| 1. |
- Zouganelis, I., et al.
(författare)
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The Solar Orbiter Science Activity Plan : Translating solar and heliospheric physics questions into action
- 2020
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP SCIENCES S A. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 642
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Solar Orbiter is the first space mission observing the solar plasma both in situ and remotely, from a close distance, in and out of the ecliptic. The ultimate goal is to understand how the Sun produces and controls the heliosphere, filling the Solar System and driving the planetary environments. With six remote-sensing and four in-situ instrument suites, the coordination and planning of the operations are essential to address the following four top-level science questions: (1) What drives the solar wind and where does the coronal magnetic field originate?; (2) How do solar transients drive heliospheric variability?; (3) How do solar eruptions produce energetic particle radiation that fills the heliosphere?; (4) How does the solar dynamo work and drive connections between the Sun and the heliosphere? Maximising the mission's science return requires considering the characteristics of each orbit, including the relative position of the spacecraft to Earth (affecting downlink rates), trajectory events (such as gravitational assist manoeuvres), and the phase of the solar activity cycle. Furthermore, since each orbit's science telemetry will be downloaded over the course of the following orbit, science operations must be planned at mission level, rather than at the level of individual orbits. It is important to explore the way in which those science questions are translated into an actual plan of observations that fits into the mission, thus ensuring that no opportunities are missed. First, the overarching goals are broken down into specific, answerable questions along with the required observations and the so-called Science Activity Plan (SAP) is developed to achieve this. The SAP groups objectives that require similar observations into Solar Orbiter Observing Plans, resulting in a strategic, top-level view of the optimal opportunities for science observations during the mission lifetime. This allows for all four mission goals to be addressed. In this paper, we introduce Solar Orbiter's SAP through a series of examples and the strategy being followed.
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| 3. |
- Boström, Ola, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison of car seats in low speed rear-end impacts using the BioRID dummy and the new neck injury criterion (NIC).
- 2000
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Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. ; 32:2, s. 321-328
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Long-term whiplash associated disorders (WAD) 1-3 sustained in low velocity rear-end impacts is the most common disability injury in Sweden. Therefore, to determine neck injury mechanisms and develop methods to measure neck-injury related parameters are of importance for current crash-safety research. A new neck injury criterion (NIC) has previously been proposed and evaluated by means of dummy, human and mathematical rear-impact simulations. So far, the criterion appears to be sensitive to the major car and collision related risk factors for injuries with long-term consequences. To further evaluate the applicability of NIC, four seats were tested according to a recently proposed sled-test procedure. 'Good' as well as 'bad' seats were chosen on the basis of a recently presented disability risk ranking list. The dummy used in the current tests was the Biofidelic Rear Impact Dummy (BioRID). The results of this study showed that NICmax values were generally related to the real-world risk of long-term WAD 1-3. Furthermore, these results suggested that NICmax calculated from sled tests using the BioRID dummy can be used for evaluating the neck injury risk of different car seats.
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| 4. |
- Flores, H., et al.
(författare)
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Impact of climate change on Antarctic krill
- 2012
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Ingår i: Marine Ecology-Progress Series. - : Inter-Research Science Center. - 0171-8630 .- 1616-1599. ; 458, s. 1-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antarctic krill Euphausia superba (hereafter 'krill') occur in regions undergoing rapid environmental change, particularly loss of winter sea ice. During recent years, harvesting of krill has in creased, possibly enhancing stress on krill and Antarctic ecosystems. Here we review the overall impact of climate change on krill and Antarctic ecosystems, discuss implications for an ecosystem-based fisheries management approach and identify critical knowledge gaps. Sea ice decline, ocean warming and other environmental stressors act in concert to modify the abundance, distribution and life cycle of krill. Although some of these changes can have positive effects on krill, their cumulative impact is most likely negative. Recruitment, driven largely by the winter survival of larval krill, is probably the population parameter most susceptible to climate change. Predicting changes to krill populations is urgent, because they will seriously impact Antarctic ecosystems. Such predictions, however, are complicated by an intense inter-annual variability in recruitment success and krill abundance. To improve the responsiveness of the ecosystem-based management approach adopted by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), critical knowledge gaps need to be filled. In addition to a better understanding of the factors influencing recruitment, management will require a better understanding of the resilience and the genetic plasticity of krill life stages, and a quantitative understanding of under-ice and benthic habitat use. Current precautionary management measures of CCAMLR should be maintained until a better understanding of these processes has been achieved. [GRAPHICS] .
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| 5. |
- Jonsson, Bertil, et al.
(författare)
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Development of Whiplash associated Disorders for adult and child occupants in cars launched since the 1980s in different impact directions
- 2011
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Ingår i: 2011 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings - International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury (;Krakow;14 -16 September 2011). - : International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury. ; , s. 62-72, s. 62-72
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Studies have shown that crashworthiness of cars addressing fatal and serious injuries has generally improved over time. However, the development regarding injuries leading to medical impairment has not been shown to the same extent. The objective was to investigate the development of Whiplash associated Disorders (WAD) leading to long-term consequences for adult front seat occupants and for children 0-12 years of age in cars introduced at different year intervals and in different impact directions separated for gender. Long-term consequences were defined as occupants with WAD symptoms at least one month and those resulting in medical impairment. The developments were studied for cars divided into intervals according to year of introduction and for frontal, side and rear-end impacts. All adult occupants (35 611) and 76% of all children (973) reporting WAD between 1998 and 2008 were selected. Approximately 2% of the children reporting initial symptoms sustained medical impairment. The corresponding figure for adult occupants was approximately 10%. Between the introduction years 1980-84 and 2000-04 the proportions of adult occupants with medical impairment dropped by approximately 70% (both males and females) in frontal and rear-end crashes, while the reduction in lateral impacts appears to be somewhat lower. For children there is a tendency that the proportion of WAD increases in newer models in frontal collisions. The result indicates that protecting children facing forward deserves more attention from the automotive industry and governmental bodies.
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| 9. |
- Kullgren, Anders, 1963, et al.
(författare)
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Development of whiplash associated disorders for male and female car occupants in cars launched since the 80s in different impact directions
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury Conference, IRCOBI 2013. - : International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury. ; , s. 51-62, s. 51-62
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim was to investigate the development of Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD) leading to long-term consequences for drivers separated for gender in cars introduced at different year intervals and in different impact directions. An additional aim was to analyze the influence of various whiplash preventive concepts on WAD in rear impacts. The developments were studied for cars grouped into 5-year intervals according to year of introduction separated for frontal, side and rear-end impacts and for gender. All drivers (24,452) reporting WAD during the years 1998-2012, and those reporting symptoms > 1 month as well as those with permanent impairment, were included. Whiplash preventive concepts were grouped according to car make and concept. A reduction in risk of long-term consequences after reporting initial symptoms of WAD were found in rearend and side impacts comparing cars introduced on the market 1980-84 and 2005-2009. No reduction was found in frontal impacts. This clearly shows that more focus on preventive interventions for frontal impacts is needed. Existing seat concepts aimed at lowering the risk of WAD were found to reduce the risk of long-term consequences after reporting initial symptoms of WAD. However, seats with energy absorption in the seat back, passive seats or reactive seats are more effective for females than seats with Reactive Head Restraints, which showed no major reduction of WAD with long-term consequences compared with standard seats.
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| 16. |
- Rizzi, Matteo, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Cyclist injuries leading to permanent medical impairment in sweden and the effect of bicycle helmets
- 2013
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Ingår i: nternational Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury Conference, IRCOBI 2013. ; , s. 412-423
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cyclist injuries leading to long-term consequences are common and therefore important to identify in order to design a more sustainable road transport system. The aim of this study was to apply impairment scaling to those injuries to reflect long-term consequences. The Risk of Permanent Medical Impairment (RPMI) was measured for cyclist injuries and compared with the Injury Severity Score (ISS). Type and location of the crash as well as injury distribution were analyzed. The effect of the bicycle helmet was also calculated using induced exposure techniques. The material was Swedish hospital records for the period 2003- 2012. In total 77% of all bicycle crashes in Sweden were single bicycle crashes, most of which were not policereported. The number of impaired cyclists was more than 3 times larger than those with ISS 9+. Of all impairing injuries, almost 70% were to the upper and lower extremities. Furthermore, almost 10% were head injuries. The most common injuries to the upper extremities were to the shoulder and the wrist (AIS 2). Bicycle helmets were found to reduce head-impairing injuries by 62%, and severe impairing injuries by 68%. The effectiveness in reducing face injuries was lower (37% and 49%, respectively). Traditional prevention of cyclist injuries has been focused on helmets. However, the findings of the present study indicate a need for other strategies to also prevent other injuries, especially to the upper extremities.
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| 17. |
- Stigson, H., et al.
(författare)
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A One Year Pay-as-You-Speed Trial With Economic Incentives for Not Speeding
- 2014
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Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-957X .- 1538-9588. ; 15:6, s. 612-618
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The objective was to identify whether it was possible to change driver behavior by economic incentives and thereby reduce crash risk. Furthermore, the objective was to evaluate the participants' attitudes toward the pay-as-you-speed (PAYS) concept. Methods: A one-year PAYS trial with economic incentives for keeping speed limits using intelligent speed assistance (ISA) was conducted in Sweden during 2011-2012. The full incentive was a 30 percent discount off the insurance premium. The participants were private insurance customers and were randomized into a test group (initial n = 152, final n = 128) and a control group (initial n = 98, final n = 68). When driving, the drivers in the test group were informed and warned visually when the speed limit was exceeded. They could also follow their driving results on a personal website. The control group was not given any feedback at all. To reflect the impact of the PAYS concept the proportion of distance driven above the speed limit was compared between the 2 groups. Results: The introduction of a PAYS concept shows that the test group significantly reduced the proportion of distance driven above the speed limit. The proportion of driving at a speed exceeding 5 km/h over the speed limit was 6 percent for the test group and 14 percent for the control group. It also showed that the effect was higher the higher the violation of speed. The result remained constant over time. Conclusions: It was shown that a PAYS concept is an effective way to reduce speed violations. Hence, it has the possibility to reduce crash severity and thereby to save lives. This could be an important step toward a safer road transport system. The majority of the participants were in favor of the concept, which indicates the potential of a new insurance product in the future.
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| 19. |
- Tingvall, Claes, 1953, et al.
(författare)
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The consequences of adopting a MAIS 3 injury target for road safety in the EU: A comparison with targets based on fatalities and long-term consequences
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury Conference, IRCOBI 2013. - : International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury. ; , s. 1-11, s. 1-11
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been proposed in the European Union (EU) to adopt a Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) of 3 or greater as the basis for a road safety target. To have a common definition of serious injury across the EU is in itself very positive. In this study, fatalities, MAIS 3+, MAIS 2+ and injuries leading to permanent medical impairment (PMI) were used to identify problem scenarios. A national data set of injuries reported to Swedish hospitals from 2007 to 2012 (STRADA) was used. Police-reported injuries were also taken into account. The results showed that, depending on the data source and injury rating method, problem scenarios differed substantially. While fatalities were dominated by vehicle occupants in high-speed environments, vulnerable road users in urban areas were in greater focus as a result of lowered thresholds for injury or impairment levels. Bicyclists in particular have many injuries at less severe, yet significant, levels. There is a particular need to consider certain diagnoses which lead, relatively often, to long-term consequences at the AIS 1 level. To achieve a better injury and consequence scenario, data from the medical system are an essential prerequisite.
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| 21. |
- Wolkers, Hans, et al.
(författare)
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Biomarker responses and decreasing contaminant levels in ringed seals (Pusa hispida) from Svalbard, Norway
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1528-7394 .- 1087-2620. ; 71:15, s. 1009-1018
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Blubber was analyzed for a wide range of contaminants from five sub-adult and eight adult male ringed seals sampled in 2004, namely, for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), toxaphenes, chlordanes, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), and polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs). Contaminant levels were compared to previously sampled animals from the same area, as well as data from literature for other arctic wildlife species from a wide variety of locations. Ringed seals sampled in 2004 showed 50-90% lower levels of legacy contaminants such as PCBs and chlorinated pesticides compared to animals sampled in 1996 of similar age (14 sub-adults and 7 adult males), indicating that the decline of chlorinated contaminants observed during the 1990s in a variety of arctic wildlife species is continuing into the 21st century. The results also indicated that PBDE declined in ringed seals; levels in 2004 were about 70-80% lower than in animals sampled in 1998. This is one of the first observations of reduced exposure to these compounds and might be a first indication that restrictions of production and use of these contaminants have resulted in lower exposures in the Arctic. The PCB pattern shifted toward the less chlorinated (i.e., less persistent) PCBs, especially in adult ringed seals, possibly as a result of reduced overall contaminant exposures and a consequently lower cytochrome P-450 (CYP) induction, which results in a slower metabolism of less persistent PCBs. The overall effect would be relative increases in the lower chlorinated PCBs and a relative decreases in the higher chlorinated PCB. Possibly due to low exposure and consequent low induction levels, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) activity proved to be a poor biomarker for contaminant exposure in ringed seals in the present study. The close negative correlation (r(2) = 70.9%)between EROD activity and percent blubber indicates that CYP might respond to increased bioavailability of the contaminant mixtures when they are mobilized from blubber during periods of reduced food intake.
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