| 1. |
- Mc Conville, Jennifer R, 1978, et al.
(författare)
-
Is the Swedish wastewater sector ready for a transition to source separation?
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Desalination and Water Treatment. - : Desalination Publications. - 1944-3994 .- 1944-3986. ; 91, s. 320-328
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Source separation of urine for recycling has been applied in small-scale and decentralized wastewater systems in Sweden for the past 25 years and for blackwater for pollution control even longer. The Swedish experience with source separating nutrient recycling systems is relatively well documented; however, few reports have specifically studied the potential for expansion of this practice. The aim of this study is to fill this knowledge gap by assessing the status of source-separating technologies in Sweden based on transition theory. This study uses a multi-level perspective to determine how ready the Swedish wastewater sector is for transitioning to alternative systems. Given the stability of the existing sewage wastewater regime, it seems unlikely that changes within the regime will lead to a quick and large-scale transition to source separation. Instead, the initiative must come from the niche itself, exploiting institutional cracks in the regime and opportunities from shifting trends in the landscape. If source separation is to be mainstreamed in Sweden, it will need to break into markets within the wastewater jurisdictions. In order to do so, further knowledge needs to be developed that will overcome glitches with immature technologies, uncertain legal conditions/status, investigate potential risks, and clearly define complementary system advantages. This may require the use of new perspectives that focus on holistic sustainable use of resources, including other nutrients than phosphorous, and taking into account global issues such as planetary boundaries and effects from climate change, such as water scarcity. This knowledge can then be used to establish guidelines, norms, and standards, as well as clarify the legislative structures that can support such a transition. There is also a strong need to improve knowledge dissemination regarding best-practices for implementing source-separation technologies and supporting organizational structures. Similarly, support for entrepreneurial activities within the niche needs to increase, not least through strengthening social networks and communication platforms.
|
|
| 2. |
- Mc Conville, Jennifer R, 1978, et al.
(författare)
-
Source separation : Challenges & opportunities for transition in the Swedish wastewater sector
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : Elsevier BV. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 120, s. 144-156
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A paradigm shift to waste reuse has started in the wastewater sector with many experts calling for greater resource recovery, often facilitated by alternative solutions such as source separation. Source separation has been shown to be advantageous for improving treatment capacity, food security, and efficiency; yet these systems are still immature, considered risky by professionals and scarcely implemented. This study attempts to answer the question of why source separation is still marginalized by examining the Swedish experience with source separated wastewater from the perspective of Technology Innovation Systems (TIS) in order to identify obstacles and policy recommendations. Considering that source-separation is still in a development phase, the study found that source separation works moderately well within the on-site niche and that blackwater systems in general perform better than urine diversion. Knowledge development is found to be the weakest function. A major blocking mechanism is the weakness of interchange between knowledge development and entrepreneurial activity. Policy recommendations include: increased R&D; building networks and communication platforms; and establishing guidelines for technologies, legislation interpretation and organizational models.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Hellström, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
-
Natural sludge dewatering. I : Combination of freezing, thawing, and drying as dewatering methods
- 1997
-
Ingår i: Journal of cold regions engineering. - 0887-381X .- 1943-5495. ; 11:1, s. 1-14
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A Swedish full-scale pilot plant employing all-year-round natural sewage sludge dewatering is presented in this paper. The treatment includes three different types of outdoor ditches: a freezing ditch for the winter months, a drying ditch for the early summer months, and a combined drying-freezing-thawing-drying (DFTD) ditch for sludge produced in late summer and early autumn. The test period included two consecutive winters. Complete freezing of the sludge was achieved in the first winter in contrast to the second when incomplete freezing of the sludge occurred due to an unusually warm winter. The dry matter content for the freezing ditch was, at the harvest in August, 30–70 of the first test year. The second test year yielded a sludge with a dry matter content of 20–40 in the freezing ditch. The final dry matter result for the DFTD ditch was 20–40. The summers included were similar to the extent that both late summers were unusually warm, helping to produce sludge of high final dry matter content. The first summer, being somewhat warmer and with a lower sludge loading, yielded a sludge of 60–90 dry matter in the drying ditch. The second summer, when the sludge load was approximately double the preceding year, resulted in a sludge of 20–60 dry matter.
|
|
| 5. |
- Isaksson, Frida, et al.
(författare)
-
Greywater reuse for different purposes in Sweden : A literature review
- 2023
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Globally, water demands are increasing as a result of e.g., population growth and a warmer climate; at the same time freshwater supplies are becoming scarcer. Also in parts of Sweden where water shortage historically has not been a concern, the availability of freshwater for potable water use is declining, especially in the summer. As a result, alternative water management strategies are receiving increased attention in an effort to reduce the pressure on potable water sources. One strategy is the treatment, recirculation and re-use of greywater, a type of water that can be collected in source-separating wastewater systems. Hence, the aim of this literature review was to provide knowledge necessary to understand how greywater can be treated, recycled and re-used in the society, with an emphasis on reuse in Sweden. The review covers different aspects including greywater characteristics, greywater treatment processes, legal frameworks and guidelines on greywater re-use, global examples as well as summary of findings from sustainability analyses conducted on greywater re-use systems.Greywater makes up 75–90% of the total domestic wastewater volume and thereby represents an important source for water reuse in systems with source-separating wastewater systems. Data of the quantity of greywater produced in households globally and in Sweden vary. According to Swedish studies, one person may produce between 66 to 150 l/d. Additionally, research indicates that greywater contains less pathogens and nutrients compared to mix wastewater due to the separation of greywater from blackwater, which in turn contains the human excreta. However, the concentrations of measured parameters vary significantly between different areas. Therefore, in order to ensure the quality of greywater, site-specific measures are necessary.Studies have been conducted on different greywater treatment methods for non-potable re-use, with biological and filtration techniques receiving the most attention. However, it is challenging to make generalizations about the optimal treatment techniques based on the end-usage, due to the variation in greywater characteristics between sites. In addition, this review shows that there is a lack of legal guidance for greywater reuse, which makes it more challenging for practitioners to understand what levels of treatment that are required before the reclaimed water can be reused in used in society. The review also shows that further sustainability analyses should be conducted on greywater reuse systems, in order to understand their benefits more comprehensively.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Kvarnström, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
-
Changes in the phosphorus availability of a chemically precipitated urban sewage sludge as a result of different dewatering processes
- 2000
-
Ingår i: Waste Management & Research. - : Wiley. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669 .- 1399-3070. ; 18:3, s. 249-258
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to compare the effects of different dewatering processes on the phosphorus (P) availability of an FeCl3precipitated and limeconditioned sludge having an initial dry matter content (DMC) of 4%. The sludge was dewatered by either drying (D), freezing/thawing (FT) or centrifugation (C) until a DMC of about 15% was reached. Thereafter the FT and D sludges were gently dried to obtain a DMC increasing up to 50 to 60%. The plantavailable sludge P was assessed by the change in the isotopic dilution of P taken up by ryegrass (Lolium perenne[L]) after sludge amendments to one soil. After the plant experiment, the soiltosolution transfer of P ions and bicarbonateand ammonium lactate extractable P were determined in selected soil samples. The amount of plantavailable P (Lvalue) and the contribution of sludge P to plant nutrition (%Pdfsl) in soil amended with nondewatered sludge (ND) were not significantly different from the L and percentage Pdfsl values of soils amended with FT, D and C sludges. Nor did the subsequent drying of D and FT sludges significantly change the L and percentage Pdfsl values. Hence, the dewatering processes did not significantly alter the initial sludge P availability. The soiltosolution transfer of P ions and the chemically extracted P did not significantly differ between the different sludgeamended soil samples. The percentage Pdfsl values can be predicted by percentage ΔE1, since the overall average relative increase (%ΔE1) in the immediate soiltosolution transfer of P ions did not significantly differ from the percentage Pdfsl values.
|
|
| 8. |
- Kvarnström, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
-
Hållbarhetsindex och FN:s hållbarhetsmål : Förslag på vägar framåt för den svenska VA-branschen
- 2021
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Rapporten går igenom olika hållbarhetsmål som VA-branschen bör förhålla sig till. Den tar upp VA-organisationers arbete med Svenskt Vattens Hållbarhetsindex (HBI) och hur det förhåller sig till det globala hållbarhetsarbetet via Agenda 2030 och FN:s 17 hållbarhetsmål. HBI täcker in flera av de globala målen, men det finns möjlighet för VA-organisationer att utöka sitt hållbarhetsarbete. Rapporten ger förslag till fördjupat arbete med hållbarhetsfrågor.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Kvarnström, Elisabeth
(författare)
-
Plant-availability of phosphorus removed from wastewater by different processes
- 2001
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of this thesis was to investigate the plant-availability of P removed from wastewater by different processes, with focus on agronomic aspects. Short-term P availability was assessed by greenhouse studies, utilizing four different filter substrates and a sludge-recovered iron phosphate. It was shown that the plant-P availability of these products was not significantly different from that obtained with a water-soluble P fertilizer. It was also found that dewatering method exerted on one FeCl3- precipitated sludge did not influence the plant-P availability. The long-term effects of sludge amendment to agricultural soil was assessed by P ion concentration in solution and P transfer from soil solid phase to solution for soil samples collected from a 19-year old field experiment. The relative plant-P availability (RPA) was found to be 60% for the sludge treatments, a value that was not significantly different from 100%.
|
|
| 11. |
- Kvarnström, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
-
Reusing Phosphorus : Engineering Possibilities and Economic Realities
- 1999
-
Ingår i: Journal of Economic Issues. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0021-3624 .- 1946-326X. ; 33:2, s. 393-402
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recycling is becoming increasingly important in rich societies both in a physical sense and in the perceptions about desirable changes of economic activity and behavior. In both respects, the significance of recycling is greatest for the raw materials of agricultural, forest, and mineral origins. Recycling of phosphorus, secondary phosphorus originating from wastewater is discussed in this paper. The recycling of phosphorus from wastewater currently involves the reuse of sewage sludge in agriculture. In Sweden, 84 percent of the population is connected to wastewater treatment plants where phosphorus is removed from the wastewater, hence producing sludge containing high levels of phosphorus. The phosphorus content is 6,000 metric tons per year in Swedish wastewater treatment plant sludge. This represents approximately 30 percent of the commercial phosphorus fertilizer used yearly in Sweden. The use of sewage sludge in agriculture has been discussed widely in Sweden during the 1990s. Far from resolving several important issues, such as the content of pollutants in the sludge and whether the content of phosphorus in sludge can be used by plants, the debate is still raging.
|
|
| 12. |
- Kvarnström, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
-
Sanitation Planning : A Tool to Achieve Sustainable Sanitation?
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of Water Supply and Sanitation For All.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The global sanitation crisis and its importance to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) is reflected in the specific sanitation target adopted in 2002. An enormous amount of funds will need to be invested in sanitation over the coming years in order to meet the MDGs. It is important that these funds are invested in sustainable sanitation systems, since providing sanitation systems that are not sustained is a very costly shortterm solution that may contribute to long-term problems. The authors strongly believe that sanitation planning is one key to sustainable sanitation. Recent planning frameworks for sustainable sanitation systems suggest the utilization of a number of steps: (i) recognizing the existence of different domains across the city, (ii) analysis of the interests driving desire for the sanitation system and services for the stakeholders across the domains, (iii) analysis of external drivers and context that impact behaviour in each domain (iv) analysis of technical options, in relation to findings on context and criteria, (v) analysis of management requirements for proposed technical options, (vi) critical assessment whether the proposed system is fit for the purpose. This paper will discuss the merits and challenges of these planning methodologies in reference to experience from West Africa and Sweden. The intent is to illustrate the potential of these methods for increasing sustainable sanitation, but also to raise some key questions that may be missing from the frameworks.
|
|
| 13. |
|
|
| 14. |
|
|
| 15. |
- Kvarnström, Elisabeth, et al.
(författare)
-
The Sanitation Ladder – a Need for a Revamp?
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. - : IWA Publishing. - 2043-9083 .- 2408-9362. ; 1:1, s. 3-12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sanitation ladder is a useful tool that is being used to monitor progress towards the sanitation target of the MDGs. This tool could be even more useful if it can be refined to be based on the functions of sanitation systems rather than on a hierarchy of predefined sanitation technologies. This paper presents a seven-rung function-based sanitation ladder where the functions can be broadly divided into health functions and environmental functions. The proposed ladder is intended as an inspiration for nations, and the JMP, to move towards a function-based rather than technology-based monitoring of sanitation progress. A functional approach to monitoring of e.g. the sanitation target of the MDGs would require some major shifts in the monitoring methods used but it is argued that such an approach would: (i) actually monitor the public good, which is desired from a sanitation system; (ii) stimulate donors, governments and municipalities to think beyond the provision of certain sanitation technologies; (iii) allow for local solutions to the sanitation problem to be developed; and (iv) spur innovation within the sector.
|
|
| 16. |
- Kvarnström, Susanne, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
-
How Service Users Perceive the Concept of Participation, Specifically in interprofessional practice
- 2012
-
Ingår i: British Journal of Social Work. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0045-3102 .- 1468-263X. ; 42:1, s. 129-146
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper reports on empirical research exploring and describing the variations in service users' conceptions of service user participation (SUP), specifically in interprofessional practice. The social work practices in which front line workers were using interprofessional teamwork were explored at three Swedish welfare institutions. Service users included individuals with chronic pain disorders, obesity conditions or in need of short-term placement in elder care facilities. The qualitative study design was informed by a phenomenographical approach and conducted as semi-structured individual interviews with twenty-two service users. The main findings suggest five qualitative variations of service user's conceptions of SUP: (i) information transmission; (ii) choices and decisions among resources; (iii) comfortable relationship and communication; (iv) interaction for increased understanding; and (v) conditions for service user participation. The findings highlight the importance for the interprofessional team of social workers and other professionals to recognise the various ways of experiencing SUP by service users. The findings thereby support the possibilities to understand and to take into consideration the individual service user's conceptions of SUP in interprofessional practice.
|
|
| 17. |
- Kvarnström, Susanne, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
-
Multiparty team talk : Constructions of user participation in an interprofessional team context
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Communication, Medicine & Ethics.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Today health and social care delivery are largely team based but the question remains whether the voice of the user is perceived as a team member or merely as the recipient of the care. There have however been few efforts to understand or change the smallest interprofessional frontline units who generate the actual service, i.e. the microsystems.Purpose. This paper presents preliminary findings regarding descriptions of constructions of user participation in a multiparty negotiation context.Materials and methods. The material consisted of ethnographic field notes and audiotapes from observations (n=8) of interprofessional team meetings in one clinical healthcare microsystem. The teams included the user and health professionals, e.g. medical social worker, physician and psychologist. The users who participated in the observed team meetings had all long-term mainly physical conditions.Findings and discussion. Preliminary inductive analyses of observations of interprofessional team situations involving users indicates identity constructions in multiparty talk where the user is beheld primarily as a loyal and active member of the team. Discussions will relate to how user participation is learned and constructed by users and health professionals in collaborative care at the microsystem level.
|
|
| 18. |
|
|
| 19. |
- Lennartsson, Maria, et al.
(författare)
-
Investments in innovative urban sanitation - Decision-making processes in Sweden
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Water Alternatives. - : Water Alternatives Association. - 1965-0175. ; 12:2, s. 588-608
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper studies decision-making processes in relation to the implementation of innovative source-separating wastewater systems in the development area of Helsingborg called H+, and the non-implementation of the same in Stockholm Royal Seaport. Two analytical perspectives were used to identify critical organisational functions, drivers for change and the anchoring of these decisions within policy: (i) a sustainability transitions framework, and (ii) a policy trickle-down study assessing policy-concept uptake by stakeholders. Critical functions supporting implementation of source-separating systems in H+ were: common vision, leadership, cross-sectoral cooperation, and an innovative approach both within the utility and in the city administration in Helsingborg. In Stockholm, with regard to source-separating wastewater systems, there was a lack of common vision and of cross-sectoral cooperation and leadership. This was also evident in the lack of uptake by stakeholders of the policies for source separation. In Helsingborg, the main drivers for source-separating wastewater systems are increased biogas generation and improved potential for nutrient recycling. In Stockholm, these drivers have not been enough to create change, but the potential for increased heat recovery from greywater at source may be the additional driver necessary for future implementation of source-separating wastewater systems. Comparison of the stalled source-separation policy in Stockholm with a successfully implemented policy in a related field found a key criteria to be the presence of inspired individuals in positions where they had the mandate as well as the ability to create a common vision for change.
|
|
| 20. |
|
|
| 21. |
- Lüthi, Christoph, et al.
(författare)
-
Community-based approaches for addressing the urban sanitation challenge
- 2010
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development. - 1946-3146 .- 1946-3138. ; 1:1-2, s. 49-63
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Urban sanitation presents one of the most significant service delivery challenges related to poverty alleviation and sustainable development in the developing world. The past decade has witnessed innovations in service delivery approaches for un-served rural and urban settlements with a clear policy shift to community-based approaches which attempt to overcome the supply-led, over-engineered sanitation solutions of the past decades. This paper presents two examples of new developments: the urban-focused Household-centred Environmental Sanitation (HCES) and the rural-focused Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS) approaches. The internationally renowned CLTS approach has achieved considerable success since its introduction, by harnessing community and small private sector capacity to solve sanitation problems locally. Experience with validation of the HCES approach in a variety of urban sites in Africa, Asia and Latin America is presented in the second part of the paper- highlighting some of the lessons learned. The paper closes by arguing that a combination of HCES and CLTS, two field-tested methodologies, has the potential to improve the sustainability of sanitation service interventions.
|
|
| 22. |
- Macura, Biljana, et al.
(författare)
-
Effectiveness of ecotechnologies for recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from anaerobic digestate and effectiveness of the recovery products as fertilisers : A systematic review protocol
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Environmental Evidence. - : BioMed Central Ltd.. - 2047-2382. ; 8:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The regular addition of plant-available nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, either as manufactured fertilisers or animal manure, to agricultural soils is needed for global food security. Increased recycling of nutrients back to agriculture from organic waste streams is necessary for increased rural-urban sustainability. Anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge and agricultural wastes is widely applied to stabilize the substrate and also capture its energetic value via biogas production. The liquid phase of anaerobic digestate is a concentrated source of nutrients to which nutrient recovery technologies can be applied. Two such promising technologies that could increase nutrient recycling from e.g. wastewater and thereby contribute to environmental amelioration are struvite precipitation and ammonia stripping. By combining anaerobic digestion and nutrient recovery technologies on the digestate, a treatment process that provides both renewable energy and plant nutrients is achieved. This review will examine the effectiveness of ecotechnologies for the recovery and reuse of nitrogen and phosphorus from anaerobic digestate with the aim of reducing the impact of waste on the environment. Methods: We will search for both academic and grey literature published after 2013. English language searches will be performed in 4 bibliographic databases, and Google Scholar, while searches in 41 specialist websites will be performed in English, Finnish, Polish and Swedish. Eligibility screening will be conducted at two levels: title and abstract and full text. Included eligible studies will be subject to a critical appraisal that will assess external and internal study validity. We will extract information on study characteristics, intervention, comparators, effect modifiers, and measured outcomes. Data synthesis will involve narrative synthesis of each included study of sufficient validity. Quantitative synthesis (i.e. meta-analysis) may be possible in cases where a sufficient number of studies report similar types of outcomes. © 2019 The Author(s).
|
|
| 23. |
- Mc Conville, Jennifer R, 1978, et al.
(författare)
-
Bridging sanitation engineering and planning: theory and practice in Burkina Faso
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. - : IWA Publishing. - 2043-9083 .- 2408-9362. ; 1:3, s. 205-212
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The global challenge of providing sanitation services to the un-served underlines a need to change the way in which sanitation planning and service provision is approached. This paper offers a framework for categorizing sanitation projects planning processes based on planning steps and procedural planning theory to help engineers and sanitation planners gain a deeper understanding of the dynamics of these processes. The analysis identifies and discusses trends in both guidelines and actual sanitation programs. The results show that contemporary sanitation planning guidelines and field projects utilize patchwork processes of different planning modes, although the step of designing options is dominated by an expert-driven, rational-comprehensive approach. The use of planning theory can help engineers to ask critical questions about the objectives of the planning process and to develop context-appropriate planning processes that will make a difference for improving sanitation service provision.
|
|
| 24. |
- Mc Conville, Jennifer R, 1978, et al.
(författare)
-
Participation in Sanitation Planning in Burkina Faso: Theory and Practice
- 2012
-
Ingår i: IWA Young Water Professionals Conference, 10-13 July 2012 Budapest, Hungary.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stakeholder participation is commonly promoted as a means to boost outcomes of sanitation improvement projects, in particular in developing countries. However, there is little research on when or how this participation should occur during the process of planning and implementing a sanitation system in order to maximize the effect. This study develops a framework for analysing participation levels of different stakeholders throughout a planning process and applies it to sanitation planning guidelines and case studies from Burkina Faso. This analysis highlights that, particularly during designing of system options and selecting among these options, there exist potential weaknesses regarding who participates and how that participation may influence what type of sanitation is implemented.
|
|
| 25. |
- Mc Conville, Jennifer R, 1978, et al.
(författare)
-
‘Perceptions of Local Sustainability in Planning Sanitation Projects in West Africa’
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Vliet, B., Spaargaren, G., & Oosterveer, P (eds). Social Perspectives on the Sanitation Challenge. Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands..
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to examine local perceptions of sustainability in the context of sanitation interventions in Burkina Faso and Mali, West Africa. A series of interviews with local actors were used to define criteria for sustainable sanitation in the local context. These local criteria were compared with criteria found in international literature and planning practices used in two sanitation projects. The results from the interview study emphasize criteria related to behaviour change processes, while criteria in literature are either oriented toward technical assessments or project guidelines. The case studies show an attempt to merge academic and pragmatic perspectives by addressing both the technical requirements and social change processes. As we seek to improve results within the sector it is important to start reflecting on what criteria and sustainability definitions are used in specific approaches.
|
|
| 26. |
- Mc Conville, Jennifer R, 1978, et al.
(författare)
-
Perceptions of Local Sustainability in Planning Sanitation Projects in West Africa
- 2008
-
Ingår i: The Sanititation Challenge Conference. May 19-21, 2008, Wageningen.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to examine local perceptions of sustainability in the context of sanitation interventions in Burkina Faso and Mali, West Africa. A series of interviews with local actors were used to define criteria for sustainable sanitation in the local context. These local criteria were compared with criteria found in international literature and planning practices used in two sanitation projects. The results from the interview study emphasize criteria related to behaviour change processes, while criteria in literature are either technically and best-practice oriented. The case studies show an attempt to merge academic and pragmatic perspectives by addressing both the technical requirements and social change processes, however challenges still remain for balancing the various criteria and achieving lasting sanitation improvements.
|
|
| 27. |
|
|
| 28. |
- Mcconville, Jennifer, et al.
(författare)
-
Possibilities for changing to resource recovery in Kampala's on-site sanitation regime
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 181
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pressure is growing to develop innovative decentralized sanitation systems that protect public health and recover resources. This study evaluates the opportunities for niche technologies focusing on nutrient resource recovery to enter the market in Greater Kampala, Uganda. It applies methodology from sustainability transition studies in a novel way to provide new insights into possibilities for change in the on-site sanitation sector. The study 1) characterizes the existing socio-technical regime for on-site sanitation, 2) identify stress points in the regime and 3) possible advantages for the niches. Assessment of the regime covers technology, epistemic practice, sector values, organisational modes, policy and financing. The niches include urine diversion toilets, on-site resource recovery, and container-based models. The on-site sanitation regime is under performing and the niches all offer advantages for improved service and resource use. However, it will be difficult for the niches to break into a sector in which epistemic practice, organisational modes and financing are heavily dominated by the sewage regime. Recommendations for creating a more open environment for innovation are provided for specific stakeholders. © 2022 The Authors
|
|
| 29. |
- McConville, J. R., et al.
(författare)
-
Infrastructure investments and operating costs for fecal sludge and sewage treatment systems in Kampala, Uganda
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Urban Water Journal. - : Taylor and Francis Ltd.. - 1573-062X. ; 16:8, s. 584-593
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Like many low-income countries, Uganda is struggling to provide sanitation to its inhabitants. Meeting the Sustainable Development Goal related to sanitation (SDG6) will require major investments in sanitation. This study uses the concept of service regimes to analyze existing sanitation infrastructure and services and their respective costs. The service regimes investigated are the sewage regime and the fecal sludge (FS) regime. The results show that approximately 56% of the fecal flow in Kampala is estimated as ‘safely managed’. The results also show that the annual per capita costs for the sewage regime (USD 186) are more than 13-fold those for the FS regime (USD 14). Additionally, there are large differences in subsidies between the regimes. When allocating public funds, decision-makers are advised to consider (i) number of customers within regimes, (ii) total capital and operating costs of services, (iii) cost allocation between stakeholders, and (iv) infrastructure performance. © 2019, © 2019 The Author(s).
|
|
| 30. |
- McConville, Jennifer R., et al.
(författare)
-
Perceptions of Local Sustainability in Planning Sanitation Projects in West Africa
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Social perspectives on the sanitation challenge. - Dordrecht : Springer Nature. ; , s. 105-124
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to examine local perceptions of sustainability in the context of sanitation interventions in Burkina Faso and Mali, West Africa. Through a series of interviews with local actors criteria for sustainable sanitation were defined in the local context. These local criteria were compared with criteria found in international literature and planning practices used in two sanitation projects. The results from the interviews emphasize criteria related to behaviour change processes, while criteria in literature are either oriented toward technical assessments or project guidelines. The case studies show an attempt to merge academic and pragmatic perspectives by addressing both the technical requirements and processes of social change. As we seek to improve results within the sector it is important to start reflecting on what criteria and sustainability definitions are used in specific approaches.
|
|
| 31. |
|
|
| 32. |
- Mcconville, Jennifer, et al.
(författare)
-
Structured Approach for Comparison of Treatment Options for Nutrient-Recovery From Fecal Sludge
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Environmental Science. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-665X. ; 8
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to present a structured approach for comparing possible nutrient-recovery fecal sludge (FS) treatment systems in order to support transparent decision-making. The approach uses a multi-dimensional sustainability assessment of treatment technologies for nutrient recovery from FS, using a typical case of Kampala City, Uganda. A synthesized list of 22 treatment technologies was prepared from literature. This list included wastewater treatment technologies, which could be adapted to treat fecal sludge, and established fecal sludge treatment technologies that are available or potentially applicable in Kampala. Based on the local situation, the list was reduced to eight possible options, which were carried forward into a multi-dimensional sustainability assessment that incorporated input of stakeholders. The technologies included in the final assessment were optimization of the existing system, lactic acid fermentation (LAF), composting, vermicomposting, Black-Soldier Fly (BSF) composting, ammonia treatment, alkaline stabilization and solar drying. Optimization of the existing system performed well against the set criteria and is a recommended short-term solution. This will require e.g., adding narrower screens to remove more trash from the incoming sludge and respecting storage times prior to selling the sludge. To maximize the agricultural value of the recovered product, while respecting the need for safe reuse, a combination of technologies becomes relevant; the use of a combination of BSF, and subsequent ammonia or alkaline treatment of the remaining organic fraction would allow for maximized safe nutrient recovery and can be the aim for long-term sanitation planning in Kampala. The results of this process provide supporting information for a discussion of trade-offs between stakeholder groups as part of a decision-making process within a larger planning context.
|
|
| 33. |
|
|
| 34. |
|
|
| 35. |
|
|
| 36. |
|
|
| 37. |
- Sami, Mashreki, et al.
(författare)
-
Greywater treatment in a green wall using different filter materials and hydraulic loading rates
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 340
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Green walls in urban environments can be both an aesthetic feature and be of practical use in greywater treatment. This study evaluates the effect of different loading rates (4.5 l/d, 9 l/d, and 18 l/d) on the efficiency of treating actual greywater from a city district in a pilot-scale green wall with five different filter materials as substrates (biochar, pumice, hemp fiber, spent coffee grounds (SCG), and composted fiber soil (CFS)). Three cool climate plant species, Carex nigra, Juncus compressus, and Myosotis scorpioides, were chosen for the green wall. The following parameters were evaluated: biological oxygen demand (BOD), fractions of organic carbon, nutrients, indicator bacteria, surfactants, and salt. Three of the five materials investigated – biochar, pumice, and CFS - showed promising treatment efficiencies. The respective overall reduction efficiencies of BOD, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) were 99%, 75%, and 57% for biochar; 96%, 58%, and 61% for pumice; and 99%, 82% and 85% for CFS. BOD was stable in the biochar filter material with effluent concentrations of 2 mg/l across all investigated loading rates. However, higher loading rates had a significantly negative effect on hemp and pumice for BOD. Interestingly, the highest loading rate (18 l/d) flowing over pumice removed the highest levels of TN (80%) and TP (86%). Biochar was the most effective material in removing indicator bacteria, with a 2.2–4.0 Log10 reduction for E. coli and enterococci. SCG was the least efficient material, giving a higher BOD in the effluent than in the influent. Therefore, this study presents the potential of natural and waste-derived filter materials to treat greywater effectively and the results can contribute to the future development of nature-based greywater treatment and management practices in urban areas.
|
|
| 38. |
- Sami, Mashreki, et al.
(författare)
-
On-site greywater treatment systems - influent and effluent quality
- 2023
-
Annan publikationabstract
- The dataset presented here consists of raw data on the quality of influent and effluent greywater from eight on-site greywater treatment systems situated in Södertälje municipality, Sweden. These on-site treatment systems included three types of commercially available package plants and one sand filter. The influent and effluent samples were taken as grab samples between August 2020 and December 2021 and analysed for organic material, nutrients, pathogens, anionic surfactants, salt and (for two of the eight on-site systems) microplastics. Supporting parameters, e.g. suspended solids and pH, are also included. Further, for microplastics, results from blank samples are included.This dataset was used to evaluate the treatment efficiency of the on-site greywater treatment systems and to assess the suitability of the treated water for reuse.
|
|
| 39. |
- Sami, Mashreki
(författare)
-
Performance of on-site systems and a green wall for greywater treatment
- 2023
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Greywater contains inorganic and organic substances, nutrients, pathogens, micropollutants and microplastics. Source-separated greywater using decentralized systems can potentially provide energy-efficient and low-maintenance treatment. If effectively treated, greywater could be a source for non-potable water use in for instance urban landscaping or agricultural irrigation. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the treatment efficiencies of two different types of decentralized greywater treatment systems: a) on-site package plants and b) a nature-based solution (NBS) - green wall. These two different treatment systems were assessed based on their removal efficiency of organic matter (BOD, COD, TOC), nutrients (nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P)), surfactants, indicator bacteria (E. coli and enterococci) as well as microplastics.The study of the on-site package plants investigated eight on-site greywater treatment facilities of four different types (A, B, C and D). Systems types A-C were commercially available and type D was an onsite built sand filter. The treatment unit of type A consisted of a trickling filter fitted with geotextile resting on a sand filter bed. The treatment unit of type B included a fibrous mineral wool filter material while type C contained a series of fine-meshed plastic filters. Prior to types A, B and D, septic tanks were located to contribute with pre-treatment, whereas type C, the smallest system investigated, included a septic tank within the treatment unit. >90% removal of organic matter (BOD and COD) was achieved by types A and D, but the N removal was comparatively higher by type B (44-68%). Effective P removal was only observed in type D (56%). However, the effluent concentration from all the systems was <3mg/l. The treatment efficiency of type C was found to be relatively low.In the green wall study, the efficiency of five filter materials (pumice, biochar, hemp fiber, spent coffee ground (SCG) and compost fiber soil) were evaluated with regards to hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) (4.5, 9, and 18 l/d). The treatment efficiency varied significantly with materials and HLRs. Biochar consistently removed 99% of BOD for all HLRs. High N removal (>80%) was observed by pumice and biochar during the high HLR (18 l/d). However, P removal by hemp was comparatively higher (75-85%) than by biochar and pumice. SCG and compost soil was tested with only 4.5 l/d, where compost soil showed effective treatment of BOD (99%), N (82%) and P (85%). SCG was the least effective material releasing more organics and nutrients in the effluent. Both the studies showed high concentration (>105 cfu/100 ml) of E. coli and enterococci in the influent and effluent greywater. The treatment systems were in general not effective in removing E.coli and enterococci. The most efficient system was the sand filter (D), achieving 1.4-3.8 log10 E.coli reduction and 2.3-3.3 log10 reduction for enterococci. Biochar achieved similar removal at HRL 4.5 l/d. Using thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GCMS) technique, polyvinylchloride, polystyrene, poly-ethylene-terephthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyamide 6 were detected in the influent and effluent greywater in both studies. Even though there was variability in the influent concentrations, low concentrations were observed in the effluents, suggesting the systems were effective in retaining the microplastics.
|
|
| 40. |
|
|
| 41. |
- Sami, Mashreki, et al.
(författare)
-
Quality of greywater from a city district before and after treatment in a green wall
- 2023
-
Annan publikationabstract
- The dataset presented here consists of raw data on the quality of influent greywater generated from a city district with 800 PE (population equivalent) and the effluent quality of greywater after treatment using a green wall. Five natural filter materials (pumice, biochar, hemp fiber, spent coffee ground, and composted fiber soil) were used in the green wall and tested for three hydraulic loading rates (54, 108 and 216 l/m2/d). The influent and effluent samples were taken manually between November 2021 and March 2022 and were analyzed for organic material, nutrients, pathogens, anionic surfactants, salt and microplastics. Supporting parameters e.g. suspended solids and pH, are also included in the dataset. Further, for microplastics, results from blank samples are included. This dataset was used to evaluate the treatment efficiency of the filter materials at different hydraulic loading rates.
|
|
| 42. |
- Sami, Mashreki, et al.
(författare)
-
Removal of Microplastics from Greywater Using a Green Wall Treatment System
- 2022
-
Ingår i: 17th International Conference on Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control: Conference Proceedings. ; , s. 505-508
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A green wall with four filter media - pumice, biochar, hemp, and compost soil - was investigated with regard to the removal of microplastics from real greywater. Nine polymers were analysed using thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GC/MS). The results showed the presence of polyvinylchloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), poly-ethylene-terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), and polyamide (PA) in the influents and effluents. High concentration of PS (22 μg/l) and PET (73 μg/l) were observed in the influent but were removed efficiently in the green wall with effluent concentrations of <2 μg/l from all filter materials except for hemp. The effluent from one hemp replicate showed higher concentrations of PVC (58 μg/l) and PET (114 μg/l) than the influent. During the sampling period, all filter materials removed TSS, BOD and TOC by >90%.
|
|
