| 1. |
- Bakker, Marta, et al.
(författare)
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Development of social perception : A conversation study of 6-, 12-and 36-month-old children
- 2011
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 34:2, s. 363-370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A conversation is made up of visual and auditory signals in a complex flow of events. What is the relative importance of these components for young children's ability to maintain attention on a conversation? In the present set of experiments the visual and auditory signals were disentangled in four filmed events. The visual events were either accompanied by the speech sounds of the conversation or by matched motor sounds and the auditory events by either the natural visual turn taking of the conversation or a matched turn taking of toy trucks. A cornea-reflection technique was used to record the gaze-pattern of subjects while they were looking at the films. Three age groups of typically developing children were studied; 6-month-olds, 1-year-olds and 3-year-olds. The results show that the children are more attracted by the social component of the conversation independent of the kind of sound used. Older children find spoken language more interesting than motor sound. Children look longer at the speaking agent when humans maintain the conversation. The study revealed that children are more attracted to the mouth than to the eyes area. The ability to make more predictive gaze shifts develops gradually over age.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Belalov, V. V., et al.
(författare)
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Neurophysiological Analysis of Speech Perception in 2.5 to 3.5-Year-Old Orphans and Children Raised in a Family
- 2014
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Ingår i: Neurophysiology (New York). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0090-2977 .- 1573-9007. ; 46:1, s. 79-87
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2.5-3.5-year-old orphans (n = 41) and children raised in a family (n = 50), we examined specificities of speech perception-related changes in the spectral power density (SPD) of the EEG rhythms. Changes in the SPDs of the theta-, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-rhythms in 16 EEG leads where estimated at presentation of a meaningful speech fragment record (short poem) and of a reversed record of the same signal (direct and reversed speech, respectively). The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III demonstrated the existence of noticeable delays in the development of speech in orphans. Comparison of background EEGs and EEGs in the course of listening for direct speech showed that the alpha-rhythm is desynchronized, while the theta-, beta-, and, especially, gamma-oscillations are synchronized upon perception of the above stimulus. In this case, children raised in a family demonstrated significant increases in the gamma-rhythm SPD in 13 leads of both hemispheres; in orphans, this was observed only in 8 loci localized mostly in the left hemisphere. In children of both groups, listening for reversed speech induced mostly desynchronization of all EEG rhythms with the greatest drops in the gamma SPD mostly in the frontal and left temporal leads. Comparison of SPDs of the EEG components (rhythms) at listening for direct and reversed speech demonstrated that powers of theta-, beta-, and gamma-oscillations increased at presentation of a direct (comprehended) speech in children of both groups. In children raised in families, greater SPDs of the gamma-rhythm were observed in 13 leads (differences were most significant in the frontal parts of the left hemisphere). In institutionalized children, the number of leads with significant increments of the gamma-rhythm power was significantly smaller (only 9). It is supposed that smaller increases in the SPD of of gamma-range oscillations in orphans are related to deviations in the processing of a semantic component of speech perception. This can result from insufficient development of cerebral neuronal networks responsible for processing of verbal information.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Gredebäck, Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
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Goal anticipation during action observation is influenced by synonymous action capabilities, a puzzling developmental study
- 2010
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Ingår i: Experimental Brain Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0014-4819 .- 1432-1106. ; 202:2, s. 493-497
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Eighteen- and 25-month-old human toddlers' ability to manually solve a puzzle and their ability to anticipate the goal during observation of similar actions were investigated. Results demonstrate that goal anticipation during action observation is dependent on manual ability, both on a group level (only 25-month-olds solved the manual task and anticipated the goal during observation) and individually within the older age group (r (xy) = 0.53). These findings suggests a connection between manual ability and the ability to anticipate the goal of others' actions in toddlers, in accordance with the direct matching hypothesis.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Johansson, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Different aspects of visual perception are important for 12-year social functioning depending on gestational age
- 2023
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 112:7, s. 1537-1547
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AimPerceptual mechanisms in social functioning might promote interventions. We investigated relations between visual perception and social functioning, in preterm children.MethodsA prospective preterm cohort born in Uppsala County, Sweden, in 2004–2007 and 49 full-term controls were examined at 12 years. Aspects of visual perception, including static shapes, emotions and time to detect biological motion, were related to social functioning and visual acuity.ResultsThe preterm group comprised 25 extremely preterm children, EPT, born below 28 gestational weeks and 53 children born between 28 and 31 weeks. Preterm children had difficulties in perception of static shapes (p = 0.004) and biological motion (p < 0.001), but not in emotion perception, compared to controls. In the EPT children, poorer shape perception and lower scores on emotion perception were associated with more social problems (p = 0.008) and lower visual acuity (p = 0.004). Shape perception explained more variance in social functioning than emotion perception. In controls, fewer social problems were linked to faster biological motion perception (p = 0.04).ConclusionStatic shape and biological motion perception was affected in the preterm groups. Biological motion perception was relevant for social functioning in full-term children. In EPT children, only shape perception was linked to social functioning, suggesting differential visual perception mechanisms for social deficits.
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| 9. |
- Karimi, Annette, et al.
(författare)
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Brain MRI findings and their association with visual impairment in young adolescents born very preterm
- 2024
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Ingår i: Neuroradiology. - : Springer. - 0028-3940 .- 1432-1920. ; 66:1, s. 145-154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeVery preterm birth increases risk for neonatal white matter injury, but there is limited data on to what extent this persists into adolescence and how this relates to ophthalmological outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess brain MRI findings in 12-year-old children born very preterm compared to controls and their association with concurrent ophthalmological outcomes.MethodsWe included 47 children born very preterm and 22 full-term controls (gestational age <32 and >37 weeks, respectively). Brain MRI findings were studied in association with concurrent ophthalmological outcomes at 12-year follow-up.ResultsEvans index (0.27 vs 0.25, p<0.001) and a proposed “posterior ventricle index” (0.47 vs 0.45, p=0.018) were increased in children born very preterm. Higher gestational age associated with larger corpus callosum area (β=10.7, 95%CI 0.59–20.8). Focal white matter lesions were observed in 15 (32%) of very preterm children and in 1 (5%) of full-term controls. Increased posterior ventricle index increased risk for visual acuity ≤1.0 (OR=1.07×1011, 95%CI=7.78–1.48×1021) and contrast sensitivity <0.5 (OR=2.6×1027, 95%CI=1.9×108–3.5×1046). Decreased peritrigonal white matter thickness associated with impaired visual acuity (β=0.04, 95%CI 0.002–0.07).ConclusionMore white matter lesions and evidence of lower white matter volume were found in children born very preterm compared with full-term controls at 12-year follow-up. The association between larger posterior ventricle index and reduced visual acuity and contrast sensitivity suggests disturbances of the posterior visual pathway due to diffuse white matter lesions.
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| 10. |
- Kochukhova, Olga, et al.
(författare)
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Antenatal steroids and neurodevelopment in 12‐year‐old children born extremely preterm
- 2022
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Ingår i: Acta Paediatrica. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 111:2, s. 314-322
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AimTo investigate neurodevelopmental outcome in 12-year-old children born very preterm in relation to perinatal, neonatal and socioeconomic variables. To examine whether previously described positive effects of antenatal steroids on cognition persist at 12 years.MethodsProspective cohort, 78 children with gestational ages 22.7–31.9 weeks, born in 2004–2007 and examined at 12 years of age with cognitive, motor and visual motor integration tasks and compared to an age-matched control group (n = 50). Two preterm subgroups were studied: very preterm children (28–31 gestational weeks, n = 53) and extremely preterm children (22–27 gestational weeks, n = 25).ResultsThe preterm children had significantly lower scores on all cognitive, motor and visual motor integration tasks than the controls. Gestational age and maternal education influenced associations differently in the two preterm subgroups. Also, severe retinopathy of prematurity demonstrated strong associations to outcome. In the extremely preterm group, administration of antenatal steroids was associated with better cognition, basic attention, word generation and motor skills.ConclusionAt 12 years of age, very preterm children born in the 2000s still have deficits across several neurodevelopmental domains compared to term-born peers. Administration of antenatal steroids has long-lasting associations to cognition and motor skills in extremely preterm-born children.
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| 11. |
- Kochukhova, Olga, et al.
(författare)
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Better Language — Faster Helper : The Relation Between Spontaneous Instrumental Helping Action and Language Ability in Family-Reared and Institutionalized Toddlers
- 2021
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Ingår i: Psychology in Russia. - : Russian Psychological Society. - 2074-6857 .- 2307-2202. ; 14:4, s. 79-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract. Prosocial behavior is the key component of social and interpersonal relations. One of the elements of prosociality is helping behavior, which emerges already in early childhood. Researchers have identified several domains of helping behavior: instrumental helping, comforting another person and one’s capacity to share resources with others. The development of helping behavior can depend on a number of factors: children’s age, the social situation of development, communication skills, the ability to understand the feelings and needs of another person.Goal. In Study 1, the main goal was to determine the effects of age, cognitive, language and motor development on the instrumental helping skills in early childhood. The goal of Study 2 was to estimate the effects of rearing in adverse social environment via comparing the capacity for instrumental helping in family-raised and institutionalized children.Materials and methods. The authors examined toddlers’ ability (Ns=198) to initiate spontaneous helping and the factors that may influence it. Cognitive, language and fine motor skills were measured by using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Child Development, 3rd edition. Children’s instrumental helping behavior was assessed according to the procedure presented by Warneken and Tomasello, with few modifications. Results. Study 1 demonstrated that children’s ability to initiate helping was dependent on their age: the non-helpers were significantly younger than the helpers. Children’s language skills also played a significant role in their helping behavior. The children with higher level language skills helped the adult more often and in a quicker manner. Study 2 demonstrated that institution placement per se was not related to toddlers’ ability to initiate helping. The language ability was associated to helping behavior both in institution- and family-reared toddlers.Conclusions. The instrumental helping in early childhood is related to children’s age, language skills development and rearing conditions.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Kochukhova, Olga, et al.
(författare)
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Integrated global motion influences smooth pursuit in infants
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Vision. - : Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology (ARVO). - 1534-7362. ; 8:11, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Smooth pursuit eye movements (SP) were studied in 5- and 9-month-old infants and adults in response to a rhombusoscillating horizontally behind three spatially separated vertical occluders. During motion, the rhombus vertices were nevervisible. Thus the perception of the global motion of the rhombus required integration of its moving visible segments. Wetested whether infants were able to use such perceived global motion for SP in two different occluder conditions; one inwhich the occluder was clearly visible to the observer and one in which it was invisible. In adults, the presence of a visibleoccluder hiding the vertices of the rhombus strongly facilitates the perception of the global motion. It was found that adultsand 9-month-olds performed significantly more horizontal SP in the presence of a visible occluder but not 5-month-olds.Furthermore, this tendency was strengthened over single trials, and this temporal pattern was very similar in all age groups.In the invisible occluder condition both adults and infants tracked the segments of the rhombus primarily with vertical SP. Itwas concluded that the ability to integrate moving object fragments into perceived global motion and use that to regulate SPdevelops into adult performance by 9 months of age.
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| 14. |
- Kochukhova, Olga, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Learning about occlusion : Initial assumptions and rapid adjustments
- 2007
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Ingår i: Cognition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0010-0277 .- 1873-7838. ; 105:1, s. 26-46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined 6-month-olds abilities to represent occluded objects, using a corneal-reflectioneye-tracking technique. Experiment 1 compared infants’ ability to extrapolate the currentpre-occlusion trajectory with their ability to base predictions on recent experiences of novelobject motions. In the first condition infants performed at asymptote (≈2/3 accurate predictions)from the first occlusion passage. In the second condition all infants initially failed tomake accurate prediction. Performance, however, reached asymptote after two occlusion passages.This is the first study that demonstrates such rapid learning effects during an occlusiontask. Experiment 2 replicates these effects and demonstrates a robust memory effect extending24 h. In occlusion tasks such long-term memory effects have previously only been observed in14-month-olds (Moore & Meltzoff, 2004).
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Kochukhova, Olga, et al.
(författare)
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Preverbal Infants Anticipate that Food will be Brought to the Mouth : An Eye Tracking Study of Manual Feeding and Flying Spoons
- 2010
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Ingår i: Child Development. - : Wiley. - 0009-3920 .- 1467-8624. ; 81:6, s. 1729-1738
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study relies on eye tracking technology to investigate how humans perceive others' feeding actions. Results demonstrate that 6-month-olds (n = 54) anticipate that food is brought to the mouth when observing an adult feeding herself with a spoon. Still, they fail to anticipate self-propelled (SP) spoons that move toward the mouth and manual combing actions directed toward the head. Ten-month-olds (n = 54) and adults (n = 32) anticipate SP spoons; however, only adults anticipate combing actions. These results suggest that goal anticipation during observation of feeding actions develops earlier and is less dependent on directly perceived actions than goal anticipation during observation of other manual actions. These results are discussed in relation to experience and a possible phylogenetic influence on perception and understanding of feeding.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Kochukhova, Olga, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Temperament differences between institution- and family-reared toddlers
- 2016
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 45, s. 91-97
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The goal of this study was to compare the temperamental properties (i.e. Surgency/extraversion, Negative affectivity, Effortful control) of institution-reared (IR) and family-reared (FR) toddlers, aged between 17-37 months, living in Simferopol, Crimea. The results demonstrated significantly lower Surgency and higher Negative affectivity scores in the institution-reared toddlers. At the same time, in IR children Surgency scores depended on children’s age, the older the children were, the higher scores they were assigned. No such relation was found for FR toddlers. Further, level of Negative affectivity in IR group depended significantly on amount of time that children spent at the institution; more time resulted in higher Negative affectivity scores. We could not find any differences between IR and FR children in Effortful control.The study results suggest different developmental patterns for Surgency and Negative affectivity in IR and FR children and are discussed in terms of potential impact it may have on further personality development.
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| 19. |
- Kochukhova, Olga, 1976-
(författare)
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When, Where and What : The Development of Perceived Spatio-Temporal Continuity
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis explored the development of infants’ ability to preserve spatio-temporal continuity of moving objects in situations where they disappeared completely (Study I & II) or partially (Study III) behind other objects (occluders). We recorded infants gaze direction with the help of two different techniques: 1) infants’ gaze shifts in Study I were measured with electro-oculogram (EOG) in combination with a motion analyzing system (Qualisys) that recorded the reflected infrared light from markers placed on the infant’s head and the moving object; 2) in Studies II and III a cornea reflection eye tracker was used (Tobii 1750) . The results presented in this thesis demonstrate that 4-month-old infants are able to represent the temporal aspects of object motion during different periods of complete occlusion (Study I). At 6 months of age infants are able not only to predict the time when a moving object will reappear after complete occlusion but they are also capable to extrapolate pre-occlusion trajectory of the moving object and, thus, to accurately predict its reappearance (Study II). Moreover, in the situation where a linear pre-occlusion trajectory of the moving object is violated (the object turns by 90 degrees behind the occluder), infants at this age are capable of rapidly learning this new experience and base their future gaze shifts over occluder on the newly acquired knowledge. They are also able to preserve this new experience over a 24-hour period. In the situations where occlusion is not complete and some visual information is still available (Study III), 9-month-old infants and to a lesser extent 5-month-old infants are able to reconstruct the moving pattern and to follow its direction of motion with the smooth eye movements. Moreover, 9-month-olds are capable to produce such smooth pursuit at an adult-like level.
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| 20. |
- Kulenkova, A. A., et al.
(författare)
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Brain Bioelectrical Activity in Early Childhood Specific for Children Living in Orphanages
- 2015
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Ingår i: Zurnal vyssej nervnoj deâtel'nosti im. I.P. Pavlova. - 0044-4677. ; 65:5, s. 607-615
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigated whether the electroencephalogram (EEG) during visual fixation in institutionalized children shows the altered oscillation properties. EEG was recorded in the "eyes open" situation with visual attention fixed on a cartoon in 51 2-3.5 years old children living in Simferopol orphanage, Crimea and in 53 age-matched children living in families Oscillation properties were measured using the relative power (RP) indices of theta-, alpha-, beta- and gamma-rhythms. Institutionalized children showed higher RP of alpha rhythm in seven loci (frontal polar, anterior temporal, posterior temporal and left occipital derivations), lower RP of theta rhythm in eight loci (frontal polar, frontal, anterior temporal and posterior temporal derivations). In addition, RP of beta- and gamma-rhythms were decreased in the left anterior temporal area. These results suggest that institutionalized children show impaired development of CNS, in particular development of limbic system and neocortex, probably are caused by early social deprivation.
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| 21. |
- Schmitow, Clara, et al.
(författare)
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How infants look at others' manual interactions : The role of experience
- 2013
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 36:2, s. 223-227
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human actions are often embedded in contexts of social interactions. However, just a few studies that have explored the development of infants' understanding of other people's manual actions do take this variable into account. In this study, 10- and 18-month-old infants were shown three interactive manual actions which the infants could or could not perform themselves. The infants' gaze shifts to the action target were recorded with an eye tracker. The results indicated that 18-month-old infants look faster to the target than their younger counterparts when they observe actions that they can perform themselves. The results suggest that the infants' own capacity to perform an action facilitates understanding of the goal of the action in a social interaction.
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| 22. |
- Schmitow, Clara, et al.
(författare)
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Social perception : How do 6-month-old infants look at pointing gestures?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 42, s. 152-156
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study explored 6-month-old infants' ability to follow a pointing gesture in a dynamic social context. The infants were presented with a video of a model pointing to one of two toys. The pointing gesture was performed either normally (with arm and hand pointing at the same direction), with a stick, or the model's arm and hand pointing in different directions (at different toys). The results indicate that infants at this age reliably followed pointing performed normally.
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| 23. |
- von Hofsten, Claes, et al.
(författare)
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How children with autism look at events
- 2009
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Ingår i: Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 1750-9467. ; 3:2, s. 556-569
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Patterns of eye movements were studied in a group of 10 preschool children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and in two reference groups with typically developing (TD) children, 12 3-year-olds and 12 1-year-olds. Three hypotheses were tested regarding the origins of problems experienced by children with ASD in dynamic situations. The first one stated that the children with ASD have deficient motion perception. The second one stated that children with ASD are deficient in predicting events, and the third one that the roots are to be found in deficient social perception. The results show that the children with ASD tracked moving objects with smooth pursuit and predicted the reappearance of temporarily occluded moving object in the same way as the TD children. Their eye movements, however, revealed deficient social perception. They looked at a video-taped conversation much less than the TD children, they did not predict the onset of the next turn in the conversation, and the fixations on the speakers were shorter. These effects did not appear in a control video with objects taking turns and making sounds in a similar alternating way to the two participants in the conversation.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Von Hofsten, Claes, et al.
(författare)
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Predictive tracking over occlusions by 4-month-old infants
- 2007
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Ingår i: Developmental Science. - : Wiley. - 1363-755X .- 1467-7687. ; 10:5, s. 625-640
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two experiments investigated how 16-20-week-old infants visually tracked an object that oscillated on a horizontal trajectory with a centrally placed occluder. To determine the principles underlying infants' tendency to shift gaze to the exiting side before the object arrives, occluder width, oscillation frequency, and motion amplitude were manipulated resulting in occlusion durations between 0.20 and 1.66 s. Through these manipulations, we were able to distinguish between several possible modes of behavior underlying 'predictive' actions at occluders. Four such modes were tested. First, if passage-of-time determines when saccades are made, the tendency to shift gaze over the occluder is expected to be a function of time since disappearance. Second, if visual salience of the exiting occluder edge determines when saccades are made, occluder width would determine the pre-reappearance gaze shifts but not oscillation frequency, amplitude, or velocity. Third, if memory of the duration of the previous occlusion determines when the subjects shift gaze over the occluder, it is expected that the gaze will shift after the same latency at the next occlusion irrespective of whether occlusion duration is changed or not. Finally, if infants base their pre-reapperance gaze shifts on their ability to represent object motion (cognitive mode), it is expected that the latency of the gaze shifts over the occluder is scaled to occlusion duration. Eye and head movements as well as object motion were measured at 240 Hz. In 49% of the passages, the infants shifted gaze to the opposite side of the occluder before the object arrived there. The tendency to make such gaze shifts could not be explained by the passage of time since disappearance. Neither could it be fully explained in terms of visual information present during occlusion, i.e. occluder width. On the contrary, it was found that the latency of the pre-reappearance gaze shifts was determined by the time of object reappearance and that it was a function of all three factors manipulated. The results suggest that object velocity is represented during occlusion and that infants track the object behind the occluder in their 'mind's eye'.
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| 26. |
- von Hofsten, Claes, 1942-, et al.
(författare)
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What eye movements reveal about autism.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders. - 1750-9467 .- 1878-0237. ; 3, s. 556-569
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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