| 1. |
- Abazajian, Kevork, et al.
(författare)
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CMB-S4 : Forecasting Constraints on Primordial Gravitational Waves
- 2022
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Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 926:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CMB-S4—the next-generation ground-based cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiment—is set to significantly advance the sensitivity of CMB measurements and enhance our understanding of the origin and evolution of the universe. Among the science cases pursued with CMB-S4, the quest for detecting primordial gravitational waves is a central driver of the experimental design. This work details the development of a forecasting framework that includes a power-spectrum-based semianalytic projection tool, targeted explicitly toward optimizing constraints on the tensor-to-scalar ratio, r, in the presence of Galactic foregrounds and gravitational lensing of the CMB. This framework is unique in its direct use of information from the achieved performance of current Stage 2–3 CMB experiments to robustly forecast the science reach of upcoming CMB-polarization endeavors. The methodology allows for rapid iteration over experimental configurations and offers a flexible way to optimize the design of future experiments, given a desired scientific goal. To form a closed-loop process, we couple this semianalytic tool with map-based validation studies, which allow for the injection of additional complexity and verification of our forecasts with several independent analysis methods. We document multiple rounds of forecasts for CMB-S4 using this process and the resulting establishment of the current reference design of the primordial gravitational-wave component of the Stage-4 experiment, optimized to achieve our science goals of detecting primordial gravitational waves for r > 0.003 at greater than 5σ, or in the absence of a detection, of reaching an upper limit of r < 0.001 at 95% CL.
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| 2. |
- Potapov, Anton M., et al.
(författare)
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Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure
- 2024
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Ingår i: Scientific Data. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2052-4463. ; 11:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Springtails (Collembola) inhabit soils from the Arctic to the Antarctic and comprise an estimated ~32% of all terrestrial arthropods on Earth. Here, we present a global, spatially-explicit database on springtail communities that includes 249,912 occurrences from 44,999 samples and 2,990 sites. These data are mainly raw sample-level records at the species level collected predominantly from private archives of the authors that were quality-controlled and taxonomically-standardised. Despite covering all continents, most of the sample-level data come from the European continent (82.5% of all samples) and represent four habitats: woodlands (57.4%), grasslands (14.0%), agrosystems (13.7%) and scrublands (9.0%). We included sampling by soil layers, and across seasons and years, representing temporal and spatial within-site variation in springtail communities. We also provided data use and sharing guidelines and R code to facilitate the use of the database by other researchers. This data paper describes a static version of the database at the publication date, but the database will be further expanded to include underrepresented regions and linked with trait data.
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| 3. |
- Ceder, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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THORACIC SPINE IMAGING: A COMPARISON BETWEEN RADIOGRAPHY AND TOMOSYNTHESIS USING VISUAL GRADING CHARACTERISTICS
- 2016
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Ingår i: Radiation protection dosimetry. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1742-3406 .- 0144-8420. ; 169:1-4, s. 204-210
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to evaluate digital tomosynthesis (DTS) in thoracic spine imaging, comparing the reproduction of anatomical structures with that achieved using digital radiography (DR). In a prospective visual grading study, 23 patients referred in 2014 for elective radiographic examination of the thoracic spine were examined using lateral DR and DTS. The DR image and the DTS section images were read in random order by four radiologists, evaluating the ability of the modalities to present a clear reproduction of nine specific relevant structures of the thoracic vertebrae 3, 6 and 9 (T3, T6 and T9). The data were analysed using visual grading characteristics (VGC) analysis. The VGC analysis revealed a statistically significant difference in favour of DTS for all evaluated structures, except for the anterior vertebral edges and lower end plate surfaces of T6 and T9 and the cancellous bone of T9. The difference was most striking in T3 and for posterior structures. For no structure in any vertebra was the reproduction rated significantly better for DR. In conclusion, DTS of the thoracic spine appears to be a promising alternative to DR, especially in areas where the problem of overlaying anatomy is accentuated, such as posterior and upper thoracic structures.
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| 4. |
- Ceder, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Thoracic spine imaging: A comparison between radiography and tomosynthesis using visual grading characteristics
- 2015
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Ingår i: Optimisation in X-ray and Molecular Imaging 2015 - the Fourth Malmö Conference on Medical Imaging, Gothenburg, Sweden, 28-30 May 2015.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Conventional radiography (CR) is the most-often used modality in imaging of the thoracic spine, as primary examination as well as follow-up of known pathology. However, the ability of radiography to clearly depict thoracic vertebrae is limited, mostly due to overlying structures. Digital tomosynthesis (DTS) has in other parts of the body – most notably in chest imaging – been shown to increase conspicuity of relevant pathology where overlying structures is an issue. DTS has not yet been evaluated as an imaging modality of the thoracic spine. Purpose: To compare the ability of CR and DTS to depict relevant structures of the thoracic vertebrae. Materials and Methods: In this prospective visual grading study, 23 patients referred in 2014 for elective radiographic examination of the thoracic spine were examined using CR and DTS in the sagittal plane. The lateral projections of the CR and DTS images were read in random order by four radiologists evaluating the ability of the modalities to present a clear reproduction of nine specific relevant structures of vertebrae T3, T6 and T9. The data were analyzed using Visual Grading Characteristics (VGC) analysis. Results: In terms of clear reproduction, VGC analysis revealed that there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between CR and DTS in favor of the latter, for all evaluated structures apart from the anterior vertebral edges and lower end plates of T6 and T9. The differences were most striking in T3. No structures were evaluated as being more clearly reproduced by CR. Conclusion: The study indicates that most vertebral structures of the thoracic spine are perceived as more clearly reproduced by DTS than by CR, suggesting that detection of pathology would be improved by the use of DTS.
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| 5. |
- Cunningham, Anthony L., et al.
(författare)
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Immune Responses to a Recombinant Glycoprotein E Herpes Zoster Vaccine in Adults Aged 50 Years or Older
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Oxford University Press. - 0022-1899 .- 1537-6613. ; 217:11, s. 1750-1760
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. The herpes zoster subunit vaccine (HZ/su), consisting of varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E (gE) and AS01(B) Adjuvant System, was highly efficacious in preventing herpes zoster in the ZOE-50 and ZOE-70 trials. We present immunogenicity results from those trials. Methods. Participants (ZOE-50: >= 50; ZOE-70: >= 70 years of age) received 2 doses of HZ/su or placebo, 2 months apart. Serum anti-gE antibodies and CD4 T cells expressing >= 2 of 4 activation markers assessed (CD4(2+)) after stimulation with gE-peptides were measured in subcohorts for humoral (n = 3293) and cell-mediated (n = 466) immunogenicity. Results. After vaccination, 97.8% of HZ/su and 2.0% of placebo recipients showed a humoral response. Geometric mean anti-gE antibody concentrations increased 39.1-fold and 8.3-fold over baseline in HZ/su recipients at 1 and 36 months post-dose 2, respectively. A gE-specific CD4(2+) T-cell response was shown in 93.3% of HZ/su and 0% of placebo recipients. Median CD42+ T-cell frequencies increased 24.6-fold (1 month) and 7.9-fold (36 months) over baseline in HZ/su recipients and remained >= 5.6-fold above baseline in all age groups at 36 months. The proportion of CD4 T cells expressing all 4 activation markers increased over time in all age groups. Conclusions. Most HZ/su recipients developed robust immune responses persisting for 3 years following vaccination.
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| 6. |
- Franic, Iva, et al.
(författare)
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Climate, host and geography shape insect and fungal communities of trees
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 13:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-native pests, climate change, and their interactions are likely to alter relationships between trees and tree-associated organisms with consequences for forest health. To understand and predict such changes, factors structuring tree-associated communities need to be determined. Here, we analysed the data consisting of records of insects and fungi collected from dormant twigs from 155 tree species at 51 botanical gardens or arboreta in 32 countries. Generalized dissimilarity models revealed similar relative importance of studied climatic, host-related and geographic factors on differences in tree-associated communities. Mean annual temperature, phylogenetic distance between hosts and geographic distance between locations were the major drivers of dissimilarities. The increasing importance of high temperatures on differences in studied communities indicate that climate change could affect tree-associated organisms directly and indirectly through host range shifts. Insect and fungal communities were more similar between closely related vs. distant hosts suggesting that host range shifts may facilitate the emergence of new pests. Moreover, dissimilarities among tree-associated communities increased with geographic distance indicating that human-mediated transport may serve as a pathway of the introductions of new pests. The results of this study highlight the need to limit the establishment of tree pests and increase the resilience of forest ecosystems to changes in climate.
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| 7. |
- Franic, Iva, et al.
(författare)
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Worldwide diversity of endophytic fungi and insects associated with dormant tree twigs
- 2022
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Ingår i: Scientific Data. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2052-4463. ; 9:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- International trade in plants and climate change are two of the main factors causing damaging tree pests (i.e. fungi and insects) to spread into new areas. To mitigate these risks, a large-scale assessment of tree-associated fungi and insects is needed. We present records of endophytic fungi and insects in twigs of 17 angiosperm and gymnosperm genera, from 51 locations in 32 countries worldwide. Endophytic fungi were characterized by high-throughput sequencing of 352 samples from 145 tree species in 28 countries. Insects were reared from 227 samples of 109 tree species in 18 countries and sorted into taxonomic orders and feeding guilds. Herbivorous insects were grouped into morphospecies and were identified using molecular and morphological approaches. This dataset reveals the diversity of tree-associated taxa, as it contains 12,721 fungal Amplicon Sequence Variants and 208 herbivorous insect morphospecies, sampled across broad geographic and climatic gradients and for many tree species. This dataset will facilitate applied and fundamental studies on the distribution of fungal endophytes and insects in trees.
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| 8. |
- López-Fauqued, M., et al.
(författare)
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Safety profile of the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine : Pooled analysis of two large randomised phase 3 trials
- 2019
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0264-410X .- 1873-2518. ; 37:18, s. 2482-2493
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The ZOE-50 (NCT01165177) and ZOE-70 (NCT01165229) phase 3 clinical trials showed that the adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (RZV) was ≥90% efficacious in preventing herpes zoster in adults. Here we present a comprehensive overview of the safety data from these studies. Methods: Adults aged ≥50 (ZOE-50) and ≥70 (ZOE-70) years were randomly vaccinated with RZV or placebo. Safety analyses were performed on the pooled total vaccinated cohort, consisting of participants receiving at least one dose of RZV or placebo. Solicited and unsolicited adverse events (AEs) were collected for 7 and 30 days after each vaccination, respectively. Serious AEs (SAEs) were collected from the first vaccination until 12 months post-last dose. Fatal AEs, vaccination-related SAEs, and potential immune-mediated diseases (pIMDs) were collected during the entire study period. Results: Safety was evaluated in 14,645 RZV and 14,660 placebo recipients. More RZV than placebo recipients reported unsolicited AEs (50.5% versus 32.0%); the difference was driven by transient injection site and solicited systemic reactions that were generally seen in the first week post-vaccination. The occurrence of overall SAEs (RZV: 10.1%; Placebo: 10.4%), fatal AEs (RZV: 4.3%; Placebo: 4.6%), and pIMDs (RZV: 1.2%; Placebo: 1.4%) was balanced between groups. The occurrence of possible exacerbations of pIMDs was rare and similar between groups. Overall, except for the expected local and systemic symptoms, the safety results were comparable between the RZV and Placebo groups irrespective of participant age, gender, or race. Conclusions: No safety concerns arose, supporting the favorable benefit-risk profile of RZV. © 2019 GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA
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| 9. |
- Potapov, Anton M., et al.
(författare)
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Globally invariant metabolism but density-diversity mismatch in springtails
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Nature. - 2041-1723. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soil life supports the functioning and biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems. Springtails (Collembola) are among the most abundant soil arthropods regulating soil fertility and flow of energy through above- and belowground food webs. However, the global distribution of springtail diversity and density, and how these relate to energy fluxes remains unknown. Here, using a global dataset representing 2470 sites, we estimate the total soil springtail biomass at 27.5 megatons carbon, which is threefold higher than wild terrestrial vertebrates, and record peak densities up to 2 million individuals per square meter in the tundra. Despite a 20-fold biomass difference between the tundra and the tropics, springtail energy use (community metabolism) remains similar across the latitudinal gradient, owing to the changes in temperature with latitude. Neither springtail density nor community metabolism is predicted by local species richness, which is high in the tropics, but comparably high in some temperate forests and even tundra. Changes in springtail activity may emerge from latitudinal gradients in temperature, predation and resource limitation in soil communities. Contrasting relationships of biomass, diversity and activity of springtail communities with temperature suggest that climate warming will alter fundamental soil biodiversity metrics in different directions, potentially restructuring terrestrial food webs and affecting soil functioning.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Thoreson, Olof, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Back pain and MRI changes in the thoraco-lumbar spine of youngelite Mogul skiers.
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. - : Wiley. - 1600-0838 .- 0905-7188. ; 27:9, s. 983-989
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Athletes have a higher prevalence of LBP and spinal abnormalities on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) compared to non-athletes. The objective of this study was to investigate the amount of spinal MRI abnormalities and the lifetime prevalence of low back pain (LBP) in 16 young elite Mogul skiers compared to 28 non-athletes in the corresponding age in a cross-sectional design. LBP was assessed by a questionnaire consisting of a part regarding previous or present back pain, the Oswestry disability index, and the EuroQol questionnaire. MRI examinations from Th5 to sacrum were conducted to evaluate spinal pathologies. The Mogul skiers had significantly more MRI abnormalities (like disc degeneration) in mean (7.25 vs 3.78, P<0.023) compared to the controls. No significant difference was seen regarding the lifetime LBP prevalence between the groups (50% vs 42%, P=0.555). No correlation could be found between disc degeneration and back pain in this study. Young elite Mogul skiers, compared to an age-matched control group of non-athletes, have an increased risk of developing spinal abnormalities potentially due to the different high loads that they are subjected to in their sport. Future relationship between the MRI abnormalities and LBP cannot be verified by this study design.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Todd, Carl, et al.
(författare)
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Pelvic Retroversion is Associated with Flat Back and Cam Type Femoro-Acetabular Impingement in Young Elite Skiers
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of spine. - : OMICS Publishing Group. - 2165-7939. ; 5:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: The spino-pelvic complex in humans helps to maintain an upright posture, by balancing the spinal sagittal alignment with the hip joints and pelvic girdle. The extent of how the hip joint may influence the spino-pelvic alignment is not fully understood. Hip joint cam femoro-acetabular impingement is a common source of hip and groin disability in young athletes and has been linked to abnormal joint morphology from repetitive loading of the proximal femoral head abutting against the acetabulum. The aim of this study was to compare the radiological parameters of spino-pelvic sagittal alignment and spinal types according to Roussouly’s classification in relation to hip joint cam femoro-acetabular impingement. Methods: The sample group (n=102), mean age (17.7 ± 1.4) years, consisted of elite skiers (n=75) and nonathletes (n=27). Hip joints were examined for increased morphological cam deformity, (alpha angle greater than 55o) with Magnetic Resonance Imaging and standing lateral plain radiographs were taken for measurements of the spinopelvic sagittal alignment. Results: A significant difference was shown in a mixed population (skiers and non-athletes) for an increased Pelvic Tilt angle (13°, SD 10.2) in the presence of morphological hip joint cam deformity compared with participants without cam deformity (8.5°, SD 7.1, P=0.036). Type II Roussouly spines occurred more frequently in skiers in the presence of increased cam (67%) compared with no cam (33%), however, this was not significant (P=0.19). Secondary findings highlighted significant differences shown for the prevalence of cam in a mixed-population for gender; males 60% (n=26) shown to have significantly more cam deformity compared with females 22% (n=10, P=0.001). Similar for height, with taller participants being shown to have significantly more cam deformity >177cm (SD 7.6) compared with no cam deformity <170 cm (SD 7.5, P=0.001). Conclusion: A significant difference was shown with an increased Pelvic Tilt angle for an age-matched mixedgroup of elite skiers and non-athletes in the presence of increased morphological hip joint cam type femoro-acetabular impingement. Moreover, Elite skiers were shown to have an increased distribution of spinal Type II classification according to Roussouly in the presence of an increased frequency of cam femoro-acetabular impingement.
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| 15. |
- Todd, Carl, et al.
(författare)
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Validation of spinal sagittal alignment with plain radiographs and the Debrunner Kyphometer
- 2015
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Ingår i: Medical research archives. - : Knowledge Enterprise Journals. - 2375-1916 .- 2375-1924. ; 2:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Validation of the Debrunner Kyphometer as a clinical non-radiological method for investigating spinal sagittal alignment was compared with standing lateral radiographs. The sample group (n=102) consisted of elite Alpine skiers (n=75) and a non-athletic population (n=27), mean age 17.7 (±1.4) years. Non-radiological and radiological measurements of the spinal sagittal kyphosis and lordosis range of motion were carried out in the erect standing position. Thoracic kyphosis measurements comparing the Debrunner Kyphometer with a radiological standard, showed a good level of agreement and a statistical significance (ICC 0.67, 95% CI: 0.26 to 0.83, p<0.001). Lumbar lordosis measurements showed poor levels of agreement in spite of being statistically significant (ICC 0.33, 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.50, p=0.001). There was no significant difference reported in the spinal alignment between skiers and controls using both radiological and non-radiological methods. Therefore, we conclude that due to the large variation in ranges between both methods, there is a limited value in using the Debrunner Kyphometer as a non-invasive method for the evaluation of spinal sagittal alignment.
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| 16. |
- Witwit, Wisam, et al.
(författare)
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Disc degeneration on MRI is more prevalent in young elite skiers compared to controls.
- 2018
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Ingår i: Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1433-7347. ; 26:1, s. 325-332
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evidence-based facts regarding spine abnormalities and back pain are needed in order to develop rehabilitation programs and prevent spine injuries in young skiers. The aim therefore is to identify MRI changes in the thoraco-lumbar spine and the lifetime prevalence of back pain, as well as the association between them, in young skiers compared to non-athletes.Seventy-five young elite alpine and mogul skiers, age range 16-20years, were compared with 27 non-athletic controls. All subjects underwent spinal MRI and answered back pain questionnaires.Fifty-six percent of skiers had at least one disc Pfirrmann grade ≥3 compared to 30% of controls (p=0.027). Schmorl's nodes (46%) and disc height reduction (37%) were significantly more prevalent in skiers compared to controls (0%) (p<0.001). When all parameters were combined together, skiers had significantly higher rate of radiological changes than controls, 82% compared to 54% (p=0.007). The mean number of discs with Pfirrmann grade ≥3 was 1.1 per individual in skiers (median 1, range 0-6) versus 0.6 in controls (median 0, range 0-3). There was no significant difference in lifetime prevalence of back pain between skiers (50%) and controls (44%) (n.s.). MRI abnormalities in skiers did not correlate with lifetime prevalence of back pain. Skiers had a better health perception than controls (p=0.026).Alpine skiers have more degenerative disc changes compared to non-athletes, but these changes do not correlate with the lifetime prevalence of back pain. Lifetime prevalence of back pain is not significantly different between the groups; however, skiers report more severe pain on VAS score.II.
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