| 1. |
- Bravo, L, et al.
(författare)
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- 2021
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swepub:Mat__t
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| 2. |
- Tabiri, S, et al.
(författare)
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- 2021
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swepub:Mat__t
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| 3. |
- Aamodt, K., et al.
(författare)
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The ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 3:S08002
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is a general-purpose, heavy-ion detector at the CERN LHC which focuses on QCD, the strong-interaction sector of the Standard Model. It is designed to address the physics of strongly interacting matter and the quark-gluon plasma at extreme values of energy density and temperature in nucleus-nucleus collisions. Besides running with Pb ions, the physics programme includes collisions with lighter ions, lower energy running and dedicated proton-nucleus runs. ALICE will also take data with proton beams at the top LHC energy to collect reference data for the heavy-ion programme and to address several QCD topics for which ALICE is complementary to the other LHC detectors. The ALICE detector has been built by a collaboration including currently over 1000 physicists and engineers from 105 Institutes in 30 countries, Its overall dimensions are 16 x 16 x 26 m(3) with a total weight of approximately 10 000 t. The experiment consists of 18 different detector systems each with its own specific technology choice and design constraints, driven both by the physics requirements and the experimental conditions expected at LHC. The most stringent design constraint is to cope with the extreme particle multiplicity anticipated in central Pb-Pb collisions. The different subsystems were optimized to provide high-momentum resolution as well as excellent Particle Identification (PID) over a broad range in momentum, up to the highest multiplicities predicted for LHC. This will allow for comprehensive studies of hadrons, electrons, muons, and photons produced in the collision of heavy nuclei. Most detector systems are scheduled to be installed and ready for data taking by mid-2008 when the LHC is scheduled to start operation, with the exception of parts of the Photon Spectrometer (PHOS), Transition Radiation Detector (TRD) and Electro Magnetic Calorimeter (EMCal). These detectors will be completed for the high-luminosity ion run expected in 2010. This paper describes in detail the detector components as installed for the first data taking in the summer of 2008.
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| 4. |
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- 2019
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 5. |
- Adamczewski-Musch, J., et al.
(författare)
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Production and electromagnetic decay of hyperons : a feasibility study with HADES as a phase-0 experiment at FAIR
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal A. - : Springer Nature. - 1434-6001 .- 1434-601X. ; 57:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A feasibility study has been performed in order to investigate the performance of the HADES detector to measure the electromagnetic decays of the hyperon resonances Sigma(1385)(0), Lambda(1405) and Lambda(1520) as well as the production of double strange baryon systems Xi(-) and Lambda Lambda in p + p reactions at a beam kinetic energy of 4.5GeV. The existing HADES detector will be upgraded by a new Forward Detector, which extends the detector acceptance into a range of polar angles that plays a crucial role for these investigations. The analysis of each channel is preceded by a consideration of the production cross-sections. Afterwards the expected signal count rates using a target consisting of either liquid hydrogen or polyethylene are summarized.
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| 6. |
- Brütt, Katharina, et al.
(författare)
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Competition and moral behavior: A meta-analysis of forty-five crowd-sourced experimental designs
- 2023
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - PNAS. - : National Academy of Sciences. - 1091-6490 .- 0027-8424. ; 120:23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Does competition affect moral behavior? This fundamental question has been debated among leading scholars for centuries, and more recently, it has been tested in experimental studies yielding a body of rather inconclusive empirical evidence. A potential source of ambivalent empirical results on the same hypothesis is design heterogeneity-variation in true effect sizes across various reasonable experimental research protocols. To provide further evidence on whether competition affects moral behavior and to examine whether the generalizability of a single experimental study is jeopardized by design heterogeneity, we invited independent research teams to contribute experimental designs to a crowd-sourced project. In a large-scale online data collection, 18,123 experimental participants were randomly allocated to 45 randomly selected experimental designs out of 95 submitted designs. We find a small adverse effect of competition on moral behavior in a meta-analysis of the pooled data. The crowd-sourced design of our study allows for a clean identification and estimation of the variation in effect sizes above and beyond what could be expected due to sampling variance. We find substantial design heterogeneity-estimated to be about 1.6 times as large as the average standard error of effect size estimates of the 45 research designs-indicating that the informativeness and generalizability of results based on a single experimental design are limited. Drawing strong conclusions about the underlying hypotheses in the presence of substantive design heterogeneity requires moving toward much larger data collections on various experimental designs testing the same hypothesis.
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| 7. |
- Kugler, T., et al.
(författare)
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Are groups more rational than individuals? A review of interactive decision making in groups
- 2012
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Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Cognitive Science. - : Wiley. - 1939-5078. ; 3:4, s. 471-482
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many decisions are interactive; the outcome of one party depends not only on its decisions or on acts of nature but also on the decisions of others. Standard game theory assumes that individuals are rational, self-interested decision makersthat is, decision makers are selfish, perfect calculators, and flawless executors of their strategies. A myriad of studies shows that these assumptions are problematic, at least when examining decisions made by individuals. In this article, we review the literature of the last 25 years on decision making by groups. Researchers have compared the strategic behavior of groups and individuals in many games: prisoner's dilemma, dictator, ultimatum, trust, centipede and principalagent games, among others. Our review suggests that results are quite consistent in revealing that group decisions are closer to the game-theoretic assumption of rationality than individual decisions. Given that many real-world decisions are made by groups, it is possible to argue that standard game theory is a better descriptive model than previously believed by experimental researchers. We conclude by discussing future research avenues in this area. WIREs Cogn Sci 2012, 3:471482. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1184 For further resources related to this article, please visit the .
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| 8. |
- Aggarwal, MM, et al.
(författare)
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Centrality dependence of charged-neutral particle fluctuations in 158A (GeVPb)-Pb-208+Pb-208 collisions
- 2003
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Ingår i: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813. ; 67:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Results on the study of localized fluctuations in the multiplicity of charged particles and photons produced in 158A GeV/c Pb+Pb collisions are presented for varying centralities. The charged versus neutral particle multiplicity correlations in common phase space regions of varying azimuthal sizes are analyzed by two different methods. Various types of mixed events are constructed to probe fluctuations arising from different sources. The measured results are compared to those from simulations and from mixed events. The comparison indicates the presence of nonstatistical fluctuations in both the charged particle and photon multiplicities in limited azimuthal regions. However, no correlated charged-neutral fluctuations, a possible signature of formation of disoriented chiral condensates, are observed. An upper limit on the production of disoriented chiral condensates is set.
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| 9. |
- Aggarwal, M. M., et al.
(författare)
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Event-by-event charged-neutral fluctuations in Pb plus Pb collisions at 158 A GeV
- 2011
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Ingår i: Physics Letters. Section B: Nuclear, Elementary Particle and High-Energy Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693. ; 701:3, s. 300-305
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Charged particles and photons have been measured in central Pb + Pb collisions at 158 A GeV in a common (eta-phi)-phase space region in the WA98 experiment at the CERN SPS. The measured distributions have been analyzed to quantify the frequency with which phase space regions of varying sizes have either small or large neutral pion fraction. The measured results are compared with VENUS model simulated events and with mixed events. Events with both large and small charged-neutral fluctuations are observed to occur more frequently than expected statistically, as deduced from mixed events, or as predicted by model simulations, with the difference becoming more prominent with decreasing size of the A Delta eta-Delta phi region. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Aggarwal, M. M., et al.
(författare)
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Photon and eta production in p plus Pb and p plus C collisions at root(NN)-N-S=17.4 GeV
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nuclear Physics, Section A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0375-9474. ; 898, s. 14-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Measurements of direct photon production in p + Pb and p + C collisions at root(NN)-N-s = 17.4 GeV are presented. Upper limits on the direct photon yield as a function of p(T) are derived and compared to the results for Pb + Pb collisions at root(NN)-N-s = 17.3 GeV. The production of the eta meson, which is an important input to the direct photon signal extraction, has been determined in the eta -> 2 gamma channel for p + C collisions at root(NN)-N-s = 17.4 GeV. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 11. |
- Aggarwal, M. M., et al.
(författare)
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Pion freeze-out time in Pb plus Pb collisions at 158 AGeV/c studied via pi(-)/pi(+) and K-/K+ ratios
- 2006
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. Particles and Fields. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044. ; 48:2, s. 343-352
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of the final state Coulomb interaction on particles produced in Pb + Pb collisions at 158AGeV/c has been investigated in the WA98 experiment through the study of the pi(-)/pi(+) and K-/K+ ratios measured as a function of T-m- (m)0. While the ratio for kaons shows no significant T-m dependence, the pi(-)/pi(+) ratio is enhanced at small T-m - (m)0 values with an enhancement that increases with centrality. A silicon pad detector located near the target is used to estimate the contribution of hyperon decays to the pi(-)/pi(+) ratio. The comparison of results with predictions of the RQMD model in which the Coulomb interaction has been incorporated allows to place constraints on the time of the pion freeze-out.
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| 12. |
- Aggarwal, M. M., et al.
(författare)
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Suppression of high-p(T) neutral pion production in central Pb+Pb collisions at root s(NN)=17.3 GeV relative to p+C and p+Pb collisions
- 2008
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114. ; 100:24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neutral pion transverse momentum spectra were measured in p+C and p+Pb collisions at root s(NN) = 17.4 GeV at midrapidity (2.3 less than or similar to eta(lab)less than or similar to 3.0) over the range 0.7 less than or similar to p(T)less than or similar to 3.5 GeV/c. The spectra are compared to pi(0) spectra measured in Pb+Pb collisions at root s(NN) = 17.3 GeV in the same experiment. For a wide range of Pb+Pb centralities (N-part less than or similar to 300), the yield of pi(0)'s with p(T)greater than or similar to 2 GeV/c is larger than or consistent with the p+C or p+Pb yields scaled with the number of nucleon-nucleon collisions (N-coll), while for central Pb+Pb collisions with N-part greater than or similar to 350, the pi(0) yield is suppressed.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Georg, U., et al.
(författare)
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Isotope production comparison at ISOLDE with 1 and 1.4 GeV protons
- 2002
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Ingår i: Nuclear Physics A. - 0375-9474. ; 701, s. 137C-143C
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The difference in isotope production between 1 and 1.4 GeV proton projectiles was investigated at ISOLDE/CERN during the year 1999. As target materials uranium carbide, thorium carbide, lead and lanthanum oxide were used and the ratio of the measured production yields for the two different projectile energies were determined for isotopes of the elements francium, mercury, thallium, xenon, cesium, krypton, rubidium and neon. A comparison of these experimental results with the predictions from a two-step reaction model Monte-Carlo code shows good agreement. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 15. |
- Konofaos, N., et al.
(författare)
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Electrical characterisation of SrTiO3/Si interfaces
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. - 0022-3093 .- 1873-4812. ; 303:1, s. 185-189
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deposition of SrTiO3 (STO) thin films by ultra-high vacuum rf magnetron sputtering was performed in order to produce high-quality STO/p-Si (1 0 0) interfaces and STO insulator layers with high dielectric constants. The deposition temperatures were in the range from room temperature to 550 °C. Capacitance-voltage (C-V) and conductance-frequency measurements showed that the dielectric constant of the films ranges from 55 to 120. C-V measurements on Al/STO/p-Si structures clearly revealed the creation of metal-insulator-semiconductor diodes. The interface state densities (Dit) at the STO/p-Si interfaces were obtained from admittance spectroscopy measurements. The samples deposited at lower temperatures revealed values of Dit between 2 × 1011 and 3.5 × 1012 eV-1 cm-2 while the higher temperature deposited samples had a higher Dit ranging between 1 × 1011 and 1 × 1013 eV-1 cm-2. The above results were also well correlated to X-ray diffraction measurements, Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, and spectroscopic ellipsometry. © 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 16. |
- Kugler, E., et al.
(författare)
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The New Cern-Isolde Online Mass-Separator Facility at the Ps-Booster
- 1992
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Ingår i: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. - 0168-583X. ; 70:1-4, s. 41-49
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ISOLDE on-line isotope separators have been operated since 1967 at the CERN-SC. This 600 MeV proton synchro-cyclotron had to be shut down in December 1990 after 33 years of service and it was decided to move ISOLDE to a new experimental area. The new on-line mass-separator facility is now under construction at the CERN PS-Booster. This accelerator provides an average current of about 2-mu-A of 1 GeV protons in very short high intensity pulses at low repetition rate. The beam can hit either one of the two target stations, the general purpose separator (GPS), a reconstructed ISOLDE-2 type machine (which can deliver beams simultaneously into three beam lines), and the high resolution separator (HRS), which is essentially the slightly modified ISOLDE-3 separator. The central GPS beam line and the HRS feed a common beam transport system to which most of the experiments will be connected. The new facility will be taken into operation in spring 1992.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Wang, Z., et al.
(författare)
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Characteristics of SrTiO3 thin films deposited on Si by rf magnetron sputtering at various substrate temperatures
- 2002
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Ingår i: Philosophical Magazine B. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1364-2812 .- 1463-6417. ; 82:8, s. 891-903
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- SrTiO3 (STO) thin films were deposited on p-type Si(100) substrates by rf magnetron sputtering at various substrate temperatures, and their structural and electrical properties were investigated without post-deposition annealing. The thickness of the films was in the range from 300 to 500 nm while the deposition temperature was varied between room temperature and 550°C. Compositional and structural characterizations included X-ray diffraction, Rutherford back-scattering spectroscopy and variable-angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. Metal-insulator-semiconductor diodes with the configuration of Al/STO/p-Si/Al were fabricated and characterized by capacitance-voltage, current voltage and admittance spectroscopy measurements. Depending on the substrate temperatures, the dielectric constant of the films varied between 60 and 120 and the loss factor between 0.019 and 0.051 at 100 kHz. All films showed high charge storage capacity, varying between 1.9 and 3 µm cm-2. However, the films deposited at 200°C showed the lowest density of bulk trapped charges (150nC cm-2) and interface states ((1.2-6.1) × 1011 cm-2 eV-1), and are therefore considered to be the most suitable for device applications.
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| 19. |
- Wang, Z., et al.
(författare)
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Electrical properties of SrTiO3 thin films on Si deposited by magnetron sputtering at low temperature
- 2001
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 79:10, s. 1513-1515
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deposition of SrTiO3 (STO) thin films by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering in an ultrahigh vacuum system at a low substrate temperature (~200°C) was performed in order to produce high-quality STO/p-Si (100) interfaces and STO insulator layers with dielectric constants of high magnitude. The STO films were identified as polycrystalline by x-ray diffraction, and were approximated with a layered structure according to the best fitting results of raw data from both Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. Room-temperature current-voltage and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements on Al/STO/p-Si diodes clearly revealed metal-insulator-semiconductor behavior, and the STO/p-Si interface state densities were of the order of 1011 eV-1 cm-2. The dielectric constant of the STO film was 65, and the dielectric loss factor varied between 0.05 and 0.55 for a frequency range of 1 kHz-10 MHz. For a 387 nm thick STO film, the dielectric breakdown field was 0.31 MV cm-1, and the charge storage capacity was 2.1 µC cm-2. These results indicate that STO films are suitable for applications as insulator layers in dynamic random access memories or as cladding layers in electroluminescent devices. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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