| 1. |
- Singh, Sachin Kumar, et al.
(författare)
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Soil erosion control from trash residues at varying land slopes under simulated rainfall conditions
- 2023
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Ingår i: Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering. - : American Institute of Mathematical Sciences. - 1551-0018. ; 20:6, s. 11403-11428
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trash mulches are remarkably effective in preventing soil erosion, reducing runoff-sediment transport-erosion, and increasing infiltration. The study was carried out to observe the sediment outflow from sugar cane leaf (trash) mulch treatments at selected land slopes under simulated rainfall conditions using a rainfall simulator of size 10 m × 1.2 m × 0.5 m with the locally available soil material collected from Pantnagar. In the present study, trash mulches with different quantities were selected to observe the effect of mulching on soil loss reduction. The number of mulches was taken as 6, 8 and 10 t/ha, three rainfall intensities viz. 11, 13 and 14.65 cm/h at 0, 2 and 4% land slopes were selected. The rainfall duration was fixed (10 minutes) for every mulch treatment. The total runoff volume varied with mulch rates for constant rainfall input and land slope. The average sediment concentration (SC) and sediment outflow rate (SOR) increased with the increasing land slope. However, SC and outflow decreased with the increasing mulch rate for a fixed land slope and rainfall intensity. The SOR for no mulch-treated land was higher than trash mulch-treated lands. Mathematical relationships were developed for relating SOR, SC, land slope, and rainfall intensity for a particular mulch treatment. It was observed that SOR and average SC values correlated with rainfall intensity and land slope for each mulch treatment. The developed models' correlation coefficients were more than 90%.
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| 2. |
- Vishwakarma, Dinesh Kumar, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling of soil moisture movement and wetting behavior under point-source trickle irrigation
- 2023
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Nature. - 2045-2322. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The design and selection of ideal emitter discharge rates can be aided by accurate information regarding the wetted soil pattern under surface drip irrigation. The current field investigation was conducted in an apple orchard in SKUAST- Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, a Union Territory of India, during 2017–2019. The objective of the experiment was to examine the movement of moisture over time and assess the extent of wetting in both horizontal and vertical directions under point source drip irrigation with discharge rates of 2, 4, and 8 L h−1. At 30, 60, and 120 min since the beginning of irrigation, a soil pit was dug across the length of the wetted area on the surface in order to measure the wetting pattern. For measuring the soil moisture movement and wetted soil width and depth, three replicas of soil samples were collected according to the treatment and the average value were considered. As a result, 54 different experiments were conducted, resulting in the digging of pits [3 emitter discharge rates × 3 application times × 3 replications × 2 (after application and 24 after application)]. This study utilized the Drip-Irriwater model to evaluate and validate the accuracy of predictions of wetting fronts and soil moisture dynamics in both orientations. Results showed that the modeled values were very close to the actual field values, with a mean absolute error of 0.018, a mean bias error of 0.0005, a mean absolute percentage error of 7.3, a root mean square error of 0.023, a Pearson coefficient of 0.951, a coefficient of correlation of 0.918, and a Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient of 0.887. The wetted width just after irrigation was measured at 14.65, 16.65, and 20.62 cm; 16.20, 20.25, and 23.90 cm; and 20.00, 24.50, and 28.81 cm in 2, 4, and 8 L h−1, at 30, 60, and 120 min, respectively, while the wetted depth was observed 13.10, 16.20, and 20.44 cm; 15.10, 21.50, and 26.00 cm; 19.40, 25.00, and 31.00 cm, respectively. As the flow rate from the emitter increased, the amount of moisture dissemination grew (both immediately and 24 h after irrigation). The soil moisture contents were observed 0.4300, 0.3808, 0.2298, 0.1604, and 0.1600 cm3 cm−3 just after irrigation in 2 L h−1 while 0.4300, 0.3841, 0.2385, 0.1607, and 0.1600 cm3 cm−3 were in 4 L h−1 and 0.4300, 0.3852, 0.2417, 0.1608, and 0.1600 cm3 cm−3 were in 8 L h−1 at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 cm soil depth in 30 min of application time. Similar distinct increments were found in 60, and 120 min of irrigation. The findings suggest that this simple model, which only requires soil, irrigation, and simulation parameters, is a valuable and practical tool for irrigation design. It provides information on soil wetting patterns and soil moisture distribution under a single emitter, which is important for effectively planning and designing a drip irrigation system. Investigating soil wetting patterns and moisture redistribution in the soil profile under point source drip irrigation helps promote efficient planning and design of a drip irrigation system.
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| 3. |
- Kumar, Rohitashw, et al.
(författare)
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A review on emerging water contaminants and the application of sustainable removal technologies
- 2022
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Ingår i: Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 2666-0164. ; 6
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emerging contaminants (ECs) are synthetic or naturally occurring chemicals or any microorganisms that are not commonly monitored in the environment but have the potential to enter the environment and cause known or suspected adverse ecological or human health effects. The issue of ECs persistent in the environment and can disrupt the physiology of target receptors, they are recognized as Contaminants of emerging environmental concerns. The prominent classes of ECs include pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), plasticizers, surfactants, fire retardants, nanomaterials, and pesticides. Several ECs have been recognized as endocrine disruptive compounds (EDCs) due to their deleterious effects on endocrine systems (EDCs). The contaminants present in the aquatic environment resources are a major cause of concern for human health and the environment and safety concern. These contaminations have risen into a major threat to the water distribution system. The impact of emerging contaminants (ECs) such as medicines, x-ray media, endocrine disruptors, insecticides, and personal care items has been reported in surface water, wastewater, and groundwater sources worldwide in recent years. Various techniques have been explored for ECs degradation and removal to mitigate their harmful effect. Numerous prior or continuing investigations have focused on the degradation and removal of contaminants using a variety of treatment techniques, including (1) physical, (2) chemical, and (3) biological. However, experimental data is insufficient to provide precise predictions regarding the mechanistic degradation and removal fate of ECs across various in-practice systems. The membrane technology can remove particles as fine as 10 μm and colloidal particles, It can be effectively eliminated by up to 99% through the use of MBR and treatment technologies such as reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, or nanofiltration at concentrations up to 5 g/liter. In this paper, the emerging contaminants overview, their sources, and their removal by application of various treatments based on recent studies have been presented.
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| 4. |
- Kumar, Rohitashw, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Snowmelt Runoff in Himalayan Region
- 2022
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI. - 2071-1050. ; 14:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Under different climate change scenarios, the current study was planned to simulate runoff due to snowmelt in the Lidder River catchment in the Himalayan region. A basic degree-day model, the Snowmelt-Runoff Model (SRM), was utilized to assess the hydrological consequences of change in the climate. The performance of the SRM model during calibration and validation was assessed using volume difference (Dv) and coefficient of determination (R2). The Dv was found to be 11.7, −10.1, −11.8, 1.96, and 8.6 in 2009–2014, respectively, while the respective R2 was 0.96, 0.92, 0.95, 0.90, and 0.94. The Dv and R2 values indicate that the simulated snowmelt runoff closely agrees with the observed values. The simulated findings were assessed under three different climate change scenarios: (a) an increase in precipitation by +20%, (b) a temperature rise of +2◦ C, and (c) a temperature rise of +2◦ C with a 20% increase in snow cover. In scenario (b), the simulated results showed that runoff increased by 53% in summer (April–September). In contrast, the projected increased discharge for scenarios (a) and (c) was 37% and 67%, respectively. The SRM efficiently forecasts future water supplies due to snowmelt runoff in high elevation, data-scarce mountain environments.
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| 5. |
- Parvaze, Sabah, et al.
(författare)
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Optimization of Water Distribution Systems Using Genetic Algorithms: A Review
- 2023
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Ingår i: Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering. - : Springer. - 1134-3060 .- 1886-1784. ; 30, s. 4209-4244
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water distribution networks are crucial for supplying consumers with quality and adequate water. A water distribution system comprises connected hydraulic components which ensure water supply and distribution to meet demand. Optimization of water distribution networks is carried out to minimize resource utilization and expenditure or maximize the system’s efficiency and higher benefits. Genetic algorithms signify an effective search technique for non-linear optimization problems and have gained acceptance among water resources planners and managers. This paper reviews various developments in the optimization of water distribution systems using the technique of genetic algorithms. These developments are pertinent to creating novel systems for distributing water and the expansion, reinforcement, and rehabilitation process for prevailing water supply mechanisms.
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