDI frameworks are still limited and none of the frameworks considers a design for stakeholder participation process in its structure; and 3) The existing SDI frameworks do not consider the representation of the dynamic relationships between indicators. Indicators developed by these frameworks are static in nature and lack interactivity. They provide information about the system only considering the current situation, not changing conditions in time. That is why these indicators are intended to be measured regularly and frequently to gather the information for monitoring the performed progress in the past and also assess the current situation. To address the above three issues, a stakeholder participated systems science based SDI framework is proposed in this study. The proposed framework is, in fact, a generic group-modelling process and can incorporate all other types of existing SDI frameworks (i.e. theme based, sector based, causal base, goal base etc.). The proposed SDI framework considers: 1) broad stakeholder participation for enabling discussions on trans/inter/cross disciplinary issues and ensuring exchange of knowledge for a better understanding of complex sustainability issues; 2) systems thinking, conceptual modelling and systems analysis for introducing causal loop diagramming methodology as a common communication tool among stakeholders. Conceptual modelling over a series of group workshops and systems analysis will help to identify interlinkages (cause effect relations and feedback loops) for a better understanding of the complex human, nature and the support/build systems; and 3) system dynamics modelling and integrated scenario analysis for developing numerical models to capture the dynamic complexity, and to test and experiment alternative potential policy options under different future scenarios. Such models allow the user to see dynamic relationships between indicators as well as to analyse the relevance and sensitivity of indicators. Having the methodologies to deal with the above-mentioned issues in its structure, we believe, the proposed framework not only improves the identification, selection and monitoring processes of indicators, but it also serves as a stakeholder capacity enhancement tool for analysing dynamic complex sustainability issues.
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| 11. |
- Koca, Deniz
(författare)
-
Accelerating Protein Diversification for Europe - Policy Brief
- 2023
-
Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- The paper outlines a comprehensive set of recommendations, advocating for a systems thinking approach and acknowledging the importance of engaging with the entire food system.Embracing protein diversification fosters innovation, has the potential to create substantial economic opportunities and position EU Member States at the forefront of rapidly evolving sectors spanning and integrating biotechnology, agriculture, and food processing. The adoption of a comprehensive strategy for protein diversification is not solely an option, but a necessity. It represents a transform- ative shift in how we produce and consume protein, aligning our actions with the imperative to feed a growing population while mitigating the adverse impacts of food production on the environment and human health.
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| 12. |
- Koca, Deniz
(författare)
-
Impacts of Regional Climate Change on Swedish Forests: An Evaluation Using Process-based Regional Ecosystem Modelling Approach
- 2006
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall aim of this thesis was to provide a representative estimate of the potential impacts of climate change and increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations on Swedish forest ecosystems and the key ecosystem services they provide. In order to achieve this task, fi rst LPJ-GUESS, a process-based regional ecosystem modelling framework, was applied to explore how possible shifts in climatic zones according to a range of regional climate scenarios may lead to changes in the tree species distribution and composition, net primary productivity (NPP) and carbon sequestration capacity of potential natural ecosystems on species level and at the regional scale. Following that, LPJGUESS was employed to simulate and investigate further the interactions between different environmental drivers (temperature, CO2 and precipitation), and their individual and overall effects on community structure and ecosystem functioning of the natural ecosystems for a deeper understanding. Given that nearly all Swedish forest ecosystems are subject to human management and it is more of such management activities that have determined the species composition in these ecosystems rather than other natural factors, a forest management module was later implemented into LPJ-GUESS. The performance of the model was evaluated by comparing the simulated forest composition and growth with the observed forest inventory data from Swedish forest regions. Finally, modified version of LPJ-GUESS was applied to evaluate the possible consequences of alternative regional climate change scenarios and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on net primary productivity and stem wood volume increment of Swedish managed forests under existing silvicultural management practices. Potential natural vegetation (PNV) simulations showed that all climate scenarios were associated with an extension of the boreal forest treeline with respect to altitude and latitude. The model also predicted substantial increases in net primary productivity, especially in central Sweden. Expansion of forest cover and increased local biomass enhanced the net carbon sink over central and northern Sweden. In southern Sweden, reduced growing season soil moisture levels counterbalanced the positive effects of a longer growing season and increased carbon supply on NPP, with the result that many areas were converted from a sink to a source of carbon by the late 21st century. Model estimates of annual stem wood volume increment in managed forests were generally comparable with observations in all regions of Sweden. Again under all regional climate change scenarios the model predicted substantial increases in NPP and wood volume increment of managed forests, especially in central and northern Sweden due to combined effects of warmer and wetter climate and higher levels of atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
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| 13. |
- Koca, Deniz, et al.
(författare)
-
Modelling regional climate change effects on potential natural ecosystems in Sweden
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Climatic Change. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0165-0009 .- 1573-1480. ; 78:2-4, s. 381-406
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study aims to demonstrate the potential of a process-based regional ecosystem model, LPJ-GUESS, driven by climate scenarios generated by a regional climate model system (RCM) to generate predictions useful for assessing effects of climatic and CO2 change on the key ecosystem services of carbon uptake and storage. Scenarios compatible with the A2 and B2 greenhouse gas emission scenarios of the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) and with boundary conditions from two general circulation models (GCMs) - HadAM3H and ECHAM4/OPYC3 - were used in simulations to explore changes in tree species distributions, vegetation structure, productivity and ecosystem carbon stocks for the late 21st Century, thus accommodating a proportion of the GCM-based and emissions-based uncertainty in future climate development. The simulations represented in this study were of the potential natural vegetation ignoring direct anthropogenic effects. Results suggest that shifts in climatic zones may lead to changes in species distribution and community composition among seven major tree species of natural Swedish forests. All four climate scenarios were associated with an extension of the boreal forest treeline with respect to altitude and latitude. In the boreal and boreo-nemoral zones, the dominance of Norway spruce and to a lesser extent Scots pine was reduced in favour of deciduous broadleaved tree species. The model also predicted substantial increases in vegetation net primary productivity (NPP), especially in central Sweden. Expansion of forest cover and increased local biomass enhanced the net carbon sink over central and northern Sweden, despite increased carbon release through decomposition processes in the soil. In southern Sweden, reduced growing season soil moisture levels counterbalanced the positive effects of a longer growing season and increased carbon supply on NPP, with the result that many areas were converted from a sink to a source of carbon by the late 21st century. The economy-oriented A2 emission scenario would lead to higher NPP and stronger carbon sinks according to the simulations than the environment-oriented B2 scenario.
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| 14. |
- Koca, Deniz, et al.
(författare)
-
Modelling the global primary extraction, supply, price and depletion of the extractable geological resources using the COBALT model.
- 2015
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global supply of cobalt was simulated by combining 3 different system dynamics models; BRONZE, PGM and STEEL. The present use of cobalt shows a low degree of recycling and systemic losses are significant. The reserves of cobalt are not very large (20-25 million ton extractable) as compared to metals like copper, zinc or iron, and after 2170 cobalt will have run out under a business-as-usual scenario. The present business-as-usual for cobalt use in society is in no way sustainable
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| 15. |
- Koca, Deniz, et al.
(författare)
-
The Rubber Industry and Extended Producers' Responsibility Framework: Opportunities and Threats for Swedish Rubber Manufacturers
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Proceeding of the 20th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. ; , s. 88-89
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An array of sustainable ways either to reduce the amount of waste rubber generated or for the re-utilisation of waste rubber products as different means of resources at the end of their service lives are provided and briefly evaluated from economic, social and environmental perspectives. Potential measures which the Swedish rubber industry and its major stakeholders can implement (within the context of extended producer’s responsibility framework) to increase source reduction, reuse, material recycling, and energy recovery from waste rubber are examined. Based on the concept of system dynamics, the links between different issues, possible problems arising from them and the solutions, and their relation to the sustainable waste rubber management system are analysed by understanding the cause and effect relationship between important parameters. A model is developed using Stella 5.1.1u to help the decision makers to evaluate different scenarios in Swedish waste rubber management.
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| 16. |
- Koca, Deniz, et al.
(författare)
-
Use of Casual Loop Diagrams and Systems Analysis to Explore Alternative Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Seyhan River Basin, Turkey
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 30th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. - 9781935056102
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Within a UN Joint Programme titled “Enhancing the Capacity of Turkey to Adapt to Climate Change” a systems approach workshop was carried out in Adana, Turkey with broad stakeholder participation. The participants applied systems thinking approach, causal loop diagramming methodology and systems analysis to examine the potential impacts of projected climatic changes on natural ecosystems and socio-economical systems, as well as to explore the alternative adaptation strategies to cope with the potential negative outcomes of the climatic change in Seyhan River Basin. This paper synthesizes the outcomes of this workshop, identifies major climate change impacts and clarifies the priority adaptation measures for managing climate change vulnerability in the Seyhan River Basin. Availability and quality of water, and their implications for the region are considered to be the major priority area by the workshop participants. Results suggest that there is need for adaptive measures with an integrated water management perspective considering: • Availability and supply of ground/surface water to maintain natural ecosystems, the goods and services they provide, agricultural productivity and food security; • Efficient use of water for agricultural, residential and industrial purposes; • Drought and flood management; • Capacity building among the regional stakeholders in terms of climate change impacts and adaptation measures.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Piccardo, Chiara, et al.
(författare)
-
Challenge-based, interdisciplinary learning for sustainability in doctoral education
- 2022
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. - 1467-6370. ; 23:7, s. 1482-1503
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Doctoral candidates possess specialized knowledge that could support sustainability transitions. Doctoral education, however, often focusses on discipline-specific topics and working methods, making it difficult to “see the bigger picture”. This summer school on wood construction gathered doctoral candidates from different fields to explore how solutions to complex sustainability issues could be found by working together across disciplines and by engaging multiple stakeholders. The purpose of this study is to report the pedagogical approaches taken and to understand whether these fostered the candidates’ ability to develop systemic solutions and professional competency. Design/methodology/approach: Twenty doctoral candidates from various backgrounds participated in a two-week summer school organized by a consortium of four universities. Interdisciplinary groups worked on real-life challenges using a systemic approach to co-create tangible solutions. To support the creation of socio-technical innovations, stakeholders and experts from different fields were involved. The participants completed two questionnaires during the summer school to help elucidate their learning experiences. Findings: The doctoral candidates showed strong willingness to cooperate across disciplines, though they found it important to connect this learning experience to their research. The candidates reported that the experience enhanced their ability to work in a multidisciplinary capacity. The experience identified a solid basis for interdisciplinary learning principles that could be replicated. Originality/value: The summer school focussed on an innovative learning experience based on a systems thinking approach and the development of interdisciplinary capacity in the research-business ecosystem.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Ragnarsdottir, K. V., et al.
(författare)
-
Challenging the planetary boundaries I: Basic principles of an integrated model for phosphorous supply dynamics and global population size
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Applied Geochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0883-2927. ; 26:Suppl., s. 303-306
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A simple mass balance model has been developed to assess the planetary boundary for P supply in relation to use by human society. Phosphorus sources used by humans are from fossil reserves. The model takes into account resource use rate and reserves, consumption, phosphate to food production, environmental degradation, waste and recycling. Various policy scenarios are tested from current end of pipe solutions to clean production and pollution prevention, sustainable consumption and production polices and sustainable population policy. In order to get an overview of possible future scenarios it is necessary to close nutrient cycles and formulate a sustainable population policy. The outcome of systems dynamics based modeling for four scenarios are given in a sister paper in this issue. Results show that effective population and P recycling policies are crucial to avoid world hunger. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Ragnarsdottir, Kristin Vala, et al.
(författare)
-
Substitution of metals in times of potential supply limitations: What are the mitigation options and limitations?
- 2015
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global production rates of metals vary from iron at 1.4 billion ton per year to platinum with 200 ton per year. Resource scarcity starts to manifest itself in rising prices and supply limitations, and metal substitution has been a major argument among economists when putting considerations of resource scarcity aside. Here we investigate the potential limits to metal substitution. Present consumption, recycling and irreversible loss rates, as well as the metal balances and properties are examined. Our findings suggest that the major limitations and issues to substitution are: (1) Physical limitations in terms of metal available; it can only take place by a more abundant metal taking partly the place of a metal produced in smaller amounts; (2) Functional limitations based of differences in physical and chemical properties; and (3) By considering substitution options often more energy is needded and larger CO2 emissions occur. Substitution of metals is therefore not going to take the threat of scarcity away; it can only delay us in adapting to the level of sustainable use. The longer we wait, the more we risk squandering resources before we properly conserve our resources from becoming scarce
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| 23. |
- Ragnarsdottir, Kristin Vala, et al.
(författare)
-
Time of scarcity horizons for technology metals, precious metals, base metals, superalloy metals, battery technology metals and infrastructure materials.
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Accelerating the Resource Revolution - WRF 2017 Meeting Report : Geneva, October 24 – 25, 2017 - Geneva, October 24 – 25, 2017. - 9783906177182
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have built a system dynamics model, WORLD6, that takes into account population, energy extraction, production and need, aspects social behaviour, material and metals recycling and important links to the economy. The model is ground-truthed by comparing with actual supply per person from 1900 till 2015 and run until 2400. Primary scarcity metrics are supply per person and year and stock-in-use per person. Results show that technology metals (antimony, bismuth, selenium, indium, gallium and germanium) will all peak in production before 2100. Precious metals will peak in production earlier, or before 2050. The base metals (copper, zinc) will have a roughly stable supply from 2050 till 2300, whereas the production of lead will be approximately the same from 1960 till 2400 and that of nickel will peak before 2050. The superalloy metals (molybdenum, niobium) will have a stable supply from around 2050 till 2400, but cobalt will be stable from 2100 till 2300 and then decline. The battery metal lithium will peak in production 2010, cobalt will be stable (as stated above) and rare earth´s will rise in use, particularly after 2100. When considering service capital per person (concrete, iron, aluminium, copper) the model predicts steady rise throughout the 21st century, with stabilization in the 22nd century. Our dynamic WORLD6 modelling results give clear indications that for the most important metals that are used in modern technology and in societal infrastructure there are limits and therefore careful circular economy programmes are necessary at the level of every nation so that metals do not become the centre of future conflicts.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Sverdrup, Harald, et al.
(författare)
-
A Simple System Dynamics Model for the Global Production Rate of Sand, Gravel, Crushed Rock and Stone, Market Prices and Long-Term Supply Embedded into the WORLD6 Model
- 2017
-
Ingår i: BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2366-0120 .- 2366-0112. ; 2:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A model for global supply of sand, gravel and cut stone for construction based on a system dynamics model was developed for inclusion in the WORLD6 model. The Sand-Gravel-Stone model simulates production and market supply, demand and price for natural sand and gravel, sand and gravel from crushed rock and cut stone. The model uses market mechanisms where the demand is depending on population size, maintenance and price. For the period 2000–2050, the WORLD6 model outputs correlate with the GINFORS model outputs (r 2 = 0.98), but they may take different pathways after 2050. The resources of sand and gravel are estimated at 12 trillion ton each, another 125 trillion tons of rock is suitable for crushing to sand and gravel and at least 42 trillion ton of quality stone is available for production of cut stone. The simulation, under assumed business-as-usual conditions, shows that cut stone production will reach a maximum level by about 2020–2030 and stabilize after that. The cause for this is that demand exceeds extraction as well as slow exhaustion of the known reserves of high-quality stone. Sand and gravel show plateau behaviour and reach their maximum production rate in 2060–2070. The reason for the slight peak towards a plateau behaviour is partly driven by an expected population decline and increasing prices for sand and gravel, limiting demand. Assuming business-as-usual conditions rates remain at that level for centuries.
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| 27. |
- Sverdrup, Harald, et al.
(författare)
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A System Dynamics Assessment of the Supply of Molybdenum and Rhenium Used for Super-alloys and Specialty Steels, Using the WORLD6 Model
- 2018
-
Ingår i: BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2366-0120 .- 2366-0112. ; 3:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The extraction, supply, market price and recycling of the metals molybdenum and rhenium were modelled using an integrated system dynamics model. The resource estimates made here resulted in significantly larger estimates than earlier studies for molybdenum. Present molybdenum resources are about 75–80 million ton and about 7 million ton has been mined to date. The ultimately recoverable resources (URR) for molybdenum are about 65 million in primary resources and about 45 million ton in secondary sources, a total of about 111 million ton, and after considering technical extractability, evaluating several hundred different geological deposits, the extractable amount is about 90 million ton. For rhenium, URR is about 21,000 ton contained in mostly in molybdenum and copper, but some come from nickel, wolfram and platinum group metal ores. The model outputs show that molybdenum and rhenium are finite resources, and that they may become exhausted unless the degree of recycling will be significantly improved. Peak production is estimated to take place in 2060 for molybdenum and rhenium, with peak in stocks-in-use around 2090. The molybdenum and rhenium recycling rates are generally low. Both market intervention mechanisms and governance incentives should be used to increase recycling. The metal extraction and ore grades were modelled with good success when tested against observed data. The model predicts a significant decline in molybdenum supply after 2100 under the present demand combined with the present regime of recycling. The supply situation for rhenium is dependent on the situation applicable for molybdenum ore availability and rhenium recycling rate.
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| 28. |
- Sverdrup, Harald, et al.
(författare)
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Aluminium for the future: Modelling the global production, market supply, demand, price and long term development of the global reserves
- 2015
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation & Recycling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-3449. ; 103:103, s. 139-154
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The reserves, production from mines, supply of aluminium to society and mass fluxes of aluminium in society was assessed using an integrated systems dynamics model (ALUMINIUM) in order to reconstruct the past and investigate potential future scenarios. The investigations for input data show that the mine- able aluminium reserves are large, but finite. We get an average value for the ultimately recoverable reserve to be about 20–25 billion ton aluminium. The production of aluminium at present is 50 million ton per year. Continuing business-as-usual consumption with sustained global population growth above 7 billion people combined with a decline in cheap fossil fuels, aluminium may in the long perspective be a more expensive product than today. Should the event of a need for substituting a significant part of copper, iron, steel and stainless steel with aluminium arise, the time to scarcity for aluminium could become an issue within the next four decades. Ultimately, continuation of the aluminium production may in the future become limited by access to energy. Whereas aluminium primary production may go through a peak in the next decades, supply to society will not reach a peak before the end of the century, because of recycling from the stock in society. The model suggests that the supply level will decline to 2014 level sometime around 2250, or 230 years into the future.
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| 29. |
- Sverdrup, Harald, et al.
(författare)
-
An assessment of metal supply sustainability as an input to policy: security of supply extraction rates, stocks-in-use, recycling, and risk of scarcity
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 140, s. 359-372
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The integrated model WORLD and Hubbert's model were used for assessment of future supply for different metals: iron, nickel, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, tantalum, niobium, rhenium, zir- conium, tungsten, cobalt, copper, zinc, lead, aluminium and the technology metals derived from copper ezinc mining (tellurium, selenium, gallium, indium, antimony, bismuth, tin, germanium, selenium). The connections between their productions were mapped. The literature was reviewed for best estimates of total recoverable amounts, and best estimates were made, considering extraction costs and extractability. Peak years were determined for all the metals studied. Most metals seem to reach peak production during the next 4 decades, suggesting a risk for shortages in the near future. When supplies from mines dwindle, measures such as recycling from society's stock, substitutions to other materials than metals when this is possible, and stopped dissipative uses, will become important mitigation tools, calling for reorganization of resource policies world-wide. Present resource policies at all levels (regional, national, international) are to a large degree inadequate and need thorough review. The relevance of the Hubbert's model as an assessment tool was done. It is useful for all metals taken from independent ore deposits, whereas the method appears to be less suited for extraction of dependent metals unless the curve is derived from the Hubbert's model applied on the parent source. In such times, strategic thinking and strategic leadership based in systems thinking will be required.
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| 30. |
- Sverdrup, Harald, et al.
(författare)
-
Defining a free market: drivers of unsustainability as illustrated with an example of shrimp farming in the mangrove forest in South East Asia
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 140:1, s. 299-311
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We apply causal loop diagrams (CLD) to picture how complex societal scenarios can be understood in terms of interdependent drivers and mechanisms between actors from the public and private sectors respectively. And we show how un-sustainable scenarios can be understood in terms of insufficient balancing feed-back in the system. We apply the methodology to picture such imbalances as funda- mental drivers behind the tragedy of the commons. And we apply it to go deeper into a specific business example in this context, a complex case of resource exploitation in Far East Asia. The CLD analyses inform a discussion on the interplay between societies on the one hand, represented by the Government and its legislature, and the private sector with its companies, consumers and market on the other. Our study confirms that unsustainability can only be understood and addressed at the systemic level, encom- passing both natural and social systems, where also the virtual and emergent systems of modern civi- lization are considered. The results show that a market economy can only be sustainable as well as really free, when embedded in a systemic and balanced interplay between the actors on the arena. The pro- vision of the market arena with well thought-through rules of the game, offered by a well-functioning democratic society, is needed. The challenge for leaders in business and society is to be able to grasp the causalities of the whole system, and let this guide and shape sustainable goals as well as leadership and management in coherence with such goals.
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| 31. |
- Sverdrup, Harald, et al.
(författare)
-
Estimating critical extraction rates for the main metals for a sustainable society within the planetary limits
- 2015
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The critical rates of extraction of some metals was explored using a methodology based on the thinking behind critical loads for sulphur and nitrogen deposition developed in Europe 1990-2010. With a long term sustainability view in mind, critical rates based on 5,000 and 10,000 years were estimated and found to widely exceed the present extraction rates. Huge advances in recycling, as well as a significant contraction of metal demand would be required to reach no exceedence of the critical rates.
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| 32. |
- Sverdrup, Harald, et al.
(författare)
-
Integrated Modelling of the Global Cobalt Extraction, Supply, Price and Depletion of Extractable Resources Using the WORLD6 Model
- 2017
-
Ingår i: BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2366-0120 .- 2366-0112. ; 2:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global cobalt cycle in society was modelled using an integrated systems dynamics model, WORLD6, integrating several earlier system dynamics models developed by the authors. The COBALT sub-model was used to assess the long-term sufficiency of the available extractable cobalt and address the effect of different degrees of recycling on cobalt supply. The extraction of cobalt is mostly dependent on the extraction of copper, nickel and platinum group metals. The ultimately recoverable resources estimate was 32 million ton on land and 34 million ton on the ocean floors, a total of 66 million ton, significantly larger than earlier estimates. It is very uncertain how much of the cobalt, detected in ocean floor deposits, is extractable. The present use of cobalt by society is diverse and about half the total cobalt production to the market is in the form of metallic cobalt. The simulations show that cobalt extraction is predicted to reach a peak in the years 2025–2030 and that the supply will reach a peak level in 2040–2050. Three different global population scenarios were used (high, middle, low). We predict that the supply of cobalt will decline slowly with about 3–5% per year after 2050. The present use of cobalt in chemicals, colours, rechargeable batteries and super-alloys shows a low degree of recycling and the systemic losses are significant. After 2170, cobalt will have run out under business-as-usual scenario. The present business-as-usual cobalt use in society is not sustainable. Too much cobalt is lost if only market mechanisms are expected to improve recycling, and unnecessary cobalt is wasted if no policy actions are taken. Increased recycling and better conservation will be able to improve the supply situation, but this will need active policy participation beyond what market mechanisms can do alone. To conserve cobalt for coming generations, present policies must be changed within the next few decades. The sooner policies change, the better for future generations
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| 33. |
- Sverdrup, Harald, et al.
(författare)
-
Investigating the sustainability of the global silver supply, reserves, stocks in society and market price using different approaches
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Resources, Conservation & Recycling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-3449. ; 83, s. 121-140
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The authors have collected data for the silver market, shedding light on market size, stocks in society and silver flows in society. The world supply from mining, depletion of the remaining reserves, reducing ore grades, market price and turnover of silver was simulated using the SILVER model developed for this study. The model combines mining, trade markets, price mechanisms, populations dynamics, use in society and waste and recycling into an integrated system. At the same time the degree of sustainability and resource time horizon was estimated using different methods such as: 1: burn-off rates, 2: peak discovery early warning, 3: Hubbert's production model, and 4: System dynamic modelling. The Hubbert's model was run for the period of 6000 BC-3000 AD, the SILVER system dynamics model was run for the time range 1840-2340. We have estimated that the ultimately recoverable reserves of silver are in the range 2.7-3.1 million tonne silver at present, of which approximately 1.35-1.46 million tonne have already been mined. The timing estimate range for peak silver production is narrow, in the range 2027-2038, with the best estimate in 2034. By 2240, all silver mines will be nearly empty and exhausted. The outputs from all models converge to emphasize the importance of consistent recycling and the avoidance of irreversible losses to make society more sustainable with respect to silver market supply. (C) 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Sverdrup, Harald, et al.
(författare)
-
Modelling the copper, zinc and lead mining rates and co-extraction of dependent metals, supply, price and extractable amounts using the BRONZE model
- 2015
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The total resources form copper, zinc and lead was estimated from a reworking of the literature. The data was used as input to the integrated systems dynamics model BRONZE, and used to estimate the global supply of these metals and the by-products antimony, indium, germanium, tellurium, cadmium, bismuth and selenium. The runs show that copper, zinc and lead go through peak production around 2050 and declines as the resources run out some time after 2100, and with them the metals produced as by products become unavailable.
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| 36. |
- Sverdrup, Harald, et al.
(författare)
-
Modelling the gold market, explaining the past and assessing the physical and economical sustainability of future scenarios
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 30th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. - 9781935056096
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- By using an integrated dynamic model we are able to reconstruct the supply and gold price of the past (1920-2010) and this is used to predict the future supply of gold to the market and to make a forecast of the goldprice 2010-2100. The model was validated against field data for the period 1920-2010 and it performs well. The model GOLD is implemented in the STELLA® software and the model described in the article. The simulation results show that the market is fundamentally driven by supply and demand, but that derivates trade and speculations have affected the market significantly to create large short term variations in price. The investigations show that during 1930 to 1971, the price was set by the governments of the US and UK, that after 1971 it was a functioning market and that during 1990-2000, the gold price was artificially depressed by foreward and derivates trade. On the theme of long term supply the model predicts a shift from high-grade ores to low-grade deposits as the main virgin supply source in the next 50 years, but that recycling will become the most important source of gold to the market. The authors predict a significant tightening of the gold market, with rising prices and a decreased derivates trade as compared to trade in the physical commodity. It has been claimed that foreward and derivates trade would stabilize the markets and the price. However, the model shows clearly that this is not the case, but that foreward and derivates trade create less stability and increase price fluctuations, but that they cannot prevent the long term trend from basic fundamental factors to set the long term levels.
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| 37. |
- Sverdrup, Harald, et al.
(författare)
-
Peak Metals, Minerals, Energy, Wealth, Food and Population: Urgent Policy Considerations for a Sustainable Society
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. - 1934-8932. ; :5, s. 499-533
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several strategic metals, elements and energy resources are about to run into scarcity in the near future under the present paradigm of use. A global systems model has been developed (WORLD) to assess the issue of scarcity and its implications for society. We show that scarcity may lead to “peak wealth”, “peak population”, “peak waste” and “peak civilization”, unless urgent counter-measures are systematically undertaken. Materials that underpin modern society may become unavailable for global mass production of goods. The material volumes that can be supplied from fossil reserves will be reduced with respect to today and resources will go up in price. The future resource supply is unsustainable without comprehensive recycling. The creation of wealth from conversion of resources and work, as well as the current extensive borrowing from the future, cause concerns that peaking energy and materials production may lead to “peak wealth” and the end of the golden age we live in. Our policy recommendations are that governments must take this issue seriously and must immediately start preparing legislations to close material cycles, optimize energy use and minimize irreversible material losses. Research efforts need to be based on systems thinking and a concerted effort is needed.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Sverdrup, Harald, et al.
(författare)
-
The WORLD Model Development and The Integrated Assessment of the Global Natural Resources Supply
- 2018
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- WORLD6 model was developed and applied to simulate potential future supply and scarcity of a num- ber of natural resources within the system dynamics modelling workpackage of the SimRess project. The main objective of this report is to outline the overall structure of the WORLD6 model and provide a detailed description of the “resources” module implemented in the model.In the WORLD6 model, resources are clustered under METALS, MATERIALS and ENERGY sub-mod- ules. The metals sub-module includes copper, zinc, lead, technology metals (silver, antimony, bismuth, tellurium, selenium, cadmium, germanium, indium, gallium), manganese, chromium, nickel, iron, stain- less steel, speciality metals (molybdenum, rhenium, niobium, tantalum, cobalt, wolfram, platinum group metals (platinum, palladium, rhodium), super alloys) and light metals (aluminium, lithium). The materials sub-module includes sand, gravel and stone, where as the energy sub-module includes fos- sile fuels more specifically hydrocarbons.For each of the modelled resources, model simulation results were presented and an associated inte- grated assessment was provided under separate sections of this report. In general, the WORLD6 model simulation results suggests that most of the supply peaks for metals, materials and fossil fuels will occure around the middle of this century. This will lead to some of the most serious industrial, po- litical and social challenges of our times and will require careful preparation and research in order not to disrupt the functioning of society. Substantially better degree of recycling offers a long term sustain- able and secure supply of most resources.
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| 40. |
- Sverdrup, Harald, et al.
(författare)
-
The WORLD model: Peak metals, minerals, energy, wealth, food and population
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 30th International Conference of the System Dynamics Society. - 9781935056096 ; , s. 102-102
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we show that several metals, elements and energy resources are about to run into scarcity within the next decades, and most elements within some centuries. A new global systems model was assembled to analyse this scarcity as a continuation of the model used in the Limits-to-Growth World3 model. We show that this scarcity will lead to “peak wealth”, “peak population”, “peak costs”, “peak junk”, “peak problems” and possibly “peak civilization”, unless some urgent measures are systematically taken throughout the world. Scarcity implies that materials that underpin modern society will largely be unavailable for global mass production of goods. The material volumes that can be supplied from fossil reserves will be reduced with respect to today and all materials will go up sharply in price. The future resource supply is thus unsustainable as long as resource use continues as today. The creation of money from conversion of resources and work, as well as the current extensive borrowing from the future, cause concerns that peak oil and peak materials may lead to “peak wealth” and the end of the golden age we currently have for developed nations. Our policy recommendations are that governments must take this issue seriously and immediately start preparing for legislations that can close material cycles, optimize energy use and minimize all types of irreversible material losses as soon as possible. Forceful programs promoting extensive recycling are needed as well as special care in closing loops and reducing irreversible losses. Research efforts in this field needs to be based on systems thinking and a concerted effort is needed globally.
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| 41. |
- Sverdrup, Harald, et al.
(författare)
-
The WORLD6 Integrated System Dynamics Model: Examples of Results from Simulations
- 2019
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Ingår i: Progress Towards the Resource Revolution. - 9783952140987 ; , s. 68-76
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The WORLD6 model is a fully integrated dynamic world systems model. It includes a biophysical global economic model, based on first principles of physics and thermodynamics, forcing it to be fully consistent with the underlying mass- and energy balances. The WORLD6 model first creates value from extraction of natural resources, input of human labour, the efficiency effect of mechanization and automation, the effect of innovation and their use in manufacturing of goods and services, and the secondly does monetization through market mechanisms and debt financing. The model includes 7 different capital stocks for: (1) industrial resource extraction, (2) industrial manufacture, (3) social service capital, (4) agricultural capital for land use and food production, (5) military capital, (6) speculative capital tied up in derivatives, real estate, consumer credits, (7) criminal or illegal capital. There are 3 different debt pools; (1) general, (2) speculative and (3) pensions. These are all linked through a number of feedbacks in the system to resource extraction, energy production, population dynamics, food production and phosphorus extraction, manufacture of consumer goods and services. The WORLD6 model connects to environmental pollution with feedbacks and inputs to human health and climate change inside the model. The model includes money flows, stocks as well as debt dynamics and how this is connected to the capital base and the governance. The WORLD6 model has earlier been extensively tested on natural resource extraction rates, resource ore grades, supply volumes and market price for resources with very good success. The WORLD6 model system was tested in its economic aspects against observed GDP for the period 1850 to 2015 and GDP per capita, commodity prices, extraction rates and resource supply rates with good success. These results were obtained from first principles only and without calibrating the model to any type of data time-series.
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| 42. |
- Sverdrup, Harald, et al.
(författare)
-
The WORLD6 model for evaluation of natural resource sustainability considering metals, materials, energy, population and food.
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Accelerating the Resource Revolution : WRF 2017 Meeting Report, Geneva, October 24 – 25, 2017 - WRF 2017 Meeting Report, Geneva, October 24 – 25, 2017. - 9783906177182
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new model; WORLD6 was developed. WORLD6 differs from the earlier system dynamics world models in several aspects. Several modules link the economy, materials, metals, energy, population and politics in a dynamic system. The present version is a result of a dismantling of the World3 model (Meadows et al., 1972, 1992, 2004) with an extension and substitution of its resource module and economy module. The WORLD6 model has several sub-modules at present which are all dynamically linked: 1. Population and food module: The module contains the original World3 model from 1972 model and used again in 1992 and 2004. This was enhanced with a new module for phosphate rock extraction, fertilizer production and an agricultural unit of WORLD6. 2. Materials and metals module a. Materials: Phosphorus, cement, sand, gravel and cut stone. b. Metals: Copper, zinc, lead, silver, gold, Iron, chromium, manganese, nickel, aluminium, stainless steel, antimony, bismuth, cobalt, gallium, germanium, indium, cadmium, tellurium, selenium, lithium, platinum, palladium, rhodium, molybdenum, rhenium, niobium, tantalum, tin, wolfram (tungsten), titanium, zirconium, hafnium and rare earth metals.3. Economy module: The model has a new simplified global economy module, considering the major actors like households, businesses, and government. Disposable funds, investments and market price for every resource is simulated endogenously in the model for every resource: metals, materials, food and commodities. 4. Energy module: An energy model including the extraction of fossil fuels. Different types of oil, gas, and coal as well as the extraction dynamics and reprocessing of uranium and thorium, used in conventional and breeder reactor technologies, technological energy harvests and renewable energy. 5. Climate and biosphere module: A simplified CLIMATE change module, converting CO2 emissions to CO2 in the atmosphere, with increase in temperature and sea level rise.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Sverdrup, Harald U., et al.
(författare)
-
How large is the global population when limited by long term sustainable global metal-, energy-and phosphate supply ?
- 2020
-
Ingår i: System Dynamics Society, International Conference Proceedings.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The WORLD7 model was used to make an assessment for the sustainable metal usage and the resources available within the planetary limits to human society, in order to estimate demands on recycling and maximum metal consumption per capita for different metals. The metals were selected for their importance in society. The calculations of critical metal use show that we have substantial metal usage above the sustainable rates, needing a reduction in net use of more than 95% for many metals. Alternatively, the issue was turned around, asking, if this is how much metals that is available, how many people for how long can we support with it? A sustainability gap can be determined, alternatively, that the global population needs to come down in size to somewhere between 1.5-2 billion people, combined with improved recycling efficiencies. How a global population contraction can take place is not discussed.
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| 45. |
- Sverdrup, Harald U., et al.
(författare)
-
On modelling the global copper mining rates, market supply, copper price and the end of copper reserves
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Resources, Conservation & Recycling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-3449. ; 87, s. 158-174
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The world supply and turnover of copper was modelled using simple empirical estimates and a COPPER systems dynamics model developed for this study. The model combines mining, trade markets, price mechanisms, population dynamics, use in society and waste as well as recycling, into a whole world system. The degree of sustainability and resource time horizon was estimated using four different methods including (1) burn-off rates, (2) peak discovery early warning, (3) Hubbert's production model, and (4) COPPER, a system dynamics model. The ultimately recoverable reserves (URR) have been estimated using different sources that converge around 2800 million tonne, where about 800 million tonne have already been mined, and 2000 million tonne remain. The different methods independently suggest peak copper mine production in the near future. The model was run for a longer period to cover all systems dynamics and delays. The peak production estimates are in a narrow window in time, from 2031 to 2042, with the best model estimate in 2034, or 21 years from the date of writing. In a longer perspective, taking into account price and recycling, the supply of copper to society is estimated to run out sometime after 2400. The outputs from all models put focus on the importance of copper recycling so that society can become more sustainable with respect to copper supply. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 46. |
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