| 1. |
- Arshamian, Artin, et al.
(författare)
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A mammalian blood odor component serves as an approach-avoidance cue across phylum border - from flies to humans
- 2017
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Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemosignals are used by predators to localize prey and by prey to avoid predators. These cues vary between species, but the odor of blood seems to be an exception and suggests the presence of an evolutionarily conserved chemosensory cue within the blood odor mixture. A blood odor component, E2D, has been shown to trigger approach responses identical to those triggered by the full blood odor in mammalian carnivores and as such, is a key candidate as a food/alarm cue in blood. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we demonstrate that E2D holds the dual function of affecting both approach and avoidance behavior in a predator-prey predicted manner. E2D evokes approach responses in two taxonomically distant blood-seeking predators, Stable fly and Wolf, while evoking avoidance responses in the prey species Mouse. We extend this by demonstrating that this chemical cue is preserved in humans as well; E2D induces postural avoidance, increases physiological arousal, and enhances visual perception of affective stimuli. This is the first demonstration of a single chemical cue with the dual function of guiding both approach and avoidance in a predator-prey predicted manner across taxonomically distant species, as well as the first known chemosignal that affects both human and non-human animals alike.
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| 2. |
- Arvidsson, Josefin, et al.
(författare)
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Successful acquisition of an olfactory discrimination test by Asian elephants,Elephas maximus
- 2012
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Ingår i: Physiology and Behavior. - : Elsevier. - 0031-9384 .- 1873-507X. ; 105:3, s. 809-814
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study demonstrates that Asian elephants, Elephas maximus, can successfully be trained to cooperatein an olfactory discrimination test based on a food-rewarded two-alternative instrumental conditioningprocedure. The animals learned the basic principle of the test within only 60 trials and readily mastered intramodalstimulus transfer tasks. Further, they were capable of distinguishing between structurally related odorstimuli and remembered the reward value of previously learned odor stimuli after 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeks ofrecess without any signs of forgetting. The precision and consistency of the elephants' performance in testsof odor discrimination ability and long-term odor memory demonstrate the suitability of this method forassessing olfactory function in this proboscid species. An across-species comparison of several measuresof olfactory learning capabilities such as speed of initial task acquisition and ability to master intramodalstimulus transfer tasks shows that Asian elephants are at least as good in their performance as mice, rats,and dogs, and clearly superior to nonhuman primates and fur seals. The results support the notion thatAsian elephants may use olfactory cues for social communication and food selection and that the sense ofsmell may play an important role in the control of their behavior.
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| 3. |
- Atikuzzaman, Mohammad, 1977-
(författare)
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Seminal Influence on the Oviduct : Mating and/or semen components induce gene expression changes in the pre-ovulatory functional sperm reservoir in poultry and pigs
- 2016
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Internal fertilization occurs in birds and eutherian mammals. Foetal development, however, is either extra- respectively intra-corpore (egg vs uterus). In these animal classes, the female genital tract stores ejaculated spermatozoa into a restricted oviductal segment; the functional pre-ovulatory sperm reservoir, where they survive until ovulation/s occur. Paradoxically, this immunologically foreign sperm suspension in seminal fluid/plasma, often microbiologically contaminated, ought to be promptly eliminated by the female local immune defence which, instead, tolerates its presence. The female immune tolerance is presumably signalled via a biochemical interplay of spermatozoa, as well as the peptides and proteins of the extracellular seminal fluid, with female epithelial and immune cells. Such interplay can result in gene expression shifts in the sperm reservoir in relation to variations in fertility. To further aid our understanding of the underlying mechanisms, this thesis studied the proteome of the seminal fluid (using 2D SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry) including cytokine content (using Luminex and/or ELISA) of healthy, sexually mature and fertile boars and cocks. As well, gene expression changes (using cDNA microarray) in the oviductal sperm reservoirs of sexually-mature females, mated or artificially infused with homologous sperm-free seminal fluid/plasma were studied. Pigs were of commercial, fertility-selected modern breeds (Landrace), while chicken belonged to the ancestor Red Junglefowl (RJF, low egg laying-capacity), a selected egg-layer White Leghorn (WL) and of their Advanced Intercross Line (AIL). Ejaculates were manually collected as single sample in cocks or as the sperm-rich fraction [SRF] and the post- SRF fraction in boars to harvest seminal fluid/plasma for proteome/cytokine and infusion-studies. Oviducts were retrieved for gene-expression analyses via microarray immediately post-mortem (chicken) or at surgery (pig), 24 h after mating or genital infusion. In pigs, the protein-rich seminal plasma showed the highest amounts of cytokines [interferon-γ, interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10), macrophage derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22), growth-regulated oncogene (GRO/CXCL1), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1/ CCL2), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8/CXCL8, IL-10, IL-15, IL-17 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1-3) in the larger, protein-rich and sperm-poor post-SRF, indicating its main immune signalling influence. Chicken showed also a plethora of seminal fluid proteins with serum albumin and ovotransferrin being conserved through selection/evolution. However, they showed fewer cytokines than pigs, as the anti-inflammatory/immune-modulatory TGF-β2 or the pro-inflammatory CXCL10. The RJF contained fewer immune system process proteins and lacked TGF-β2 compared to WL and AIL, suggesting selection for increased fertility could be associated with higher expression of immune-regulating peptides/proteins. The oviductal sperm reservoir reacted in vivo to semen exposure. In chicken, mating significantly changed the expression of immune-modulatory and pH-regulatory genes in AIL. Moreover, modern fertile pigs (Landrace) and chicken (WL), albeit being taxonomically distant, shared gene functions for preservation of viable sperm in the oviduct. Mating or SP/SF-infusion were able to change the expression of comparable genes involved in pH-regulation (SLC16A2, SLC4A9, SLC13A1, SLC35F1, ATP8B3, ATP13A3) or immune-modulation (IFIT5, IFI16, MMP27, ADAMTS3, MMP3, MMP12). The results of the thesis demonstrate that both mating and components of the sperm-free seminal fluid/plasma elicit gene expression changes in the pre-ovulatory female sperm reservoir of chickens and pigs, some conserved over domestication and fertility-selection.
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| 4. |
- Bosshard, Tiffany Claire, et al.
(författare)
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Numerical cognition in black-handed spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)
- 2022
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Ingår i: Behavioural Processes. - : Elsevier. - 0376-6357 .- 1872-8308. ; 201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We assessed two aspects of numerical cognition in a group of nine captive spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Petri dishes with varying amounts of food were used to assess relative quantity discrimination, and boxes fitted with dotted cards were used to assess discrete number discrimination with equally-sized dots and various-sized dots, respectively. We found that all animals succeeded in all three tasks and, as a group, reached the learning criterion of 70% correct responses within 110 trials in the quantity discrimination task, 160 trials in the numerosity task with equally-sized dots, and 30 trials in the numerosity task with various-sized dots. In all three tasks, the an-imals displayed a significant correlation between performance in terms of success rate and task difficulty in terms of numerical similarity of the stimuli and thus a ratio effect. The spider monkeys performed clearly better compared to strepsirrhine, catarrhine, and other platyrrhine primates tested previously on both types of nu-merical cognition tasks and at the same level as chimpanzees, bonobos, and orangutans. Our results support the notion that ecological traits such as a high degree of frugivory and/or social traits such as a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics may underlie between-species differences in cognitive abilities.
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| 5. |
- Brodin, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Odor Interaction between Bourgeonal and Its Antagonist Undecanal
- 2009
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Ingår i: CHEMICAL SENSES. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 34:7, s. 625-630
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The perceived quality of a binary mixture will, as a rule of thumb, be dominated by the quality of the stronger unmixed component. On the other hand, there are mechanisms that, in theory, suggest that this will not always be true; one example being receptor antagonism. Undecanal has been indicated as an antagonist for bourgeonal-sensitive receptors in the human olfactory epithelium. Therefore, we investigated mixtures of isointense concentrations of bourgeonal and undecanal and, as a control, mixtures of isointense concentrations of bourgeonal and n-butanol. Both mixture types were investigated at 2 levels of concentration. The particular aim was to see if the bourgeonal-undecanal mixtures would exhibit asymmetric odor quality favoring the perception of the antagonist and the control mixture would not. For the control mixture, indeed odor quality tended to be dominated by the strongest component before mixing as would be suggested from previous studies. In line with the hypothesis, the bourgeonal-undecanal mixture was dominated by the antagonists quality, but only when mixed at higher concentrations, altogether suggesting the effects of a low-affinity receptor antagonism. This is, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of how antagonistic interaction at the level of the receptor can affect the perception of odor mixtures in humans.
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| 6. |
- Broman, Daniel, 1974-
(författare)
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Lateralization of human olfaction : cognitive functions and electrophysiology
- 2006
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this thesis lateralization of olfactory functions was investigated by both behavioral and electrophysiological assessment, the latter with the olfactory event-related potential (OERP) technique. The olfactory sense is primarily ipsilateral in that a stimulus that is presented to one nostril is initially processed in the same hemisphere. This makes it possible to observe differences between stimulated nostrils as an indication of hemispheric difference. Study I explored differences in olfactory cognitive functions with respect to side of rhinal stimulation and demonstrated that familiarity ratings are higher at right- compared to left-nostril stimulation. No differences were found in episodic recognition memory or free identification, possibly reflecting inter-hemispheric interactions in higher cognitive functions. Effects of repetition priming were present in odor identification and tended to be more pronounced when tested via left nostril. Study II further investigated the effect of previous exposure in odor identification by a different experimental set-up, and demonstrated effects of repetition priming when tested via left- but not right-nostril stimulation. This finding indicates the importance of reconsidering possible sequential effects in olfactory research. Study III examined methodological aspects of an OERP protocol with respect to stimulus duration, which was used in Study IV. No differences in amplitudes or latencies where found between the stimulus durations of 150, 200 and 250 ms, suggesting the commonly used duration of 200 ms in a standard protocol. Study IV investigated laterality effects in OERPs with respect to side of stimulation and electrode site. The results showed consistent amplitudes and latencies regardless of rhinal side of stimulation. Larger amplitudes were demonstrated on left hemisphere and midline compared to right hemisphere, possibly explained by smaller N1/P2 amplitudes at the right-hemisphere sites at left-nostril stimulation. Apart from a proposed OERP protocol, the findings support the notions of a right-hemisphere predominance in processes related to olfactory perception and indicate, in accordance with other findings, a left-side advantage in conceptual repetition priming.
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| 7. |
- Dausch Ibanez, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Taste Responsiveness of Spider Monkeys to Dietary Ethanol
- 2019
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Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 44:8, s. 631-638
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent studies suggest that frugivorous primates might display a preference for the ethanol produced by microbia in overripe, fermenting fruit as an additional source of calories. We, therefore, assessed the taste responsiveness of 8 spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) to the range of ethanol concentrations found in overripe, fermenting fruit (0.05-3.0%) and determined taste preference thresholds as well as relative taste preferences for ethanol presented in sucrose solutions and in fruit matrices, respectively. Using a 2-bottle preference test of short duration (1 min), we found that spider monkeys are able to detect ethanol concentrations as low as 0.5%, that they prefer ethanol concentrations up to 3% over water, and that they prefer sucrose solutions and pureed fruit spiked with ethanol over equimolar sucrose solutions and pureed fruit without ethanol. However, when presented with an ethanol-spiked sucrose solution and a higher-concentrated sucrose solution without ethanol, the animals clearly preferred the latter, even when the sucrose-ethanol mixture contained 3 times more calories. These results demonstrate that spider monkeys are more sensitive to the taste of ethanol than rats and humans and that they prefer ecologically relevant suprathreshold concentrations of ethanol over water. Tests with sucrose solutions and pureed fruits that were either spiked with ethanol or not suggest that sweetness may be more important for the preferences displayed by the spider monkeys than the calories provided by ethanol. The present results, therefore, do not support the notion that dietary ethanol might be used by frugivorous primates as a supplemental source of calories.
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| 8. |
- Eliasson, Moa, et al.
(författare)
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Spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) are less sensitive to the odor of aliphatic ketones than to the odor of other classes of aliphatic compounds.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Neuroscience research. - : Elsevier. - 0168-0102 .- 1872-8111. ; 99, s. 46-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aliphatic ketones are widely present in body-borne and food odors of primates. Therefore, we used an operant conditioning paradigm and determined olfactory detection thresholds in four spider monkeys for a homologous series of aliphatic 2-ketones (2-butanone to 2-nonanone) and two of their isomers (3- and 4-heptanone). We found that, with the exception of the two shortest-chained ketones, all animals detected concentrations <1ppm (parts per million), and with five odorants individual animals even reached threshold values <0.1ppm. Further, we found a significant correlation between olfactory sensitivity of the spider monkeys and carbon chain length of the 2-ketones which can best be described as a U-shaped function. In contrast, no significant correlation was found between olfactory sensitivity and position of the functional carbonyl group. Across-odorant and across-species comparisons revealed the following: spider monkeys are significantly less sensitive to the odors of aliphatic ketones than to the odor of other classes of aliphatic compounds (1-alcohols, n-aldehydes, n-acetic esters, and n-carboxylic acids) sharing the same carbon length. Spider monkeys do not differ significantly in their olfactory sensitivity for aliphatic ketones from squirrel monkeys and pigtail macaques, but are significantly less sensitive to these odorants compared to human subjects and mice. These findings support the notion that neuroanatomical and genetic properties do not allow for reliable predictions with regard to a species' olfactory sensitivity. Further, we conclude that the frequency of occurrence of a class of odorants in a species' chemical environment does not allow for reliable predictions of the species' olfactory sensitivity.
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| 9. |
- Güven, Selcuk Can, et al.
(författare)
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Olfactory Sensitivity and Odor Structure-Activity Relationships for Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids in CD-1 Mice
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:3, s. e34301-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a conditioning paradigm, the olfactory sensitivity of CD-1 mice for a homologous series of aliphatic n-carboxylic acids(ethanoic acid to n-octanoic acid) and several of their isomeric forms was investigated. With all 14 odorants, the animalssignificantly discriminated concentrations as low as 0.03 ppm (parts per million) from the solvent, and with four odorantsthe best-scoring animals even detected concentrations as low as 3 ppt (parts per trillion). Analysis of odor structure-activityrelationships showed that the correlation between olfactory detection thresholds of the mice for the unbranched carboxylicacids and carbon chain length can best be described as a U-shaped function with the lowest threshold values at n-butanoicacid. A significant positive correlation between olfactory detection thresholds and carbon chain length of the carboxylicacids with their branching next to the functional carboxyl group was found. In contrast, no such correlation was found forcarboxylic acids with their branching at the distal end of the carbon chain relative to the functional carboxyl group. Finally, asignificant correlation was found between olfactory detection thresholds and the position of the branching of the carboxylicacids. Across-species comparisons suggest that mice are more sensitive for short-chained (C2 to C4) aliphatic n-carboxylicacids than other mammalian species, but not for longer-chained ones (C5 to C8). Further comparisons suggest that odorstructure-activity relationships are both substance class- and species-specific.
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| 10. |
- Hansell, Madeleine, et al.
(författare)
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Food preferences and nutrient composition in zoo-housed ring-tailed lemurs, Lemur catta
- 2020
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Ingår i: Physiology and Behavior. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0031-9384 .- 1873-507X. ; 226
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to assess the occurrence of spontaneous food preferences in zoo-housed ring-tailed lemurs and to analyze whether these preferences correlate with nutrient composition. Using a two-alternative choice test three female and one male Lemur catta were repeatedly presented with all possible binary combinations of 12 types of food which are part of their diet in captivity and found to display the following rank order of preference: apple > sweet potato > melon > beetroot > carrot > egg > eggplant > pumpkin > cucumber > tomato > cabbage > mealworm. Correlational analyses revealed a highly significant positive correlation between this food preference ranking and the total carbohydrate and sucrose contents of the foods (p < 0.01, respectively). No other significant correlations with any other macro- or micronutrient were found. These results suggest that zoo-housed ring-tailed lemurs are not opportunistic, but selective feeders with regard to maximizing their net gain of energy as only the content of carbohydrates, but not the contents of total energy, proteins or lipids significantly correlated with the displayed food preferences. Further, we found that ring-tailed lemurs that were raised on a vegetable-based diet did not significantly differ in their food preferences, and in particular in their predilection for food items high in carbohydrates, from animals that had previously been fed a fruit-based diet. This suggests that the lemurs preference for carbohydrate-rich food items may be innate and not affected by experience with different diets.
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| 11. |
- Hanson, Michaela, et al.
(författare)
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Facial expressions and other behavioral responses to pleasant andunpleasant tastes in cats (Felis silvestris catus)
- 2016
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Ingår i: Applied Animal Behaviour Science. - : Elsevier. - 0168-1591 .- 1872-9045. ; 181, s. 129-136
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The goal of the present study was to assess how cats react to tastes previously reported to be preferredor avoided relative to water. To this end, the facial and behavioral reactions of 13 cats to differentconcentrations of l-Proline and quinine monohydrochloride (QHCl) as well as mixtures with differentconcentrations of the two substances were assessed using a two-bottle preference test of short duration.The cats were videotaped and the frequency and duration of different behaviors were analyzed. Significantdifferences in the cats’ behavior in response to the taste quality of the different solutions included,but were not limited to, Tongue Protrusions (p < 0.039), Mouth smacks (p = 0.008) and Nose Licks (p = 0.011)with four different stimulus concentrations. The cats responded to preferred taste by keeping their Eyeshalf-closed (p = 0.017) for significantly longer periods of time with four different stimulus concentrationscompared to a water control. When encountering mixtures containing l-Proline and QHCl the cats performedTongue protrusion gapes (p < 0.038) significantly more frequently with three different stimulusconcentrations compared to an l-Proline control. A stepwise increase in the concentration of l-Prolinefrom 5 mM to 500 mM in mixtures with 50 M QHCl did not overcome the negative impact of the bittertaste on intake. The results of the present study suggest that behavioral responses provide an additionaldimension and may be more informative than consumption data alone to assess whether cats perceivetastes as pleasant or unpleasant. Thus, the analysis of behavioral responses to different taste qualitiesmay be a useful tool to assess and improve the acceptance of commercial food by cats.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Hernandez-Hernandez, Julio C., et al.
(författare)
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Diet selectivity in relation to food quality and availability by the endemic Perote squirrel (Xerospermophilus perotensis)
- 2018
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Ingår i: Therya. - Colonia Villa Quietud, Mexico : Asociacion Mexicana de Mastozoologia A.C.. - 2007-3364. ; 9:2, s. 121-127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Climatic fluctuations have a biogeochemical effect on food availability and quality, resulting in adjustments of the foraging and food selection behavior of animals. Our study aimed to evaluate the influence of seasonal variation on abundance of food resources and its effect on food selection of Xerospermophilus perotensis, an endemic species of ground squirrel in the Oriental Basin. Food selection behavior was recorded using focal animal and continuous behavior sampling on a squirrel population inhabiting the grassland of a semi-arid area. The results show that their diet consisted of 6 plant species with significant differences in the time spent feeding on each plant species (X2 = 128.96; P = 0.01). The species with the highest feeding times included Scleropogon brevifolius (63.6 %), Verbena bipinnatifida (10.6 %) and Erigeron pubescens (10.5 %). These plant species had the highest percentage of vegetation cover and availability among seasons, but they were of low nutritional quality with regard to their protein/fiber ratio. However, during specific periods, associated either with gestation and lactation or prior to hibernation, the squirrels increased their protein consumption. This suggests that squirrels are opportunistic feeders, and under certain conditions tend to select plant species that provide them with better quality diets.
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| 14. |
- Hernández Salazar, Laura T., et al.
(författare)
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The Sensory Systems of Alouatta : Evolutionwith an Eye to Ecology
- 2015
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Ingår i: Howler Monkeys. - New York : Springer Science+Business Media B.V.. - 9781493919567 ; , s. 317-336
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our knowledge about the perceptual world of howler monkeys is unevenlydistributed between the fi ve senses. Whereas there is abundant knowledge about thesense of vision in the genus Alouatta , only limited data on the senses of hearing,smell, taste, and touch are available. The discovery that howler monkeys are theonly genus among the New World primates to possess routine trichromacy hasimportant implications for the evolution of color vision and therefore has been studiedintensively. Detailed information about the genetic mechanisms and physiologicalprocesses underlying color vision in howler monkeys are available. Although thesound production, vocal repertoire, and acoustic communication in the genusAlouatta have been well documented, basic physiological measures of hearing performancesuch as audiograms are missing. Similarly, despite an increasing numberof observational studies on olfactory communication in howler monkeys, there is acomplete lack of physiological studies on the effi ciency of their sense of smell.Information about the senses of taste and touch is even scarcer and mainly restrictedto a description of their anatomical basis. A goal of this chapter is to summarize ourcurrent knowledge of the anatomy, physiology, genetics, and behavioral relevanceof the different senses in howler monkeys in comparison to other platyrrhines.
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| 15. |
- Hottges, Nina, et al.
(författare)
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How does feeding regime affect behaviour and activity in captive African lions (Panthera leo)?
- 2019
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF ZOO AND AQUARIUM RESEARCH. - : EUROPEAN ASSOC ZOOS & AQUARIA. - 2214-7594. ; 7:3, s. 117-125
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lions (Panthera leo) are popular zoo animals and obligate carnivores. In the past, zoos focused on the nutritional aspect of feeding, whereas today they also aim to encourage naturalistic feeding opportunities. AZAs Lion Care Manual recommends a frequent feeding schedule, while other sources highlight the benefits of unpredictable, infrequent feeding schedules. Further, the husbandry guidelines for lions by EAZA propose to feed lions separately. To assess how lions are affected by feeding frequency, we collected data on five event behaviour categories (social affiliative, agonistic, exploratory, marking, maintenance) and four state behaviour categories (inactive, active, feed, pace) of four captive lion prides held on either high frequency (HF: feeding pieces of meat on four to five occasions per week) or low frequency feeding (LF: feeding a whole carcass on one occasion per week). We found that some event behaviour categories (agonistic, exploratory and marking) and one state behaviour (feeding) were more frequent for lions on HF feeding. Lions on both feeding regimes engaged more often in agonistic behaviour and were more inactive on feeding days than fasting days. On fasting days, activity and pacing, as well as exploratory, maintenance, marking and social behaviour, were more frequent than on feeding days. During the consecutive fasting days, the lions on LF feeding were increasingly active in terms of walking, trotting and running. The results show that LF feeding with whole carcasses allowed the prides to resolve social discrepancies during feeding, which reduced aggression between feedings. LF feeding resulted in satiety of the lions to the extent of altered behaviour during feeding day and the first fasting day, whereas lions on HF feeding showed unvarying behaviour during feeding and fasting days suggesting a lack of satiety.
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| 16. |
- Hurtado, Mikel Redin, et al.
(författare)
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Is sugar as sweet to the palate as seeds are appetizing to the belly? Taste responsiveness to five food-associated carbohydrates in zoo-housed white-faced sakis, Pithecia pithecia
- 2023
-
Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE. - 1932-6203. ; 18:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Differences in taste perception between species are thought to reflect evolutionary adaptations to dietary specialization. White-faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia) are commonly considered as frugivores but are unusual among primates as they do not serve as seed dispersers but rather prey upon the seeds of the fruits they consume and are thought to exploit the lipids and proteins that these seeds contain in high amounts. Using a two-bottle preference test of short duration we therefore assessed whether this dietary specialization affects the taste responsiveness of four adult white-faced sakis for five food-associated carbohydrates. We found that the sakis significantly preferred concentrations as low as 10 mM sucrose, 10-40 mM fructose, 20-30 mM glucose and maltose, and 30-40 mM lactose over tap water. When given the choice between all binary combinations of these five saccharides presented at equimolar concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 mM, respectively, the sakis displayed significant preferences for individual saccharides in the following order: sucrose > fructose > glucose >= maltose = lactose. These results demonstrate that seed-predating white-faced sakis have a well-developed taste sensitivity for food-associated carbohydrates which is not inferior to that of most other primates including seed-dispersing frugivores, but rather ranks among the more sweet-taste sensitive species. Further, they show that their pattern of relative preference for the five carbohydrates is similar to that found in other frugivorous primate species. These findings may represent an example of Liems paradox as the sakis morphological adaptations to efficiently predate on and exploit the lipid- and protein-rich hard-shelled seeds of fruits does not compromise their ability to detect the carbohydrates found in the pulp of fruits at low concentrations.
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| 17. |
- Jildmalm, Ronald, et al.
(författare)
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Food Preferences and Nutrient Composition in Captive White-handed Gibbons, Hylobates lar
- 2008
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Ingår i: International journal of primatology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0164-0291 .- 1573-8604. ; 29:6, s. 1535-1547
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We aimed to assess spontaneous food preferences in captive white-handed gibbons and to analyze whether they correlate with nutrient composition. Via a 2-alternative choice test, we repeatedly presented 3 male Hylobates lar with all possible binary combinations of 10 types of food that are part of their diet in captivity and found the following rank order of preference: grape > banana = fig > apple > pear > honeydew melon > carrot > tomato > cucumber > avocado. Correlational analyses revealed a highly significant positive correlation between the food preference ranking and the total carbohydrate, fructose, and glucose contents of the foods (p < 0.01, respectively). With the exception of the trace mineral selenium (p < 0.05), there was no other significant correlation with any other macro- or micronutrient. In addition, the food preferences were stable across the day because rankings obtained from tests performed at 0900, 1200, and 1500 h, respectively, did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). Our results suggest that captive white-handed gibbons are not opportunistic, but selective feeders with regard to maximizing net gain of energy because only the content of carbohydrates, but not the contents of total energy, proteins, or lipids significantly correlate with the displayed food preferences. Further, the results suggest that captive Hylobates lar, in contrast to their free-ranging conspecifics, do not display marked changes in their food selection across the day.
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| 18. |
- Joshi, Dipa, et al.
(författare)
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Olfactory Sensitivity for Enantiomers and Their Racemic Mixtures-A Comparative Study in CD - 1 Mice and Spider Monkeys
- 2006
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Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 31:7, s. 655-664
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a conditioning paradigm, the olfactory sensitivity of six CD-1 mice for the enantiomers of carvone and of limonene as well as for their racemic mixtures was investigated. With all six stimuli, the animals significantly discriminated concentrations 0.1 ppm (parts per million) from the odorless solvent, and with five of the six stimuli, the best-scoring animals were even able to detect concentrations 1 ppb (parts per billion). Five spider monkeys tested in parallel were found to detect the same stimuli at concentrations <1 ppm, and with two of the stimuli, they were also able to discriminate concentrations <1 ppb from the solvent. The results showed 1) both CD-1 mice and spider monkeys to have a well-developed olfactory sensitivity for the stimuli tested, with no systematic difference in performance between species; 2) the effect of chirality on detectability of the enantiomers to be substance specific; 3) no systematic effect of the presence (carvone) or absence (limonene) of a functional carbonyl group on detectability of the enantiomers; and 4) that spider monkeys detected the racemic mixtures of both carvone and limonene at lower concentrations compared to the unmixed compounds, whereas the mice failed to do so. These findings lend support to the growing body of evidence suggesting that between-species comparisons of the relative size of olfactory brain structures do not allow us to reliably predict olfactory sensitivity. As mice and spider monkeys are thought to share a similar number of functional olfactory receptor genes, the findings further suggest that differences in the relative abundance of chiral-specific olfactory receptor types might account for the observed difference in mixture additivity at threshold level between the two species. These threshold data may provide useful information for the choice of adequate stimulus concentrations in electrophysiological or imaging studies of the olfactory system or investigations of the discriminative abilities of mice and spider monkeys.
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| 19. |
- Karlsson, Anna-Carin, et al.
(författare)
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Red junglefowl have individual body odors
- 2010
-
Ingår i: JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY. - : The Company of Biologists Ltd. - 0022-0949 .- 1477-9145. ; 213:10, s. 1619-1624
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Olfaction may play an important role in regulating bird behavior, and has been suggested to be involved in feather-pecking. We investigated possible differences in the body odors of red junglefowl females by using an automated olfactometer which assessed the ability of trained mice to discriminate between the odors of uropygial gland secretions (the main carrier of potential individual odors in chickens) of six feather-pecked and six non-pecked birds. All mice were clearly able to discriminate between all individual red junglefowl odors, showing that each bird has an individual body odor. We analyzed whether it was more difficult to discriminate between the odors of two feather-pecked, or two non-pecked birds, than it was to discriminate between the odors of two randomly selected birds. This was not the case, suggesting that feather-pecked birds did not share a common odor signature. Analyses using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry showed that the composition of aliphatic carboxylic acids in uropygial gland secretions differed consistently between individuals. However, chemical composition did not vary according to feather-pecking status. We conclude that red junglefowl have individual body odors which appear to be largely based on differences in the relative abundance of aliphatic carboxylic acids, but there is no evidence of systematic differences between the body odors of pecked and non-pecked birds.
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| 20. |
- Kjeldmand, Luna, et al.
(författare)
-
Olfactory sensitivity for sperm-attractant aromatic aldehydes: a comparative study in human subjects and spider monkeys
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Journal of Comparative Physiology A. - : Springer. - 0340-7594 .- 1432-1351. ; 197, s. 15-23
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a three-alternative forced-choice ascendingstaircase procedure, we determined olfactory detectionthresholds in 20 human subjects for seven aromatic aldehydesand compared them to those of four spider monkeystested in parallel using an operant conditioning paradigm.With all seven odorants, both species detected concentrations\1 ppm, and with several odorants single individualsof both species even discriminated concentrations\1 ppbfrom the solvent. No generalizable species differences inolfactory sensitivity were found despite marked differencesin neuroanatomical and genetic features. The acrossodorantpatterns of sensitivity correlated significantlybetween humans and spider monkeys, and both specieswere more sensitive to bourgeonal than to lilial, cyclamal,canthoxal, helional, lyral, and 3-phenylpropanal. No significantcorrelation between presence/absence of an oxygen-containing moiety attached to the benzene ring orpresence/absence of an additional alkyl group next to thefunctional aldehyde group, and olfactory sensitivity wasfound in any of the species. However, the presence of atertiary butyl group in para position (relative to the functionalaldehyde group) combined with a lack of an additionalalkyl group next to the functional aldehyde groupmay be responsible for the finding that both species weremost sensitive to bourgeonal.
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| 21. |
- Lahger, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Behavioral responses of CD-1 mice to conspecific and heterospecific blood odors and to a blood odor component
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Physiology and Behavior. - : Elsevier. - 0031-9384 .- 1873-507X. ; 184, s. 205-210
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The odor of blood may have both aversive and attractive properties for mammals, depending on the species of the odor donor and the species perceiving the odor. To better understand the informational content of blood odor for a prey species we assessed behavioral responses of male CD-1 mice (n = 60) to the odor of blood of same-sex and opposite-sex conspecifics, of a natural predator of mice (cat), and of a herbivore (horse) and an omnivore (human) non-predator of mice. Further, we assessed their behavior towards the mammalian blood odor component trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal which recent studies have shown to be as attractive to mammalian predators as the odor of real blood. A two-compartment test arena was used to record approach/avoidance behavior when the animals were presented with an odor in one compartment and a blank control in the other compartment. We found that both conspecific and heterospecific blood odors elicited significant avoidance behavior in the mice whereas a control odor (n-pentyl acetate) did not. The blood odor component trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal was also significantly avoided and thus appears to play an important role in the perception of mammalian blood odor in this prey species. These results support the notion that mammalian blood odor contains an olfactory warning signal which elicits an adaptive behavioral avoidance response in a prey species, the mouse. Our finding that the mice avoided the mammalian blood odor component trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal to the same degree as the odor of real blood suggests that this volatile compound might be (part of) this warning signal.
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| 22. |
- Larsson, Jenny, et al.
(författare)
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Gustatory responsiveness to the 20 proteinogenic amino acids in the spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi)
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Physiology and Behavior. - : Elsevier. - 0031-9384 .- 1873-507X. ; 127, s. 20-26
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The gustatory responsiveness of four adult spider monkeys to the 20 proteinogenic amino acids was assessed in two-bottle preference tests of brief duration (1 min). We found that Ateles geoffroyi responded with significant preferences for seven amino acids (glycine, l-proline, l-alanine, l-serine, l-glutamic acid, l-aspartic acid, and l-lysine) when presented at a concentration of 100 mM and/or 200 mM and tested against water. At the same concentrations, the animals significantly rejected five amino acids (l-tryptophan, l-tyrosine, l-valine, l-cysteine, and l-isoleucine) and were indifferent to the remaining tastants. Further, the results show that the spider monkeys discriminated concentrations as low as 0.2 mM l-lysine, 2 mM l-glutamic acid, 10 mM l-proline, 20 mM l-valine, 40 mM glycine, l-serine, and l-aspartic acid, and 80 mM l-alanine from the alternative stimulus, with individual animals even scoring lower threshold values. A comparison between the taste qualities of the proteinogenic amino acids as described by humans and the preferences and aversions observed in the spider monkeys suggests a fairly high degree of agreement in the taste quality perception of these tastants between the two species. A comparison between the taste preference thresholds obtained with the spider monkeys and taste detection thresholds reported in human subjects suggests that the taste sensitivity of A. geoffroyi for the amino acids tested here might match that of Homo sapiens. The results support the assumption that the taste responses of spider monkeys to proteinogenic amino acids might reflect an evolutionary adaptation to their frugivorous and thus protein-poor diet.
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| 23. |
- Larsson, Linda, et al.
(författare)
-
Ultra-high olfactory sensitivity for the human sperm-attractant aromaticaldehyde bourgeonal in CD-1 mice
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Neuroscience research. - : Elsevier Ireland Ltd and the Japan Neuroscience Society. - 0168-0102 .- 1872-8111. ; 71:4, s. 355-360
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent studies have shown that certain aromatic aldehydes are ligands for olfactory receptors expressedin mammalian sperm cells and induce sperm chemotaxis. Using a conditioning paradigm, the olfactorysensitivity of five CD-1 mice for seven aromatic aldehydes was investigated. With all seven stimuli, themice discriminated concentrations as low as 0.01 ppm (parts per million) from the solvent, and withbourgeonal the animals even detected concentrations as low as 0.1 ppq (parts per quadrillion) whichconstitutes the lowest olfactory detection threshold value reported in this species so far. The presence ofa tertiary butyl group in para-position (relative to the functional aldehyde group) combined with a lack ofan additional alkyl group next to the functional aldehyde group may be responsible for the extraordinarysensitivity of the mice for bourgeonal.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Laska, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
-
Gustatory Responsiveness to Six Bitter Tastants in Three Species of Nonhuman Primates
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Ecology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0098-0331 .- 1573-1561. ; 35, s. 560-571
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gustatory responsiveness of six adult squirrel monkeys, four spider monkeys, and five pigtail macaques to six bitter tastants was assessed in two-bottle preference tests of brief duration (2 min). Animals were given the choice between a 30-mM sucrose solution and defined concentrations of a bitter tastant dissolved in a 30-mM sucrose solution. With this procedure, Saimiri sciureus, Ateles geoffroyi, and Macaca nemestrina were found to significantly discriminate concentrations as low as 0.2, 0.05, and 0.1 mM quinine hydrochloride; 1, 1, and 0.05 mM caffeine; 20, 5, and 1 mM naringin; 5, 2, and 1 mM salicin; 0.01, 0.001, and 0.02 mM sucrose octaacetate; and 0.05, 0.01, and 0.5 mM denatonium benzoate, from the alternative stimulus. With the exception of naringin in the pigtail macaques, all three species rejected all suprathreshold concentrations of all bitter tastants tested. The spider monkeys and the pigtail macaques displayed the lowest taste avoidance thresholds with three of the six tastants each; in contrast, the squirrel monkeys displayed the highest taste avoidance thresholds with four of the six tastants. The across-tastant patterns of taste avoidance thresholds were identical in spider monkeys and squirrel monkeys; both species displayed the following order of sensitivity: sucrose octaacetate > denatonium benzoate > quinine hydrochloride > caffeine > salicin > naringin. All three primate species were more sensitive to the two artificial tastants (sucrose octaacetate and denatonium benzoate) compared to the four naturally occurring tastants. However, the concentrations detected by all three primate species with the four naturally occurring tastants are well below those reported in plants or arthropods consumed by these species suggesting that they may use bitterness as a criterion for food selection.
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| 26. |
- Laska, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
-
How Big is the Gap between Detection and Recognition of Aliphatic Aldehydes?
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press. - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 34:7, s. A108-A109
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- It is widely agreed that two different measures of olfactory sensitivity can be distinguished: a detection threshold, defined as the lowest concentration at which an odorant can be detected or discriminated from a blank stimulus, and a recognition threshold, defined as the lowest concentration at which an odorant can be assigned a recog- nizable quality or discriminated from another odorant. It is further widely agreed that the detection threshold is lower than the recog- nition threshold. Surprisingly few studies, however, have investi- gated the magnitude of the difference in concentration between olfactory detection and recognition thresholds. It was therefore the aim of the present study to determine olfactory detection thresh- olds for five aliphatic aldehydes (C4-C8) in a group of 16 human subjects, and to assess the ability of the same subjects to discrim- inate between the same odorants presented at different concentra- tions above their individual detection thresholds. We found that as a group the subjects significantly discriminated between 4 of the 10 odorant pairs when presented at a factor of 100, and 7 of the 10 odorant pairs when presented at a factor of 1000 above the individ- ual detection thresholds. The 3 remaining odorant pairs were not discriminated above chance level even when presented at a factor of 1000 above detection threshold. However, single subjects suc- cessfully discriminated between certain aldehyde pairs presented at a factor as low as 3 above detection threshold. Further, a signif- icant negative correlation between discrimination performance and structural similarity of the aldehydes tested was found. The results demonstrate that the gap between detection and recognition of aliphatic aldehydes is odorant pair-dependent but – at the grouplevel – spans at least a factor of 100.
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| 27. |
- Laska, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
-
How big is the gap between olfactory detection and recognition of aliphatic aldehydes?
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics. - - : The Psychonomic Society, Inc.. - 1943-393X. ; 72:3, s. 806-812
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to determine the magnitude of the difference in concentration between olfactory detection and recognition thresholds of aliphatic aldehydes. To this end, we first determined olfactory detection thresholds for n-butanal, n-pentanal, n-hexanal, n-heptanal, and n-octanal in a group of 16 subjects and then assessed their ability to discriminate between all possible binary pairs of the same odorants presented at different concentrations above their individual detection thresholds. We found that the gap between detection and recognition of aliphatic aldehydes is odorant pair dependent and, at the group level, spans at least a factor of 100. However, single subjects successfully discriminated between certain aldehyde pairs presented at a factor as low as 3 above detection threshold. Our approach to determining olfactory recognition thresholds, using a performance-based measure rather than verbal labeling, not only avoids the problem of semantic ambiguity and arguable criteria, but also is applicable to nonhuman species, allowing for interspecific comparisons of recognition thresholds and of the gap between detection and recognition of odorants. The raw discrimination data from this study are available as a supplement from http://app.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Laska, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
-
Olfaction in Nonhuman Primates
- 2015. - 3
-
Ingår i: Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 9781118139226 ; , s. 605-621
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 30. |
- Laska, Matthias, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
-
Olfactory discrimination ability of CD-1 mice for a large array of enantiomers
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Neuroscience. - : Elsevier BV. - 0306-4522 .- 1873-7544. ; 144:1, s. 295-301
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With use of a conditioning paradigm, the ability of eight CD-1 mice to distinguish between 15 enantiomeric odor pairs was investigated. The results demonstrate a) that CD-1 mice are capable of discriminating between all odor pairs tested, b) that the enantiomeric odor pairs clearly differed in their degree of discriminability and thus in their perceptual similarity, and c) that pre-training with the rewarded stimuli led to improved initial but not terminal or overall performance. A comparison between the proportion of discriminated enantiomeric odor pairs of the CD-1 mice and those of other species tested in earlier studies on the same discrimination tasks (or on subsets thereof) shows a significant positive correlation between discrimination performance and the number of functional olfactory receptor genes. These findings provide the first evidence of a highly developed ability of CD-1 mice to discriminate between an array of non-pheromonal chiral odorants. Further, they suggest that a species’ olfactory discrimination capabilities for these odorants may be correlated with its number of functional olfactory receptor genes. The data presented here may provide useful information for the interpretation of findings from electrophysiological or imaging studies in the mouse and the elucidation of odor structure-activity relationships.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Laska, Matthias
(författare)
-
Olfactory Discrimination Learning in an Outbred and an Inbred Strain of Mice.
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press. - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 40:7, s. 489-496
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study compared olfactory discrimination learning in CD-1 mice, a widely used outbred strain of mice with that of C57BL/6J mice, one of the most widely used inbred mouse strains. Using an automated olfactometer and a standard operant conditioning procedure, I found that CD-1 mice needed 60 trials to reach learning criterion in an initial 2-odor discrimination task. They improved in learning speed in subsequent discrimination tasks in which either the rewarded or the unrewarded stimulus was replaced for a new stimulus. C57BL/6J mice, in contrast, needed 120 trials to reach learning criterion in an initial 2-odor discrimination task and also needed significantly more trials than the CD-1 mice in 3 of the 4 subsequent discrimination tasks. Further, the results showed that discrimination learning performance of both mouse strains was largely unaffected by the odor stimuli used. The results of the present study demonstrate differences between an outbred and an inbred strain of mice with regard to odor discrimination learning, a classical measure of cognitive performance in comparative psychology. Thus, they emphasize the need to be careful with generalizing statements as to cognitive or sensory abilities of Mus musculus when inbred strains of mice are used.
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| 33. |
- Laska, Matthias, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
-
Olfactory discrimination of aliphatic odorants at 1 ppm : Too easy for CD-1 mice to show odor structure-activity relationships?
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Journal of Comparative Physiology A. Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0340-7594 .- 1432-1351. ; 194:11, s. 971-980
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using an operant conditioning paradigm we tested the ability of CD-1 mice to discriminate between 25 odorants comprising members of five homologous series of aliphatic odorants (C4-C8) presented at a gas phase concentration of 1 ppm. We found (a) that all mice significantly discriminated between all 50 stimulus pairs that involved odorants sharing the same functional group, but differing in carbon chain length, as well as between all 50 stimulus pairs that involved odorants sharing the same carbon chain length but differing in functional group, (b) a significant negative correlation between discrimination performance and structural similarity of odorants in terms of differences in carbon chain length with the acetic esters and the 2-ketones, but not with the 1-alcohols, n-aldehydes, and n-carboxylic acids tested, and (c) that odorant pairs differing in functional group were significantly better discriminated than odorant pairs differing in carbon chain length. These findings demonstrate that CD-1 mice have excellent discrimination ability for structurally related aliphatic odorants, that correlations between discrimination performance and structural similarity of odorants are odorant class-specific rather than a general phenomenon, and that both carbon chain length and type of functional group play an important role for odor quality coding in mice. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.
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| 34. |
- Laska, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
-
Olfactory Discrimination of Aliphatic Odorants at 1 PPM - Too Easy for Mice to Show Odor Structure-Activity Relationships?
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press. - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 33:8, s. S158-S158
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Functional studies suggest that the neural representations of odorants vary systematically as a function of molecular structural features such as carbon chain length or functional group. Psychophysical studies in both humans and animal models have reported some correlations between perceived odor quality and these molecular properties but the generality of such correlations is unknown. Using an operant conditioning paradigm we therefore tested the ability of CD-1 mice to discriminate between 25 odorants comprising members of five homologous series of aliphatic odorants (C4-C8) presented at a gas phase concentration of 1 ppm. We found a) that all mice significantly discriminated between all 50 stimulus pairs that involved odorants sharing the same functional group, but differing in carbon chain length, as well as between all 50 stimulus pairs that involved odorants sharing the same carbon chain length but differing in functional group, b) a significant negative cor- relation between discrimination performance and structural similarity of odorants in terms of differences in carbon chain length with the acetic esters and the 2-ketones, but not with the 1-alcohols, n-aldehydes, and n-carbox- ylic acids tested, c) a lack of systematic differences in discrimination per- formance as a function of type of functional group, and d) that presentation of stimuli at 0.1 ppm did not impair discrimination perform- ance. These findings demonstrate that CD-1 mice have an excellent discrim- ination ability for structurally related aliphatic odorants. Given that olfactory discrimination performance critically depends on stimulus concen- tration, it may be that presentation of odorants at 1 ppm was too easy (that is: too high above detection threshold) for the mice to show consistent odorstructure-activity relationships.
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| 35. |
- Laska, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
-
Olfactory Discrimination of Aliphatic Odorants in South African Fur Seals (Arctocephalus pusillus)
- 2010
-
Ingår i: JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY. - : American Psychological Association. - 0735-7036 .- 1939-2087. ; 124:2, s. 187-193
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a food-rewarded, two-choice, instrumental conditioning paradigm we assessed the ability of South African fur seals, Arctocephalus pusillus, to discriminate between members of five chemical classes of aliphatic odorants presumed to differ in their abundance in the marine chemical environment. We found that the fur seals were able to distinguish between 24 of the 25 odor pairs presented and thus have a well-developed ability to discriminate between structurally related odorants, that aliphatic n-acetic esters were significantly more poorly discriminated by the fur seals than aliphatic n-aldehydes and n-carboxylic acids, and a lack of correlations between discrimination performance and structural similarity of odorants in terms of differences in carbon chain length. These results suggest that the sense of smell may play an important and hitherto underestimated role in regulating the behavior of fur seals. Further, they support the notion that regular connections between the perceived quality of odorants and their molecular structural properties are not a general phenomenon but appear to be odorant class- and species-specific. Our data support the hypothesis that a species chemical environment may affect its olfactory capabilities.
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| 36. |
- Laska, Matthias
(författare)
-
Olfactory Perception of 6 Amino Acids by Human Subject
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - - : Oxford University Press. - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 35:4, s. 279-287
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The olfactory properties of 6 amino acids were assessed in 20 human subjects using psychophysical tests of detectability,discriminability, and chemesthesis. Mean olfactory detection thresholds were found to be 10 lM for D-methionine, 80 lM forL-methionine, 200 lM for L-cysteine, 220 lM for D-cysteine, 75 mM for D-proline, and 100 mM for L-proline. When presentedat clearly detectable and intensity-matched concentrations, the subjects readily discriminated between the odors of the L-formsof cysteine, methionine, and proline, whereas they failed to distinguish between the L- and D-forms of a given amino acid. Thesubjects also failed in localizing the side of monorhinal stimulation with all 6 amino acids when presented at the sameconcentrations as in the discrimination tasks. These results suggest that amino acids may contribute to the flavor of food notonly as taste stimuli but also as olfactory stimuli perceived via ortho- or retronasal smelling. In contrast, it is unlikely that aminoacids contribute to flavor perception via chemesthesis. Given that the odors of 4 of the 6 amino acids tested here weredetected at concentrations lower than their corresponding taste detection thresholds, this may have important implications forthe widespread use of amino acids as food additives as well as for the evaluation of off-flavors caused by amino acids.
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| 37. |
- Laska, Matthias
(författare)
-
Olfactory Sensitivity and Odor Structure–Activity Relationships for Aliphatic Ketones in CD-1 Mice
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press. - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 39:5, s. 415-424
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a conditioning paradigm, the olfactory sensitivity of CD-1 mice for a homologous series of aliphatic 2-ketones(2-butanone to 2-nonanone) and several of their isomeric forms was investigated. With all 11 odorants, the animalssignificantly discriminated concentrations as low as 0.01 ppm (parts per million) from the solvent, and with two odorants(2-octanone and 5-nonanone), the best-scoring animals even detected concentrations as low as 3 ppt (parts per trillion).Analysis of odor structure–activity relationships showed that the correlation between olfactory detection thresholds of themice for the 2-ketones and carbon chain length can best be described as a U-shaped function with the lowest thresholdvalues at 2-octanone. Similarly, the correlation between olfactory sensitivity and carbon chain length of symmetricalketones (3-pentanone to 6-undecanone) can best be described as a U-shaped function. In contrast, no significantcorrelation was found between olfactory detection thresholds of the mice and position of the functional carbonyl groupattached to a C7 backbone. A comparison between the olfactory detection thresholds obtained here with those obtainedin earlier studies suggests that mice are significantly more sensitive for 2-ketones than for n-carboxylic acids of the samecarbon chain length. Across-species comparisons suggest that mice are significantly more sensitive for aliphatic ketonesthan squirrel monkeys and pigtail macaques, whereas the ranges of human olfactory detection threshold values overlapwith those of the mice with seven of the 11 ketones tested. Further comparisons suggest that odor structure–activityrelationships are both substance class and species specific.
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| 38. |
- Laska, Matthias, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
-
Olfactory Sensitivity for Aliphatic Alcohols and Aldehydes in Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)
- 2006
-
Ingår i: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. - : Wiley. - 0002-9483 .- 1096-8644. ; 129, s. 112-120
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A simple and general method for the preparation of ultrathin, large-area, free-standing films of nanofibrous composite materials was developed. First, positively charged cadmium hydroxide nanostrands of 1.9 nm in diameter and micrometers in length were prepared by mixing dilute aqueous solutions of cadmium chloride and aminoethanol. Negatively charged dye molecules, proteins, nanoparticles, and watersoluble fullerene or carbon nanotubes were mixed with the nanostrands to give a well-dispersed solution of the corresponding nanofibrous composites. After filtration of the dispersions with a polycarbonate membrane filter, uniform films with a thickness of a few tens to hundreds of nanometers and a diameter of a few centimeters were obtained. The films were readily peeled off from the membrane filter by immersion in ethanol. The resultant free-standing films could be further transferred to other substrates, such as quartz plate, gold electrode, and porous alumina membrane, and were characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopies. We provide herein various nanofibrous free-standing films with optical, biological, metallic, and magnetic properties.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Laska, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
-
Olfactory sensitivity for alkylpyrazines - A comparative study in CD-1 mice and spider monkeys
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A: Ecological Genetics and Physiology. - : Wiley. - 1932-5223 .- 1932-5231. ; 311:4, s. 278-288
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a conditioning paradigm, the olfactory sensitivity of four CD-1 mice for six alkylpyrazines was investigated. With all six stimuli, the animals discriminated concentrations =0.1 ppm (parts per million) from the odorless solvent, and with three of the six stimuli the animals were even able to detect concentrations =0.1 ppb (parts per billion). Four spider monkeys tested in parallel were found to detect five of the same six stimuli at concentrations less than1ppm and with one stimulus they were able to discriminate concentrations =1ppb from the solvent. The results showed CD-1 mice to be more sensitive than spider monkeys with five of the six alkylpyrazines tested. There was a significant positive correlation between sensitivity and the number of alkyl groups attached to the pyrazine (Pyr) ring in both species. A comparison of the detection thresholds obtained here to those obtained in human subjects suggests that neither the number of functional olfactory receptor genes nor the absolute or the relative size of the olfactory bulbs reliably predict a species olfactory sensitivity. These threshold data may provide useful information for the choice of adequate stimulus concentrations in electrophysiological or imaging studies of the olfactory system or investigations of the discriminative abilities of mice and spider monkeys.
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| 41. |
- Laska, Matthias, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
-
Olfactory sensitivity for putrefaction-associated thiols and indols in three species of non-human primate
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Biology. - : The Company of Biologists. - 0022-0949 .- 1477-9145. ; 210:23, s. 4169-4178
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a conditioning paradigm, the olfactory sensitivity of four spider monkeys, three squirrel monkeys and three pigtail macaques to four thiols and two indols, substances characteristic of putrefaction processes and faecal odours, was assessed. With all odorants, the animals significantly discriminated concentrations below 1 p.p.m. (part per million) from the odourless solvent, and in several cases individual animals even demonstrated thresholds below 1 p.p.t. (part per trillion). The detection thresholds of 0.03 p.p.t. for indol in Saimiri sciureus and Macaca nemestrina and 0.96 p.p.t. for ethanethiol in Ateles geoffroyi represent the lowest values among the more than 50 odorants tested so far with these species and are in the same order of magnitude as the lowest detection thresholds reported so far in the rat and the mouse. The results showed (a) all three species of non-human primate to have a highly developed olfactory sensitivity for putrefaction-associated odorants, and (b) a significant correlation between perceptibility in terms of olfactory detection threshold and carbon chain length of the thiols, and a marked effect of the presence vs absence of a methyl group on perceptibility of the indols tested in two of the three species. The results support the hypotheses that (a) between-species differences in neuroanatomical or genetic features may not be indicative of olfactory sensitivity, and (b) within-species differences in olfactory sensitivity may reflect differences in the behavioural relevance of odorants.
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| 42. |
- Laska, Matthias, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
-
Self-anointing behavior in free-ranging spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) in Mexico
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Primates. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0032-8332 .- 1610-7365. ; 48:2, s. 160-163
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During 250 h of observation, a total of 20 episodes of self-anointing, that is, the application of scent-bearing material onto the body, were recorded in a group of free-ranging Mexican spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). The animals used the leaves of three species of plants (Brongniartia alamosana, Fabaceae; Cecropia obtusifolia, Cecropiaceae; and Apium graveolens, Umbelliferae) two of which have not been reported so far in this context in any New World primate species. The findings that only two males displayed self-anointing, that only the sternal and axillary regions of the body were rubbed with the mix of saliva and plant material, and a lack of correlation between the occurrence of self-anointing and time of day, season of the year, ambient temperature or humidity do not fit the hypothesis that this behavior functions in repelling insects and/or mitigating topical skin infections in this species. Rather, the data and the observation that the leaves of all three plant species spread an intensive and aromatic odor when crushed, support the hypothesis that self-anointing in A. geoffroyi may play a role in the context of social communication, possibly for signaling of social status or to increase sexual attractiveness.
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| 43. |
- Laska, Matthias, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Sex-Specific Differences in Olfactory Sensitivity for Putative Human Pheromones in Nonhuman Primates
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of comparative psychology (1983). - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0735-7036 .- 1939-2087. ; 120:2, s. 106-112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In humans, the volatile C19-steroids androsta-4,16-dien-3-one (AND) and estra-1,3,5(10),16-tetraen-3-ol (EST) have been shown to modulate autonomic nervous system responses, and to cause hypothalamic activation in a gender-specific manner. Using two conditioning paradigms, the authors here show that pigtail macaques and squirrel monkeys of both sexes were able to detect AND and EST at concentrations in the micromolar and mM range, respectively. Male and female spider monkeys, in contrast, differed markedly in their sensitivity to these two odorous steroids, with males not showing any behavioral responses to the highest concentrations of AND tested and females not responding to the highest concentrations of EST. These data provide the first examples of sex-specific bimodal distributions of olfactory sensitivity in a nonhuman primate species.
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| 44. |
- Laska, Matthias, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Successful acquisition of an olfactory discrimination paradigm by South African fur seals, Arctocephalus pusillus
- 2008
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Ingår i: Physiology and Behavior. - : Elsevier BV. - 0031-9384 .- 1873-507X. ; 93:4-5, s. 1033-1038
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study demonstrates that South African fur seals, Arctocephalus pusillus, can successfully be trained to discriminate between objects on the basis of odor cues. Using a task based on a food-rewarded two-choice discrimination of simultaneously presented odor stimuli the animals acquired the basic operant conditioning paradigm within 480 to 880 stimulus contacts. Moreover, the fur seals could readily transfer to new S+ and S- stimuli, were capable of distinguishing between fish- and non-fish odors as well as between two fish odors, and were able to remember the reward value of previously learned odor stimuli even after 2- and 15-week breaks. The precision and consistency of the fur seals' performance in tests of discrimination ability and memory demonstrate the suitability of this paradigm for assessing olfactory function in this pinniped. An across-species comparison of several measures of olfactory learning capabilities such as speed of initial task acquisition and ability to master transfer tasks shows that A. pusillus is similar in performance to non-human primates, but inferior to rodents such as mice and rats. The results support the assumption that fur seals may use olfactory cues for social communication and food selection and that the sense of smell may play an hitherto underestimated role in the control of their behavior. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 45. |
- Laska, Matthias, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
-
Taste difference thresholds for monosodium glutamate and sodium chloride in pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) and spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)
- 2008
-
Ingår i: American Journal of Primatology. - : Wiley. - 0275-2565 .- 1098-2345. ; 70:8, s. 839-847
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this study was to determine taste difference thresholds for monosodium glutamate (MSG) and sodium chloride (NaCl) in pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) and spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Using a two-bottle preference test of brief duration, three animals of each species were presented with four different reference concentrations of 50, 100, 200, and 400 mM of a tastant and tested for their ability to discriminate these from lower concentrations of the same tastant. The just noticeable differences (JNDs), expressed as Weber ratios (ΔI/I), were found to range from 0.1 to 0.5 for MSG and 0.2 to 0.45 for NaCl in the pigtail macaques, with a significant tendency for higher Weber ratios with higher reference concentrations. In the spider monkeys, JNDs ranged from 0.15 to 0.4 for MSG and 0.1 to 0.25 for NaCl, with Weber ratios staying fairly constant across the reference concentrations tested. Thus, the JNDs were found to be generally similar in both species and to be at least as low as those found in humans for MSG and NaCl, as well as those found in spider monkeys for sucrose. The results support the assumption that both pigtail macaques and spider monkeys may use differences in perceived intensity of MSG and NaCl as a criterion for food selection. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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| 46. |
- Laska, Matthias, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
-
The Frequency of Occurrence of Acyclic Monoterpene Alcohols in the Chemical Environment does not Determine Olfactory Sensitivity in Nonhuman Primates
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Ecology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0098-0331 .- 1573-1561. ; 32:6, s. 1317-1331
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a conditioning paradigm, the olfactory sensitivity of five spider monkeys, three squirrel monkeys, and three pigtail macaques for six acyclic monoterpene alcohols that differ markedly in their frequency of occurrence in plant odors was assessed. The results showed that: (1) all three primate species have a well-developed olfactory sensitivity for acyclic monoterpene alcohols; (2) squirrel monkeys are significantly more sensitive for members of this class of odorants than the other two species and are able to detect all six odorants at concentrations below 0.1 ppm; and (3) there is a lack of positive correlations between olfactory sensitivity and the abundance of the acyclic monoterpene alcohols in flower odors and etheric oils. The results lend support to the growing body of evidence that suggests between-species comparisons of the number of functional olfactory receptor genes or of neuroanatomical features are poor predictors of olfactory performance. The findings do not support the hypothesis that olfactory sensitivity for members of a chemical class may be related to the frequency of occurrence of such odorants in a species' chemical environment.
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| 47. |
- Laska, Matthias
(författare)
-
The Human Sense of Smell - Our Noses are Much Better that We Think!
- 2011
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Ingår i: Senses and the City. - Wien : Lit Verlag. - 9783643502483 ; , s. 145-153
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The papers collected in this volume discuss the sensory dimension of cityscapes, with focus on touch and smell. Both have been traditionally considered "lower senses" and thus unworthy of being cultivated - objects of social prohibitions and targets of suppressing strategies in modern architecture and city planning. The book brings together approaches from anthropology, aesthetics, the theory of architecture, art and design research, psychophysiology, ethology, analytic chemistry, etc. (Series: Austria: Forschung und Wissenschaft - Interdisziplinar - Vol. 4)
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| 48. |
- Laska, Matthias, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
-
Which senses play a role in nonhuman primate food selection ? A comparison between squirrel monkeys and spider monkeys
- 2007
-
Ingår i: American Journal of Primatology. - : Wiley. - 0275-2565 .- 1098-2345. ; 69:3, s. 282-294
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to optimize foraging efficiency and avoid toxicosis, animals must be able to detect, discriminate, and learn about the predictive signals of potential food. Primates are typically regarded as animals that rely mainly on their highly developed visual systems, and little is known about the role that the other senses may play in food selection. It was therefore the aim of the present study to assess which senses are involved in the evaluation of food by two species of New World primates: the squirrel monkey and the spider monkey. To this end, six animals per species were repeatedly presented with both familiar and novel food items, and their behavior was videotaped and analyzed. To obtain a further indication of the relative importance of visual and chemosensory cues, the animals were also presented with familiar food items that were experimentally modified in color, odor, or both color and odor. The results demonstrate that squirrel monkeys and spider monkeys use olfactory, gustatory, and tactile cues in addition to visual information to evaluate novel food, whereas they mainly inspect familiar food items visually prior to consumption. Our findings also show that in both species the use of nonvisual cues decreased rapidly with repeated presentations of novel food, suggesting a fast multimodal learning process. Further, the two species clearly differ in their relative use of nonvisual cues when evaluating novel or modified food, with spider monkeys relying more on olfactory cues than squirrel monkeys, and squirrel monkeys relying more on tactile cues compared to spider monkeys.
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| 49. |
- Linander, Nellie, et al.
(författare)
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Olfactory Detectability of L-Amino Acids in the European Honeybee (Apis mellifera)
- 2012
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Ingår i: Chemical Senses. - : Oxford University Press. - 0379-864X .- 1464-3553. ; 37:7, s. 631-638
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The honeybee is one of several insect model systems for the study of olfaction, yet our knowledge regarding the spectrum ofodorants detectable by Apis mellifera is limited. One class of odorants that has never been tested so far are the amino acids,which are important constituents of floral nectar. Using the proboscis extension response paradigm, we assessed whether theodor of amino acids is detectable for honeybees and determined olfactory detection thresholds for those amino acids that weredetectable. We found that honeybees are able to detect the odor of 5 of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids when presented ata concentration of 50 or 100 mM. Median olfactory detection thresholds for these 5 amino acids were 12.5 mM with L-tyrosineand L-cysteine, 50 mM with L-tryptophan and L-asparagine, and 100 mM with L-proline. All detection thresholds were muchhigher than reported concentrations of amino acids in floral nectars. We conclude that in the foraging and feeding context,honeybees are likely to detect amino acids through taste rather than olfaction. Across-species comparisons of the detectabilityof and sensitivity to amino acids suggest that the number of functional genes coding for olfactory receptors may affect botha species’ sensitivity for odorants and the breadth of its spectrum of detectable odorants.
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| 50. |
- Løtvedt, Pia Katrine, et al.
(författare)
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Olfactory sensitivity for "green odors" (Aliphatic C6 Alcohols and C6 aldehydes) - A comparative study in male CD-1 mice (Mus musculus) and female spides monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior. - : Elsevier. - 0091-3057 .- 1873-5177. ; 101:3, s. 450-457
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using a conditioning paradigm, the olfactory sensitivity of six male CD-1 mice for “green odors”, a group of eightstructurally related aliphatic C6 alcohols and aldehydes known to exert anxiolytic and stress-reducing effects,was investigated. With all eight stimuli, the animals discriminated concentrations!0.03 ppm(parts per million)from the solvent, and with three of the eight stimuli the best-scoring animals were even able to detect concen-trations !0.03 ppb (parts per billion). Three female spider monkeys tested in parallel were found to detect thesame eight stimuli at concentrations b1 ppm, and with six of the eight stimuli the best-scoring animals detectedconcentrations !0.1 ppm. Analysis of odor structure–activity relationships showed that in both species the typeof functional group attached to the aliphatic C6 backbone of the odorant molecules systematically affected theirolfactory sensitivity whereas the presence/absence of a double bond did not. In the mice, but not in the spidermonkeys, the position of a double bond and the cis/trans-configuration of the odorant molecules also had a sys-tematic effect on detectability of the “green odors”. A comparison of the detection thresholds between the twospecies tested here and those obtained in human subjects suggests that the number of functional olfactory recep-tor genes is a poor predictor of a species' olfactory sensitivity for “green odors”.
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