| 1. |
- Allard, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Rasbiologiskt språkbruk i statens rättsprocess mot sameby : DN Debatt 2015-06-11
- 2015
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Annan publikation (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Statens hantering av forskningsresultat i rättsprocessen med Girjas sameby utgör ett hot mot Sverige som rättsstat och kunskapsnation. Åratal av svensk och internationell forskning underkänns och man använder ett språkbruk som skulle kunna vara hämtat från rasbiologins tid. Nu måste staten ta sitt ansvar och börja agera som en demokratisk rättsstat, skriver 59 forskare.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Patrik, 1974, et al.
(författare)
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Framtidsbilder för samhällsbyggnad
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Framtidsbilder för samhällsbyggnad 2020De kommande 15 åren står institutionen för Bygg- och miljöteknik inför stora förändringar. Därför har institutionen initierat projektet Framtidsbilder 2020 där man engagerat en framtidspanel bestående av elva yngre disputerade forskare. Arbetet inleddes med ett breddgruppsmöte där 110 personer representerande institutionens personal och studenter deltog. Vid mötet identifierades ett antal trender och osäkra utvecklingar som påverkar framtiden inom samhällsbyggnadsområdet. Deltagarna bidrog också med idéer till en önskvärd utveckling, vilket har sammanställts och utgör grunden till en gemensam önskvärd framtid/vision för institutionen. Materialet från breddgruppsmötet har bearbetats av Framtidspanelen och resulterat i fyra scenarier som beskriver hur samhällsbyggnadsområdet kan se ut år 2020. Syftet med framtidsbilderna är att de ska vara vägledande för institutionens beslut och förhållningssätt under de kommande åren.Fyra scenarierTurning TorsoSamhället präglas av en ekonomi som är på uppgång, och av ett nytänkande och öppet samhälle. Materiell status och individualism är viktigt. Detta leder till en hög arbetsbelastning samt krav på exklusiva varor av hög kvali-tet. Det finns en stor medvetenhet om miljöpåverkan och klimatförändringar och lösningarna för att klara energiförsörjningen är innovativa.Eco-metropolenDet sveper en grön våg genom dagens samhälle. Under de senaste 15 åren har vi insett att jorden skall vara en bebolig plats även åt dem som kommer efter oss. Vi söker ständigt efter nya, mer förfinade metoder att tillvarata de resurser vi har. Samhället och individen är i balans. Ekonomin är god och vi är miljömedvetna, trygga och integrerade. Nytänkande premieras och icke- materialistiska värderingar står högt i kurs. Vi tänker individuellt, men agerar mer än gärna för kollektivets bästa. Utbildning är gratis TrädgårdsstadenEtt samhälle där vi lärt oss hantera stress, men känner oss otrygga och helst umgås i slutna sociala sammanhang. Vi bor enkelt inne i stan, eller gärna på landsbygden nära storstäderna. Minskade behov av högutbildade i samhället gör att vi har svårt att rekrytera studenter till teknikutbildningar. Det traditionella tankesättet leder till kulturkrockar med företag och personer från andra länder.Gated communitiesFörsämrad ekonomi och ökad egoism har lett fram till ett stressat, otryggt och segregerat samhälle. Accelererande klimatförändringar och ökad miljö-påverkan skrämmer oss, men trots det åtgärdar vi inte problemen, utan koncentrerar oss på konsekvenserna. Arbetslöshet i samhällsbyggnadssek-torn leder till sänkt status för samhällsbyggaren. Vi har därför svårt att rekrytera studenter, och även forskningen har låg status.
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| 3. |
- Gårdebjer, Sofie, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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An overview of the transport of liquid molecules through structured polymer films, barriers and composites - Experiments correlated to structure-based simulations
- 2018
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Ingår i: Advances in Colloid and Interface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-8686. ; 256, s. 48-64
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Films engineered to control the transport of liquids are widely used through society. Examples include barriers in packaging, wound care products, and controlled release coatings in pharmaceutics. When observed at the macroscopic scale such films commonly appear homogeneous, however, a closer look reveals a complex nano and microstructure that together with the chemical properties of the different domains control the transport properties. In this review we compare and discuss macroscopic transport properties, measured using the straightforward, yet highly powerful technique "modified Ussing chambers", also denoted side-by-side diffusion cells, for a wide range of structured polymer films and composites. We also discuss and compare the macroscopic observations and conclusions on materials properties with that of lattice Boltzmann simulations of transport properties based on underlying material structure and chemistry. The survey of the field: (i) highlights the use and power of modified Ussing Chambers for determining liquid transport properties of polymer films, (ii) demonstrates the predictability in both directions between macroscopic observations of transport using modified Ussing chambers and structure-based simulations, and (iii) provides experimental and theoretical insights regarding the transport-determining properties of structured polymer films and composites. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Hopkins, Francis R., et al.
(författare)
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Major alterations to monocyte and dendritic cell subsets lasting more than 6 months after hospitalization for COVID-19
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Immunology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-3224. ; 13
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: After more than two years the Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to burden healthcare systems and economies worldwide, and it is evident that the effects on the immune system can persist for months post-infection. The activity of myeloid cells such as monocytes and dendritic cells (DC) is essential for correct mobilization of the innate and adaptive responses to a pathogen. Impaired levels and responses of monocytes and DC to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is likely to be a driving force behind the immune dysregulation that characterizes severe COVID-19.Methods: Here, we followed a cohort of COVID-19 patients hospitalized during the early waves of the pandemic for 6-7 months. The levels and phenotypes of circulating monocyte and DC subsets were assessed to determine both the early and long-term effects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection.Results: We found increased monocyte levels that persisted for 6-7 months, mostly attributed to elevated levels of classical monocytes. Myeloid derived suppressor cells were also elevated over this period. While most DC subsets recovered from an initial decrease, we found elevated levels of cDC2/cDC3 at the 6-7 month timepoint. Analysis of functional markers on monocytes and DC revealed sustained reduction in program death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression but increased CD86 expression across almost all cell types examined. Finally, C-reactive protein (CRP) correlated positively to the levels of intermediate monocytes and negatively to the recovery of DC subsets.Conclusion: By exploring the myeloid compartments, we show here that alterations in the immune landscape remain more than 6 months after severe COVID-19, which could be indicative of ongoing healing and/or persistence of viral antigens.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Andersson, Anna-Maria, 1990-
(författare)
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV coinfection : Effects on innate immunity and strategies to boost the immune response
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tuberculosis (TB) still remains a big threat today, being the leading cause of death by a single infectious agent. The TB epidemic is fueled by HIV along with the increasing drug-resistance which prolongs the already long treatment duration and decreases the success rate for curing TB. In most cases an infection results in latency but HIV patients have a 20-30 times higher risk of developing active TB. There are around 36.9 million people living with HIV globally, with the highest burden in Africa. Although there are effective treatments against the disease, there is no cure for AIDS and the availability of the lifelong treatment is limited in low-income countries were the burden is highest. HIV infection causes an immunodeficiency characterized by the progressive loss of CD4 T cells which increases the risk of opportunistic infections, and infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB. Mtb spreads through aerosols from one person with active tuberculosis to a healthy person. Upon inhalation the bacteria are phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages that secrete cytokines and chemokines to recruit more cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages and lymphocytes, leading to the formation of a granuloma. During a single TB infection the bacteria are usually contained within the granuloma, but HIV can disrupt the stable granuloma, causing a rupture and dissemination of Mtb. This inflammatory site is also beneficial to HIV since it promotes replication of the virus within infected cells. HIV and Mtb are two successful intracellular pathogens able to avoid immune defense mechanisms both of the innate and adaptive immunity in order to persist and replicate. Their virulence factors can manipulate or inhibit cell signaling, phagosome maturation, autophagy, ROS production, apoptosis and antigen presentation, to promote survival. Boosting of immune defenses with host-directed therapies (HDT) has been proposed as a treatment strategy against TB, either alone or adjunctive to the current regimen.In this thesis, ways to boost the innate immune responses in Mtb and HIV coinfected macrophages were investigated, along with studies of the effect of HIV on Mtb antigen presentation in coinfected dendritic cells. The initial hypothesis was that autophagy induction through inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) could suppress Mtb growth in HIV coinfected macrophages. However, during a low grade infection, autophagy induction increased Mtb replication due to a decreased autophagic flux and acidification of Mtb phagosomes. A general autophagic flux was induced, although not localized to the Mtb phagosomes, thus not inducing a xenophagy (autophagy of intracellular pathogens). Other ways of inducing autophagy or boosting the response in coinfected macrophages might be more beneficial and therefore the effect of efferocytosis was investigated. Uptake of apoptotic neutrophils by coinfected macrophages did not induce autophagy but enhanced the control of Mtb by other means. Upon efferocytosis, the macrophages acquired active myeloperoxidase (MPO) from the neutrophils that suppressed Mtb growth. The coinfected macrophages also produced more ROS after efferocytosis. The inhibition of Mtb growth could thus be mediated by MPO and the increased ROS production either directly or indirectly.The possibility to boost the innate immunity could prove to be important during an HIV coinfection, when the adaptive immunity is deficient. In addition to the well-known decline in CD4 T cells during the course of HIV progression, we found that HIV infection of dendritic cells inhibited antigen presentation by suppressing the expression of HLA-DR and co-stimulatory molecules on coinfected dendritic cells. Furthermore, HIV reduced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppressed antigen processing through inhibition of autophagy. This impaired antigen presentation in coinfected dendritic cells resulted in a decreased activation and response of Mtb-specific CD4 T cells.In conclusion, this thesis shows how HIV can manipulate antigen presentation in Mtb coinfected dendritic cells and subsequently inhibit the adaptive immune response. It also contributes to insights on how efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils can boost the innate immune responses during coinfection. Lastly, autophagy induction through mTOR inhibition does not enhance protection against TB. Induction of autophagy should therefore be handled with care, particularly during HIV coinfection.
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| 10. |
- Beignon, Anne-Sophie, et al.
(författare)
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Endocytosis of HIV-1 activates plasmacytoid dendritic cells via Toll-like receptor-viral RNA interactions
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Investigation. - 0021-9738 .- 1558-8238. ; 115:11, s. 3265-3275
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- HIV-1 directly activates human plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) by upregulating the expression of costimulatory and MHC molecules and maturation markers, increasing T cell stimulatory activity, and inducing the production of type I interferons and TNF-α. A consequence of this activation is the bystander maturation of myeloid DCs and overall enhancement of antigen-presenting function. However, little is known about the mechanism(s) of pDC activation by HIV-1. Here we demonstrate by in vitro studies that IFN-α production by pDC in response to HIV-1 requires at least 2 interactions between the cell and virus. Initially, envelope-CD4 interactions mediate endocytosis of HIV-1, as demonstrated through the use of inhibitors of binding, fusion, endocytosis, and endosomal acidification. Subsequently, endosomally delivered viral nucleic acids, particularly RNA, stimulate pDCs through TLRs, as activation is reproduced with purified genomic RNA but not viral RNA packaging-deficient HIV-1 and blocked with different inhibitory TLR ligands. Finally, by using genetic complementation, we show that TLR7 is the likely primary target. Viral RNA rather than DNA in early retrotranscripts appears to be the active factor in HIV-1 that induces IFN-α secretion by pDCs. Since the decline in pDCs in chronic HIV-1 infection is associated with high viral loads and opportunistic infections, exploiting this natural adjuvant activity of HIV-1 RNA might be useful in the development of vaccines for the prevention of AIDS.
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| 11. |
- Bender, A., et al.
(författare)
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Inactivated influenza virus, when presented on dendritic cells, elicits human CD8+ cytolytic T cell responses.
- 1995
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Medicine. - : Rockefeller University Press. - 0022-1007 .- 1540-9538. ; 182:6, s. 1663-1671
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Inactivated or subunit virus preparations have been excellent vaccines for inducing antibody responses. Generation of cytolytic T cell responses, however, is thought to require replicating virus, primarily to provide sufficiently large amounts of cytoplasmic proteins for processing and presentation on major histocompatibility complex class I molecules by antigen-presenting cells. Potent human CD8+ cytolytic T cell responses to live replicating influenza A virus are generated when dendritic cells are used as the antigen-presenting cells. Here, we demonstrate that dendritic cells pulsed with poorly replicating, heat- or ultraviolet-inactivated influenza virus, induce equally strong CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocyte responses. The cytotoxic T lymphocytes are generated in the apparent absence of CD4+ helper cells or exogenous cytokines. Active viral protein synthesis is not required to charge class I molecules on dendritic cells. When pulsed with inactivated virus, < 1% of dendritic cells express nonstructural protein 1, which is only synthesized in the infectious cycle. To be optimally effective, however, the inactivated virus must retain its fusogenic activity, and presumably access the cytoplasm of dendritic cells. The data indicate, therefore, that dendritic cells require only small amounts of viral protein to charge class I molecules, most likely via traditional class I processing pathways. These results reopen the potential use of inactivated virus preparations as immunogens for cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses.
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| 12. |
- Borén, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Rapid ion-exchange chromatography for preparative separation of proteins IV. Application to bovine carbonic anhydrase III from skeletal muscle
- 1991
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Ingår i: Journal of Chromatography A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9673 .- 1873-3778. ; 588:1-2, s. 139-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bovine muscle carbonic anhydrase III was purified to homogeneity by the strategy of rapid ion-exchange chromatography. The ionic exchanger used was CM-cellulose, and this is the first application of this technique on a cation exchanger. Nitrogen gas was used to pressurize the chromatographic column to accelerate the elution. The results show that proteins with high isoelectric points can also be purified in this way. The procedure is very time-saving compared with conventional chromatography, reducing the elution time five-to ten-fold. The proteins are in addition protected against oxidation by air.
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| 13. |
- Carlsson, Ing-Marie, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Place and space in relation to childbirth : a critical interpretive synthesis
- 2020
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Ingår i: International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being. - Abingdon : Taylor & Francis. - 1748-2623 .- 1748-2631. ; 15:sup1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: In nursing and midwifery, the concept of environment is considered a meta-concept. Research findings suggest that the location is not the only important factor, as both place and space influence the practices of midwives. Moreover, research on the geography of health suggests a connection between place and health that could be extended to reproductive health. Therefore, to move beyond and expand traditional research expressions, it is beneficial to illuminate the concepts of place and space in relation to childbirth.Purpose: This study was undertaken to produce a synthesis of previous qualitative research of issues in childbirth in relation to the concepts of place and space.Method: In this Critical Interpretive Synthesis (CIS), four electronic databases; CINAHL, Medline, PsycINFO and Sociological abstracts, were used for the literature search. In total 734 papers were screened, and 27 papers met the final inclusion criteria after assessment.Results: The synthesis reveals a need to create a space for childbirth underpinned by four aspects; a homely space, a spiritual space, a safe space, and a territorial space.Conclusion: Findings from this review will provide a basis for useful dialogue in midwifery education and in clinical settings. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Ellegård, Rada, 1985-
(författare)
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Effects of Complement Opsonization of HIV on Dendritic Cells : and Implications for the Immune Response
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dendritic cells are key players during HIV pathogenesis, and shape both the immediate immune response at the site of infection as well as directing the adaptive immune response against the virus. HIV has developed a plethora of immune evasion mechanisms that hijack dendritic cell functions, suppressing their ability to mount an accurate immune response and exploiting them for efficient viral transfer to target T cells.To achieve successful replication within dendritic cells without triggering danger signaling, HIV accomplishes a delicate balance where only a low level of transcription can be sustained without triggering antiviral responses that would harm the virus. Here, we describe how the presence of HSV2 coinfection, which is very common in geographic areas with a high HIV prevalence and almost triples the risk of HIV acquisition, alters dendritic cell state to support much higher levels of HIV infection. We found this effect to be mediated by the STING pathway, which is involved in the sensing of DNA in the cell cytosol. STING activation led to an upregulation of factors such as IRF3 and NFkB that can be used for HIV transcription and a degradation of factors that restrict HIV replication.In addition, we describe how HIV exploits the human complement system, a group of proteins that usually help the human body to identify dangerous pathogens while avoiding reaction towards self. HIV can coat itself, i.e. become opsonized, in complement fragments that are typically only present on the body’s own cells, allowing it to activate signaling pathways that are associated with tolerance. Dendritic cells that come into contact with complement opsonized HIV do not mount danger responses, despite the fact that HIV-derived single stranded RNA triggers the pathogen recognition receptor TLR8. The suppression of danger responses is mediated by activation of complement receptor 3, and leads to an increased infection of the dendritic cell and affects its interactions with other immune cells. There is a lack of recruitment of NK cells to the site of infection, and an inhibition of NK cell killing, which plays an important role in the destruction of HIV-infected cells in vivo. T cells primed by dendritic cells exposed to complement opsonized HIV have a lower ability to develop towards effector phenotype, and have an increased expression of the markers PD1, TIM3 and LAG3 which are associated with T cell dysfunction and exhaustion. In addition, T cells primed by these dendritic cells in the presence of NK cells upregulate markers CD38, CXCR3 and CCR4, which have been linked to an increased susceptibility to HIV infection.In summary, we add to the current knowledge on HIV immune evasion mechanisms that allow the virus to establish infection, as well as describing mechanisms that govern whether dendritic cells mount danger signaling and an immune response or not.
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| 16. |
- Faucillion, Marie-Line, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Increased expression of X-linked genes in mammals is associated with a higher stability of transcripts and an increased ribosome density
- 2015
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Ingår i: Genome Biology and Evolution. - : Oxford University Press. - 1759-6653. ; 7:4, s. 1039-1052
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mammalian sex chromosomes evolved from the degeneration of one homolog of a pair of ancestral autosomes, the proto-Y. This resulted in a gene dose imbalance that is believed to be restored (partially or fully) through up-regulation of gene expression from the single active X-chromosome in both sexes by a dosage compensatory mechanism. We analyzed multiple genome-wide RNA stability datasets and found significantly longer average half-lives for X-chromosome transcripts than for autosomal transcripts in various human cell lines, both male and female, and in mice. Analysis of ribosome profiling data shows that ribosome density is higher on X-chromosome transcripts than on autosomal transcripts in both humans and mice, suggesting that the higher stability is causally linked to a higher translation rate. Our results and observations are in accordance with a dosage compensatory upregulation of expressed X-linked genes. We therefore propose that differential mRNA stability and translation rates of the autosomes and sex chromosomes contribute to an evolutionarily conserved dosage compensation mechanism in mammals.
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| 17. |
- Hermansson, Anne-Marie, 1945, et al.
(författare)
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Innovation genom forskning och långsiktig samverkan mellan akademi och näringsliv
- 2016
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Ingår i: Sveriges entreprenöriella ekosystem - Företag, akademi, politik. - 9789197772846 ; , s. 359-
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Detta kapitel handlar om forskning och innovation inom ett VINN Excellence Centre1 som heter SuMo Biomaterials.2 Författarna har alla varit verksamma vid centrumet, och kapitlet bygger på våra erfarenheter från det arbetet. Vi lyfter fram faktorer som har betydelse för en framgångsrik, långsiktig samverkan mellan akademi och näringsliv.InomSuMo möter företag från helt olika verksamhetsområden, men med likartade vetenskapliga frågeställningar, akademin. Forskningen sker i samverkan och har övergripande betydelse för företagens strategiska mål. Med utgångspunkt från en stark vision utvecklas samarbetsformer för näringslivssamverkan och excellensforskning i kluster över disciplingränser. I kapitlet lyfter vi betydelsen av timing, kommunikation, förväntningar och strategiska förändringar i ett långsiktigt perspektiv. SuMo är finansierat gemensamt av Vinnova, näringslivspartners, SP Food and Bioscience och Chalmers. Centrumet startades i mars 2007 och kommer att avslutas under 2016. Utvecklingen är indelad i fyra faser: initiering och uppstart, forskning i världsklass, implementering samt nyttiggörande. Vårtkoncept och sätt att arbeta bygger mycket på kommunikation och samarbete inom akademin, mellan akademi och näringsliv – men också mellan olika näringslivspartners.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Istrate, C, et al.
(författare)
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Bone marrow dendritic cells internalize live RF-81 bovine rotavirus and rotavirus-like particles (RF 2/6-GFP-VLP and RF 8*2/6/7-VLP) but are only activated by live bovine rotavirus
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Immunology. - : Wiley. - 0300-9475 .- 1365-3083. ; 65:6, s. 494-502
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dendritic cells (DC) represent the link between innate and adaptive immunity. They are classified as antigen-presenting cells (APC) and can initiate and modulate the immune response. To investigate the interaction with DCs, live RF-81 bovine rotavirus strain (RFV) and rotavirus-like particles (rota-VLP), RF 2/6-GFP-VLP and rota RF 8*2/6/7-VLP, were added in vitro to murine bone marrow-derived DCs (bmDCs). Live RFV, RF 2/6-GFP-VLP and RF 8*2/6/7-VLP all bound to bmDC and were internalized but only live RFV stimulated phenotypic maturation of the bmDCs as shown by the upregulation of the co-stimulatory molecule CD86. Even though bmDCs internalized RF 2/6-GFP-VLP and RF 8*2/6/7-VLP as efficiently as live RFV, these rota-VLP were not able to activate the cells. Supernatants derived from bmDC cultures treated with live RFV, RF 2/6-GFP-VLP or RF 8*2/6/7-VLP were examined for TNF-α production. At 6, 18 and 24 h post-infection, TNF-α concentrations were significantly increased in cultures treated with live RFV and rota-VLP compared with untreated cultures. In conclusion, this study showed that live RF-81 bovine rotavirus strain was internalized and induced bmDCs activation, whereas both RF 2/6-GFP-VLP and RF 8*2/6/7-VLP were internalized by bmDCs without triggering their activation. © 2007 The Authors.
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| 21. |
- Kabukye, Johnblack K., et al.
(författare)
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Implementing a Hospital Call Center Service for Mental Health in Uganda : User-Centered Design Approach
- 2024
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Ingår i: JMIR Human Factors. - : JMIR Publications Inc.. - 2292-9495. ; 11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Mental health conditions are a significant public health problem globally, responsible for >8 million deaths per year. In addition, they lead to lost productivity, exacerbate physical illness, and are associated with stigma and human rights violations. Uganda, like many low- and middle -income countries, faces a massive treatment gap for mental health conditions, and numerous sociocultural challenges exacerbate the burden of mental health conditions. Objective: This study aims to describe the development and formative evaluation of a digital health intervention for improving access to mental health care in Uganda. Methods: This qualitative study used user -centered design and design science research principles. Stakeholders, including patients, caregivers, mental health care providers, and implementation experts (N=65), participated in focus group discussions in which we explored participants' experience of mental illness and mental health care, experience with digital interventions, and opinions about a proposed digital mental health service. Data were analyzed using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research to derive requirements for the digital solution, which was iteratively cocreated with users and piloted. Results: Several challenges were identified, including a severe shortage of mental health facilities, unmet mental health information needs, heavy burden of caregiving, financial challenges, stigma, and negative beliefs related to mental health. Participants' enthusiasm about digital solutions as a feasible, acceptable, and convenient method for accessing mental health services was also revealed, along with recommendations to make the service user-friendly, affordable, and available 24x7 and to ensure anonymity. A hospital call center service was developed to provide mental health information and advice in 2 languages through interactive voice response and live calls with health care professionals and peer support workers (recovering patients). In the 4 months after launch, 456 calls, from 236 unique numbers, were made to the system, of which 99 (21.7%) calls went to voicemails (out -of -office hours). Of the remaining 357 calls, 80 (22.4%) calls stopped at the interactive voice response, 231 (64.7%) calls were answered by call agents, and 22 (6.2%) calls were not answered. User feedback was positive, with callers appreciating the inclusion of peer support workers who share their recovery journeys. However, some participant recommendations (eg, adding video call options) or individualized needs (eg, prescriptions) could not be accommodated due to resource limitations or technical feasibility. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a systematic and theory -driven approach to developing contextually appropriate digital solutions for improving mental health care in Uganda and similar contexts. The positive reception of the implemented service underscores its potential impact. Future research should address the identified limitations and evaluate clinical outcomes of long-term adoption.
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| 22. |
- Larsson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Heterotopias in physical education : towards a queer pedagogy?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Gender and Education. - Abingdon : Routledge. - 0954-0253 .- 1360-0516. ; 26:2, s. 135-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article sets out to outline how prevailing gender structures can be challenged in physical education (PE) by exploring queer potentials in an event that took place during a dancing lesson in an upper secondary PE class. The event and its features were documented through video recording and post-lesson interviews with the teacher and some of the students. It is argued that the event can be seen as a heterotopia, according to Michel Foucault a 'counter-site' enabling the resistance to authority, where the production of normalcy was challenged. Furthermore, even though the event happened spontaneously, the authors suggest that it can show a way towards a queer pedagogy for PE through teaching paradoxically; it indicates a preferred ethos of the lesson and the use of conceptual tools by teachers and students that make them able to intervene in the production of normalcy.
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| 23. |
- Larsson, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Idrott och hälsa : ett ämne för lärande?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Resultatdialog 2014. - Stockholm : Vetenskapsrådet. - 9789173072472 ; , s. 120-128
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Skolämnet idrott och hälsa kallas sedan 1994 allt oftare för ett ”kunskapsämne”. Eleverna ska bland annat utveckla allsidiga rörelseförmågor och lära sig plane- ra, genomföra och värdera rörelseaktiviteter ur olika hälsoperspektiv. Samtidigt har kritik mot undervisningens utformning rests i utvärderingar, inspektioner och forskning. Kritiken gäller bland annat en stark betoning på ”att pröva på” olika fysiska aktiviteter och att undervisningen inte ger eleverna möjligheter att ut- veckla kunskaper i någon djupare mening. Samtidigt framhåller lärare omstän- digheter som försvårar sådan kunskapsutveckling. I den här artikeln redovisas resultat från forskningsprojektet ”Idrott och hälsa – ett ämne för lärande?”, vars syfte var att undersöka undervisnings- och lärprocesser i ämnet.ReferenserAnnerstedt, C. & Redelius, K. (2014) Exploring the relationship between rhetoric and reality with regards to assessment in PE. Presentation vid AIESEP-konferensen i Auckland, Nya Zeeland, 2014-02-11.Barker, D., Annerstedt, C. & Quennerstedt, M. (kommande) Learning through group work in Physical Education: A symbolic interactionistic ap- proach. Manuskript avsett för publicering i tidskriften Sport, Education and Society.Barker, D., Quennerstedt, M. & Annerstedt, C. (2013) Inter-student in- teractions and student learning in health and physical education: a post-Vygotskian analysis, Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, DOI: 10.1080/17408989.2013.868875Bernstein, B. (1977) Class codes and control, towards a theory of educational transmissions. London: Routledge and Keegan Paul.Karlefors, I. & Larsson, H. (kommande) Teaching Methods in Physical Edu- cation. Manuskript avsett för publicering i vetenskaplig tidskrift.Kirk, D. (1996). The sociocultural foundations of human movement. Melbourne: Macmillan Education.Larsson, H. & Karlefors, I. (kommande) Movement Cultures in Physical Education. Manuskript avsett för publicering i tidskriften Sport, Educa- tion and Society.Larsson, H., Quennerstedt, M. & Öhman, M. (2014) Heterotopias in Physical Education: Towards a Queer Pedagogy? Gender and Education, 26(2), 135- 150.Quennerstedt, M., Annerstedt, C., Barker, D., Karlefors, I., Larsson, H., Re- delius, K. & Öhman, M. (2014) What did they learn in school today? A method for exploring aspects of learning in physical education. European Physical Education Review, 20(2), 282-302.Redelius, K., Quennerstedt, M. & Öhman, M. (kommande) Communicating aims and learning outcomes – part of the teaching practice in physical education? Manuskript avsett för publicering i tidskriften Sport, Educa- tion and Society.Wertsch, J. V. (1998). Mind as action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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| 24. |
- Larsson, Håkan, 1967-, et al.
(författare)
-
Normkritisk undervisning i idrott och hälsa? : Ett queert fall
- 2012
-
Ingår i: SVEBIs forskningskonferens, Perspektiv på idrottens prestationssystem. ; , s. 1-10
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduktion: Studier pekar på att stabila könsmönster dominerar undervisningen i idrott och hälsa (se t ex Brown, 2005; Paechter, 2003). Under det senaste decenniet har vidare ett antal studier om heteronormativitet i ämnet presenterats (Clarke, 2006; Hunter, 2004; Larsson, m fl, 2011a). Larsson, m fl (2011b) hävdar att heteronormer bidrar till att reproducera könsmönstren, inte minst genom att låsa fast elevers kroppar och handlingar vid förment heterosexuella identiteter. Detta fastlåsande hänger delvis samman med idrottslärares benägenhet att vilja ”anpassa” undervisningen efter kön (Larsson, m fl 2010). Sådan ”anpassning” sker alltid i förhållande till ett försanthållande (norm) och bidrar på så vis till reproduktionen av könsmönstren. Med utgångspunkt hos den amerikanske pedagogen Kevin Kumashiro (2004) föreslår Larsson, m fl (2011b) att lärare i idrott och hälsa, istället för att ”anpassa” undervisningen efter kön, ska undervisa paradoxalt (teaching paradoxically) för att utmana könsmönstren. Hittills har det emellertid varit svårt att i litteraturen identifiera vad denna paradoxala undervisning skulle kunna bestå i. Inom ramen för projektet ”Idrott och hälsa – ett ämne för lärande?” utspelades emellertid en lektionssekvens som kan betraktas som en så kallad heterotopi, en plats i rummet där dominerande normer utmanas.Syfte & teoretisk ram: Syftet med presentationen är att visa en analys av denna heterotopi, detta tillfälle i undervisningen där heteronormer utmanas, avseende dess möjlighetsvillkor. I förlängningen är ambitionen att, utifrån analysen, diskutera normkritisk undervisning i idrott och hälsa i termer av hur kan man undervisa paradoxalt i idrott och hälsa?Den teoretiska referensramen formas i mötet mellan normkritisk pedagogik (att undervisa paradoxalt) och sociokulturell lärandeteori (se t ex Säljö, 2000). Analytiskt riktas fokus mot heterotopins möjlighetsvillkor, framför allt avseende det sociala sammanhang vari den uppstår (inklusive den aktivitet som står på schemat) samt de normkritiska resurser som lärare och elever ger uttryck för.Metod: Empirin består av videofilmer av lektioner samt intervjuer med lärare och elever där delar av intervjun kretsar kring filmsnuttar av ”didaktiska ögonblick” (Quennerstedt, m fl, pågående; se även Rønholt, 2002). I presentationen används videofilmer av två lektioner som innehåller undervisning i dans (schottis), där samtal mellan elever och mellan elever och lärare hörs. I intervjuerna med läraren och tre elever som deltog på lektionen ägnas särskild uppmärksamhet åt en situation i samband med dansen, där en elev ifrågasätter tvåkönad dans med hänvisning till sexuell läggning: ”Jag kanske är lesbisk”. När läraren blir uppmärksam på sitt försanthållande att man ”ska” dansa schottis i tvåkönade par, utbrister han: ”Det är min heteronormativitet som spökar.”Resultat: Av den preliminära analysen framgår att danslektionen erbjuder tillfällen av tydlig heteronormativitet (dans pojke-flicka) som eleverna kan utmana. För att utmana normerna använder sig flickan i exemplet av en argumentationsteknik som ingått i undervisningen i ett annat av skolans ämnen (SO) samt uppmaningar från lärare på utvecklingssamtal att hon ska ”ta för sig mer” i diskussioner i skolan. Läraren förstår situationen utifrån ett begrepp – heteronormativitet – som han tillsammans med klassen har fördjupat sig i under lektioner i ytterligare ett annat ämne (NO).Diskussion: Vi menar att fallet pekar ut en väg som kan utvecklas mot en normkritisk pedagogik i idrott och hälsa. Se till att skapa situationer där heteronormerna är så tydliga att de blir lättillgängliga för eleverna, utrusta eleverna med redskap för att utmana normerna, utrusta lärarna med redskap för att skapa potentiellt queera situationer samt för att förvalta elevernas utmaningar av heteronormativiteten. Detta kan vara att undervisa paradoxalt.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Larsson, Marie, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
-
Endocytosis of Potential Contact Sensitizers by Human Dendritic Cells
- 1993
-
Ingår i: Dendritic Cells in Fundamental and Clinical Immunology. - New York : Plenum Publishing. - 9780306444074 - 9781461362722 - 9781461529309 ; , s. 593-597
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Several lines of evidence indicates that a population of lymphoid cells occurring in most organs of the body with a dendritic morphology is of prime importance in the initial stages of immune responses (1). Immunohistochemical distribution studies using various cell surfaces phenotypic markers has often been used to argue the probable importance of dendritic cells in tissues for the initial immune response (2,3). It has however proven difficult to compare these cells from all tissues functionally in vitro due to low yields and alteration of the phenotype when the cells are enzymatically dislodge from the tissues. Most studies have thus focused on the Langerhans cell of the skin, spleen dendritic cells and negatively selected dendritic cells from human peripheral blood.
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| 28. |
- Larsson, Marie H, 1972, et al.
(författare)
-
Elevated motility-related transmucosal potential difference in the upper small intestine in the irritable bowel syndrome.
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society. - : Wiley. - 1350-1925. ; 19:10, s. 812-20
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is complex and incompletely known. Very little has been studied regarding the role of submucous neuronal activity. We therefore measured small intestinal transmural potential difference (PD, reflecting mainly electrogenic chloride secretion), and its linkage with fasting motor activity [migrating motor complex (MMC)] in controls (n = 16) and patients with IBS [n = 23, 14 diarrhoea predominant (d-IBS) and nine constipation predominant (c-IBS)]. Transmural-PD and its relation to MMC phase III was measured by modified multilumen manometry for 3 h in the fasting state using one jejunal and one duodenal infusion line as flowing electrodes. The amplitude and duration of motor phase III was similar in controls and IBS patients, but the propagation speed of phase III was higher in IBS patients. In IBS patients, maximal PD during MMC phase III was significantly elevated in both the duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05) and the PD decline after phase III was significantly prolonged in the jejunum (P < 0.01). The PD elevation was seen in both duodenum and jejunum in d-IBS patients, but only in the jejunum in the c-IBS patients. On the basis of previous modelling studies, we propose that the enhanced secretion may reflect disturbed enteric network behaviour in some patients with IBS.
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| 29. |
- Larsson, Marie, 1966-
(författare)
-
HIV-1 and the hijacking of dendritic cells : a tug of war.
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Springer Seminars in Immunopathology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0344-4325 .- 1432-2196. ; 26:3, s. 309-328
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dendritic cells are critical for host immunity and are involved both in the innate and adaptive immune responses. They are among the first cells targeted by HIV-1 in vivo at mucosal sites. Dendritic cells can sequester HIV-1 in endosomal compartments for several days and transmit infectious HIV-1 to interacting T cells in the lymph node, which is the most important site for viral replication and spread. Initially, the cellular immune response developed against HIV-1 is strong, but eventually it fails to control and resolve the infection. The most dramatic effect seen on the immune system during untreated HIV-1 infection is the destruction of helper CD4+ T cells, which leads to subsequent immune deficiency. However, the immunomodulatory effects of HIV-1 on different dendritic cell subpopulations may also play an important role in the pathogenesis of HIV-1. This review discusses the effects HIV-1 exerts on dendritic cells in vivo and in vitro, including the binding and uptake of HIV by dendritic cells, the formation of infectious synapses, infection, and the role of dendritic cells in HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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| 30. |
- Larsson, P., et al.
(författare)
-
Difficult-to-Treat Rejections in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Our Experience with Everolimus-Based Quadruple Maintenance Therapy
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Medicine. - 2077-0383. ; 12:20
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- All chronic and treatment-resistant acute rejections are "difficult-to-treat" and lead to progressive loss of graft function in kidney transplant recipients (KTR), as no effective treatment exists for such rejections to date. We review our experience with a novel strategy to treat such rejections by adding everolimus as a "rescue" to conventional triple maintenance therapy with prednisolone, mycophenolate mofetil and calcineurin inhibitor. We retrospectively analysed data in 28 KTR who received everolimus-based quadruple therapy at our institution for biopsy-proven chronic active T cell-mediated or antibody-mediated rejection (n = 19) or treatment-resistant acute rejections (n = 9) between 2011-2017. The primary outcome was 5-year death-censored graft survival. Main secondary outcomes were response to treatment defined by stable or improved graft function, 5-year patient survival and discontinuation rate of treatment. The Kaplan-Meier estimate for 5-year death-censored graft survival was 79% in all patients, 90% for patients with chronic active T cell-mediated rejections, 78% for chronic active antibody-mediated rejection and 67% for acute rejections. Response to treatment was achieved in 43% and 5-year patient survival was 94%. Treatment was stopped in 12 (43%) patients due to adverse events. Everolimus-based maintenance quadruple therapy, despite high rate of everolimus discontinuation due to adverse events, may be a valid approach in a subset of kidney transplant recipients with such difficult-to-treat rejections, which otherwise would lead to a high rate of graft loss.
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| 31. |
- Lundberg, Lina E, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
-
Targeting of painting of fourth to roX1 and roX2 proximal sites suggests evolutionary links between dosage compensation and the regulation of the 4th chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster
- 2013
-
Ingår i: G3. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2160-1836. ; 3:8, s. 1325-1334
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Drosophila melanogaster, two chromosome-specific targeting and regulatory systems have been described. The male-specific lethal (MSL) complex supports dosage compensation by stimulating gene expression from the male X-chromosome and the protein Painting of fourth (POF) specifically targets and stimulates expression from the heterochromatic 4(th) chromosome. The targeting sites of both systems are well characterized, but the principles underlying the targeting mechanisms have remained elusive. Here we present an original observation, namely that POF specifically targets two loci on the X-chromosome, PoX1 and PoX2 (POF-on-X). PoX1 and PoX2 are located close to the roX1 and roX2 genes, which encode ncRNAs important for the correct targeting and spreading of the MSL-complex. We also found that the targeting of POF to PoX1 and PoX2 is largely dependent on roX expression and identified a high-affinity target region which ectopically recruits POF. The results presented support a model linking the MSL-complex to POF and dosage compensation to regulation of heterochromatin.
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| 32. |
- Lundälv, Jörgen, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Awareness and the Arguments for and against the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health among Representatives of Disability Organisations
- 2015
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1660-4601 .- 1661-7827. ; 3:12, s. 3293-3300
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Disability organisations have not been engaged in the debate about the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) in Sweden. We wanted to know representatives’ attitudes about the ICF. The aim of the study was to elucidate the arguments for and against the ICF among representatives of disability organisations. The study consisted of eighteen representatives (from six disability organisations) that answered electronic questionnaires. The questionnaires involved ten open questions about the arguments for and against the ICF. The answers of the questionnaires have been categorized according to qualitative content analysis. Our results indicated four themes: awareness, arguments for and against, influence and the future. More than half of the representatives had very limited awareness of the ICF. There was an explicit criticism of individual classification but more positive comments about classification on an aggregated level. The most important issue for representatives was influencing social policy in society, not learning and spreading information about the ICF.
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| 33. |
- Lundälv, Jörgen, 1966, et al.
(författare)
-
The ICF: International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) - A Swiss army knife? Accessibility and disability in a Scandinavian disability magazine (SDM) - A quantitative content analysis
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Health Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-8510 .- 1872-6054. ; 108:1, s. 67-75
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The study describes the extent to which the concept of accessibility and accessibility issues has been reported in a national Scandinavian disability magazine. In this study particular attention is paid to how the compatibility between the various domains of the international classification – International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) – has been covered in the magazine over a decade. Furthermore, other types of descriptions that the magazine has made of accessibility for people with physical disabilities are considered. Methods The study is based on a quantitative content analysis of a total of 326 articles from the Swedish disability magazine (SDM); 450 text pages published during the years 2000–2009. The magazine's coverage has been comprehensive. Results and conclusions More than half of the studied texts were news items about various accessibility issues. Every third article can be characterised as a news article or feature article. The most frequently reported of the ICF domains consist of two perspectives: environmental accessibility and civil rights. Public opinion articles in the form of letters to editors and editorials focused on accessibility have a low frequency. Likewise, research reports are few. The study has included a review of illustrations and photographs. The illustrations are generally of high quality, reinforcing the disability message of the article. Keywords Accessibility; Disability; Swedish disability magazine (SDM); Quantitative content analysis; The International Classification of Functioning; Disability and Health (ICF); Sweden
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| 34. |
- Pouget, Julien, et al.
(författare)
-
An Efficient Approach to SoC Wrapper Design, TAM Configuration and Test Scheduling
- 2003
-
Ingår i: IEEE European Test Workshop 2003 ETW03,2003. - Maastricht, The Netherlands : IEEE Computer Society Press. ; , s. 51-
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Test application time and core accessibility are two major issues in System-On-Chip (SOC) testing. The test application time must be minimised, and a test access mechanism (TAM) must be developed to transport test data to and from the cores. In this paper we present an approach to design a test interface (wrapper) at core level taking into account the P1500 restrictions, and to design a TAM architecture and its associated test schedule using a fast and efficient heuristic. A useful and new feature of our approach is that it supports also the testing of interconnections while considering power dissipation, test conflicts and precedence constraints. Another feature of our approach is that the TAM is designed with a central bus architecture, which is a generalisation of the TestBus architecture. The advantages and drawbacks of our approach are discussed, and the proposed architecture and heuristic are validated with experiments.
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| 35. |
- Schuster, Erich, et al.
(författare)
-
Microstructural, mechanical and mass transport properties of isotropic and capillary alginate gels
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Soft Matter. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1744-683X .- 1744-6848. ; 10:2, s. 357-366
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Macroscopically homogeneous and inhomogeneous calcium alginate gels are formed via internal or external addition of various amounts of calcium to an alginate solution. The externally formed gels contain parallel aligned capillary structures. The mechanical and mass transport properties and the microstructure of the differently set gels were characterized by rheological measurements, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM images show a zone of distorted anisotropic gel structure in the vicinity of the capillaries as well as indications of a lower degree of void connectivity. The diffusion rates of dextran at large distances from the capillaries were fast and capillary gels showed a plastic behaviour in comparison to the internally set gels. The results presented show large functional differences between the internally and externally set gels, which cannot be explained by the presence of capillaries alone.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Selvavinayagam, Sivaprakasam T., et al.
(författare)
-
Genomic surveillance of omicron B.1.1.529 SARS‐CoV‐2 and its variants between December 2021 and March 2023 in Tamil Nadu, India—A state‐wide prospective longitudinal study
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Journal of Medical Virology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0146-6615 .- 1096-9071. ; 96:2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A state-wide prospective longitudinal investigation of the genomic surveillance of the omicron B.1.1.529 SARS-CoV-2 variant and its sublineages in Tamil Nadu, India, was conducted between December 2021 and March 2023. The study aimed to elucidate their mutational patterns and their genetic interrelationship in the Indian population. The study identified several unique mutations at different time-points, which likely could attribute to the changing disease characteristics, transmission, and pathogenicity attributes of omicron variants. The study found that the omicron variant is highly competent in its mutating potentials, and that it continues to evolve in the general population, likely escaping from natural as well as vaccine-induced immune responses. Our findings suggest that continuous surveillance of viral variants at the global scenario is warranted to undertake intervention measures against potentially precarious SARS-CoV-2 variants and their evolution.
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| 38. |
- Selvavinayagam, Sivaprakasam T, et al.
(författare)
-
Plasma CXCL8 and MCP-1 as surrogate plasma biomarkers of latent tuberculosis infection among household contacts-A cross-sectional study
- 2023
-
Ingår i: PLOS Global Public Health. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 2767-3375. ; 3:11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Early detection of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is critical to TB elimination in the current WHO vision of End Tuberculosis Strategy. The study investigates whether detecting plasma cytokines could aid in diagnosing LTBI across household contacts (HHCs) positive for IGRA, HHCs negative for IGRA, and healthy controls. The plasma cytokines were measured using a commercial Bio-Plex Pro Human Cytokine 17-plex assay. Increased plasma CXCL8 and decreased MCP-1, TNF-a, and IFN-? were associated with LTBI. Regression analysis showed that a combination of CXCL8 and MCP-1 increased the risk of LTBI among HHCs to 14-fold. Our study suggests that CXCL-8 and MCP-1 could serve as the surrogate biomarkers of LTBI, particularly in resource-limited settings. Further laboratory investigations are warranted before extrapolating CXCL8 and MCP-1 for their usefulness as surrogate biomarkers of LTBI in resource-limited settings.
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| 39. |
- Selvavinayagam, Sivaprakasam T., et al.
(författare)
-
Platelet-Large Cell Ratio and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate are Surrogate Predictors of Latent Tuberculosis Infection
- 2024
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Aims: Prompt detection and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) holds the key to global TB elimination. The lack of an established test for predicting LTBI poses a substantial challenge in disease management. Here, we identified the biochemical and hematological markers of LTBI, and correlated their usefulness to discriminate LTBI from healthy controls. Main Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional investigation and correlated the various biochemical and hematological markers for detecting LTBI among household contacts (HHCs) of TB infection. Our study included 90 individuals – 30 healthy controls, 30 interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) positive HHCs, and 30 IGRA-negative HHCs. Biomarkers were measured using designated auto analyzers. Key Findings: ESR, MPV, D-dimer, P-LCR, and PDW were significantly higher among LTBI subjects. ESR, PDW, and P-LCR were markedly associated with LTBI. Multivariate analysis showed that either ESR or P-LCR greater than their respective predetermined cut-off values showed higher odds of developing LTBI. Our study demonstrated that ESR and P-LCR are good surrogate markers for diagnosing LTBI. Also, significantly low ferritin in females and MCHC in males belonging to the HHC/IGRA-ve were observed. Significance: The ESR and P-LCR could aid in predicting LTBI among HHCs. Further, the low serum ferritin is associated with TB resisters.
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| 40. |
- Shankar, Esaki M., et al.
(författare)
-
Understanding Immune Senescence, Exhaustion, and Immune Activation in HIV–Tuberculosis Coinfection
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Handbook of Immunosenescence: Basic Understanding and Clinical Implications. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319645971 ; , s. 1-15
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) coinfection accounts for high rates of global morbidity and mortality. Although the pathogeneses of HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infections are different, the coexistence of both the agents will lead to accentuated disease progression in the host. Expression of markers associated with chronic immune activation, exhaustion, and immunosenescence on pathogen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have been associated with suboptimal immune responses in HIV–TB coinfection. The effect of chronic immune activation, exhaustion, and immunosenescence also appears to extend across distinct sets of immune cells, and hence a wider understanding of the mechanistic aspects underlying these phenomena is urgently required to necessitate the expansion of immune cells with improved functions in HIV–TB coinfection. Furthermore, strategies to cause attrition of immunosenescence and immune activation appear to stem from an improved understanding of senescence signaling.
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| 41. |
- Skoberne, M, et al.
(författare)
-
Apoptotic cells at the crossroads of tolerance and immunity.
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Role of Apoptosis in Infection. - Berlin/Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783540230069 ; , s. 259-292
-
Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes can result in either anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects or prostimulatory consequences through presentation of cell-associated antigens to T cells. The differences in outcome are due to the conditions under which apoptosis is induced, the type of phagocytic cell, the nature of the receptors involved in apoptotic cell capture, and the milieu in which phagocytosis of apoptotic cells takes place. Preferential ligation of specific receptors on professional antigen-presenting cells dendriticc cells) has been proposed to induce potentially tolerogenic signals. On the other hand, dendritic cells can efficiently process and present antigens from pathogen-infected apoptotic cells to T cells. In this review, we discuss how apoptotic cells manipulate immunity through interactions with dendritic cells.
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| 42. |
- Škoberne, M., et al.
(författare)
-
Apoptotic Cells at the Crossroads of Tolerance and Immunity
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Role of Apoptosis in Infection. - Berlin/Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag. - 9783540230069 - 9783540273202 ; , s. 259-292
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Clearance of apoptotic cells by phagocytes can result in either anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects or prostimulatory consequences through presentation of cell-associated antigens to T cells. The differences in outcome are due to the conditions under which apoptosis is induced, the type of phagocytic cell, the nature of the receptors involved in apoptotic cell capture, and the milieu in which phagocytosis of apoptotic cells takes place. Preferential ligation of specific receptors on professional antigen-presenting cells dendriticc cells) has been proposed to induce potentially tolerogenic signals. On the other hand, dendritic cells can efficiently process and present antigens from pathogen-infected apoptotic cells to T cells. In this review, we discuss how apoptotic cells manipulate immunity through interactions with dendritic cells.
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| 43. |
- Svanberg, Cecilia, 1991-
(författare)
-
HIV-1 Exploitation of Dendritic Cell Functionality and Initial Responses in Mucosal Tissues : Elucidation of Influence of HIV-1 Complement Opsonization, and HIV-1-HSV-2 Co-infection
- 2023
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 is transmitted between individuals via sexual intercourse or via blood products. To date there are 38 million people living with chronic HIV infection and around 1.5 million yearly acquire a new infection. HIV is known to have detrimental effects on the immune system and its cell function and leads to the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). AIDS is characterized by opportunistic infections often fatal to the individual. Mucosal tissues, which are the main site of HIV-1 infection, consist of a complex network of different cell types building up a barrier against the outside world. In the mucosa there are multiple immune cells and one of them is the dendritic cells (DCs), a professional antigen presenting cell needed for priming of adaptive T cell responses. DCs are rarely productively infected with HIV-1 but the virus can modulate the DC phenotype and function by mere exposure to the virus. There are many factors that influence viral transmission including prevalent inflammatory conditions or infections in the genital tract. For instance, a newly acquired herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) infection increases the risk of transmission at HIV-1 exposure by four times. A vital part of the innate immune defense is the complement system, which consists of proteins found in all body fluids. Normally during complement activation, it leads to lysis of pathogens, but HIV-1 can evade this process. This is achieved by the incorporated complement regulatory proteins in the viral plasma membrane leading to accumulation of opsonizing complement fragments on the HIV-1 particles. Our aim with these studies was to deepen the understanding of the HIV-1 exploitation of DC function and elucidate the initial effects exposure and establishment of HIV-1 infection has on the mucosal tissues and immune cells. In addition, we aimed to elucidate the effects HSV-2 exerts on the HIV-1-infection of DCs and how viral complement opsonization affects the viral infection and activation of immune responses. In Paper I we found that coinfection of monocyte derived DCs (MDDCs) with HIV-1 and HSV-2 decreases the amount of the HIV-1 restriction factors SAMHD1 and TREX1 in MDDCs, leading to increased productive HIV-1 infection. In Paper II and III we found that HIV-1 utilizes the complement system to induce higher productive infection of the colorectal and cervical mucosal DCs. The different forms of HIV, free or complement opsonized, had distinct effects on the immune responses and T cell phenotypes in the tissues, all in favor of HIV-1 establishment and productive infection. In Paper IV, HIV-1 exposed DCs triggered after crosstalk with suppressive T cells a prolonged type I interferon response and an upregulation of coinhibitory molecules on the DCs. The findings in this thesis add to the knowledge of HIV-1 early transmission events, how co-infection modulates DC function, and how the presence of HIV-1 affects the priming of adaptive immune responses.
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| 44. |
- Tian, Fei, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Endothelial cells are activated during hypoxia via endoglin/ALK-1/SMAD1/5 signaling in vivo and in vitro
- 2010
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Ingår i: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC. - : Elsevier Inc. - 0006-291X .- 1090-2104. ; 392:3, s. 283-288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Endoglin (ENG) promotes angiogenesis by enhancing activation of TGF-beta type I receptors ALK-1 and ALK-5. ALK-1 phosphorylates transcription factors SMAD1/5, which bind to BMP-responsive elements (BRE), whereas ALK-5 phosphorylates SMAD3, which binds to CAGA elements. Expression of ENG is increased during myocardial infarction (MI). We investigated which ENG signaling pathway is activated in endothelial cells during hypoxia. Expression of ENG, ALK-1, ALK-5, and phosphorylated SMAD1/3/5 by immunostaining and immunoblotting in a mouse model of myocardial infarction (MI) and in hypoxic human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) was evaluated. Activation of BRE and CAGA was measured by luciferase assays in cells transfected with plasmids expressing ENG or ALK-1 and the number of cells was quantified. mRNA expression of the target genes of TGF-beta signaling, ID1 and BCL-X, was quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Expression of ENG, ALK-1 and phosphorylated SMAD1/5, but not ALK-5 or phosphorylated SMAD3, was significantly increased in hypoxic endothelial cells in vivo and in vitro. Overexpression of both ENG and ALK-1 significantly increased BRE but not CAGA activity, expression of ID1 and BCL-X and the number of HAECs at hypoxia. ENG/ALK-1 signaling is one of the factors that regulate endothelial cell activity during adaptive cardiac angiogenesis.
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Vignesh, Ramachandran, et al.
(författare)
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Gut Microbiota Peculiarities in Aged HIV-Infected Individuals : Molecular Understanding and Therapeutic Perspectives
- 2023
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Ingår i: Gut Microbiota in Aging and Chronic Diseases. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031140228 - 9783031140235 ; , s. 415-439
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aging is a progressive physiological process that involves alterations in the population of normal gutGut microbiotaGut microbiota. HIV infectionHIV infection in conjunction with agingAgeing complicates the quality of immune responses paving way for increased epithelial permeability and translocation of commensals and pathogen-derived substances into the systemic circulation. Enteric dysbiosisDysbiosis is linked with other comorbidities of agingAging including cardiovascular diseases and dementia in the HIV-infected population. The diversity of gutGut microbiotaGut microbiota declines with ageAge, and HIV infectionHIV infection compromises the effective functioning of the immune system complicating the metabolic as well as regulatory programming of the host’s physiological machinery. Given the scenario of the global HIV/AIDS and the COVID-19 pandemics, it is also likely that alterations in gutGut microbiotaGut microbiota potentially could contribute to post-acute COVID-19 syndrome as well as accelerate the rate of HIV disease progression. The current chapter discusses the role of normal gutGut microbiotaGut microbiota in the aged HIV-infected population and their functional implications in normal cellular and molecular mechanisms in the host.
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| 47. |
- Vimali, Jaisheela, et al.
(författare)
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HIV-HPgV Co-Infected Individuals Display Functional MAIT and Follicular T Cells Irrespective of PD-1 Expression
- 2023
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Human Pegivirus (HPgV) appears to alter the clinical outcome of HIV disease by modulating T-cell homeostasis, chemokine/cytokine production, as well as by reducing T-cell activation, and proliferation to limit HIV replication. Here, we evaluated if HPgV had any ‘favorable’ impact on the quantity and quality of T cells in HIV-infected individuals. T-cell subsets such as CD4lo, CD4hi, and CD8+ T cells, CD4+ MAIT cells, CD8+ MAIT cells, follicular helper T cells (Tfh), and follicular cytotoxic T cells (Tfc) were characterized based on the expression of markers associated with immune activation (CD69, ICOS), proliferation (ki67), cytokine production (TNF-α, IFN-γ), and exhaustion (PD-1). HIV+HPgV+ individuals had lower plasma liver transaminase SGOT and GGT (biliary) than those who were HPgV-. HIV/HPgV co-infection was significantly associated with increased absolute CD4+ T-cell counts. HIV+HPgV+ and HIV+HPgV- individuals had highly activated T-cell subsets with high expression of CD69 and ICOS on bulk CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD4+ MAIT cells, CD8+ MAIT cells and CXCR5+CD4+ T cells and CXCR5+CD8+ T cells as compared to healthy controls. Irrespective of activation markers these cells also expressed higher levels of PD-1 on CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells and their counterparts. However, exploring their functionality based on the mitogen stimulation demonstrated higher levels of cytokine production by CD4+ MAIT and CD8+ MAIT cells as compared to healthy controls. Decrease in absolute CD4+ T cell counts correlated positively with intracellular IFN-γ levels by CD4lo T cells, whereas increase of the same correlated inversely with TNF-α in the CD4lo T cells of HIV+HPgV+ individuals. Together, we found that HIV/HPgV co-infected individuals display functional CD4+ and CD8+ MAIT, Tfh and Tfc cells irrespective of PD-1 expression.
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| 48. |
- Vimali, Jaisheela, et al.
(författare)
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Surrogate Biomarkers of Disease Progression in Human Pegivirus Seropositive Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Individuals
- 2023
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Ingår i: Viral immunology. - : MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC. - 0882-8245 .- 1557-8976. ; 36:1, s. 55-62
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scientific observations indicate that an actively prevailing systemic condition could alleviate the pathology of another disease. Human pegivirus (HPgV), a highly ubiquitous flavivirus is believed to be associated with slow human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression, and has seldom been linked to hepatic pathology. In this study, we investigated whether HPgV seropositivity had any impact on surrogate markers of HIV disease progression in a cohort of HIV-infected HPgV seropositive (n = 28) and seronegative (n = 12) individuals who were prospectively evaluated for absolute CD4+ T cell counts, plasma viral load (PVL), liver enzymes, and plasma cytokine levels. The HIV PVL was relatively lower in HPgV seropositive than in HPgV seronegative HIV-infected subjects. Clinical markers of hepatic injury were significantly low among HPgV seropositive HIV-infected participants. HPgV seropositive individuals showed significantly higher levels of interleukin-7 (IL-7), and although not significant, the levels of IL-6 were lower among HPgV seropositive subjects. Spearman correlation analysis showed that the absolute CD4+T cell count was inversely correlated with HIV PVL. Exposure to HPgV appears to have a positive prognostic impact on the levels of surrogate biomarkers of HIV disease progression.
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| 49. |
- Wahlund, Kerstin, et al.
(författare)
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Internet-based treatment for adolescents with symptomatic temporomandibular joint disc displacement with reduction : A randomized controlled clinical trial
- 2021
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Ingår i: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0001-6357 .- 1502-3850. ; 79:6, s. 473-481
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To evaluate treatment outcome of a jaw exercise (JE) intervention program combined with an information/counselling program (IC) vs. information/counselling alone.Materials and methods: A clinical sample of 83 adolescents, experiencing painful clicking or catching/locking of the jaw, and diagnosed with symptomatic disc displacement with reduction according to RDC/TMD, were randomly assigned to JE/IC or IC program. Both programs were internet-delivered. The adolescents were examined clinically at baseline, at a 2-month mid-evaluation, and at 4months posttreatment by examiners blinded to which programs the adolescents were assigned to.Results: The JE/IC group showed significantly more improvements of painful catching/locking (p =.017), eating ability (p =.006) and of their jaw function limitation (p =.026) compared to the IC group. Significantly more adolescents in the JE/IC group also reported a ≥50% improvement of the catching/locking of the jaw with pain (p =.024) and for eating ability (p =.034) based on a severity index. Treatment method credibility and satisfaction were also significantly higher in the JE/IC group.Conclusion: The internet-delivered JE/IC program showed a better outcome compared to IC alone. The former is thus a feasible and cost-effective treatment for adolescents with symptomatic disc displacement with reduction.
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