| 1. |
- Arias, Silvia, et al.
(författare)
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Virtual Reality Evacuation Experiments on Way-Finding Systems for the Future Circular Collider
- 2019
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Ingår i: Fire Technology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0015-2684 .- 1572-8099. ; 55, s. 2319-2340
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evacuation times can be shortened in fire scenarios if people choose appropriate routes. Way-finding systems can be used to aid this process, thus their effectiveness needs to be evaluated. In the present study, the way-finding evacuation systems of the Future Circular Collider (FCC) of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) are investigated as its evacuation design presents several challenges from the fire safety perspective. To perform a comparison of different evacuation design solutions, a set of Virtual Reality (VR) experiments involving a total of 111 participants was performed. VR was used because the FCC facility is not built yet, and it allows for high experimental control and cost-effectiveness for comparisons of way-finding systems. The VR experiments reproduced a hypothetical fire emergency in which participants’ egress behaviour was investigated. Three scenarios were represented, each of them adopting different evacuation safety concepts and way-finding systems. Different installations were included in the scenarios, such as scenario (1) flashing lights, scenario (2) static or dynamic signage (i.e. active and dissuasive signage indicating the direction towards or away from the danger) and scenario (3) a robot placed on a monorail on the vault of the tunnel, able to localize people in the tunnel and provide way-guidance information. Results show that the combination of red flashing lights at the exits, dynamic signage and a robot equipped with green flashing lights yielded the highest compliance to the way-finding intent of the system (92.6% compliance vs 62.9% and 77.5% for scenarios 1 and 2 respectively).
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| 2. |
- Perović, Darko, et al.
(författare)
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Identification and characterization of design fires and particle emissions to be used in performance-based fire design of nuclear facilities
- 2021
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Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - : Wiley. - 0308-0501 .- 1099-1018. ; 45:8, s. 1008-1024
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CERN operates one of the most complex particle accelerator facilities in the world. Several different hazards, including fires, are present and need to be investigated and reduced to a tolerable level. Toward this goal, CERN aims at developing a catalog containing detailed fire dynamics descriptions of combustible items present in its facilities. This paper contributes to this catalog in two ways. First, through the development of a design fire calculator for electrical cabinets that allows the determination of potential design fire curves for any number of electrical cabinets/racks. The second contribution was to experimentally characterize the smoke production rates and smoke particle properties of the most common cables and insulating oils used at CERN by coupling a fast particle mobility analyzer to a cone calorimeter. The two particle size modes (accumulation and nucleation mode) could be linked to the fire properties and heat release rate. Accumulation mode particles (~200 nm) were associated with high heat release rates and high soot emissions from the flame. This study identifies a necessity to consider ultrafine particle emissions with low mass emissions but high number emissions in relation to risk assessments pertaining to nuclear facilities and dispersion of radioactive aerosols to the surrounding environment.
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| 3. |
- Ronchi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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A fire safety assessment approach for evacuation analysis in underground physics research facilities
- 2019
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Ingår i: Fire Safety Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 0379-7112. ; 108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper introduces an integrated approach for evacuation assessment of nuclear physics research facilities exposed to fire risk. The approach combines the use of a simplified egress modelling method and advanced agent-based simulations of evacuation. An integrated multi-model approach is proposed here given the varying level of complexity concerning evacuation safety in underground physics facilities. This paper introduces a simplified probabilistic egress model based on existing hand calculations for 1D smoke spread modelling and it suggests a procedure for its combined use with advanced agent-based evacuation simulations. This includes the use of the outputs of the simplified egress model in underground smoke-filled portions of underground nuclear research facilities (e.g. tunnel arcs) as an input for complex agent-based evacuation simulations in the underground access shafts. An exemplary application of the integrated approach is presented for the simulation of a set of hypothetical fire risk scenarios in the Future Circular Collider (FCC) at CERN. This approach is deemed to facilitate fire evacuation safety assessment in underground physics research facilities by optimizing the simulation of relevant fire risk scenarios. A discussion on the advantages and implications of the use of an integrated approach in comparison with other safety assessment methods is presented.
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| 4. |
- Ronchi, Enrico, et al.
(författare)
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Evacuation modelling for underground physics research facilities
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This document presents the results of a literature review performed in order to assess the suitability of different evacuation modelling tools for the calculation of evacuation times and assessment of fire safety in underground physics research facilities. This document is part of the research collaboration between Lund University and the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), concerning performance-based fire risk assessment for the underground facilities of the Future Circular Collider (FCC). The review presents an overview of current modelling methods with different degrees of sophistication and provides recommendations on the most appropriate methods to be used in relation to the scenario under consideration. The use of simplified evacuation models is recommended for the simulation of people movement in simple mono-dimensional evacuation scenarios in long tunnel arcs. Advanced evacuation models (e.g. agent-based models) are recommended for the simulation of the evacuation process in the area of the experimental caverns. In case of evacuation scenarios in which complex interactions between people and the underground environment take place, advanced models are recommended as well.
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