| 1. |
- Bösl, Korbinian, et al.
(författare)
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Common Nodes of Virus-Host Interaction Revealed Through an Integrated Network Analysis
- 2019
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Immunology. - : FRONTIERS MEDIA SA. - 1664-3224. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Viruses are one of the major causes of acute and chronic infectious diseases and thus a major contributor to the global burden of disease. Several studies have shown how viruses have evolved to hijack basic cellular pathways and evade innate immune response by modulating key host factors and signaling pathways. A collective view of these multiple studies could advance our understanding of virus-host interactions and provide new therapeutic perspectives for the treatment of viral diseases. Here, we performed an integrative meta-analysis to elucidate the 17 different host-virus interactomes. Network and bioinformatics analyses showed how viruses with small genomes efficiently achieve the maximal effect by targeting multifunctional and highly connected host proteins with a high occurrence of disordered regions. We also identified the core cellular process subnetworks that are targeted by all the viruses. Integration with functional RNA interference (RNAi) datasets showed that a large proportion of the targets are required for viral replication. Furthermore, we performed an interactome-informed drug re-purposing screen and identified novel activities for broad-spectrum antiviral agents against hepatitis C virus and human metapneumovirus. Altogether, these orthogonal datasets could serve as a platform for hypothesis generation and follow-up studies to broaden our understanding of the viral evasion landscape.
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| 2. |
- Fischer, Klara, et al.
(författare)
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No legitimacy: A study of private sector sanitation development in the Global South
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-4224. ; 38, s. 68-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What is needed for the private sector to successfully establish itself as a key player in delivering sustainable sanitation in the Global South? The present paper aims to offer some answers to this through the case of Peepoople AB, a company delivering a single-use biodegradable toilet bag in informal settlements. The company aimed to but failed in combining sustainable development of sanitation and financial gain for investors. We suggest that explanations for the failure can be found in the interaction between the company and the development– and aid organisations already involved in sanitation development. Through Strategic Niche Management, we look at whether the company managed to create relevant social networks, expectation dynamics and learning processes. The company gained legitimacy with end users, but failed to gain legitimacy in the development sector as it did not prioritise the kind of learning and competence considered relevant in the sector.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Gallardo-Fernández, Gloria L., 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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We adapt … but is it good or bad? Locating the political ecology and social-ecological systems debate in reindeer herding in the Swedish Sub-Arctic : Locating the political ecology and social-ecological systems debate in reindeer herding in the Swedish Sub-Arctic
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Political Ecology. - : University of Arizona Press. - 1073-0451. ; 24, s. 667-691
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reindeer herding (RDH) is a livelihood strategy deeply connected to Sami cultural tradition. This article explores the implications of two theoretical and methodological approaches for grasping complex socio-environmental relationships of RDH in Subarctic Sweden. Based on joint fieldwork, two teams – one that aligns itself with political ecology (PE) and the other with social-ecological systems (SES) – compared PE and SES approaches of understanding RDH. Our purpose was twofold: 1) to describe the situation of Sami RDH through the lenses of PE and SES, exploring how the two approaches interpret the same empirical data; 2) to present an analytical comparison of the ontological and epistemological assumptions of this work, also inferring different courses of action to instigate change for the sustainability of RDH. Key informants from four sameby in the Kiruna region expressed strong support for the continuation of RDH as a cultural andeconomic practice. Concerns about the current situation raised by Sami representatives centered on the cumulative negative impacts on RDH from mining, forestry and tourism. PE and SES researchers offered dissimilar interpretations of the key aspects of the RDH socio-economic situation, namely: the nature and scale of RDH systems; the ubiquitous role of conflict; and conceptualizations of responses to changing socio-environmental conditions. Due to these disparities, PE and SES analyses have radically divergent socio-political implications for what ought to be done to redress the current RDH situation.
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| 5. |
- Gallardo Fernández, Gloria, et al.
(författare)
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Reflections on a Process of Research with Reindeer Herding Communities in Sweden’s Norrbotten
- 2020
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Ingår i: Co-creating Actionable Science. - : Cambridge Scholars Publishing. - 9781527548473 ; , s. 158-175
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research about or with local communities entails particular challengesboth in the field and when interpreting empirical results. The purpose of this essay is to reflect on the research process that underpinned the generation of the article “We adapt … but is it good or bad? Locating the political ecology and social-ecological systems debate in reindeer herdingin the Swedish Sub-Arctic”. This article discusses the implications of different theoretical and methodological approaches for grasping complexsocio-ecological relations by examining four reindeer herding communities (Samebyar) in Norrbotten County. The methodological, ethical and epistemological challenges and tensions we encountered in undertaking this task are discussed, including: 1) developing the research design; 2)formulating the research agenda; 3) deciding on criteria of representation;4) the ethics of paying informants and 5) validating results. By examining these issues through reflecting on our research experience, we hope to contribute to the discussion on the challenges of field studies of communities.
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| 6. |
- Gallardo, Gloria, et al.
(författare)
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We adapt … but is it good or bad? Locating the political ecology and social-ecological systems debate in reindeer herding in the Swedish Sub-Arctic
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Political Ecology. - Arizona : The University of Arizona. - 1073-0451. ; 24:1, s. 667-691
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Reindeer herding (RDH) is a livelihood strategy deeply connected to Sami cultural tradition. This article explores the implications of two theoretical and methodological approaches for grasping complex socioenvironmental relationships of RDH in Subarctic Sweden. Based on joint fieldwork, two teams – one that aligns itself with political ecology (PE) and the other with social-ecological systems (SES) – compared PE and SES approaches of understanding RDH. Our purpose was twofold: 1) to describe the situation of Sami RDH through the lenses of PE and SES, exploring how the two approaches interpret the same empirical data; 2) to present an analytical comparison of the ontological and epistemological assumptions of this work, also inferring different courses of action to instigate change for the sustainability of RDH. Key informants from four sameby in the Kiruna region expressed strong support for the continuation of RDH as a cultural and economic practice. Concerns about the current situation raised by Sami representatives centered on the cumulative negative impacts on RDH from mining, forestry and tourism. PE and SES researchers offered dissimilar interpretations of the key aspects of the RDH socio-economic situation, namely: the nature and scale of RDH systems; the ubiquitous role of conflict; and conceptualizations of responses to changing socioenvironmental conditions. Due to these disparities, PE and SES analyses have radically divergent sociopolitical implications for what ought to be done to redress the current RDH situation.
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| 7. |
- Hansson, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Farmers' mental models of change and implications for farm renewal - A case of restoration of a wetland in Sweden
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Rural Studies. - : Elsevier BV. - 0743-0167 .- 1873-1392. ; 60, s. 141-151
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, an analysis was made of farmers' mental models of a change in their environment that called for significant changes to the way their farms were run. In particular, the attributes farmers ascribed to the change, the consequences of these attributes, and the values the attributes acted to fulfill or prevented from fulfilling were identified. As a case study to illustrate a change to farmers' environment, the study used the restoration of a Swedish wetland (Lake Homborgasjon), in what has been one of Sweden's largest nature restoration projects. Based on 15 in-depth interviews with farmers affected by the restoration, it was found that farmers mostly associated the restoration with negative impacts on their farms. Personal values of the types power, hedonism, universalism, security, achievement, and self-direction were also associated with farmers' mental models of the change, and perceived consequences associated with attributes of the change resulted in these values not being fulfilled. Building on the concept of identity, the study provides a tentative explanation for why the perceived negative consequences of the change have typically not led to further consequences to prevent the negative impact of the attributes. By providing an example of farmers' mental models of a change in their environment, the findings are interesting for agricultural and rural policy aimed at encouraging farm renewal. In particular, the study illustrates a way of mapping farmers' understandings of causes and effects related to a change, which is informative for policy makers. In relation to this particular case, the findings point to the need to focus on measures that foster a broadening in farmers' perceptions of their identities outside the domains of traditional agricultural production.
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| 8. |
- Ianevski, Aleksandr, et al.
(författare)
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Novel activities of safe-in-human broad-spectrum antiviral agents
- 2018
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Ingår i: Antiviral Research. - : Elsevier. - 0166-3542 .- 1872-9096. ; 154, s. 174-182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- According to the WHO, there is an urgent need for better control of viral diseases. Re-positioning existing safe-inhuman antiviral agents from one viral disease to another could play a pivotal role in this process. Here, we reviewed all approved, investigational and experimental antiviral agents, which are safe in man, and identified 59 compounds that target at least three viral diseases. We tested 55 of these compounds against eight different RNA and DNA viruses. We found novel activities for dalbavancin against echovirus 1, ezetimibe against human immunodeficiency virus 1 and Zika virus, as well as azacitidine, cyclosporine, minocycline, oritavancin and ritonavir against Rift valley fever virus. Thus, the spectrum of antiviral activities of existing antiviral agents could be expanded towards other viral diseases.
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| 9. |
- Kokko, Suvi, et al.
(författare)
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A practice approach to understanding the multilevel dynamics of sanitation innovation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Technology in Society. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-791X .- 1879-3274. ; 64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although radical innovations are expected to play an increasing role in sustainable development by changing existing (unsustainable) systems, many of them do not succeed. This paper describes one such failure of inno-vation in the sanitation sector and offers insight into how innovators could redirect the innovation process to bring about real change. Drawing on practice theory in combination with the multilevel perspective on sus-tainability transitions, we identify elements of practices associated with a sanitation innovation and analyse how these interact with established practices in the sanitation sector. We establish the factors that facilitated and impeded this innovation?s ability to create change. Based primarily on interviews conducted during a longitu-dinal case study undertaken between 2012 and 2018, our results suggest that: 1) the division of practice into elements of material, activity, competence and meaning facilitates a detailed analysis of how the innovation interacts with existing practices; 2) innovators may need to act as activists to align the meanings ascribed to the practice at hand across the regime actors, and 3) understanding the different elements of practice helps identify lock-ins that prevent niche innovations from succeeding. We conclude that it is necessary to change the practices of more resourceful actors in different parts of the regime, especially in policy, in order to move beyond experimental stages of innovation.
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| 10. |
- Kokko, Suvi, et al.
(författare)
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Public-private partnerships and social performance in the forest industry
- 2014
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Ingår i: Social Business. - 2044-4087 .- 2044-9860. ; 4, s. 15-31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The objective of this paper is to describe motives, conditions and perceived outcomes of public-private partnerships as it currently develops in the forestry industry in Sweden. Design: A comparative case study of three Swedish forest products companies operating nationally, regionally and internationally. The study is based on secondary materials and in-depth-interviews conducted with representatives from the case companies and non-governmental organizations. Findings: Principal business motives for engaging in a public-private partnership relate to the simplified access to expertise and increased corporate legitimacy. A strengthened stakeholder dialogue has enhanced the base for decision-making potentially leading to creation of shared value. Limitations: The paper explores public-private partnerships from a business perspective based on three case studies. Implications: This paper offers insight for corporate decision-makers interested in enhancing dialogue with society and looking for ways to create shared value with a larger set of stakeholders, in low and high income countries. Contribution: This research provides empirical support for perceived social performance outcomes from cross-sectorial collaboration and the opportunities for the creation of shared value in the forest industry sector. Furthermore, the research highlights the need for further research on extending public-private collaborations beyond corporate social responsibility activities to actively contribute to deliberate societal changes through creation of shared value.
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| 11. |
- Kokko, Suvi
(författare)
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Social entrepreneurship: creating social value when bridging holes
- 2018
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Ingår i: Social Enterprise Journal. - 1750-8614. ; 14, s. 410-428
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose- This paper aims to understand how social value is created in a context characterized by institutional complexity. By identifying stakeholders interacting in a social enterprise and the logics guiding their expected and experienced value, the study describes how social value is created when different institutional logics embedded in strong-tie networks are bridged.Design/methodology/approach - Concepts of structural holes and institutional logics were applied to the empirical case of a social enterprise. Interviews provided the primary empirical material, but multiple data collection methods were used.Findings - A shared goal facilitated co-existence of competing value logics, and provided common space forming multiple social value outcomes as products of the different logics.Research limitations/implications - Limited to one case, this study shows that the interaction of otherwise unconnected stakeholders in a social enterprise, and their embeddedness in different institutional logics, provides one explanation for why and how social value is created.Practical implications - Acknowledging and addressing gaps in knowledge and resources can lead to social value creation if social enterprises remain open to different logics. This suggests that co-existence of different logics can be a key factor for successful social value creation in social enterprises, if the competing logics are turned into complementary sources.Originality/value - Dependency on logics from different networks of stakeholders shapes social enterprises to produce outcomes consistent with the different logics. The multiplicity of social value outcomes poses challenges for evaluating the success of social enterprises, especially when the tendency is to use evaluation approaches from the for-profit sector, focusing on the economic logic.
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| 12. |
- Kokko, Suvi
(författare)
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Transforming society through multilevel dynamics : a case of social entrepreneurship in the sanitation sector
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Social entrepreneurship and social innovation are expected to take on a growing role in solving global problems of sustainability. However, many social entrepreneurial ventures and social innovations fail to create real change. The aim is to advance knowledge on the social innovation process by examining the dynamics of the multiple actors and levels of context in which a social entrepreneur develops and implements a social innovation. The case of a social entrepreneur in the sanitation sector provides a rich empirical setting for this research. A longitudinal case study was conducted in Kenya and multiple methods were used to collect empirical material. Drawing on theories from consumer and marketing research and socio-technical transition studies as well as institutional and social network theories, the four distinct research papers constituting this thesis offer multiple perspectives on the social innovation process. Papers I and II show how the beliefs, preferences and values of endusers of a social innovation can be identified. Paper III shows that the different actors, taking part in the social innovation process in the social enterprise, are embedded in different, yet complementary, value logics, which guide the actors’ expectations and experiences of social value from the venture. In Paper IV, the focus lies in understanding the practices of different actors, which may enable or resist change in dominant practices, when introducing a social innovation. This thesis contributes an alternative approach to understanding how social entrepreneurship can lead to transformative societal change. The fields of research and practice in social entrepreneurship may benefit from methods and theories that can account for the multiple actors and levels present in the social innovation process, in order to capture the factors necessary for creating change in deeper structures of society. Narrow, functionalist and economics approaches, may fail in delivering useful information on such complex processes.
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| 13. |
- Kokko, Suvi, et al.
(författare)
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Using Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique to Map Beneficiaries' Experiences and Values: A Case Example From the Sanitation Sector
- 2017
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Ingår i: American Journal of Evaluation. - : SAGE Publications. - 1098-2140 .- 1557-0878. ; 38, s. 205-225
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a case example of an innovative sanitation solution in a slum setting, this study explores the usefulness of the Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique in a program planning and evaluation context. Using a qualitative image-based method to map people's mental models of ill-structured problems such as sanitation can aid program planners and evaluators in understanding how a program can fit the reality of beneficiaries. The technique is a tool for investigating what beneficiaries think about specific problems a program is aimed at solving and their underlying beliefs. The results offer a comprehensive hierarchical value map of different types and levels of insights into parents' thoughts and feelings about school sanitation and their child's well-being, often expressed as desired values, goals, or end states. Based on the results, a discussion is provided about the usefulness of the technique in the given context.
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| 14. |
- Lagerkvist, Carl-Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Health in perspective: framing motivational factors for personal sanitation in urban slums in Nairobi, Kenya, using anchored best-worst scaling
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. - : IWA Publishing. - 2043-9083 .- 2408-9362. ; 4, s. 108-119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Severe health, safety and environmental hazards are being created by the growing population of urban poor in low-income countries due to lack of access to sanitation and to inadequate existing sanitation systems. We developed a multi-faceted motivational framework to examine the constituents that explain user motivation regarding a personalised sanitation system. In 2012 we interviewed slum dwellers in Nairobi, Kenya, to estimate individual motivational factor importance rankings from anchored best-worst scaling (ABWS) using hierarchical Bayesian methods. We found that personal safety, avoidance of discomfort with shared toilets, cleanliness and convenience for children were ranked of highest importance. Motivational factors related to health were only relatively highly ranked. Thus factors contributing to overall individual wellbeing, beyond health benefits, drive adoption and use of the low-cost personal sanitation solution studied. This suggests that non-health benefits of low-cost sanitation solutions should be better acknowledged and communicated to raise awareness and encourage adoption of improved sanitation in urban slums. These findings may help develop policies to promote personal sanitation, improve public health and safety and reduce environmental risks.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Nisula, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Incidence, risk factors and 90-day mortality of patients with acute kidney injury in Finnish intensive care units : the FINNAKI study
- 2013
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Ingår i: Intensive Care Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0342-4642 .- 1432-1238. ; 39:3, s. 420-428
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSEWe aimed to determine the incidence, risk factors and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) in Finnish ICUs.METHODSThis prospective, observational, multi-centre study comprised adult emergency admissions and elective patients whose stay exceeded 24 h during a 5-month period in 17 Finnish ICUs. We defined AKI first by the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) criteria supplemented with a baseline creatinine and second with the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria. We screened the patients' AKI status and risk factors for up to 5 days.RESULTSWe included 2,901 patients. The incidence (95 % confidence interval) of AKI was 39.3 % (37.5-41.1 %). The incidence was 17.2 % (15.8-18.6 %) for stage 1, 8.0 % (7.0-9.0 %) for stage 2 and 14.1 % (12.8-15.4 %) for stage 3 AKI. Of the 2,901 patients 296 [10.2 % (9.1-11.3 %)] received renal replacement therapy. We received an identical classification with the new KDIGO criteria. The population-based incidence (95 % CI) of ICU-treated AKI was 746 (717-774) per million population per year (reference population: 3,671,143, i.e. 85 % of the Finnish adult population). In logistic regression, pre-ICU hypovolaemia, diuretics, colloids and chronic kidney disease were independent risk factors for AKI. Hospital mortality (95 % CI) for AKI patients was 25.6 % (23.0-28.2 %) and the 90-day mortality for AKI patients was 33.7 % (30.9-36.5 %). All AKIN stages were independently associated with 90-day mortality.CONCLUSIONSThe incidence of AKI in the critically ill in Finland was comparable to previous large multi-centre ICU studies. Hospital mortality (26 %) in AKI patients appeared comparable to or lower than in other studies.
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| 17. |
- Svensson, Catarina, et al.
(författare)
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Veterinary herd health management-Experiences and perceptions among Swedish dairy cattle veterinarians
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Dairy Science. - : American Dairy Science Association. - 0022-0302 .- 1525-3198. ; 105, s. 6820-6832
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cattle veterinarians have long been encouraged to take on a role as proactive health consultants. How-ever, the process so far has been slow in Sweden and elsewhere, and only a rather small proportion of cattle work conducted by veterinarians involves vet-erinary herd health management (VHHM). The aims of this exploratory study were to explore Swedish cattle veterinarians' interpretation of VHHM services and to understand the factors that might affect the extent to which cattle veterinarians perform VHHM. Six focus group discussions with cattle veterinarians complemented with 5 individual telephone interviews with clinic managers were conducted in 2020. In total, 33 cattle veterinarians participated, all employed by the largest employer of Swedish cattle veterinarians: Distriktsveterinarerna (Swedish Board of Agriculture). Participants were chosen from 6 geographical regions with the aim to present variations in gender, age, coun-try of education, proportion of dairy cattle work at the clinic, experience in the veterinary profession, and ex-perience in work with dairy herds and in VHHM. The focus group discussions and interviews were recorded and these recordings were transcribed and analyzed thematically. Participants interpreted VHHM as work associated with the process of advising and included both ad hoc advising and more strategic forms of ser-vices. Prebooked visits per se were not seen as VHHM. We identified 4 different themes among the factors af-fecting the extent of VHHM services: (1) farmer trust and demand; (2) veterinary competence; (3) time avail-able for VHHM; and (4) the individual veterinarian's commitment and motivation. To gain farmers' trust and to create a demand for VHHM services, the results of VHHM work and the veterinarian's competence were deemed central by the participants. The veterinarians' skills in communication and relation building were considered especially important. Some farmers were perceived as having little interest in, or lacking deeper knowledge about, VHHM services. The promotion of VHHM services was mentioned as an important fac-tor to increase farmer demand. Participants described VHHM as work demanding high skills and continuous capacity development. Veterinarians' personal commit-ment and motivation were also described as important for the extent to which VHHM services were performed. This was in turn affected by the psychosocial work environment (e.g., workload, interest and recognition from farmers and managers, and acceptance, priority, and support by colleagues and managers). Clinic man-agers had a central role in the extent to which VHHM services are offered by an individual veterinarian due to their responsibility for staff scheduling, which highly affects the conditions for capacity development, inter-collegiate networking, and cooperation. Lack of time was a major barrier for VHHM. On-call duty time and subsequent compensatory leave affected the total time available, and participants described time conflicts between VHHM and emergency services; moreover, it was perceived as challenging to find sufficient time for capacity development in several different species for veterinarians working in mixed practice. The slow de-velopment toward more proactive approaches for cattle veterinarians can be explained by the numerous dif-ferent factors that together constrain the veterinarian to the traditional role of diagnosing and treating sick animals.
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