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Sökning: WFRF:(Kuklane Kalev)

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  • Abele, Iveta, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluation of thermal resistance of the military sleeping bags
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Advanced Materials Research. - 1022-6680. ; 1117, s. 299-302
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Military sleeping bags are envisaged for intensive use during military actions. They have extra properties that provide protection for military staff. In cold climatic conditions when sleeping bags are used for rest soldiers’s combat ability and survival depends on the thermal insulation properties of material technical resources (gear) and clothing. Aim of the research is to establish the extreme temperature of military sleeping bags and military uniforms complete sets, to find the optimal set and define conformity to NATO AECTP-230 “Climatic conditions” cold climate categories C0 – C1.
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  • Alametsä, Jarmo, et al. (författare)
  • Age-related circulatory responses to whole body cooling: observations by ballistocardiographic EMFi sensors
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Proceedings of Ambience 14&10i3m : Scientific Conference for Smart and Functional Textiles, Well-Being, Thermal Comfort in Clothing, Design, Thermal Manikins and Modellin, 7-9 September 2014, Tampere, Finland - Scientific Conference for Smart and Functional Textiles, Well-Being, Thermal Comfort in Clothing, Design, Thermal Manikins and Modellin, 7-9 September 2014, Tampere, Finland. - 2342-4540. - 9789521532696 ; 1
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The purpose was to study age related changes in circulatory system via Ballistocardiography (BCG) by utilizing Electromechanical Film (EMFi) sensors by gradually changing the ambient temperature from a thermoneutral area to cold direction. ECG and BCG were recorded from a young person (23 years) and from an older person (78 years), both males. During the tests, brachium blood pressure (BP) and pulse signals were recorded from neck and ankle (with EMFi sensor strips). Thermal camera images were taken in order to find out temperature changes in whole body and limbs. Temporal durations and amplitudes of seat BCG:s components (systolic and diastolic) as well as from pulse signals from neck and ankle were calculated. Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) was obtained by utilizing the time between ECG’s R wave and maximum value of the ankle pulse signal. In both persons, the ankle pulse amplitude decreased when propagating to cold direction and increased in young person when returning to warmer ambient temperature. With young and old BCG:s systolic and diastolic temporal complexes remained stable, but systolic amplitudes increased in the older person (AHI 1.02 – 2.87, AIJ 0.7 – 2.66) as well as diastolic amplitudes (old; AKL 0.47 – 2.37). In the older person, PWV increased when moving to colder side. BP increased with a young person (from 95/64 to 132/75 mmHg), and with older person (from 125/68 to 176/101 mmHg) having a prominent rise in diastolic values during the cooling. The neck pulse wave amplitude AOP rise was modest with the younger person and had variation with the older person. Older person had also more intensive shivering compared to younger one. With the older person, the limbs stayed cold in thermal images when returning from cold to thermoneutral area. The present preliminary observations indicated clear age-related differences in the circulatory response to a mild whole-body thermal challenge.
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  • Alametsä, Jarmo, et al. (författare)
  • Age‐related circulatory responses to whole body cooling: observations by heart rate variability
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Finnish Journal of eHealth and eWelfare. - 1798-0798. ; 7:2-3, s. 57-64
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The purpose was to study potential age ‐ related changes in the circulatory system via heart rate variability (HRV) by gradually lowering ambient temperature (0.2°C/min) from thermoneutral (32 C°) towards cold (18 C°). ECG was recorded from a young (31 years) and from an older subject (78 years), both males. During the tests, brachium blood pressure (BP) was recorded. During the cooling, BP increased in both subjects (young from 95/69 to 132/75 mmHg, old from 125/68 to 176/101 mmHg), the latter exhibiting a prominent rise in diastolic values after cooling. HRV parameters increased in both subjects during the cold exposure being modest in the younger subject as compared to the older one. Also, recovery from the cold in terms of HRV was faster in the younger subject. The present preliminary observations indicate that older age is coupled with altered HRV response to a mild whole‐body skin cooling.
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  • Aljaste, Helena, et al. (författare)
  • Better bicycle helmets for commuters – evaluation of ventilation
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: International Cycling Safety Conference 2014.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • As a continuation of the work on the development of setting the requirements for ventilation of a bicycle helmet for commuters, 15 full scale helmet mock-ups were created by the students of the Estonian Academy of Arts. In order to encourage creativity for ventilation solutions the students were not restricted to consider the other properties except it was pointed out that the meaning of helmets use is protection. These 1:1 scaled mock-ups were tested at Thermal Environment Laboratory, Lund University for their heat transfer characteristics (insulation) in a wind tunnel on a thermal head manikin. The helmets were tested at the room temperature with the air velocities of 0.2, 1.6 and 6.0 m/s. The air velocities of 0.2 and 1.6 m/s were tested without a wig and 1.6 and 6.0 m/s were tested with wig to simulate the effect of hair. In addition, 4 reference helmets were tested in some conditions. Three (3) of them were one of the best, one average and one of the less well performing helmets of an earlier study, and one was a helmet commonly bought and used by an ordinary bicyclist. The helmets in new design were affected by ventilation and covered a wide range of insula-tion. The reference helmets from the earlier study stayed quite in the middle of the tested range. Thus, the new solutions could work much better or worse than available helmets. However, practically any new helmet was better than the common helmet from the shop. It was also very clear that various air velocities affected heat loss from the helmets. This means that a best solution for a commuter has to be defined by the user’s bicycling velocity. The best ventilation solutions will be chosen and the design work with considering of impact testing will be continued.
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  • Aljaste, Helena, et al. (författare)
  • The effects of air channel construction and design elements on heat transfer characteristics of bicycle helmets for commuters
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: International Cycling Safety Conference 2015.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The earlier studies in this measurement series defined the limits and aims for design process to create better ventilating helmets [1], and tested the insulation [2] and evaporative characteristics [3] of the designed mock-ups. In addition some of the tested mock-ups were modified to study more closely the factors that were expected to improve heat transfer from the bicycle helmets. The present paper covers making a new prototype that allowed modifications of the air channels and in- and outlet openings. In total 2 new helmet design concept mock-ups were created and tested with 13 modifications in comparison with 6 selected helmets from the previous studies including the modified versions. The mock-ups were tested at the Thermal Environment Laboratory, Lund University for insulation and evaporative resistance. Dry tests for insulation were carried on at 20 °C temperature in a wind tunnel on a thermal head manikin at the chosen air velocities of 1.6 m/s on a bald head and 1.6 m/s and 6 m/s with the wig in order to simulate the effect of hair. Wet tests were carried out with textile skin on the head manikin, using the air velocity 1.6 m/s with and without the wig. As the main result it was concluded that a well ventilating helmet is characterized by less contact with the head, and proper air channels with strategically placed air inlets and outlets. Large openings worked much better than a several small ones, yet, the care has to be taken as too large openings reduce the helmet protective capabilities. The shape and other design related modifications of the air inlets and outlets had minimal effect on ventilation.
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  • Annaheim, Simon, et al. (författare)
  • Final report of Working Group 4: Ergonomics of thermal effects. A COST Action TU1101 / HOPE collaboration
  • 2015
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • The thermal effects related to wearing a bicycle helmet are complex and different studies have investigated single parts of this topic. A literature review was produced and published (Bogerd et al., 2015) summarizing the different findings to give a complete overview on this topic as well as to suggest new perspectives. Headgear increases head insulation and therefore is mainly problematic under warm conditions, which is the focus of that review. Helmets do not affect physiological parameters other than the local skin temperature and sweat rate. However, the head is among the most sensitive body parts related to thermal comfort, thereby directly affecting the willingness to wear headgear. Several methods have been used to study thermal aspects of headgear, which could be categorized as (i) numerical, (ii) biophysical, (iii) combined numerical and biophysical, and (iv) user trials. The application of these methods established that heat transfer mainly takes place through radiation and convection. Headgear parameters relevant to these heat transfer pathways are reviewed and suggestions are provided for improving existing headgear concepts and developing new concepts, ultimately leading to more accepted headgear. The report of working group 4 (WG4) provides information about activities undertaken during the COST Action TU1101 “Towards safer bicycling through optimization of bicycle helmets and usage” to better understand the ergonomics of thermal aspects and to work towards the tasks defined in the memorandum of understanding (COST Secretariat, 2011). Primary Task 5: Development of guidelines for thermally-optimized helmet designs Secondary Task 3: Inform impact studies on which kinds of ventilation structures are useful and which are unnecessary Secondary Task 7: Review of physiological and comfort effect of wearing bicycle helmets All the chapters listed below include important aspects contributing to the primary task 5. Modelling and simulation tools (Chapter II) are becoming more and more important in research and development of new bicycle helmets but also in the development of guidelines, directives and norms. An example for the industrial application of models is given in Chapter III. The investigation of different forms of helmet coverings provides important information about the future direction for the development of helmet designs. Completely new helmet designs and the respective thermal properties are presented in Chapter IV. This chapter shows a different approach for finding new concepts of helmet designs. In Chapter V, new project initiatives are introduced to improve thermal aspects of helmets but also to include information and communication techniques (ICT) into helmets. Finally, the tasks of WG4 are summarized in Chapter VI, conclusions are drawn and an outlook is provided regarding the future development of helmets to comply with the requests of two-wheel commuters (including e-bikes, segway and others).
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  • Anttonen, Hannu, et al. (författare)
  • Thermal manikin measurements - exact or not?
  • 2004
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. - 2376-9130. ; 10:3, s. 291-300
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • According to the European prestandard ENV 342:1998, the thermal insulation of cold-protective clothing is measured with a thermal manikin. Systematic studies on the reproducibility of the values, measured with different types of clothing on the commonly used standing and walking manikins, have not been reported in the literature. Over 300 measurements were done in 8 different European laboratories. The reproducibility of the thermal insulation test results was good. The coefficient of variation was lower than 8%. The measured clothing should fit the manikin precisely, because poorly fitting clothing gave an error in the results. The correlation between parallel and serial insulation values was excellent and parallel values were about 20% lower than serial ones. The influence of ambient conditions was critical only in the case of air velocity. The reproducibility of thermal insulation test results in a single laboratory was good, and the variation was lower than 3%.
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  • Arias, Silvia, et al. (författare)
  • An experiment on ascending evacuation on a long, stationary escalator
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Interflam 2016.
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Ascending evacuation is becoming more relevant with underground stations reaching increasing depths. Therefore there is need for better understanding of the effects of physical exertion during evacuation. An experiment was conducted in a 61 m long, stationary escalator in Stockholm (Sweden) in order to obtain data on walking speeds, resting and behavior, which consisted on measuring the walking speed and gathering data about the perceived exertion of test participants walking up the escalator. The walking speeds of 29 single individuals and a group of 21 individuals were obtained. The results showed that people decrease their walking speed with the height, and some of them need to take breaks along the climb. No clear influence of background participants’ variables was found on the results. In the group experiment, the slower people had an impact on the walking speed of others due to the reduced space between them at the beginning of the climb. However, the slower participants gradually move to the right hand of the escalator to allow overtaking on the left hand side, and the faster ones could move at their preferred speed. This behavior is similar that observed during regular use of escalators.
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  • Bogerd, Cornelis P., et al. (författare)
  • A review on ergonomics of headgear: Thermal effects
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0169-8141. ; 45:February, s. 1-12
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The thermal effects related to wearing headgear are complex and different studies have investigated single parts of this topic. This review aims at summarizing the different findings to give a complete overview on this topic as well as to suggest new perspectives. Headgear increases head insulation and therefore is mainly problematic under warm conditions, which is the focus of this review. Helmets do not affect physiological parameters other than the local skin temperature and sweat rate. However, the head is among the most sensitive body parts related to thermal comfort, thereby directly affecting the willingness to wear headgear. Several methods have been used to study thermal aspects of headgear, which could be categorized as (i) numerical, (ii) biophysical, (iii) combined numerical and biophysical, and (iv) user trials. The application of these methods established that heat transfer mainly takes place through radiation and convection. Headgear parameters relevant to these heat transfer pathways, are reviewed and suggestions are provided for improving existing headgear concepts and developing new concepts, ultimately leading to more accepted headgear. Relevance to industry: This review provides a sound basis for improving existing headgear concepts. Firstly, a concise overview of headgear research related to thermal effects is given, leading to empirically based improvement suggestions and identification of research fields with a high potential. Finally, relevant research methods are described facilitating evaluation in R&D processes.
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  • Bouskill, Lisa M., et al. (författare)
  • The relationship between ventilation index and thermal insulation
  • 1998
  • Ingår i: Proceedings / ICCE8 the 8th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics, 18-23 October 1998, San Diego, California, USA. - : International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics. - 0966695305
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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  • Broede, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • The Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI Compared to Ergonomics Standards for Assessing the Thermal Environment
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Industrial Health. - 1880-8026. ; 51:1, s. 16-24
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The growing need for valid assessment procedures of the outdoor thermal environment in the fields of public weather services, public health systems, urban planning, tourism & recreation and climate impact research raised the idea to develop the Universal Thermal Climate Index UTCI based on the most recent scientific progress both in thermo-physiology and in heat exchange theory. Following extensive validation of accessible models of human thermoregulation, the advanced multi-node 'Fiala' model was selected to form the basis of UTCI. This model was coupled with an adaptive clothing model which considers clothing habits by the general urban population and behavioral changes in clothing insulation related to actual environmental temperature. UTCI was developed conceptually as an equivalent temperature. Thus, for any combination of air temperature, wind, radiation, and humidity, UTCI is defined as the air temperature in the reference condition which would elicit the same dynamic response of the physiological model. This review analyses the sensitivity of UTCI to humidity and radiation in the heat and to wind in the cold and compares the results with observational studies and internationally standardized assessment procedures. The capabilities, restrictions and potential future extensions of UTCI are discussed.
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  • Bröde, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • Assessment of Thermal Discomfort when Wearing Bicycle Helmets – A Modelling Framework
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: International Cycling Safety Conference 2015.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Excessive sweating is a major ergonomic concern in bicycle helmet use and low wearing rates are suspected to originate, at least partly, from impaired thermal comfort due to accumulated sweat increasing skin wettedness at the head region. As a development from COST Action TU1101 WG4, we introduce a modelling framework for assessing the thermal comfort of bicy-cle helmet use. We predicted local sweat rate (LSR) at the head region as ratio to gross sweat rate (GSR) of the whole body and also based on sudomotor sensitivity (SUD), which relates the change in LSR to the change in body core temperature (ΔTre). We coupled those local models with models of thermoregulation predicting ΔTre and GSR, thus modelling head sweating in re-sponse to the characteristics of the thermal environment, clothing, level of activity, and expo-sure duration. We then validated the predictions of several local models (SUD, LSR/GSR) com-bined with different whole-body models against head sweat rates measured in the laboratory. Eventually, we developed thermal comfort criteria from head LSR by relating skin wettedness to the thermal properties of bicycle helmets. We discuss the potential of this approach as well as needs for further research.
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  • Bröde, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • Einfluss der unteren Schichten von Schutzbekleidung auf die Erwärmung durch Infrarotstrahlung
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Produkt- und Produktions-Ergonomie : Aufgaben für Entwickler und Planer : Bericht zum 54. Kongress der Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft vom 9. - 11. April 2008 - Aufgaben für Entwickler und Planer : Bericht zum 54. Kongress der Gesellschaft für Arbeitswissenschaft vom 9. - 11. April 2008. - 9783936804065 ; , s. 239-242
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Mit einer Thermopuppe wurde die Erwärmung durch langwellige Wärmestrahlung beim Tragen von Schutzkleidung erfasst, wobei Material und Anzahl der Schichten der Unterbekleidung variiert wurden. Die Unterbekleidung minderte die durch Strahlungs-Absorption hervorgerufene Erwärmung. Die dabei beobachtete hohe negative Korrelation mit der thermischen Isolation zeigt Möglichkeiten zur Berücksichtigung von Effekt modifizierenden Eigenschaften wie Materialdichte oder -dicke bei der Modellierung auf.
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  • Bröde, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • Heat gain from thermal radiation through protective clothing with different insulation, reflectivity and vapour permeability
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics. - 2376-9130. ; 16:2, s. 231-244
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The heat transferred through protective clothing under long wave radiation compared to a reference condition without radiant stress was determined in thermal manikin experiments. The influence of clothing insulation and reflectivity, and the interaction with wind and wet underclothing were considered. Garments with different outer materials and colours and additionally an aluminised reflective suit were combined with different number and types of dry and pre-wetted underwear layers. Under radiant stress, whole body heat loss decreased, i.e., heat gain occurred compared to the reference. This heat gain increased with radiation intensity, and decreased with air velocity and clothing insulation. Except for the reflective outer layer that showed only minimal heat gain over the whole range of radiation intensities, the influence of the outer garments’ material and colour was small with dry clothing. Wetting the underclothing for simulating sweat accumulation, however, caused differing effects with higher heat gain in less permeable garments.
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  • Bröde, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • Heat transfer through protective clothing under symmetric and asymmetric long wave thermal radiation
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft. - 0340-2444. ; 62:4, s. 267-276
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This report considers results of an ED funded research on thermal properties ofprotective clothing and their use in the assessment of the thermal strain at work. In order to study the effects of the asymmetry oflong wave thermal radiation on the heat transfer through protective clothing, the heat loss under all-side and unilaterally applied radiation with the same incident radiant power of 279 W/m2 was measured with a thermal manikin and compared to a reference condition where mean radiant temperature was equal to air temperature. With exposure to radiation a lowered heat loss, i.e. heat gain for the whole covered body area was observed, which did not depend on radiant asymmetry for the dry as well as for the combined dry and evaporative heat loss, and which was attenuated when wearing a more insulating underwear. However, under one-sided radiation a more inhomogeneous spatial distribution occurred with higher heat gains and higher surface temperatures at the irradiated body parts. Practical Relevance The direction ofthermal radiation in the horizontal plane may be neglected when assessing the physiological heat strain in protective clothing by heat budget models. In contrast to this, it may be advisable to consider radiant asymmetries with respect to thermal comfort with low intensity radiation, and the most intense radiant source when assessing the risk of skin burns.
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  • Bröde, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • Non-evaporative effects of a wet mid layer on heat transfer through protective clothing
  • 2008
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Applied Physiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1439-6327 .- 1439-6319. ; 104:2, s. 341-349
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In order to assess the non-evaporative components of the reduced thermal insulation of wet clothing, experiments were performed with a manikin and with human subjects in which two layers of underwear separated by an impermeable barrier were worn under an impermeable overgarment at 20 °C, 80% RH and 0.5 ms-1 air velocity. By comparing manikin measurements with dry and wetted mid underwear layer, the increase in heat loss caused by a wet layer kept away from the skin was determined, which turned out to be small (5-6 Wm-2), irrespective of the inner underwear layer being dry or wetted, and was only one third of the evaporative heat loss calculated from weight change, i.e. evaporative cooling efficiency was far below unity. In the experiments with 8 males, each subject participated in two sessions with the mid underwear layer either dry or wetted, where they stood still for the first 30 minutes and then performed treadmill work for 60 minutes. Reduced heat strain due to lower insulation with the wetted mid layer was observed with decreased microclimate and skin temperatures, lowered sweat loss and cardiac strain. Accordingly, total clothing insulation calculated over the walking period from heat balance equations was reduced by 0.02 m2 °C W-1 (16%), while for the standing period the same decrease in insulation, representing 9% reduction only showed up after allowing for the lower evaporative cooling efficiency in the calculations. As evaporation to the environment and inside the clothing was restricted, the observed small alterations may be attributed to the wet mid layer’s increased conductivity, which, however, appears to be of minor importance compared to the evaporative effects in the assessment of the thermal properties of wet clothing.
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  • Bröde, Peter, et al. (författare)
  • Thermische Beanspruchung in Schutzkleidung
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Technische Überwachung. ; 51:6, s. 14-18
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Abstract in German Grundlegende Daten zur Beurteilung der thermischen Beanspruchung während der Arbeit in Schutzkleidung wurden im europäischen Verbundprojekt THERMPROTECT (EU Contract-No. G6RD-CT-2002-00846) mit Untersuchungen des durch die Kleidung erhöhten Energieumsatzes und des Transports von Wärme und Feuchte unter Kältebelastung sowie bei Einwirkung von Wärmestrahlung erhoben. Der Eingang der hier dargestellten Resultate in international standardisierte Bewertungsverfahren soll zur Vermeidung thermophysiologischer Überbeanspruchungen beitragen.
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  • Delin, Mattias, et al. (författare)
  • Ascending evacuation - Walking speed in stairs as a function of height
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Human Behaviour in fire : 6th International Symposium - 6th International Symposium. - 9780993393303 ; , s. 155-160
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • During ascending evacuation in long stairs, there is reason to believe that factors such as fatigue, and change in human behaviour will influence the possibility of satisfactory evacuation and affect the ascending walking speed. Based on these assumption, a 2-year research project was initiated at Lund University. This paper gives a brief description of the project and highlight some initial findings according ascending walking speed and effects of fatigue.
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  • Delin, Mattias, et al. (författare)
  • Ascending stair evacuation : walking speed as a function of height
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - : Wiley. - 0308-0501 .- 1099-1018. ; 41:5, s. 514-534
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • There is reason to believe that factors such as physical exertion and behavioural changes will influence the ascending walking speed and ultimately the possibility of satisfactory evacuation. To study these effects, a 2-year research project was initiated with the focus on effects of physical exertion on walking speeds, physiological performance and behaviours during long ascending evacuations. Two sets of experiments on human performance during ascending long stairs, with a height of 48 and 109 m, were performed. The results include aspects such as walking speeds, physical exertion (oxygen consumption, heart rates and electromyography data), perceived exertion and behavioural changes, showing that physical work capacity affects walking speeds in case of long ascending evacuation and should be considered while using long ascending evacuation. Analysis of both walking and vertical speeds is recommended because it provides additional insights on the impact of stair configuration on vertical displacement and the importance of not using the same value for walking speed for different stairs because the design of the stairs has an impact. The novel datasets presented in this paper are deemed to provide useful information for fire safety engineers both for assisting fire safety design as well as the calibration of evacuation modelling tools.
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  • Gao, Chuansi, et al. (författare)
  • Cooling vests with phase change material packs: the effects of temperature gradient, mass, and covering area
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Ergonomics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0014-0139 .- 1366-5847. ; 53:5, s. 716-723
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Phase change material (PCM) absorbs or releases latent heat when it changes phases, making thermal-regulated clothing possible. The objective of this study was to quantify the relationships between PCM cooling rate and temperature gradient, mass, and covering area on a thermal manikin in a climatic chamber. Three melting temperatures (24, 28, 32 °C) of the PCMs, different mass, covering areas, and two manikin temperatures (34 and 38 °C) were used. The results showed that the cooling rate of the PCM vests tested is positively correlated with the temperature gradient between the thermal manikin and the melting temperature of the PCMs. The required temperature gradient is suggested to be greater than 6 °C when PCM vests are used in hot climates. With the same temperature gradient, the cooling rate is mainly determined by the covering area. The duration of the cooling effect is dependent on PCM mass and the latent heat
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44.
  • Gao, Chuansi, et al. (författare)
  • Cooling vests with phase change materials: the effects of melting temperature on heat strain alleviation in an extremely hot environment
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: European Journal of Applied Physiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1439-6327 .- 1439-6319. ; 111:6, s. 1207-1216
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A previous study by the authors using a heated thermal manikin showed that the cooling rates of phase change material (PCM) are dependent on temperature gradient, mass, and covering area. The objective of this study was to investigate if the cooling effects of the temperature gradient observed on a thermal manikin could be validated on human subjects in extreme heat. The subjects wore cooling vests with PCMs at two melting temperatures (24 and 28°C) and fire-fighting clothing and equipment, thus forming three test groups (vest24, vest28 and control group without the vest). They walked on a treadmill at a speed of 5 km/h in a climatic chamber (air temperature = 55°C, relative humidity = 30%, vapour pressure = 4,725 Pa, and air velocity = 0.4 m/s). The results showed that the PCM vest with a lower melting temperature (24°C) has a stronger cooling effect on the torso and mean skin temperatures than that with a higher melting temperature (28°C). Both PCM vests mitigate peak core temperature increase during the resting recovery period. The two PCM vests tested, however, had no significant effect on the alleviation of core temperature increase during exercise in the heat. To study the possibility of effective cooling of core temperature, cooling garments with PCMs at even lower melting temperatures (e.g. 15°C) and a larger covering area should be investigated.
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  • Gao, Chuansi, et al. (författare)
  • Occupational heat stress assessment and protective strategies in the context of climate change
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Biometeorology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-1254 .- 0020-7128. ; 62:3, s. 359-371
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Global warming will unquestionably increase the impact of heat on individuals who work in already hot workplaces in hot climate areas. The increasing prevalence of this environmental health risk requires the improvement of assessment methods linked to meteorological data. Such new methods will help to reveal the size of the problem and design appropriate interventions at individual, workplace and societal level. The evaluation of occupational heat stress requires measurement of four thermal climate factors (air temperature, humidity, air velocity and heat radiation); available weather station data may serve this purpose. However, the use of meteorological data for occupational heat stress assessment is limited because weather stations do not traditionally and directly measure some important climate factors, e.g. solar radiation. In addition, local workplace environmental conditions such as local heat sources, metabolic heat production within the human body, and clothing properties, all affect the exchange of heat between the body and the environment. A robust occupational heat stress index should properly address all these factors. This article reviews and highlights a number of selected heat stress indices, indicating their advantages and disadvantages in relation to meteorological data, local workplace environments, body heat production and the use of protective clothing. These heat stress and heat strain indices include Wet Bulb Globe Temperature, Discomfort Index, Predicted Heat Strain index, and Universal Thermal Climate Index. In some cases, individuals may be monitored for heat strain through physiological measurements and medical supervision prior to and during exposure. Relevant protective and preventive strategies for alleviating heat strain are also reviewed and proposed.
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