| 1. |
- Ingason, Haukur, et al.
(författare)
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Taktik och Metodik vid brand i Undermarksanläggningar (TMU) - Sammanfattningsrapport
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report compiles the results from the TMU-project. The focus is on fire-fighting performance, capability and organization in underground constructions. The emphasis was on large-scale testing with authentic fire conditions and fire-fighting equipment, development of tools for prediction of hazardous conditions and capabilities of fire-fighting during different conditions, organizational management and tactics, education and development of recommendations. The project was divided into different work packages and these are presented in this final summary report. The test fires performed in the project created severe conditions for fire-fighters who moved in smoke for over 180 m before fighting fully developed fires in a range of 18 to 33 MW. The fires consisted of wood pallets placed in a semi-open steel container, simulating a train wagon fire. The walking speed and connection time for hoses and connections were registered and documented by infra-red cameras. The most important results from these tests is that the time taken to approach the fire depends on parameters as type of equipment, preparation, possibilities for use of infra-red (IR) cameras and the capacity of the extinguishing media. The heat radiation from the fire was found to be important to overcome in order to get close enough to fight the fire. Recommendations and tactics for fighting fires in underground constructions are given.
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| 2. |
- Lönnermark, Anders, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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CFD-simulation of under-ventilated fires - Comparison to experimental results
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To investigate how different configurations in a large room affect the smoke spread andtemperature during a fire, eleven tests were performed. The tests scenario was built in scale1:2 and can be described as a large room with small ventilation openings near the floor. Thefire tests were simulated using the CFD (computational fluid dynamics) code FDS (FireDynamics Simulator). To see how well FDS simulates under-ventilated fires, both wellventilated and under-ventilated cases were selected for the validation. Gas temperaturesand oxygen concentrations for the experiments and the simulations, respectively, arecompared. The results of the validation show that the combustion model (mixture fractioncombustion model), with empirical amendments for when the fire is allowed to burn, is verysensitive to changes in the oxygen level.
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| 3. |
- Lönnermark, Anders, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Rekommendationer för räddningsinsatser i undermarksanläggningar
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report contains recommendations for firefighting in underground facilities. This implies results from a research project and the recommendations are based on case studies, interviews, experiments and discussion with different fire departments. The recommendations are structured in accordance to the time period of the actual incident occurrence or the time period during which some specific measures are taken. These periods are project period, construction phase and finally when the facility is in operation. The recommendations are based on the work in the TMU project (Tactics and methodologies for firefighting in underground facilities), results from other research projects and experience from real fire and rescue operations.
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| 4. |
- Lönnermark, Anders, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Smoke Spread and Gas Temperatures during Fires in Retail Premises - Experiments and CFD Simulations
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In analytical solutions, e.g. for evacuation design, the use of computer programs for simulating the smoke spread is common. In recent years a group of computer codes named CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) codes has emerged as an engineering tool for describing smoke spread. The CFD codes need to be compared against experimental data so that they can be fully validated. To investigate how different configurations in a retail premises affect the smoke spread and temperatures during a fire, 11 tests were performed. The tests scenario was built in scale 1:2 and can be described as a large room with small ventilation openings near the floor. The configuration parameters were: different fire sizes, different fire positions and different shelf configurations. Heptane pools were used to represent the fires. Three different fire sizes were used and during the test with the largest fire size, 650 mm × 650 mm, the test conditions became under-ventilated, i.e., there was insufficient oxygen available to allow stoichiometric combustion of all evaporated fuel. For the simulations conducted as part of this work, the focus was on under-ventilated fires. However, the experimental results for all of the tests are presented and discussed. The fire tests were simulated using the CFD code FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator). To see how well FDS simulates under-ventilated fires, both well ventilated and under-ventilated cases were selected for the validation. Gas temperatures and oxygen concentration for the experiments and the simulations, respectively, are compared. Different types of meshes for the simulations and different ways of modelling the fire were used. The results of the validation show that the combustion model (mixture fraction combustion model) with empirical amendments for when the fire is allowed to burn, is very sensitive to changes in the oxygen level. The comparison between the experimental data and the simulation indicates that FDS easily can underestimate the oxygen level and thereby the heat release rate which, in turn, creates an underestimation of the temperatures. The validation has shown that the simple empirical expression used for when the fire is allowed to burn is very sensitive and if used without proper understanding it may produce large differences between the experiments and the simulations. It is also clear that the temperatures for well ventilated cases may be overestimated and that the use of visibility and toxicity (soot and carbon monoxide yields) are related to uncertainties. It should also be noted that there are cases where the temperature from the simulations and the temperature measurements correspond relatively well with each other and yet other cases when the simulated temperature is higher than the measured temperature. This depends on the simulation case, the position in the set-up and the time period compared.
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| 5. |
- Palm, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Breathing air consumption during different firefighting methods in underground mining environment
- 2022
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Ingår i: Fire safety journal. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0379-7112 .- 1873-7226. ; 133
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper analyses the breathing air consumption among participating firefighters during full-scale tests performed in the Tistbrottet mine in Sweden 2013. The availability of breathing air during firefighting has in earlier work been identified as a critical tactical factor in underground firefighting. Results from the tests show that there are differences in the breathing air consumption and that this depends on the methods used, equipment and the workload. The use of BA-teams, i.e. firefighters equipped with breathing apparatuses, is a complex group activity where the largest breathing air consumer will set the limits for the whole team. Light equipment and a structured command and control during the activities will enhance the endurance and the firefighting performance. Equipment and methods affect both firefighting performance and the durability of the firefighting activities. Examples of tested methods and equipment during the test series are: different variations of conventional hose lay-out; CAFS; cutting extinguisher; and trolley for equipment and complementary air. The aid of additional air supply and the use of trolleys will support the activities but is dependent on a large degree of preparation and training to function properly. Based on the tests, it is concluded that the larger model of air bottles should be considered for distances longer than 75 m. © 2022 The Authors
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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External conditions have a significant impact on the air flow in tunnels using transverse ventilation for smoke extraction
- 2012
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In 2008 the City of Stockholm Traffic Administration conducted a series of full scale tests, with heat and smoke generation equivalent to that from a fire in a small car, in one of their urban tunnels with transverse ventilation. The primary goal of the tests was to verify how the ventilation system worked and also to provide an opportunity for the local fire brigade and consultants in this field to see what one could expect in a similar situation. A total of four different tests were carried out at two different locations in the tunnel. Methanol was chosen as fuel and the smoke was produced from smoke machines. The ventilation conditions were set according to a pre-set function to simulate both low and high traffic conditions and the fire ventilation was activated 10 minutes after ignition of the simulated car fire. The result of the tests illustrated a variety of phenomena where the external conditions and the general design of the tunnel had a significant impact on the air flow. These aspects determined the direction of airflow in the tunnel regardless of the pre-set ventilation settings. The ventilation settings for the different traffic cases had a significant impact on the stratification of smoke in the event of a fire.
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| 7. |
- Blomqvist, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Quantified in Large-Scale Fire Experiments
- 2012
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Ingår i: Fire technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 48:2, s. 513-528
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A number of large-scale fire experiments with detailed quantitative analysisof polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) including PAH congener distributionhave been conducted by SP. This data is reviewed here and is further assessed withregard to toxicity applying a Toxic Equivalency Factor (TEF) model for estimationof cancer potential. The PAH yield data from the large-scale fire experiments is alsocompared to emission factors from other combustion sources. The study shows thatfull-scale fire experiments with different products exhibit a large variation in totalPAH yields. Fires with products containing flame retardants were shown to producethe highest yields and generally a more toxic mixture of PAHs than fires with nonflameretarded products. The distribution of individual PAH congeners is generallyquantitatively dominated by low molecular weight PAHs, whereas a small number ofmedium to high molecular weight PAHs are most important in determining the toxicityof the PAH mixture. The large-scale fire experiments indicate that fires normallyproduce orders of magnitudes higher yields compared to, e.g. modern residentialcombustion devices. The relative distribution of individual PAHs, which determinesthe toxicity of the PAH mix, is similar for the fires and open burning data studied, inthat benzo(a)pyrene and dibenz(a,h)anthracene dominate the toxicity of the mix as awhole.
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| 8. |
- Claesson, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Laboratory fire experiments with a 1/3 train carriage mockup
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A total of six fire tests were conducted in a mock-up of a subway carriage that is about 1/3 of a full wagon length. They were carried out under a large scale calorimeter in a laboratory environment. The aim of the tests was to investigate the initial fire growth in a corner scenario using different types of ignition sources that could lead to a flashover situation. The ignition sources used were either a wood crib placed on a corner seat or one liter of petrol poured on the corner seat and the neighboring floor together with a backpack. The amount of luggage and wood cribs in the neighborhood of the ignition source was continuously increased in order to identify the limits for flashover in the test-setup. The tests showed that the combustible boards on parts of the walls had a significant effect on the fire spread. In the cases where the initial fire did not exceed a range of 400 – 600 kW no flashover was observed. If the initial fire grew up to 700 – 900 kW a flashover was observed. The maximum heat release rate during a short flashover period for this test set-up was about 3.5 MW. The time to reach flashover was highly dependent on the ignition type, wood cribs or backpack and petrol.
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| 9. |
- Dahlbom, Sixten, et al.
(författare)
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A theoretical evaluation of the impact of the type of reaction on heat production and material losses in biomass piles
- 2023
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Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. - 0308-0501 .- 1099-1018. ; 11:12, s. 2693-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Self-heating during storage of biomass in piles causes material losses, leads to emissions to air, and poses a risk of fire. There are different techniques to assess a biomass material's propensity for self-heating, some of these are briefly reviewed. One of these techniques is isothermal calorimetry, which measures thermal power from materials and produces time-resolved curves. A recently developed and published test standard, ISO 20049-1:2020, describes how the self-heating of pelletized biofuels can be determined by means of isothermal calorimetry and how thermal power and the total heat produced during the test should be measured by isothermal calorimetry. This paper supports interpretation of the result obtained by isothermal calorimetry; the mentioned standard provides examples of peak thermal power and total heat but does not provide any assistance on how the result from isothermal measurements should be interpreted or how the result from measurements on different samples could be compared. This paper addresses the impact of different types of reactions, peak thermal power, total heat released (heat of reaction), activation energy, heat conductivity, and pile size on the temperature development in a generic pile of biomass. This paper addresses important parameters when the result from isothermal calorimetry is evaluated. The most important parameter, with respect to temperature development in large piles, was found to be the total heat released. It was also proposed that safe storage times, that is, the time until a run-away of the temperature in the pile, could be ranked based on the time to the peak thermal power.
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| 10. |
- Fjellgaard Mikalsen, Ragni, et al.
(författare)
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Fires in waste facilities : Challenges and solutions from a Scandinavian perspective
- 2021
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Ingår i: Fire safety journal. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0379-7112 .- 1873-7226. ; 120
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fires in waste facilities represent significant potential social, economic and environmental challenges. Although the awareness of fires in waste facilities and their consequences has increased in recent years, significant fire safety challenges remain. Fires in waste facilities in Norway and Sweden have been studied to make an overall fire safety assessment and propose measures for increased fire safety. Common ignition causes include self-heating, thermal runaway in batteries, friction, human activity, technical or electrical error and unfavourable combined storage. High-risk wastes include general, residual waste, batteries, electrical and electronics waste, and paper and cardboard. Frequent fires in outdoor storage, increasing indoor storage and new types of waste appear to result in an increased reluctance by insurance companies to work with waste facilities. Measures are suggested for fire safe facility design, operations, waste handling and storage, as well as actions to limit the consequences for the environment and the facility during and after a fire. These actions may prevent fires and minimise the impact of fires that do occur. Increased fire safety at waste facilities may foster a better dialogue between the industry and insurance providers by reducing the potential economic impacts, and limit potential social costs and environmental impacts. © 2020 The Authors
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| 11. |
- Gehandler, Jonatan, et al.
(författare)
-
BREND 2.0 - Fighting fires in new energy carriers on deck 2.0
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The project BREND investigated risk with alternative fuel vehicles inside ro-ro spaces. BREND 2.0 is a continuation and has in particular investigated two of the major risks identified in BREND, namely the risk of toxic gases from electric vehicle fires and the risk of a pressure vessel explosion for fire exposed biogas or hydrogen vehicle tanks. Simulations of electric vehicle fires inside a ro-ro space based on real input fire data has been performed. Field experiments that investigate the conditions that can lead to pressure vessel explosion were made with fire exposed biogas and hydrogen tanks. Recommendations are given about how ro-ro space fires in alternative fuel vehicles, or indeed any vehicle fire, can be managed.
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| 12. |
- Gehandler, Jonatan, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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CNG vehicle containers exposed to local fires
- 2019
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Fuels with a high energy density have contributed to the development of modern communities. On the other hand, fuels contain energy that, during some conditions, can result in incidents, not least within transportation. CNG vehicles are designed according to safety standards of UNECE, including events such as fire. In case of a fire a thermally activated Pressure Relief Device (TPRD) should empty the container before a pressure vessel explosion potentially can occur. CNG tanks are according to UNECE regulation 110 tested against a 1.65 m long pan fire. However, local fires are not included in these tests. This report presents fire tests of CNG containers performed both with a UNECE compatible fire source and with a local fire source. Any pressure vessel explosion and jet flames were characterized for two different types of CNG containers, namely steel and composite. In five out of six tests the safety of the CNG containers prevailed also in the event of a local (0.24 m by 0.24 m) pan fire, meaning that no pressure vessel explosion occurred. In real vehicle fires, where the fire extends from its local characteristics to a more developed fire that expose the CNG containers to a larger extent, these tests support that TPRDs most likely will activate. The experience from running these test series call for that the fire source should be more accurately defined with regards to fuel and dimensions and a local fire should be included in the UNECE Regulation 110.
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| 13. |
- Gehandler, Jonatan, et al.
(författare)
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Performance-based design of road tunnel fire safety : Proposal of new Swedish framework
- 2014
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Ingår i: Case Studies in Fire Safety. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 2214-398X. ; 1:1, s. 18-28
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper contains a proposal of new Swedish framework for performance-based design of road tunnel fire safety derived from Swedish and European regulation. The overall purpose of the guideline is to protect life, health, property, environment, and key societal functions from fire. The guideline is structured into five key groups of requirements: #1 Proper management and organisation, #2 to limit the generation and spread of fire and smoke, #3 to provide means for safe self-evacuation, #4 to provide means and safety for the rescue service, and #5 to ensure load-bearing capacity of the construction. Each group contains a hybrid of prescriptive requirements, performance-based requirements, and acceptable solutions. Prescriptive requirements must be fulfilled, however, it is the choice of the design team to either adopt the proposed acceptable solutions, or to design alternative solutions by verifying that performance-based requirements are satisfied. For verification of performance-based requirements through risk analysis the operational, epistemic, and aleatory uncertainties are considerable. Therefore, a scenario-based risk analysis with several specified input variables and methods is recommended for verification of #3 and #5. Indispensable complements are scenario exercises, emergency exercises and similar methods that validate the design and highlight organisational aspects. The proposed design guide has been developed by the authors together with the advisory group established for the work.
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| 14. |
- Gehandler, Jonatan, et al.
(författare)
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Tactical depressurization of hydrogen containers with civilian rifle and ammunition
- 2022
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- There can be situations, for example if gas containers have been damaged in a vehicle crash, when the fire and rescue service would like to depressurize the gas containers through shooting with a civilian rifle. Modern high-pressure hydrogen containers are designed for a working pressure of 700 bars. This means that they have a very thick and strong shell made of composite material. At the same time the fire and rescue service only have access to civilian rifles and ammunition that can be bought for hunting purposes. Thus, tactical and safe depressurization of hydrogen containers is a big challenge. RISE have, together with the Södra Älvsborgs Fire and Rescue Services (SÄRF), Swedish Civil Contingency Agency, and Lund University conducted shooting tests of gas tanks mounted on a hydrogen gas vehicle and three stand-alone hydrogen gas tanks. The shooting tests were conducted at Remmene shooting field in Sweden. Thirteen shooting tests with hydrogen tanks placed in favouarable positions were performed. Out of these, only four tests were succesful in puncturing the individual gas tank in a single shot. Furthermore, two unwanted events occurred; one rupture (after 7 shots) and two powerful jets (after 20 and one shot respectively). This shows that further development and research is required in order to develop a method to safely depressurize high pressure hydrogen tanks.
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| 15. |
- Gehandler, Jonatan, et al.
(författare)
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Uneven exposure of compressed natural gas (CNG) and hydrogen (H2) cylinders : Fire and extinguishment tests
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Fire safety journal. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0379-7112 .- 1873-7226. ; 146
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vehicles that are powered by gaseous fuel, e.g., compressed natural gas (CNG) or hydrogen (H2), may, in the event of fire, result in a jet flame from a thermally activated pressure relief device (TPRD), or a pressure vessel explosion. There have been a few incidents for CNG vehicles where the TPRD was unsuccessful to prevent a pressure vessel explosion in the event of fire, both nationally in Sweden and internationally. If the pressure vessel explosion would occur inside an enclosure such as a road tunnel, the resulting consequences are even more problematic. In 2019 the authors investigated the fire safety of CNG cylinders exposed to localized fires. One purpose of the tests conducted in 2021 reported in this paper is to investigate whether extinguishment with water, e.g., from a tunnel deluge system, may compromise the safety of vehicle gas cylinders in the event of fire. Steel cylinders handles the situation with localizde fire and/or cooling with water well. Composite tanks can rupture if the fire exposure degrades the composite material strength, and the TPRD is not sufficiently heated to activate, e.g., if the fire is localized or if the TPRD is being cooled by water, which prevents its activation.
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| 16. |
- Hogland, William, et al.
(författare)
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Storage of organic materials, solid waste and biofuels - Risks for fires and fire fighting
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Climate changes together with the increased scarcity of raw material and natural resources place pressure on politicians, industry and society to optimize energy utilization and material recovery. The recycling and sorting of the solid waste and the need for long and short term storage is therefore steadily increasing as is the development of different types of storageand transportation of biofuels. Many of these stores are or will be located close to settlements, town districts and buildings of high monetary value which will increase the potential risk with associated fires and their effect on public health. Methods for the handling and storing organic materials are many, but whether after a short or long time, these all have a propensity to end up with self ignition. Sweden has increased the number of incinerators for solid waste by almost 40 % during the new millennium. Further, numerous upgrades of old incinerators have been carried out and a large volume of storage of waste fuels is needed. This paper presents experience from storage of waste fuels, risks of fire, and issues associated with fire fighting, emissions, and financial impact. Discussions of future trends for the storage of organic material, waste and biofuels as well as the risk of energy and material loss and environmental pollution by smoke and danger for health are included as well as the need for further knowledge and research.
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| 17. |
- Holmstedt, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Validation of CFD codes
- 2008
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Use of CFD (computional fluid dynamics) softwarepackages within fire performance based engineeringand risk assessment is increasing substantially.An important part in the process is thequality assurance. For this reason the SwedishRescue Services Agency (SRV) sponsored aunique research project. Within the project differentcodes for smoke spread and evacuationhave been evaluated. This poster will focus onthe evaluation of four CFD software codes.
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| 18. |
- Huang, Chen, et al.
(författare)
-
Development of a numerical tool using an open source code for creating a safer working environment for the Swedish industries regarding dust explosions : Part report (from 2019-02-01 until 2020-01-31)
- 2020
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dammexplosioner är ett konstant hot mot de svenska industrier som hanterar material eller utför processer som skapar brännbart damm, såsom pelletstillverkare, livsmedelsindustri, metallindustri m.m. Det aktuella projektet syftar till att (i) utveckla välvaliderade numeriska modeller som kan ta hänsyn till de viktigaste förbränningsfenomenen, (ii) utveckla ett numeriskt verktyg baserat på en öppen källkod, och (iii) beräkna verkliga dammexplosionsscenarier i samråd med representanter för berörda industrier. Projektresultatet kan fylla kunskapsluckorna när det gäller förståelse för dammexplosioner, att uppskatta konsekvenser av dammexplosioner, ge rekommendationer för bättre konstruktion av byggnader och relevanta säkerhetssystem, och därmed ge personalen en säkrare arbetsmiljö. Under det första året, har den öppna källkodsplattformen OpenFOAM installerats och testats. Den så kallade FSC (Flame Speed Closure) modellen för förblandade turbulenta flammor implementerades i OpenFOAM. Implementeringen av FSC-modellen har verifierats mot analytiska lösningar för 1-D plana och 3-D sfäriska förblandade turbulenta flammor. Verifikation av implementationen visar att modellen implementerades korrekt. För närvarande är den numeriska modellen under validering mot småskaliga experimentella resultat för 3-D sfäriska flamma i Leeds förbränningskärl. De första beräkningarna visar att modellen och koden predikterar trenden. Det vill säga, flamhastigheter ökar när turbulenta hastighetsfluktuationer ökar. Beräkningar visar också att modellen och koden även kvantitativt predikterar flamhastigheter om rimliga modelleringsparametrar används. I nästa steg, kommer modellen och koden utvecklas ytterligare för att ta hänsyn till värmeförluster och strålning. Därefter kommer beräkningsresultaten att jämföras med experimentella resultat från de storskaliga tryckavlastningsförsöken, med olika geometrier, utförda vid Rembe® Research and Technology Center.
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| 19. |
- Huang, Chen, et al.
(författare)
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Development of a numerical tool using an open source code for creating a safer working environment for the Swedish industries regarding dust explosions : Part report (from 2020-02-01 until 2021-01-31)
- 2021
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dammexplosioner är ett konstant hot mot de svenska industrier som hanterar material eller utför processer som skapar brännbart damm, såsom pelletstillverkare, livsmedelsindustri, metallindustri m.m. Det aktuella projektet syftar till att (i) utveckla välvaliderade numeriska modeller som kan ta hänsyn till de viktigaste förbränningsfenomenen, (ii) utveckla ett numeriskt verktyg baserat på en öppen källkod, och (iii) beräkna verkliga dammexplosionsscenarier i samråd med representanter för berörda industrier. Projektresultatet kan fylla kunskapsluckorna när det gäller förståelse för dammexplosioner, att uppskatta konsekvenser av dammexplosioner, ge rekommendationer för bättre konstruktion av byggnader och relevanta säkerhetssystem, och därmed ge personalen en säkrare arbetsmiljö. I slutet av det första och i början av det andra projektåret, har den utvecklade numeriska plattformen, som innehåller dammexplosionsmodellen validerats med de experimentella data för dammexplosioner i majsstärkelse i Leeds förbränningskärl under välkontrollerade experimentella förhållanden. Därefter har ett samarbete etablerats med Rembe Research and Technology Center i Tyskland för att applicera den utvecklade numeriska plattformen för att simulera en storskalig industriell dammexplosion. Parallellt med samarbetet med Rembe, har ett samarbete etablerats med Gexcon för att utföra en gemensam studie om dammexplosioner med det utvecklade verktyget i projektet och den kommersiella koden FLACS-DustEx.
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| 20. |
- Huang, Chen, et al.
(författare)
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Development of a numerical tool using an open-source code for creating a safer working environment for the Swedish industries regarding dust explosions
- 2022
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dust explosion has been a constant threat to the physical working environment of the Swedish process industries which deal with combustible powders. Examples of such industries are pellets, paper, metal processing, food and feed, pharmaceuticals, and additive industries. This project aims at (i) development of physics-based and well-validated models which address the important combustion phenomena in dust explosions, (ii) development of a well-verified and an efficient numerical tool based on an open-source toolbox OpenFOAM for predicting consequences of dust explosions and (iii) simulation of large-scale dust explosions in the process industries. The project result improves the understanding of dust explosions, and it provides the process industries with a numerical tool for designing safer process plant regarding dust explosions.The model and code development were carried out in a step-by-step fashion. First, the so-called Flame Speed Closure (FSC) model for premixed turbulent combustion, was implemented into OpenFOAM. The implementation was verified against analytical solutions for 1-dimensional planar and 3-dimensional spherical turbulent flames. Second, the developed code including the model, i.e., FSCDustFoam, was validated against experimental data on corn starch dust explosion in a fan-stirred explosion vessel under well-controlled laboratory conditions. Third, the FSC model was extended by adapting the well-known experimental observations of the self-similarity of the flame acceleration to address large-scale industrial dust explosions. An excellent agreement between measurements of vented corn starch dust explosions in an 11.5 m3 vessel and the simulations using the extended the FSC model was obtained.In spite of the successful development of FSCDustFoam, challenges remain. Specifically, the current version of FSCDustFoam cannot address the effect of different shapes of vent openings on dust explosions. Nevertheless, FSCDustFoam is a promising tool to be applied and further developed to resolve the challenging reality regarding dust explosions in the Swedish process industries.
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| 21. |
- Ibrahim, Muhammad Asim, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Safety at waste and recycling industry : Detection and mitigation of waste fire accidents
- 2022
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 141, s. 271-281
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, NASA’s VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) fire hotspots and data of the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB), collected between 2012 and 2018, was integrated to characterize waste fire incidents that were detected by VIIRS and reported to MSB (DaR), detected by VIIRS but not reported to MSB (DbNR) and that are reported to MSB but not detected by VIIRS (RbND). Results show that the average number of open waste fire incidents per million capita per year (AFIPMC) in Sweden, for the period 2012–2018, ranges from 2.4 to 4.7. Although a weak correlation exists (r = 0.44, P = 0.1563, one tailed) between years and number of fire incidents (MSB + VIIRS fires), a continuous increase in number of fire incidents was recorded between 2014 and 2018. It is concluded that the use of satellite data of fire anomalies, in-combination with the use of incident reports, will help in formalizing more reliable and comprehensive waste fire statistics. Another focus area of the article is to consolidate the recommendations and routines for safe storage of waste and biofuels and to present the lessons that can be learnt from past fire incidents. The article also discusses the technical, political, economic, social, and practical aspects of waste fires and provide a baseline for future research and experimentation.
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| 22. |
- Ibrahim, Muhammad Asim, et al.
(författare)
-
Storage Techniques for Municipal Solid Waste, Frequency of Fires, and Their Related Emissions
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of Venice 2010 - The Third International Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Waste, Venice, Italy, 8-11 November, 2010. - Venice, Italy : CISA, Environmental Sanitary Engineering Center. ; , s. 1-15
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The objective of this study was to gather the missing information regarding storage techniques (i.e., loose compact, hard compact, cylindrical bales, rectangular bales) and self-ignition in storage sites for organic recyclable and solid-waste fuels from a life-cycle perspective. There is a need to compile and analyze information regarding self-ignition events because there is a lack of such studies. Its importance is evident from the fact that millions of euros are lost every year in Sweden because of spontaneous fires. These fires cause loss of valuable material and injuries to people, and they are also associated with intense environmental pollution, in particular in the form of smoke and water pollution. This study is based on a questionnaire survey among the members of the Swedish waste management association (Avfall Sverige), whose members service 95% of the Swedish population. The response to the survey was 60%. A total of 96 major surface fires have been reported in the past 10 years at storage sites. 74% of these 96 fire incidents were due to self-ignition, 11% were due to known causes other than self-ignition and 15% were due to unknown reasons. In reference to the type of storage, 50% of these 96 fire incidents took place at sites that store both household and industrial waste, 20% at sites that store only industrial waste, and 30% at sites that store household, industrial, and agricultural waste. Regarding the most frequent cause of fire at any storage site, 33% of respondents relate the fire incidents with extreme hot weather conditions, 8% of respondents report that fire incidents at their storage site are mostly an aftereffect of rainfall, 13% relate the fire incidents with cold weather in December, and 46% of respondents experienced the fire incidents throughout the whole year. Furthermore, detailed statistics were collected regarding different storage techniques followed for municipal solid waste (MSW) in relation to contents and final destination processing plant. It was found that loose compact storage is the most popular way of storing MSW, followed by cylindrical bales. Based on data covering the last 10 years, the average annual amount of emissions of dioxins is (upper/lower bound) TCDD 0.03/0.12 g, PAH 0.98/3.7 tons, PCB 1.66/6.31 g, Hg 16.51/62.59 g, and VOC 18/68 tons from MSW storage fires in Sweden. Estimated emissions of dioxins from fires in waste storage sites correspond to emissions from the incineration of about 0.017 million tons of waste (Avfall Sverige data for 2008). In total, Sweden incinerated 0.35 million tons per annum during the period studied.
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| 23. |
- Ingason, Haukur, et al.
(författare)
-
Brandspridning mellan industrilokaler
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Bygg och Teknik. - 0281-658X .- 2002-8350. ; :6, s. 57-59
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 24. |
|
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| 25. |
- Ingason, Haukur, et al.
(författare)
-
Effects of longitudinal ventilation on fire growth and maximum heat release rate
- 2010
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An analysis, based on two different series of model scale tests, of the effects of ventilation on maximum heat release rate and fire growth rates is presented. In both model scale test series, wood cribs of different porosity, size and numbers were used. Both ambient free burn tests and tests inside a model-scale tunnel were performed. The tunnels varied from 0.3 m to 0.6 m in width and from 0.2 m to 0.4 m in height. The longitudinal velocity varied between 0.22 m/s and 1.12 m/s. The tests show that for a higher porosity wood crib and higher velocities than 0.45 m/s, an increasing ventilation rate increases the maximum heat release rate in the range of 1.3 to 1.7 times the value measured outside the tunnel under ambient conditions. For the lower porosity wood crib and higher velocities, the corresponding increase in the maximum heat release rates was 1.8 and 2.2, respectively. For the case with a velocity of 0.67 m/s, the linear fire growth rate increased by a factor of 5–10 times compared to the free burn case, depending on the dimensions of the tunnel cross-section.
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| 26. |
- Ingason, Haukur, et al.
(författare)
-
Fire Spread between Industrial Premises
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Fire Safety Science 2011. ; , s. 1305-1317
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study focuses on investigating models for calculating the risks of fire spread from an industrial building to adjacent buildings. The basic parameters necessary to determine the risk of fire spread are the flame height and the incident heat flux. There is limited information found about flame heights from industrial buildings where the fire breaks through the ceiling. Calculation methods for flame heights and incident heat fluxes are discussed and compared to model-scale data and large-scale data. A series of model-scale tests with flames through openings in a building where flashover has occurred are presented and compared to flame height correlations. This paper provides new data and a better understanding of the necessary input for such calculations. The model-scale tests show a good correspondence between a simple method to calculate heat flux from a point source and experimental data.
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| 27. |
- Ingason, Haukur, et al.
(författare)
-
Industrial fires - A literature survey
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this study, the results of an overview of industrial fires in manufacturing plants and warehouses are reported. The overview is based on data reported in international papers, technical reports, magazines and news media.Flame heights and other information from real fires have been listed and analysed. Correlations for the calculation of flame heights, effects of cross-winds, heat fluxes and ignition of materials are discussed. This study has focused on an investigation of the risk for fire spread from burning industrial building or warehouse to the other activities in their surroundings. The survey shows that there is very limited information concerning flame heights and methods to calculate fire spread from buildings where the fire has broken through a large hole in the ceiling.
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| 28. |
- Ingason, Haukur, et al.
(författare)
-
Model of ventilation flows during large tunnel fires
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0886-7798 .- 1878-4364. ; 30, s. 64-73
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to describe the reduction in the longitudinal airflow velocity due to the fire and hot gases resistances in a large tunnel fire, a theoretical model, taking into consideration the pressure losses over the fire source and obstructions, the thermal stack effects, and the hydraulic resistance induced by the tunnel walls, fire protection boards and a HGV trailer mock-up, is developed and validated using the large-scale tests data from the fire tests performed in the Runehamar tunnel with longitudinal ventilation in Norway 2003. Two large mobile fan units were used to create a longitudinal flow within the tunnel and prevent smoke backlayering upstream of the fire. One fan was located outside the entrance of the tunnel and the other inside the tunnel. The fire load consisted of a mock-up simulating a heavy goods vehicle (HGV) trailer creating a maximum heat release rates in the range of 66–202 MW. Two methods of calculating the mean temperature related to the thermal expansion and stack effect are proposed and compared.
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| 29. |
- Ingason, Haukur, et al.
(författare)
-
Runehamar Tunnel Fire Tests
- 2011
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Five large-scale fire tests, including one pool fire test and four HGV mock-up fire tests, were carried out in the Runehamar tunnel in Norway in year 2003. Detailed information about these tests is presented. In addition, previous work on these tests and new analyses are presented in this report. Heat release rate, fire growth rate, gas temperature, flame length, radiation, fire spread, gas production, ventilation, backside wall temperature, pulsation and backlayering are investigated thoroughly. Simple theoretical models are developed to estimate and predict these parameters. The correlations developed can be used by engineers working on fire safety in tunnels.
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| 30. |
|
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| 31. |
- Ingason, Haukur, et al.
(författare)
-
Tunnel Fire Dynamics
- 2015
-
Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 32. |
- Kim, Hak Kuen, et al.
(författare)
-
Comparison of Road Tunnel Design Guidelines
- 2008
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the light of the recent catastrophic fires intunnels much effort has been put into the work of preventing fires in tunnelsand limiting the consequences of fires when occurring. This study describes thelevel of fire safety of road tunnels at the tunnel design stage, as given inguidelines, standards, regulations, directives, etc. A number of road tunnelguidelines from different countries and organizations have been compared to eachother. The main focus of the comparison is the application criteria ofguidelines and installation spacing. The comparison provides several interestingdiscussion topics, including similarities or differences between detailed requirementsand the popularity type of each fire safety equipment or facility. The work canbe divided into three parts. First, how tunnels are categorized in thedifferent guidelines is described. Secondly, a description and comparison ofdifferent safety measures and how these relate to different tunnel categoriesis given. In the paper, the requirements for hand held extinguishers and the resistanceto fire for different equipment are given as examples. Finally, the work includessome recommendations for specific improvement to Korean guidelines.
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| 33. |
- Kim, Hak Kuen, et al.
(författare)
-
Effective Firefighting Operations in Road Tunnels
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main purpose of this study is to develop operational procedures for fire brigades inroad tunnels. Although much progress has been achieved in various fields of fire safety intunnels, very little attention has been paid specifically to fire fighting in tunnels. Thisstudy is focused on obtaining more information concerning how effectively the firebrigade can fight road tunnel fires and what limitations and threats fire brigades may befaced with. This knowledge can help parties involved in tunnel safety to understandsafety issues and enhance the level of fire safety in road tunnels.The report is divided into three main parts. The first part consists of a review of relevantstudies and experiments concerning various key parameters for fire safety and emergencyprocedures. The history of road tunnel fires is then summarised and analyzed. Among allroad tunnel fires, three catastrophic tunnel fires are highlighted, focusing on the activitiesof fire brigades and the operation of technical fire safety facilities. In the second partspecific firefighting operations are developed. This has been based on previousexperience and new findings from experiments performed in the study. In the last part,information is given on how the proposed firefighting operations can be applied to themanagement of fire safety for road tunnels. Two proposals are developed and presented:fire scenarios for firefighting strategies and tunnel classification models for riskmanagement for fire brigades.
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| 34. |
- Koppejan, Japp, et al.
(författare)
-
Health and safety Aspects of Solid Biomass Storage, Transportation and Feeding
- 2013
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This publication focuses on the health and safety issues of the supply chain of solid biofuels with the objective to highlight commonly used mitigation methodologies to promote a better working environment when dealing with solid biofuels. It has been compiled as a joint effort by experts active in Tasks 32, 36, 37 and 40 of the IEA Bioenergy Agreement, with their own specific fields of expertise. Only through this cooperation, it was possible to touch upon the full range of issues in one publication that one may come across when developing projects in which solid biomass fuels are produced, traded or used. The properties of a biomass material and the intended use determine how the material should be safely transported and stored. Self-heating, off-gassing and dust explosions are significant challenges for the industry that have already resulted in significant losses of capital investments and even tragic loss of life. Likewise, exposure to biologically active material, such as moulds and spores may form a serious hazard for the health of workers involved. With the growth of the bioenergy sector, it is important not only that opportunities for bioenergy are implemented in an efficient economic manner, but also safely.
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| 35. |
|
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| 36. |
- Larsson, Ida, et al.
(författare)
-
Assessment of the Self-heating Potential of Wood Pellets
- 2012
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The use of biomass pellets is increasing. As a consequence, large indoor storage facilities are needed along the transportation chain. The increased production volumes, transportation, handling and storage of pellets result in increased risks. A number of fire incidents due to spontaneous ignition in wood pellets have been reported. Increased efforts concerning safety and quality assurance are, therefore, important. The aim of the present work is to provide methods for estimating risks for self-heating from pellets stored in bulk quantities. The experimental work ranges from small-scale characterizations to medium-scale storage tests and includes several different types of pellets. One aim has been to develop small scale screening methods to assess the propensity for self-heating, thereby trying to define the specific type of “activity” occurring in the pellets as well as characterising it. Isothermal calorimetry (micro calorimeter) has been used as small scale screening test method and the results has then been validated with crossing point tests and in medium scale tests (1 m3). Thirteen samples from different types of pellets have been ranked relative to each other in micro calorimeter tests and two pellet types; one “reactive” and one “less reactive” were also tested for validation in crossing point and medium scale. The results clearly reveal that different activity levels of the pellets can be measured using small scale screening methods.
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| 37. |
- Larsson, Ida, et al.
(författare)
-
Medium-scale reference tests and calculations of spontaneous ignition in wood pellets - the LUBA project
- 2012
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The use of biomass pellets is increasing. As a consequence, large indoor storage facilities are needed along the transportation chain. The increased production volumes, transportation, handling and storage of pellets result in increased risks. A number of fire incidents due to spontaneous ignition in wood pellets have been reported. Increased efforts concerning safety and quality assurance are, therefore, important. The aim of present work is to provide methods for estimating risks for self-heating from pellets stored in bulk quantities. This report compares medium scale tests of pellets in bulk with smaller screening test; micro calorimeter and crossing point. Two types of pellets; one “reactive” and one “less reactive” were compared. Kinetic parameters from the crossing point and micro calorimeter tests was used as input data for Frank-Kamenetskii calculations and compared with the medium scale test results. Calculations of the critical ambient temperature and time to self-ignition have also been preformed on four different types of representative types of full scale storages that either exist today or might be possible in the future. The results clearly reveal that results in medium scale can be predicted by using results from small scale screening methods like isothermal calorimetry or crossing point. The small scale test methods show the same indications as medium scale when comparing reactive and less active pellet types. The medium-scale tests were effective in separating the self-heating activity of the two types of pellets investigated.
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| 38. |
- Larsson, Ida, et al.
(författare)
-
Medium-scale self-heating tests with biomass pellets
- 2020
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A commonly known problem with storage of biomass pellets is the risk for self-heating. The propensity for self-heating depends on several parameters e.g. type of pellets, humidity, ventilation, temperature, type of storage and handling prior to storage.Within the framework of the research project SafePellets (Safety and quality assurance measures along the pellets supply chain) a medium-scale methodology to assess the propensity for self-heating has been developed. In addition, methods to study carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) concentrations as well as different aldehydes have been tested and evaluated in this study.Biomass pellets from three different sources, i.e. 100 % pine; a mixture of spruce and pine and a mixture of straw, seed residue and spruce, were tested in a 1 m3 test container. The test container and the pellets were pre-heated and kept at the nominal test temperature until self-heating occurred, or the test was terminated. Temperatures were measured at more than 40 different positions and gas samples were extracted from the test container and analysed.Differences were observed as a function of pellet type, but also as a function of nominal test temperature and ventilation. Significant levels of CO and CO2 and a reduced level of O2 were observed direct after the pre-heating, indicating oxidation of the pellets. Ten different tests were made; ignition occurred in four of them. The higher the nominal test temperature, the higher propensity for self-heating. When ignition occurred, the concentrations of CO and CO2 increased rapidly. It was found that the ventilation conditions were important. In some of the tests, natural convection caused the pellet bulk to cool. In other tests, when the test container was closed, the oxygen concentration dropped, and self-heating was reduced.Measurements of CO, CO2 and O2 contributed with information about the tests. However, the results from aldehyde measurements were unconcise and the values have only been used as indicative. Identified aldehydes were hexanal, butyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, formaldehyde, propionaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein.
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| 39. |
- Larsson, Ida, et al.
(författare)
-
Small scale screening tests to assess the self-heating potential of wood pellets
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Interflam 2013. - London, UK : Interscience Communications. ; , s. 623-628
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The use of biomass pellets is increasing. As a consequence, large indoor storage facilities are needed along the transportation chain. A number of fire incidents due to spontaneous ignition in wood pellets have been reported. The aim of the present work is to provide methods for estimating risks for self-heating from pellets stored in bulk quantities. The experimental work ranges from small-scale characterizations to medium-scale storage tests and includes different types of pellets. One aim has been to develop small scale screening methods to assess the propensity for self-heating, thereby trying to define the specific type of “activity” occurring in the pellets as well as characterising it. Isothermal calorimetry (micro calorimeter) has been used as small scale screening test method and the results has then been validated with crossing point tests and in medium scale tests (1 m3). Thirteen samples from different types of pellets have been ranked relative to each other in micro calorimeter tests and two pellet types; one “reactive” and one “less reactive” were also tested for validation in crossing point and medium scale. The results clearly reveal that different activity levels of the pellets can be measured using small scale screening methods.
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| 40. |
- Larsson, Ida, et al.
(författare)
-
Temperature Measurements and Examination of Self-heating in Large Scale storage of Wood Pellets
- 2014
-
Ingår i: World Bioenergy 2014. - Jönköping, Sweden.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper summarizes the experimental data from a large-scale storage test performed within the European project called SafePellets. Temperature measurements were made inside a silo with a capacity of storing 3000 ton of wood pellets, from August to October in 2013. The purpose of the test was to examine the self-heating of the wood pellets, where and when it occurs, how it spreads and if it could be connected to certain events. For temperature measurements, both the temperature cables belonging to the silo temperature surveillance system and thermocouples mounted by SP at the cables and on the in/out-side walls of the silo were used. The results clearly reveal that self-heating occurs almost instantly after start of filling the silo and temperatures above 40 °C inside the pellets bulk is regular. The temperature surveillance system, which was set to give an alarm signal for high temperatures, was activated several times during the test period and temperatures exceeding 60 °C were registered at several occasions. Measurements above the pellet surface also show that this headspace temperature varies much with the outside ambient temperature and the sunlight radiation. A sunny summer’s day, the headspace temperature could easily reach above 40 °C, which will influence the pellet bulk. The project also emphasized an important problem when it comes to silo storage. The problem of temperature sensor cables inside the silo not always hanging where they are supposed to be was observed in the test and dealt with.
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| 41. |
- Li, Ying Zhen, et al.
(författare)
-
Correlations in different scales of metro carriage fire tests
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Brandposten. - Borås : SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden. ; :48, s. 28-29
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An analysis of four series of metro carriage fire tests in different scales was carried out. These metro carriage fire tests including 1:10 model scale tests, 1:3 model scale tests, 1/3 carriage section carriage tests and full scale tunnel tests. The correlation between different scales of carriage fire tests is carefully investigated. The mechanism of fire development is very similar in different scales of tests involving fully developed. A critical fire spread is identified as the key parameter to a fully developed carriage fire and is related to a minimum heat release rate. After the critical fire spread, the fire travels along the carriage at an approximately constant speed. The maximum heat release rate obtained for a fully developed fire is dependent on the ventilation conditions and also the type and configuration of the fuels, and a simple equation has been proposed to estimate the maximum heat release rate. Good agreement has also been found between different scales of maximum gas temperature, gas concentration and extinction coefficient. The heat fluxes from the flames could be slightly overestimated in model scales.
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| 42. |
- Li, Ying Zhen, et al.
(författare)
-
Fire development in different scales of metro carriages
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Sixth International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security. New Zealand. 2014-03-12--14. - University of Canterbury, New Zealand. ; , s. 302-315
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A fire development analysis of three series of metro carriage fire tests in different scales was carried out. These metro carriages fire tests included 1:10 model scale tests, 1:3 model scale tests and 1:1 full scale tunnel tests. The heat release rate (HRR) correlations between different scales of carriage fire tests were carefully investigated. The mechanism of fire development is very similar in different scales of tests involving fully developed fires. After the critical fire spread, the fire travels along the carriage at an approximately constant speed. The maximum heat release rate obtained for a fully developed fire is dependent on the ventilation conditions and also the type and configuration of the fuels, and a simple equation has been proposed to estimate the maximum heat release rate. A global correction factor of the maximum heat release rate is presented and examined.
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| 43. |
|
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| 44. |
- Lönnermark, Anders, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
-
Biobränslen och avfall - Brandsäkerhet i samband med lagring
- 2008
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In the report fire risks with handling and storage of different types of biofuels or waste are discussed. The report gives an overview of different types of biofuels, future trends, different ways of storage, experiences from occurred fires, and previous or ongoing research project within the field. The EC Directive on landfill of waste together with the need and interest for biofuels have resulted in increased amounts and a new type of storages. This also means new types of risks. There is therefore a great need for knowledge on the risks for spontaneous ignition and fire characteristics for these fuels and storages. If a fire occurs it can lead to significant problems with emissions and in many cases the rescue services have problems with handling these fires. The fires can also lead to large economic losses. It is, therefore, important to know both how to avoid and how to facilitate extinguishment of these fires. The information gathered and presented in the report has been used to develop a proposal for a research programme, which is also presented in the report. The report deals mainly with solid biofuels and waste, but discussions on liquids and gaseous fuels are also included.
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| 45. |
- Lönnermark, Anders, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
-
Cascading effects during incidents : CascEff
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Risk, Reliability and Safety. - : CRC Press. - 9781138029972 ; , s. 91-96
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
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| 46. |
- Lönnermark, Anders, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
-
Emissions from simulated deep-seated fires in domestic waste
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 70:4, s. 626-39
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The emissions from deep-seated fires in domestic waste have been investigated. The gas phase yields of PAH, PCDD/F, PCB, HCB, particles, and metals associated to the particulate matter were analysed during a series of simulated deep-seated fires. The method of extinguishment was varied and in cases where water was used for extinguishment, the runoff water was analysed for PAH, PCDD/F, PCB, hexachlorobenzene, and metals. In total six tests were performed. In four of the tests, samples of the fire residue were analysed for PCDD/F, PCBs, and chlorobenzenes.
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| 47. |
- Lönnermark, Anders, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
-
Fire incidents during contruction work of tunnels - Model-scale experiments
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The report describes a series of model scale tests (1:40 scale) describing the situation before breakthrough in a tunnel during construction. In such a situation this means that there is only one access tunnel, the rest is a system of tunnels with no connection to the surface other than through the inlet tunnel. The tests were carried out in order to investigate the effects of smoke spread and ventilation in a tunnel during construction. The tunnel was tested during different ventilation conditions, lengths and slope. The tunnel consisted of an access part which simulated the access tunnel to the main tunnel. The access tunnel was sloped and the main tunnel was horizontal, directed in two equal distances from the access tunnel. The main tunnel had two dead ends, and a ventilation system that was provided through an air duct in the ceiling. The air duct outlet length and location was varied in the tests. A total of 36 tests were performed. The fire source was a propane burner, delivering a heat release rate equivalent to a full-scale fire of 10 MW. Fibreboard blocks, of different sizes, drenched with heptane were also used to represent the heat release rate of a construction machine.The main findings concerned the effect of the ventilation on the fire development. If the fire occurs before the breakthrough and the fire is too small it will be difficult to obtain fresh air from the access entrance and the fire will decreases in intensity and finally extinguish due to lack of oxygen caused by consumption of oxygen and recirculation of vitiated products back to the fire.
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| 48. |
- Lönnermark, Anders, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
-
Fire Safety of Waste Storage
- 2010
-
Ingår i: PROCEEDINGS. ; , s. 51-62
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The EC Directive on landfill of waste and the development of different national regulations, together with the need and interest for biofuels, have resulted in more extensive handling and storage of these products. Calorific value and bulk density are for most fractions lower than for example oil, which translates into a further increase in volumes of fuel needed for a given amount of energy. Since the material is to be used as a high-grade fuel, higher requirements are placed on the storage technology. There will also probably be strong desire to place stocks in direct connection with for example a specific industry or co-generation plant, to minimize the need for transport. Overall, this means that very large production and handling facilities with large stocks will be required. These new types of storages also mean new types of risks. There is therefore a great need for knowledge on the risks for spontaneous ignition, fire characteristics, and risk for fire spread for these fuels and storages. If a fire occurs it can lead to significant problems with emissions and in many cases the rescue services have problems with handling these fires. These fires can also lead to large economic losses. It is, therefore, important to know both how to avoid and how to facilitate extinguishment of these fires.In the paper some trends regarding storage of waste are discussed together with the risks for self-heating and emissions. Experiences from real fires are presented and some existing guidelines for storage of waste are discussed.
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| 49. |
- Lönnermark, Anders, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
-
Fire Spread between Industry Premises
- 2010
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report presents results and analysis from model scale tests carried out to validate calculation methods for estimation of the risk for fire spread between buildings. The basic parameters necessary to determine the risk for fire spread are: flame height and the incident thermal radiation. Knowledge about both these parameters is vital in order to estimate the risks properly. There is a lack of experimental information that considers the following important aspects influencing the propensity of a fire to jump from one industrial premise to another: heat release rate, size of an opening in a flashed over building, flame height and incident thermal radiation at different distances from the burning building. This report provides new data and better understanding of necessary input for such calculations. The model scale tests show good correspondence between a simple method to calculate heat radiation from a point source and experimental data obtained. Further, a simple and robust method to measure incident heat radiation is examined and evaluated.
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| 50. |
- Lönnermark, Anders, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
-
Fire suppression and structure protection for cargo train tunnels : Macadam and HotFoam
- 2008
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The increasing heavy goods transports and potential of transporting goods on rail has put the focus on the fire safety of rail tunnels for cargo trains. In the paper two different aspects of fire behaviour and fire safety in cargo rail tunnels are presented: the effect of the use of macadam on the burning rate of liquid fuels and the possibility of extinguishing simulated cargo trains with foam systems. Two different tests series were performed. One test series with different depth of liquid fuel (heptane and diesel) in a pool with macadam showed that the macadam had a significant influence on the burning rate of the fuel. In a second test series a High Expansion foam system (HotFoam®) was tested in tunnel fire scenarios. Four different principle fire test scenarios were used in the test series in the tunnel section built in the fire hall of SP Fire Technology: hidden fire inside a locomotive mock-up, wood pallets placed on a simulated goods wagon, pool fire placed on a simulated goods wagon, and pool fire placed under a simulated goods wagon. Different types of fuels were used: diesel, heptane, E-85, acetone, and wood pallets. The Svenska Skum HotFoam fire extinguishing system was started with a pre-defined delay after alarm from the installed detection system and was able to extinguish all reported scenarios. Easiest to extinguish (shortest time between foam production and extinguishment) were the heptane fires, both on and below the simulated goods wagon. Most difficult to extinguish (with the same nominal filling rate of foam) was Test 7 with E-85.
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