| 1. |
- Bonde, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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Det klimatpolitiska ramverket : rapport 2018
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Klimatpolitiska rådet bildades den 1 januari 2018 med uppgift att utvärdera hur regeringens samlade politik är förenlig med de klimatmål som riksdagen och regeringen har beslutat. Detta är rådets första rapport. Här presenteras rådets ledamöter och vårt uppdrag, som en del av Sveriges klimatpolitiska ramverk och dess internationella sammanhang i EU och FN.I Paris i december 2015 enades världens länder om ett nytt globalt klimatavtal under klimatkonventionen. Parisavtalet är historiskt då det är det första klimatavtalet som nästan alla världens länder står bakom. Processen bakom avtalet involverade också en lång rad andra viktiga aktörer inom näringsliv, forskning, civilsamhälle, städer och regioner.Efter Parisavtalet har ramverken för att hantera klimatproblemet förstärkts även på europeisk och nationell nivå. I juni 2017 beslutade riksdagen om ett klimatpolitiskt ramverk för Sverige med stöd av en mycket bred majoritet av riksdagens partier. Ramverket innehåller tre delar: långsiktiga mål, ett planerings- och uppföljningssystem samt ett klimatpolitiskt råd. Delar av ramverket är reglerat i en klimatlag.Det övergripande målet i det klimatpolitiska ramverket är att Sverige senast år 2045 inte har några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser till atmosfären, för att därefter uppnå negativa utsläpp. Ramverket innehåller även etappmål på vägen mot det långsiktiga målet.Som en del av den parlamentariska överenskommelsen och det klimatpolitiska ramverket har regeringen inrättat det Klimatpolitiska rådet. Rådets huvuduppdrag är att ”utvärdera hur regeringens samlade politik är förenlig med de klimatmål som riksdag och regering har beslutat”.Uppdraget att granska regeringens samlade politik understryker klimatfrågans breda och tvärsektoriella karaktär. Att nå målen om ett fossilfritt samhälle utan några nettoutsläpp av växthusgaser inom 25 år innebär en omfattande samhällsförändring i ett komplext samspel mellan mängder av olika faktorer, aktörer och drivkrafter. Klimatfrågan spänner därmed också över i princip samtliga vetenskapliga fält. Det klimatpolitiska rådet består av personer med bred tvär- och mångvetenskaplig kompetens inom naturvetenskap, samhällsvetenskap, humaniora och teknikvetenskap. Till sitt förfogande har rådet ett kansli med tre heltidsanställda.Under första halvan av 2018 kommer rådet att forma inriktning och planer för arbetet. Klimatpolitiska rådet kommer att koncentrera sitt arbete till hur Sverige ska nå klimatmålen genom utsläppsminskningar och kompletterande åtgärder. Klimatanpassningsfrågor ingår inte i rådets arbetsområde.Sverige är inte det första landet som instiftar ett klimatpolitiskt råd. I bland annat Storbritannien, Danmark och Finland finns sedan flera år tillbaka liknande organ. I Sverige bidrar redan många andra myndigheter och organisationer på olika sätt med analys och kunskapsunderlag kring klimatpolitiken. Klimatpolitiska rådet har en unik roll bland myndigheter genom sitt fokus på den samhälleliga klimatomställningen, sitt oberoende och sitt breda mandat att utvärdera regeringens samlade politik.
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| 2. |
- Ahlgren, Erik, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Biokombi Rya - slutrapporter från ingående delprojekt
- 2007
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Inom projektet Biokombi Rya har ett flertal olika forskargrupper samarbetat för att studera system¬effekterna av förgasning av biobränsle ur olika aspekter. Syftet med projektet är att öka kunskapen om biobränsleförgasning i Sverige samt att utreda förutsättningar för att sådana anläggningar ska vara ekonomiskt och miljömässigt intressanta. En referensgrupp har varit kopplad till projektet där förutsättningar, resultat och slutsatser har behandlats.I denna underlagsrapport har slutrapporterna från projektets delprojekt samlats. De beskriver förutsättningar, metodansatser, använda data och resultat utförligt och utgör på så sätt ett viktigt komplement till den mer övergripande beskrivningen i projektets syntesrapport. De delrapporter som ingår har valts för att täcka in samtliga delar av projektet som är av allmänt intresse. Projektresultat som publicerats på annat sätt berörs dock mer kortfattat.Projektet Biokombi Rya har pågått under två år (2005-2006) och drivits av Chalmers EnergiCentrum. Förutom de omfattande analysinsatser som författarna till denna rapport står för, har Avdelningen för kemisk teknologi vid KTH, Siemens Industrial Turbines AB och Göteborg Energi AB bidragit med expertstöd. CIT Industriell Energianalys, med undertecknad som projektledare, har stått för projektledning och koordination.Projektet har finansierats av Energimyndigheten, Göteborg Energis forsknings¬stiftelse samt Göteborg Energi AB.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, David, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Attitudes to Personal Carbon Allowances
- 2011
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Ingår i: WORKING PAPERS IN ECONOMICS. - 1403-2465. ; 505
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A personal carbon allowance (PCA) scheme targets emissions from individual consumption and allocates allowances directly to individuals by dividing the carbon budget on a per capita basis. In this study we analyze the results of a survey sent out to a representative sample of the Swedish population regarding attitudes to a potential PCA scheme. The distinctive design of a PCA scheme is likely to give rise to specific factors affecting individuals‟ attitudes, such as the perceived fairness of the allocation of allowances and corresponding redistribution of wealth, as well as the perceived complexity of the scheme. We perform an ordered probit analysis with attitude to PCAs as the dependent variable, controlling for a number of variables potentially affecting such attitudes. Interestingly, our findings indicate that the most important variable explaining attitudes to the scheme is the perception of respondents that this type of policy instrument seems very complex.
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| 4. |
- Anthonsen, Mette, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of rent dependency on quality of government
- 2012
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Ingår i: Economics of Governance. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1435-6104 .- 1435-8131. ; 13:2, s. 145-168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper introduces quality of government rather than regime type as dependent variable in studies of political effects of natural resources. It consists of two parts. First, it argues for an effect of fiscal dependency of oil and gas rents on quality of government. Second, it finds significant, negative effects of oil and gas rent dependency on three empirical indicators of quality of government-low corruption, bureaucratic quality and legal impartiality-in a sample of 139 states in the period 1984-2006. The results hold for inclusion of control variables such as regime type, income, region and religion.
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| 5. |
- Anthonsen, Mette, 1972, et al.
(författare)
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Natural Resource Dependency and Quality of Government
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper introduces quality of government rather than regime type as dependent variable in studies of the political effects of natural resources. It consists of two parts. First, it theorizes the role of fiscal dependency of oil and gas rents in relation to three different dimensions of quality of government; low corruption, bureaucratic quality and legal impartiality. Second, it finds significant, negative effects of oil and gas rent dependency on all three dimensions of quality in a sample of 139 states in the period 1984 to 2006. The results hold for inclusion of control variables such as regime type, income, region and religion.
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| 6. |
- Bastos Lima, Mairon G., et al.
(författare)
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Large-scale collective action to avoid an Amazon tipping point - key actors and interventions
- 2021
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Ingår i: Current Research in Environmental Sustainability. - : Elsevier BV. - 2666-0490. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The destruction of the Amazon is a major global environmental issue, not only because of greenhouse gas emissions or direct impacts on biodiversity and livelihoods, but also due to the forest's role as a tipping element in the Earth System. With nearly a fifth of the Amazon already lost, there are already signs of an imminent forest dieback process that risks transforming much of the rainforest into a drier ecosystem, with climatic implications across the globe. There is a large body of literature on the underlying drivers of Amazon deforestation. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the behavioral and institutional microfoundations of change. Fundamental issues concerning cooperation, as well as the mechanisms facilitating or hampering such actions, can play a much more central role in attempts to unravel and address Amazon deforestation. We thus present the issue of preventing the Amazon biome from crossing a biophysical tipping point as a large-scale collective action problem. Drawing from collective action theory, we apply a novel analytical framework on Amazon conservation, identifying six variables that synthesize relevant collective action stressors and facilitators: information, accountability, harmony of interests, horizontal trust, knowledge about consequences, and sense of responsibility. Drawing upon literature and data, we assess Amazon deforestation and conservation through our heuristic lens, showing that while growing transparency has made information availability a collective action facilitator, lack of accountability, distrust among actors, and little sense of responsibility for halting deforestation remain key stressors. We finalize by discussing interventions that can help break the gridlock.
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| 7. |
- Bobjer, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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Location of retroperitoneal lymph node metastases in upper tract urothelial carcinoma : results from a prospective lymph node mapping study
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Urology Open Science. - : Elsevier. - 2666-1691 .- 2666-1683. ; 57, s. 37-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: There is limited information on the distribution of retroperitoneal lymph node metastases (LNMs) in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).Objective: To investigate the location of LNMs in UTUC of the renal pelvis or proximal ureter and short-term complications after radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with lymph node dissection (LND).Design, setting, and participants: This was a prospective Nordic multicenter study (four university hospitals, two county hospitals). Patients with clinically suspected locally advanced UTUC (stage >T1) and/or clinical lymph node–positive (cN+) disease were invited to participate. Participants underwent RNU and fractionated retroperitoneal LND using predefined side-specific templates.Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: The location of LNMs in the LND specimen and retroperitoneal lymph node recurrences during follow-up was recorded. Postoperative complications within 90 d of surgery were ascertained from patient charts. Descriptive statistics were used.Results and limitations: LNMs were present in the LND specimen in 23/100 patients, and nine of 100 patients experienced a retroperitoneal recurrence. Distribution per side revealed LNMs in the LND specimen in 11/38 (29%) patients with right-sided tumors, for whom the anatomically larger, right-sided template was used, in comparison to 12/62 (19%) patients with left-sided tumors, for whom a more limited template was used. High-grade complications (Clavien grade ≥3) within 90 d of surgery were registered for 13/100 patients. The study is limited in size and not powered to assess survival estimates.Conclusions: The suggested templates that we prospectively applied for right-sided and left-sided LND in patients with advanced UTUC included the majority of LNMs. High-grade complications directly related to the LND part of the surgery were limited.Patient summary: This study describes the location of lymph node metastases in patients with cancer in the upper urinary tract who underwent surgery to remove the affected kidney and ureter. The results show that most metastases occur within the template maps for lymph node surgery that we investigated, and that this surgery can be performed with few severe complications.
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| 8. |
- Bonde, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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2019: Report of the Swedish Climate Policy Council
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sweden’s overarching climate target is to reach net-zero emissions of greenhouse gases by 2045, followed by negative emissions. This long-term target is complemented by several interim targets. Those climate targets, the planning and monitoring system regulated under the Swedish Climate Act (2017:720), and the Swedish Climate Policy Council together form Sweden’s climate policy framework.The Climate Act took effect on 1 January 2018 after being adopted by a broad majority of the Riksdag (the Swedish Parliament). The mission of the Swedish Climate Policy Council is to determine if the government’s overall design of policies is compatible with the climate targets adopted by the Parliament and the Government. The Council uses a broad approach to evaluate the comprehensive policy, aiming to assess the effect of different policies on greenhouse gas emission trends. From this broad perspective, we examine the comprehensive policy in two dimensions: leadership and governance, and policy instruments.We define leadership and governance as policy targets, organisation and work procedures. Policy instruments include all the decisions and actions that directly affect citizens, companies and other stakeholders, including taxes, fees, regulations, public-sector consumption and investments.Since 1990, Sweden’s greenhouse gas emissions have decreased by 26%. This reduction mainly took place between 2003 and 2014. Thereafter the rate of reduction slowed, and 2017 was the third consecutive year in which emissions decreased by less than 1%. This rate is far too slow to achieve the climate targets, except for the upcoming 2020 target. The rate of reduction would need to accelerate to between 5% and 8% each year to meet future targets.The Swedish Climate Act states that within the framework of the budget bill, each year the Government must report climate policy decisions and actions taken during the previous year. The first climate assessment was presented to the Parliament together with the 2019 Budget Bill. It lacks assessments of how the reported climate policy decisions and actions might affect emissions. The Government recognised that additional actions are needed in several sectors, but did not state when and how decisions on these actions will be taken. The transitional government at the time said this was due to its limited mandate. This raises the stakes for the four-year Climate Action Plan that the Climate Act requires the Government to present in 2019.To achieve the long-term target, Sweden must reach the interim targets for 2030 and 2040, which include emissions that are not a part of the EU’s Emissions Trading System (EU ETS). All sectors matter, but reaching the 2030 goal depends heavily on progress in the transport sector, because domestic transport accounts for half of Sweden’s current emissions. In light of this, the Climate Policy Council has chosen to more closely examine policies that affect domestic transport emissions in a thematic section in this year’s report.The sectors included in the EU ETS – large-scale industry, civil aviation and power generation – account for almost 40% of Sweden’s greenhouse gas emissions. These sectors are included in the overarching target of net-zero emissions but not in the national interim targets, since the trading system is regulated at the EU level. There is currently no mechanism in place at the EU level to bring emissions covered by the trading system to net-zero in all Member States. Progress on these emissions is not in line with what is required for Sweden to reach its target of net-zero emissions.The report presents ten recommendations to the Swedish government: four general and six for transport policy.
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| 9. |
- Bonde, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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2020: Report of the Swedish Climate Policy Council
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report is the Climate Policy Council’s annual assessment of the Government’s overall work to achieve Sweden’s climate targets. It includes an update of developments in Sweden over the past year and an assessment of the Government’s Climate policy action plan, as required of the Council under our terms of reference.The Climate Policy Council would like to express its sincere thanks to the more than 100 organisations, researchers, experts and practitioners who contributed to this report. The conclusionsand recommendations presented here are the Climate Policy Council’s own.
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| 10. |
- Bonde, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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DN Debatt. ”Regeringens krispolitik måste rymmas i klimatramverket”
- 2020
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Ingår i: Dagens Nyheter. - : Bonnier. - 1101-2447.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Klimatpolitiska rådet: Vi kommer att granska om återhämtningspolitiken är förenlig med Sveriges klimatmål.Idén med det av riksdagen beslutade klimatpolitiska ramverket är att klimatomställningen inte ska vara beroende av den ekonomiska eller politiska konjunkturen.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Bonde, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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Klimatpolitiska rådets rapport 2019
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Klimatpolitiska rådet bildades den 1 januari 2018 som en del av Sveriges klimatpolitiska ramverk. Ramverket antogs året innan av en mycket bred majoritet i riksdagen.Rådets uppdrag är att utvärdera hur regeringens samlade politik är förenlig med de klimatmål som riksdagen och regeringen har beslutat. Arbetet ska redovisas i en årlig rapport. Denna första granskningsrapport är en genomlysning av den samlade politikens utformning i förhållande till klimatmålen. Den innehåller också våra kommentarer till regeringens första klimatredovisning i 2019 års budgetproposition. Utifrån detta presenterar vi ett antal övergripande observationer och rekommen-dationer. Därutöver har rådet i denna rapport valt att ytterligare fördjupa utvärderingen av politikens påverkan på klimatmålet för inrikes transporter.Klimatpolitiska rådet har fått ett brett och komplext uppdrag. Det finns inga beprövade metoder för att utvärdera hela regeringens politik mot ett långsiktigt mål. Det första årets arbete har delvis handlat om att utveckla arbetssätt och metoder samt att skapa dialog med andra myndigheter och aktörer. Vår ambition är att presentera en rapport som är vetenskapligt grundad och praktiskt användbar för regeringen och riksda-gen. Utifrån det första årets erfarenheter kommer sedan rådets arbete och rapporter att fortsätta utvecklas. Vi vill framföra vårt tack till alla de organisationer, forskare, experter och praktiker som har bidragit till den här rapporten genom att skicka in skriftliga underlag samt delta i seminarier och dialoger skriftliga underlag, seminarier och dialoger. Utöver att ge rekommendationer till regering och riksdag hoppas vi att rapporten ska bidra till en framåtsyftande diskussion mellan alla de aktörer som berörs av Sveriges klimatmål och som behövs för att de ska uppnås.
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| 13. |
- Bonde, Ingrid, et al.
(författare)
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Klimatpolitiska rådets rapport 2020
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna rapport är Klimatpolitiska rådets årliga utvärdering av regeringens samlade politik i förhållande till Sveriges klimatmål. Den innehåller en uppdatering av läget i Sverige under det senaste året och den bedömning av klimatpolitiska handlingsplan som rådet ska lämna enligt instruktion i det Klimatpolitiska ramverket.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Boräng, Frida, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Committing to the Climate: A Global Study of Accountable Climate Targets
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 11:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Paris Agreement has been described by many as a historical event, a turning point in the United Nations’ climate negotiations. Its success is often attributed to the intended nationally determined contributions (INDCs), in which countries have committed themselves to individually set targets in order to reduce emissions. However, it still remains to be agreed upon how to review and compare countries’ efforts, as outlined in the INDCs (and at later stages in the nationally determined contributions—NDCs). In this paper we suggest (and construct) a simple quantitative measure which is transparent, ensures valid comparison over time, and which can be determined for a large share of countries; a comparable indicator of country commitments in terms of so called accountable climate targets (ACTs). This indicator is then combined with a global data set of political–institutional, economic and geographic variables to understand more about which factors may affect country commitments. The results from multivariate probability unit (probit) regressions show that egalitarian principles, as well as GDP per capita, tend to be positively associated with climate commitments, while a negative association is found for CO2 emissions per capita
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Burtraw, Dallas, et al.
(författare)
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A Price Floor Solution to the Allowance Surplus in the EU ETS : Mistra Indigo Policy Paper no.2
- 2013
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Since 2008 there has been a rapid buildup of surplus emissions allowances in the EU ETS. The European Commission has presented six structural options to address the oversupply of allowances on a long-term basis. One option would introduce price management mechanisms, which could allow for the use of a price floor. A price floor has been mischaracterized as a tax, an instrument that has historically faced political opposition, and the commission states that an explicit carbon price objective would alter the nature of the EU ETS being a quantity-based market instrument. However, a price floor is structurally different from a tax in multiple ways, and its merits are well documented in the academic literature. This rule-based approach could reinforce the market-based philosophy and investment climate of the ETS.
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| 20. |
- Burtraw, Dallas, et al.
(författare)
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Climate Policy Options and Consequences in the International Spotlight: A Report for Industry on the Implications of Domestic Policy Design and Global Negotiations
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Following the 2009 Copenhagen Summit, momentum for mitigating global climate change has been spurred by the idea that success at the international level must be built around existing national policies. The Mistra Indigo research program —a collaboration among IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, the University of Gothenburg’s Department of Economics, and Resources for the Future—was created to analyze this bottom-up approach to climate policy. From 2012-2015 the program brought together leading experts in economics and environmental policy, with the goal of understanding how to design and select environmental policy instruments to promote longterm, cost-effective global climate change mitigation change while taking into account the uncertain ties of international policy.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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A Fair Share : Burden-Sharing Preferences in the United States and China
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Using a choice experiment, we investigated preferences for distributing the economic burden of decreasing CO2 emissions in the two largest CO2-emitting countries: the United States and China. We asked respondents about their preferences for four burden-sharing rules to reduce CO2 emissions according to their country’s 1) historical emissions, 2) income level, 3) equal right to emit per person, and 4) current emissions. We found that U.S. respondents preferred the rule based on current emissions, while the equal right to emit rule was clearly least preferred. The Chinese respondents, on the other hand, preferred the historical rule, while the current emissions rule was the least preferred. Respondents overall favored the rule that was least costly for their country. These marked differences may explain the difficulties countries face in agreeing how to share costs, presenting a tough hurdle to overcome in future negotiations. We also found that the strength of the preferences was much stronger in China, suggesting that how mitigation costs are shared across countries is more important there.
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| 23. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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A fair share: Burden-sharing preferences in the United States and China
- 2013
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Ingår i: Resource and Energy Economics. - 0928-7655. ; 35:1, s. 1-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a sequential discrete choice experiment, we investigate preferences for distributing the economic burden of reducing CO2 emissions in the two largest CO2-emitting countries: the United States and China. We asked respondents about their preferences for four burden-sharing rules to reduce CO2 emissions according to their country's relative (1) historical emissions, (2) income level, (3) emissions per capita, and (4) current emissions. We found that respondents overall favored the rule that was least costly for their country. In addition, the willingness to pay was much higher in China, suggesting that how mitigation costs are shared across countries is more important for Chinese than for Americans. To some extent the willingness to pay varies with socioeconomic characteristics and attitudes. For example, university-educated respondents in the United States are willing to pay more for the rule that is the least costly for their own country, compared with those with a lower education level. At the same time, the ranking of the two most preferred rules are generally robust across all socioeconomic groups within each country.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Airline choice, switching costs and frequent flyerprograms
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Switching costs are costs that customers face when switching from one firm to another. In markets such as the airline market where repeated purchases are common, switching costs may be substantial. In this paper we estimate the switching costs for domestic airline routes in Sweden between 1992 and 2002. In addition we also test for the determinants of switching costs. In particular we test to what extent factors such as frequent flyer programs and flag carriers have an effect on switching costs. The paper ends with a brief discussion on the welfare consequences of switching cots, where the connection between habit formation and switching costs is discussed.
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| 26. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Conformity and the demand for environmental goods
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We test the hypothesis that people conform to certain social norms, i.e. that some individuals may be willing to pay a higher price premium for green products the more widespread green consumerism is in society. To investigate consumer preferences for environmentally friendly products, we conducted a choice experiment where the respondents were asked to choose among coffee products varying with respect to their share of ecological beans, share of fair trade beans, and price. Three treatments were used, differing only in the information given about the choices made by other consumers. More specifically, the respondents in the three subgroups were told that 10%, 50%, and 90% of all other consumers chose the alternative with 100% ecological beans. We find different responses to the treatments across individuals. In particular, we can only confirm our hypothesis of conformity for women, although men appear to have stronger preferences for ecological coffee than women.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Discrimination in Scientific Review - A natural field experiment on blind versus non-blind review
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analyzes the impacts of gender, as well as other author characteristics, on reviewers’ grading of papers submitted to an international conference in economics in Sweden in 2008. Correcting for other variables, including country and research field as well as researcher academic level, we focus on the difference in grades between blind and non-blind review treatments. We find little effect of non-blind reviewing and no significant evidence of gender or any other type of discrimination. Furthermore, we do not find any significant difference between the average grading by female and male reviewers.
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| 29. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Discrimination in scientific review - A natural field experiment on blind versus non-blind review
- 2012
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - : Wiley. - 1467-9442 .- 0347-0520. ; 114:2, s. 500-519
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using papers submitted to an international conference on economics held in Sweden in 2008, we analyze how gender, as well as other characteristics of the authors and reviewers, affects the grading of these papers by the reviewers. Correcting for other variables, including the country and research field, as well as the academic level of the author, we focus on the difference in grades between blind and non-blind review treatments. We find that non-blind reviewing has little effect, and there is no significant evidence of gender discrimination. Furthermore, we do not find any significant difference between the average grading by female and male reviewers.
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| 30. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Is Fairness Blind? - The effect of framing on preferences for effort-sharing rules
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- By using a choice experiment, this paper focuses on citizens’ preferences for effort-sharing rules of how carbon abatement should be shared among countries. We find that Swedes do not rank the rule favoring their own country highest. Instead, they prefer the rule where all countries are allowed to emit an equal amount per person, a rule that favors Africa at the expense of high emitters such as the U.S. The least preferred rule is reduction proportional to historical emissions. Using two different treatments, one where the respondents were informed about the country names and one where the country names were replaced with anonymous labels A-D, we also test whether people’s preferences for effort-sharing rules depend on the framing of the problem. We find that while the ranking of the principles is the same in both treatments, the strength of the preferences is significantly increased when the actual names of the countries are used.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Leading by example? EU citizens’ preferences for climate leadership
- 2022
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- For global problems like climate change, strong international agreements are difficult to achieve. Alternative solutions might therefore be necessary. In this paper, we study the support for climate leadership in seven European countries. Climate leadership means that an individual country takes the lead by decreasing its carbon emissions above its level of commitment in the current EU agreement and with the intention of inspiring other countries to do likewise. Overall, we find that at realistic cost levels, a majority of people oppose their country taking the lead, and most do not expect that taking the lead will result in other countries following suit. The lack of support is caused by expectations that such leadership will result in other countries behaving as free riders. We do, however, find evidence of preferences for conditional leadership: People are more positive about their country taking the lead if assured that other countries will follow. These preferences are stronger among those who identify as leftwing. Moreover, citizens in smaller countries are more pessimistic that other countries would follow their country’s lead and more sensitive to the response of other EU countries.
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| 33. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Paying for Mitigation: A Multiple Country Study
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Unique survey data from a contingent valuation study conducted in three different countries (China, Sweden, and the United States) were used to investigate the ordinary citizen’s willingness to pay (WTP) for reducing CO2 emissions. We find that a large majority of the respondents in all three countries believe that the mean global temperature has increased over the last 100 years and that humans are responsible for the increase. A smaller share of Americans, however, believes these statements, when compared to the Chinese and Swedes. A larger share of Americans is also pessimistic and believes that nothing can be done to stop climate change. We also find that Sweden has the highest WTP for reductions of CO2, while China has the lowest. Thus, even though the Swedes and Chinese are similar to each other in their attitudes toward climate change, they differ considerably in their WTP. When WTP is measured as a share of household income, the willingness to pay is the same for Americans and Chinese, while again higher for the Swedes.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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The Climate Decade: Changing Attitudes on Three Continents
- 2020
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We examine how attitudes and willingness to pay (WTP) for climate policies have changed over the past decade in the United States, China, and Sweden. All three countries exhibit an increased willingness to pay for climate mitigation. Ten years ago, Sweden had a larger fraction of believers in anthropogenic climate change and a higher WTP for mitigation, but today the national averages are more similar. Although we find convergence in public support for climate policy across countries, there is considerable divergence in climate attitudes and preferences within countries, particularly the United States. Political polarization explains part of this divergence.
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| 36. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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The climate decade: Changing attitudes on three continents
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0095-0696 .- 1096-0449. ; 107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using identical surveys a decade apart, we examine how attitudes and willingness to pay (WTP) for climate policies have changed in the United States, China, and Sweden. All three countries exhibit an increased willingness to pay for climate mitigation. Ten years ago, Sweden had a larger fraction of believers in anthropogenic climate change and a higher WTP for mitigation, but today the national averages are more similar. Although we find convergence in public support for climate policy across countries, there is considerable divergence in both WTP and climate attitudes within countries. Political polarization explains part of this divergence.
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| 37. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth - A Multiple Country Test of an Oath Script
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Hypothetical bias is one of the main issues bedeviling the field of nonmarket valuation. The general criticism is that survey responses reflect how people would like to behave, rather than how they actually behave. In our study of climate change and emissions reductions, we took advantage of the increasing bulk of evidence from psychology and economics that addresses the effects of making promises, in order to investigate the effect of an oath script in a contingent valuation survey. The survey was conducted in Sweden and China, and its results indicate that an oath script has significant effects on respondent behavior in answering willingness-to-pay (WTP) questions, some of which vary by country. In both countries, the share of zero WTP responses and extremely high WTP responses decreases when an oath script is used, which also results in lower variance. In China, the oath script also reduces the average WTP, cutting it by half in certain instances. We also found that the oath script has different impacts on various respondent groups. For example, without the oath script, Communist party members in China are more likely than others to have a positive WTP for emissions reductions, but with the oath script, there is no longer any difference between the groups.
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| 38. |
- Carlsson, Fredrik, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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The truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth - A multiple country test of an oath script
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-2681. ; 89, s. 105-121
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hypothetical bias is one of the main issues bedeviling the field of nonmarket valuation. The general criticism is that survey responses reflect how people would like to behave, rather than how they actually behave. In our study of climate change and carbon emissions reductions, based on the increasing bulk of evidence from psychology and economics regarding the effects of making promises, we investigate the effect of an oath script in a contingent valuation survey. The survey was conducted in Sweden and China, and its results indicate that an oath script has significant effects on respondent behavior in answering willingness-to-pay (WTP) questions. In both countries, the shares of zero WTP responses and extremely high WTP responses decrease when an oath script is used, resulting in lower variance. Furthermore, the conditional WTP decreases in the Chinese but not in the Swedish sample. We also find that the effect of the oath script is not generally dependent on respondent characteristics, and the few differences we observe vary with the countries.
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| 39. |
- Christesen, Henrik Thybo, et al.
(författare)
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Tissue variations of mosaic genome-wide paternal uniparental disomy and phenotype of multi-syndromal congenital hyperinsulinism
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Journal of Medical Genetics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1769-7212 .- 1878-0849. ; 63:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mosaic genome-wide paternal uniparental disomy (GW-pUPD) is a rarely recognised disorder. The phenotypic manifestations of multilocus imprinting defects (MLIDs) remain unclear. We report of an apparently non-syndromic infant with severe congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) and diffuse pancreatic labelling by 18F*-DOPA-PET/CT leading to near-total pancreatectomy. The histology was atypical with pronounced proliferation of endocrine cells comprising >70% of the pancreatic tissue and a small pancreatoblastoma. Routine genetic analysis for CHI was normal in the blood and resected pancreatic tissue. At two years’ age, Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS) stigmata emerged, and at five years a liver tumour with focal nodular hyperplasia and an adrenal tumour were resected. pUPD was detected in 11p15 and next in the entire chromosome 11 with microsatellite markers. Quantitative fluorescent PCR with amplification of chromosome-specific DNA sequences for chromosomes 13, 18, 21 and X indicated GW-pUPD. A next generation sequencing panel with 303 SNPs on 21 chromosomes showed pUPD in both blood and pancreatic tissue. The mosaic distribution of GW-pUPD ranged from 31 to 35% in blood and buccal swap to 74% in the resected pancreas, 80% in a non-tumour liver biopsy, and 100% in the liver focal nodular hyperplasia and adrenal tumour. MLID features included transient conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia and lack of macrosomia from BWS (pUPD6); and behavioural and psychomotor manifestations of Angelman Syndrome (pUPD15) on follow-up. In conclusion, atypical pancreatic histology in apparently non-syndromic severe CHI patients may be the first clue to BWS and multi-syndromal CHI from GW-pUPD. Variations in the degree of mosaicism between tissues explained the phenotype.
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| 40. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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The progress of GHG markets : opportunities and risks
- 2010
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The climate negotiations at the COP15 in December 2009 did not produce a new international treaty with binding emissions commitments but the Copenhagen Accord for dealing with post-2012 climate change. Given the current climate negotiation process it is unlikely that we will see a global climate agreement soon on a global cap between all Convention members participating in a single carbon market. We may be more likely to see a stepwise process moving towards this scenario, most likely involving linkages between different national policy programs when it comes to mitigation as well as offsetting emissions. In such a process countries will offer commitments based on their domestic abilities, preferences and policies, norms and institutions. National and sub-national policies are thus likely to be the de-facto building blocks of nations' abilities to make and fulfill international commitments. However, also with multilateral mitigation programs without binding commitments, carbon markets will be needed as well as international authorities that support measurement, reporting and verification rules and the international registries. Such markets will necessarily be complicated and temporary in a world without an overarching binding agreement. There will be numerous tradeoffs between different kinds of second-best arrangements. The purpose of this report is to build knowledge about the effects of the development of regional and international carbon markets and the auxiliary technology agreements that might be needed. Among the topics we address are: the evolution and integration of carbon markets, the impacts of policy and technology cost uncertainty on the cost of meeting targets through a carbon market mechanism, the effect of banking, price floors and ceilings, institutional constraints and technological change in the further development of carbon markets and their links to other environmental policy instruments, and the potential of REDD-plus to encourage sustainable forest development and climate mitigation.
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| 41. |
- Coria, Jessica, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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To Trade or Not to Trade: Firm-Level Analysis of Emissions Trading in Santiago, Chile
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Whether tradable permits are appropriate for use in transition and developing economies—given special social and cultural circumstances, such as the lack of institutions and lack of expertise with market‐based policies—is much debated. We conducted interviews and surveyed a sample of firms subject to emissions trading programs in Santiago, Chile, one of the first cities outside the OECD that has implemented such trading. The information gathered allow us to study what factors affect the performance of the trading programs in practice and the challenges and advantages of applying tradable permits in less developed countries.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Edin, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Opposing roles by KRAS and BRAF mutation on immune cell infiltration in colorectal cancer : possible implications for immunotherapy
- 2024
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Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - : Springer Nature. - 0007-0920 .- 1532-1827. ; 130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The immune response has important clinical value in colorectal cancer (CRC) in both prognosis and response to immunotherapy. This study aims to explore tumour immune cell infiltration in relation to clinically well-established molecular markers of CRC.Methods: Multiplex immunohistochemistry and multispectral imaging was used to evaluate tumour infiltration of cytotoxic T cells (CD8+), Th1 cells (T-bet+), T regulatory cells (FoxP3+), B cells (CD20+), and macrophages (CD68+) in a cohort of 257 CRC patients.Results: We found the expected association between higher immune-cell infiltration and microsatellite instability. Also, whereas BRAF-mutated tumours displayed increased immune-cell infiltration compared to BRAF wild-type tumours, the opposite was seen for KRAS-mutated tumours, differences that were most prominent for cytotoxic T cells and Th1 cells. The opposing relationships of BRAF and KRAS mutations with tumour infiltration of cytotoxic T cells was validated in an independent cohort of 608 CRC patients. A positive prognostic importance of cytotoxic T cells was found in wild-type as well as KRAS and BRAF-mutated CRCs in both cohorts.Conclusion: A combined evaluation of MSI status, KRAS and BRAF mutational status, and immune infiltration (cytotoxic T cells) may provide important insights to prognosis and response to immunotherapy in CRC.
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| 44. |
- Elliott, Jasmine, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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If money talks, what is the banking industry saying about climate change?
- 2022
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Ingår i: Climate Policy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1469-3062 .- 1752-7457. ; 22:6, s. 743-753
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Major banks are facing increased public pressure to reduce financing for fossil fuel projects. In this decade of action for the UN Sustainable Development Goals (with a focus on SDG 13 - climate action), all sectors, including the financial sector, are urged to recognize the ways in which they impact these goals and how they can best contribute to their realization. But how are the top 10 most active banks in financing the fossil fuel industry responding to this pressure? Using qualitative textual analysis of these banks' annual reports and a proposed categorization of how banks are talking about climate change, we highlight how these banks see their role in reducing climate impacts through their financing and whether their response has evolved since the Paris Agreement. We find that while these banks are stating an increasing number of climate change actions since the introduction of the Paris Agreement, there are few clear commitments in relation to their financing of fossil fuels. This absence of commitments in the annual reports may reflect an absence of critical reflection on their responsibility for financing climate change. Key policy insights Climate-related financial disclosures should target banks' climate impact regarding their client financing; most importantly this should be done in a clear, contextualized way so that regulators and the public can hold the banks accountable based on their disclosures. Effective policies need to explicitly consider how banks should measure and reduce climate impacts in a way that is comparable, aligned with the Paris Agreement, and in relation to banks' credit financing operations to clients (not only from the direct operations of a bank, as has been the focus of banks' commitments against climate change to date). Legislation mandating human rights and environmental due diligence with explicit considerations in relation to climate change is an example of a policy that would require banks to consider a broader scope of their impact assessment and disclosure reporting which could potentially establish clearer claims for remedies by impacted communities.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Felgendreher, Simon, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental investment decisions: experimental evidence of team versus individual decision making
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We study experimentally how investment decisions are affected by equally stringent but different policy regime treatments and how differences depend on whether decisions are made individually or in groups. In our experiment, subjects decide on an investment level either individually or jointly in groups of three. In addition, decisions are made subject to either a tax or performance standard treatment. We find that investments are significantly higher and closer to the level that maximizes revenues of the hypothetical firm in the performance standard treatment. This holds for both individual and group decisions, but we find no evidence of an interaction effect. Even though groups seem to have a knowledge advantage, they are not able to benefit from it, since intragroup communication is not able to transmit the microeconomic reasoning to group members without such knowledge. Also, groups are not able to attenuate the attention bias of focusing on selective information depending on the specific policy treatment.
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| 47. |
- Felgendreher, Simon, et al.
(författare)
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Higher education for sustainability: can education affect moral perceptions
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Education Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1350-4622 .- 1469-5871. ; 24:4, s. 479-491
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A considerable literature looks at universities' approaches to integrating sustainable development into teaching and learning, but less is known about how Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) affects student attitudes, values and norms. To our knowledge, only a few studies have quantified such effects of changes in curricula. This study contributes to this literature by quantifying and measuring the effect of a compulsory sustainability activity on students' ethical and moral perceptions. Our results show that ESD can indeed affect moral perceptions of what constitutes socially appropriate behaviour, but not in a homogenous way. Instead, the effect varies with background characteristics of the students.
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| 48. |
- Fischer, Carolyn, et al.
(författare)
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The Legal and Economic Case for an Auction Reserve Price in the EU Emissions Trading System
- 2020
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Ingår i: The Columbia journal of European law. - 1076-6715. ; 26:2, s. 1-28
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- When it first launched in 2005, the European Union emissions trading system (EU ETS) expected to see carbon dioxide prices of around €30/ton and be a cornerstone of the EU's climate policy. The reality was a cascade of falling prices, a ballooning privately held emissions bank, and a decade of muted incentives for investment in the technology and innovation necessary to achieve long-term climate goals. The European Commission responded with various administrative measures, including postponing the introduction of allowances (“backloading”) and using a quantity-based criterion for regulating future allowance sales (“the market stability reserve”). While prices have now begun to recover, it is far from clear whether these measures are sufficient to adequately support the price of carbon dioxide into the future. In the meantime, governments outside the EU ETS have begun turning away from carbon pricing and adopting overlapping regulatory measures that reinforce low prices. Unfortunately, however, this further undermines confidence in market-based mechanisms for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Other carbon markets have responded to such by introducing an auction reserve price that sets a minimum price in allowance auctions, thus avoiding the unexpectedly low price outcomes experienced in the EU ETS. Opponents of instituting such an auction reserve price in the EU ETS express two main concerns. First, they fear that a minimum auction price would interfere with the quantity-based nature of the market. Second, they argue that a reserve price would be tantamount to a tax, thus triggering a burdensome decision rule requiring unanimity among EU Member States that would be difficult to overcome. This Article reviews the economic and legal arguments for and against an auction reserve price. Our economic analysis concludes that an auction reserve price is necessary to accommodate overlapping policies and for the allowance market to operate efficiently. Our legal analysis concludes that, inasmuch as an auction reserve price is not a “provision primarily of a fiscal nature,” nor would it “significantly affect a Member State's choice between different energy sources,” no legal barriers stand in the way of the introduction of an auction reserve price into the EU ETS. We then describe two ways by which a reserve price could be introduced into this system.
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| 49. |
- Ghafouri, Bijar, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish Chronic Pain Biobank : protocol for a multicentre registry and biomarker project
- 2022
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2044-6055. ; 12:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: About 20% of the adult population have chronic pain, often associated with psychological distress, sick leave and poor health. There are large variations in the clinical picture. A biopsychosocial approach is used in investigation and treatment. The concept of personalised medicine, that is, optimising medication types and dosages for individual patients based on biomarkers and other patient-related factors, has received increasing attention in different diseases but used less in chronic pain. This cooperative project from all Swedish University Hospitals will investigate whether there are changes in inflammation and metabolism patterns in saliva and blood in chronic pain patients and whether the changes correlate with clinical characteristics and rehabilitation outcomes.METHODS AND ANALYSIS: Patients at multidisciplinary pain centres at University Hospitals in Sweden who have chosen to participate in the Swedish Quality Registry for Pain Rehabilitation and healthy sex-matched and age-matched individuals will be included in the study. Saliva and blood samples will be collected in addition to questionnaire data obtained from the register. From the samples, proteins, lipids, metabolites and micro-RNA will be analysed in relation to, for example, diagnosis, pain characteristics, psychological distress, body weight, pharmacological treatment and clinical rehabilitation results using advanced multivariate data analysis and bioinformatics.ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study is approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (Dnr 2021-04929) and will be conducted in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki.The results will be published in open access scientific journals and in popular scientific relevant journals such as those from patient organisations. Data will be also presented in scientific meetings, meeting with healthcare organisations and disseminated in different lecturers at the clinics and universities.
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| 50. |
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