| 1. |
- Acs, Zoltán J., et al.
(författare)
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Entrepreneurship, culture, and the epigenetic revolution : a research note
- 2021
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Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 56:4, s. 1287-1307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We show how the type of alcohol consumed is related to the type of entrepreneurship present for economies in Europe. We differentiate between beer-, wine-, and spirit-drinking countries and distinguish between productive, unproductive, and destructive entrepreneurship. The underlying links do not emerge from drinking per se but rather the drinking habits and taste for beverage types capture deep cultural features and cultural similarities amongst the countries. Societies that prefer to drink beer are closer to each other culturally than those which prefer drinking wine or spirits. Therefore, the taste for alcohol type is merely an instrument in explaining cultural and institutional differences across entrepreneurship. Broadly speaking, beer-drinking countries are characterized by higher shares of productive entrepreneurship, wine-drinking countries with unproductive entrepreneurship, and spirit-drinking countries with destructive entrepreneurship. We discuss mechanisms in which the results are found and highlight a new research agenda, emphasizing the potential role of epigenetics.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Malmö/Köpenhamn : kluster, samverkan, investeringar
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Denna vetenskapliga rapport är ett kunskapsunderlag framtaget för Tillväxtkommissionen för ett inkluderande och hållbart Malmö.Kommunstyrelsen i Malmö beslutade i oktober 2020 att tillsätta Tillväxtkommissionen, som är politiskt oberoende. Målet med kommissionens arbete är att ge kommunstyrelsen ett analytiskt och vetenskapligt grundat underlag med förslag för att på medellång och lång sikt förbättra förutsättningar för en inkluderande och hållbar tillväxt i Malmö. Förslagen och rekommendationerna ska vara policydrivande och realiserbara. Kommissionen ska analysera förutsättningarna för hållbar tillväxt i Malmö och utifrån Malmös utmaningar analysera orsaker och samband samt identifiera vad som är påverkbart av vem/vilka och hur.Författarna till kunskapsunderlagsrapporterna är ansvariga för innehållet i sina rapporter. De slutsatser, förslag och rekommendationer som redovisas i rapporterna behöver inte vara de som kommer att redovisas i Tillväxtkommissionens slutrapport. I slutrapporten kommer helhetsbilden, baserad på samtliga underlag, andra relevanta rapporter och analyser och dialog med olika aktörer, att styra vad kommissionen till slut anser vara mest angeläget att föreslå för att åstadkomma en inkluderande och hållbar tillväxt i Malmö.
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| 3. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Employees' entrepreneurial human capital and firm performance
- 2023
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Ingår i: Research Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0048-7333 .- 1873-7625. ; 52:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We introduce a new measure of human capital, defined as employees' former involvement in entrepreneurship. Such entrepreneurial human capital (EHC) complements traditional human capital measures accumulated through work experience and education. Using detailed longitudinal register data, we track the previous years of entrepreneurial experience for the population of employees in Swedish private sector firms. We provide evidence that higher EHC among employees is associated with significantly higher levels of firm productivity. The baseline result implies that a 10 % increase in employees being former entrepreneurs increases firm-level productivity by 3.9 %. Additionally, we provide evidence that heterogeneity in employees' previous entrepreneurial experience (e.g., the reason for entering and exiting entrepreneurship, type of venture, length of entrepreneurial experiences, and relatedness of technology) influences the impact of EHC on productivity. The results are shown to be robust to various estimation techniques, alternative definitions of EHC, and other performance measures. © 2022 The Authors
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| 4. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Entreprenöriellt humankapitaloch produktivitet
- 2023
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Ingår i: Ekonomisk Debatt. - : Nationalekonomiska föreningen. - 0345-2646. ; 51:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vi introducerar en ny produktionsfaktor baserat på anställdas tidigare erfarenheter som entreprenörer (EHC) för samtliga svenska aktiebolag under perioden2009–18. Det kan jämföras med andra humankapitalmått som utbildning ellerarbetslivserfarenhet. Därefter analyseras empiriskt sambandet mellan EHCoch produktivitet på företagsnivå samtidigt som vi tar hänsyn till ett stort antalindivid- och företagsspecifika faktorer. Resultaten visar att EHC har en starkpositiv effekt på företagens produktivitet oavsett vilka kontrollvariabler somadderas, skattningsmetod eller alternativa EHC-mått. Det bidrar till att förståskillnaderna i företagens produktivitet och är relevant för såväl företagare sombeslutsfattare inom politiken, tex vad gäller rörlighet på arbetsmarknaden.
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| 7. |
- Desai, Sameeksha, et al.
(författare)
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Entry Regulation and Persistence of Profits in Incumbent Firms
- 2020
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Ingår i: Review of Industrial Organization. - : SPRINGER. - 0889-938X .- 1573-7160. ; 57:3, s. 537-558
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In line with the theory of creative destruction, industries where incumbent firms generate high profits will attract entry, which should drive down profits. This disciplinary effect of entry implies that profits above the norm should not exist in the long run. Factors that affect entry-such as entry regulations-could affect this profits convergence process. Using an unbalanced panel of firm- and country-level data for approximately 13,000 firms in 33 countries between 2005 and 2013, we examine the profit dynamics of incumbent firms in the context of entry and entry regulations.
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| 8. |
- Eklund, Johan, Professor, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Persistence of profits in the EU : How competitive are EU member countries?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Empirica. - : Springer-Verlag New York. - 0340-8744 .- 1573-6911. ; 46:2, s. 327-351
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Profits that persist above or below the norm for prolonged periods of time reveal a lack of competition and imply a systematic misallocation of resources. Competition, if unimpeded, should restore profits to normal levels within a relatively short time frame. The dynamics of profits can thus reveal a great deal about the competitiveness of an economy. This paper estimates the persistence of profits across the European Union (EU), which adds to our understanding of the competitiveness of 18 EU member states. By using a sample of approximately 4700 firms with 51,000 observations across the time period of 1995–2013, we find differences in the persistence of short-run profits, implying that there are differences in competitiveness across the EU. The Czech Republic and Greece are among the countries with the highest profit persistence, whereas the United Kingdom is among those with the lowest persistence of profits. Furthermore, we provide evidence that there are significant permanent rents present in the EU across countries as well as in the different broad sectors across the EU. © 2018 The Author(s)
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| 9. |
- Eklund, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Persistence of profits in the EU : How competitive are EU member countries?
- 2016
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Profits that persist above or below the norm for prolonged periods of time revile a lack of competition and imply systematic misallocation of resources. Competition, if unimpeded, should restore profits to normal levels within a relatively short time frame. The dynamics of profits can thus reveal a great deal about the competitiveness of an economy. This paper estimates the persistence of profits across the European Union (EU), which adds to our understanding of the competitiveness of 19 EU-member states. By using a sample of approximately 5,500 firms with 54,000 observations across the time period of 1995 to 2013, we find differences in the persistence of short-run profits, implying that there are differences in competitiveness across the EU. Hungary and Greece are amongst the countries with the highest profit persistence, whereas the United Kingdom exhibits among the lowest persistence of profits. Furthermore, we provide evidence that there are significant permanent rents present in EU.
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| 10. |
- Eklund, Johan, Professor, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Product regulations and persistence of profits : OECD evidence
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Regulatory Economics. - : Springer New York LLC. - 0922-680X .- 1573-0468. ; 54:2, s. 147-164
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In competitive markets, profits deviating from the norm will not persist for extended periods. If unimpeded, entry and exit of firms should restore profits to competitive levels. This dynamic process is influenced by regulations that temporarily or permanently impede competition. We study how product market regulations (PMR)—as measured by the OECD—affect competition by their impact on the profit persistence (Wölfl et al. in Ten years of product market reform in OECD countries-insights from a revised PMR indicator, 2009, Product market regulation: extending the analysis beyond OECD countries, 2010). To examine profit dynamics, we follow the methodology developed by Mueller (Economica 44(176):369–380, 1977), which measures both the short run persistence of profits and the long run permanent rents. The method can be used to measure: (1) short run transitory rents; (2) long run permanent rents. To this end we use firm level data from 30 OECD countries over the period 1998–2013. Results show that PMR increase the permanent rents of firms but we find no significant effect on short run profit persistence. We conclude that PMR negatively influence competition and increase permanent rents, resulting in misallocation of resources. © 2018, The Author(s).
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| 11. |
- Lappi, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Does education matter for the earnings of former entrepreneurs? Longitudinal evidence using entry and exit dynamics
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of evolutionary economics. - : Springer. - 0936-9937 .- 1432-1386. ; 32:3, s. 827-865
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wage employment is the most commonly observed type of employment after a spell of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of having been an entrepreneur on earnings after individuals exit. The question is how the entrepreneurship spell influences their value in the labor market? Based on a theoretical framework and earlier literature, our specific interest lies in how these outcomes interact with education level and the nature of the entrepreneurial venture. To investigate this question, we use longitudinal register data on firms and individuals in Sweden. The empirical strategy builds on matching techniques and estimations of earnings equations in a difference-in-differences framework with heterogenous treatment years. We provide evidence that there exists an earnings penalty when highly educated entrepreneurs return to wage employment. This effect is persistent throughout the time period that we observe. For individuals with lower educational attainment, we find no or weak evidence of a wage penalty. Our results suggest that the wage penalty for highly educated individuals operates through the depreciation of specific specialized skills valuable in wage employment.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Lappi, Emma
(författare)
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Help from the past—coworker ties and entry wages after self-employment
- 2023
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Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 60, s. 1171-1196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper empirically estimates how referrals mitigate the risk associated with hiring formerly self-employed individuals. We do this by comparing the networks and entry wages for two groups of new hires: those who exit self-employment to become wage-employed and those who change employers as wage employees, i.e., job changers. Referrals are defined as coworker ties through which the new hire and an incumbent worker share a common employment history before their current employment. We use longitudinal Swedish register-based data to evaluate the entry wages of the two groups of new hires for the years between 2010 and 2013. The results show that having coworker ties is associated with 2.9% higher entry wages and that this network premium is uniform across the formerly self-employed and job changers. However, the new hires from self-employment have consistently lower entry wages than the job changers, even if the exiting self-employed have coworker ties.
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| 15. |
- Lappi, Emma
(författare)
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New hires, adjustment costs, and knowledge transfer-evidence from the mobility of entrepreneurs and skills on firm productivity
- 2024
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Ingår i: Industrial and Corporate Change. - : Oxford University Press. - 0960-6491 .- 1464-3650. ; 33:3, s. 712-737
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper evaluates the productivity impacts and the subsequent adjustment costs associated with hiring different knowledge workers. I focus on the difference between hiring former entrepreneurs, employees who change jobs, and unemployed individuals. I am the first to evaluate the direct impact that hiring former entrepreneurs has on firm productivity and the heterogenous adjustment costs associated with the different types of new hires. I find no difference between the first-year adjustment costs of entrepreneurs and those of regular-wage employees. Hiring former entrepreneurs is a way to increase productivity after the first year of employment only if the former entrepreneurs are from the highest end of the ability distribution.
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| 16. |
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| 18. |
- Lappi, Emma
(författare)
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Post-entrepreneurship productivity
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In recent decades, public policies have been implemented to encourage individuals to become entrepreneurs. However, the individual and social benefits of such policies when some of these individuals eventually leave entrepreneurship are unclear. The purpose of this thesis is to empirically assess the productivity effects arising from the labor market experience of entrepreneurship, measured as self-employment, in subsequent wage employment.This thesis consists of an introductory chapter and four independent papers. The four papers evaluate the consequences of the self-employment experience either for the individuals’ wages or for firm productivity when firms hire such individuals. All the papers compare the self-employment experience relative to wage employment.The first paper estimates how individuals’ earnings are influenced in post-entrepreneurship careers when they return to wage employment. The findings suggest that former entrepreneurs suffer large earnings losses, especially in the first year as employees, and for the higher educated, these losses persist even after seven years in employment. The second paper studies the role of professional ties in entry wages when finding employment after self-employment. The results show that even when using former coworker ties in the hiring process, the former self-employed, except for those who have ties with incumbent employees when they had their own firm, earn significantly lower entry wages.The third paper evaluates the productivity effects of different labor flows, with an emphasis on hiring former entrepreneurs. The paper finds that new hires who come from entrepreneurship, in general, are just as productive as those employees hired from another firm but are more productive than those coming from unemployment. The fourth paper analyzes how having employees with former entrepreneurship experience is related to firm productivity. The results show that having more former entrepreneurs as employees in a firm increases performance.
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| 19. |
- Nastic, Denis, et al.
(författare)
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A Selective Biomarker Panel Increases the Reproducibility and the Accuracy in Endometrial Biopsy Diagnosis
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gynecological Pathology. - : LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS. - 0277-1691 .- 1538-7151. ; 36:4, s. 339-347
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Grading and histologic typing of endometrial cancer in biopsy material has a direct impact on the decision to perform lymphadenectomy and/or omentectomy in many cancer centers. Endometrial biopsies are among the most common general surgical pathology specimens. Multiple studies have shown that biopsy diagnosis suffers from a lack of reproducibility. Although many biomarkers have been proposed, none have been demonstrated to improve the diagnosis in the biopsy setting. In this study, 70 biopsies with endometrial carcinoma were supplemented with a biomarker panel consisting of ER, PR, P53, and DNA ploidy. A representative H&E slide was scanned digitally and made available to 12 gynecologic pathologists in 4 Nordic countries: Finland, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. Reviewers diagnosed the cases both before and after being provided with the biomarker results. The interobserver percent agreement and Cohen κ improved from 75.8% (κ=0.52, moderate) to 84% (κ=0.68, substantial) with inclusion of the biomarker panel. Agreement with the subsequent hysterectomy diagnosis also improved from 83.6% (κ=0.67) to 88.7% (κ=0.77). There was no statistical improvement between a reflex (84% agreement) and a reflective testing algorithm (82.9% agreement), suggesting that the selective use of biomarkers is appropriate. Difficult cases were almost exclusively high-grade tumors. Finally, a statistical model indicated that only P53 and DNA ploidy, in conjunction with an H&E review, had an impact on the decision to upgrade or downgrade cases.
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