1. |
- Zamora, Juan Carlos, et al.
(författare)
-
Considerations and consequences of allowing DNA sequence data as types of fungal taxa
- 2018
-
Ingår i: IMA Fungus. - : INT MYCOLOGICAL ASSOC. - 2210-6340 .- 2210-6359. ; 9:1, s. 167-185
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.
|
|
2. |
- Alijanpourotaghsara, Amirreza, et al.
(författare)
-
Genetic and Environmental Effects on the Development of White Matter Hyperintensities in a Middle Age Twin Population
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Medicina. - : MDPI. - 1010-660X .- 1648-9144. ; 58:10
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction: White matter hyperintensities (WMH) indicate white matter brain lesions in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which can be used as a marker for brain aging and cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. Twin studies revealed substantial but not uniform WMH heritability in elderly twins. The objective of our study was to investigate the genetic and environmental components of WMH, as well as their importance in a healthy twin population, utilizing 3T MRI scanners in a middle-aged twin population.Methods: Brain MRI was performed on 120 healthy adult twins from the Hungarian Twin Registry on a 3T scanner (86 monozygotic, MZ and 34 dizygotic, DZ twins; median age 50 ± 26.5 years, 72.5% female and 27.5% male). The count of WMH on FLAIR images was calculated using an automated volumetry pipeline (volBrain) and human processing. The age- and sex-adjusted MZ and DZ intra-pair correlations were determined and the total variance was decomposed into genetic, shared and unique environmental components using structural equation modeling.Results: Age and sex-adjusted MZ intrapair correlations were higher than DZ correlations, indicating moderate genetic influence in each lesion (rMZ = 0.466, rDZ = -0.025 for total count; rMZ = 0.482, rDZ = 0.093 for deep white matter count; rMZ = 0.739, rDZ = 0.39 for infratentorial count; rMZ = 0.573, rDZ = 0.372 for cerebellar count and rMZ = 0.473, rDZ = 0.19 for periventricular count), indicating a moderate heritability (A = 40.3%, A = 45%, A = 72.7% and A = 55.5%and 47.2%, respectively). The rest of the variance was influenced by unique environmental effects (E between 27.3% and 59.7%, respectively). Conclusions: The number of WMH lesions is moderately influenced by genetic effects, particularly in the infratentorial region in middle-aged twins. These results suggest that the distribution of WMH in various brain regions is heterogeneous.
|
|
3. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
-
Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
|
|
4. |
- Strelnikov, David, et al.
(författare)
-
Heritability of Subcortical Grey Matter Structures
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Medicina. - : MDPI. - 1010-660X .- 1648-9144. ; 58:11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background and Objectives: Subcortical grey matter structures play essential roles in cognitive, affective, social, and motoric functions in humans. Their volume changes with age, and decreased volumes have been linked with many neuropsychiatric disorders. The aim of our study was to examine the heritability of six subcortical brain volumes (the amygdala, caudate nucleus, pallidum, putamen, thalamus, and nucleus accumbens) and four general brain volumes (the total intra-cranial volume and the grey matter, white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume) in twins.Materials and Methods: A total of 118 healthy adult twins from the Hungarian Twin Registry (86 monozygotic and 32 dizygotic; median age 50 ± 27 years) underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging. Two automated volumetry pipelines, Computational Anatomy Toolbox 12 (CAT12) and volBrain, were used to calculate the subcortical and general brain volumes from three-dimensional T1-weighted images. Age- and sex-adjusted monozygotic and dizygotic intra-pair correlations were calculated, and the univariate ACE model was applied. Pearson's correlation test was used to compare the results obtained by the two pipelines.Results: The age- and sex-adjusted heritability estimates, using CAT12 for the amygdala, caudate nucleus, pallidum, putamen, and nucleus accumbens, were between 0.75 and 0.95. The thalamus volume was more strongly influenced by common environmental factors (C = 0.45-0.73). The heritability estimates, using volBrain, were between 0.69 and 0.92 for the nucleus accumbens, pallidum, putamen, right amygdala, and caudate nucleus. The left amygdala and thalamus were more strongly influenced by common environmental factors (C = 0.72-0.85). A strong correlation between CAT12 and volBrain (r = 0.74-0.94) was obtained for all volumes.Conclusions: The majority of examined subcortical volumes appeared to be strongly heritable. The thalamus was more strongly influenced by common environmental factors when investigated with both segmentation methods. Our results underline the importance of identifying the relevant genes responsible for variations in the subcortical structure volume and associated diseases.
|
|
5. |
- Brasko, Csilla, et al.
(författare)
-
Intelligent image-based in situ single-cell isolation
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2041-1723. ; 9
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quantifying heterogeneities within cell populations is important for many fields including cancer research and neurobiology; however, techniques to isolate individual cells are limited. Here, we describe a high-throughput, non-disruptive, and cost-effective isolation method that is capable of capturing individually targeted cells using widely available techniques. Using high-resolution microscopy, laser microcapture microscopy, image analysis, and machine learning, our technology enables scalable molecular genetic analysis of single cells, targetable by morphology or location within the sample.
|
|
6. |
- Harsanyi, Anett, et al.
(författare)
-
Alterations of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase quantity and lipid composition in etiolated barley seedlings infected by Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV)
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Molecular Plant Pathology. - : Wiley. - 1464-6722 .- 1364-3703. ; 7:6, s. 533-541
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To understand the phenomenon by which infection of seed-transmitted Barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) alters membrane structures and inhibits protochlorophyllide biosynthesis of dark-grown barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants, we analysed the presence of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR, EC 1.3.1.33) and the galactolipid content and fatty acid composition. The amount of POR in etioplasts of infected leaves, compared with non-infected leaves, was reduced, as measured by immunoelectron microscopy and Western blot. These results are in agreement with the previously described reduction of the ratio of the photoactive 650 nm to non-photoactive 630 nm absorbing protochlorophyllide forms (Harsányi et al., 2002. Physiol. Plant 114, 149155). The galactolipid content was lower in infected leaves. Monogalactosyl-diacylglycerol (MGDG) content was reduced to 40% and digalactosyl-diacylglycerol to 55% of control plants on a fresh weight basis. In infected plants, the proportion of linolenic acid decreased in both galactolipids. The lower amount of highly unsaturated fatty acids and the reduced abundance of MGDG correlated well with the previously detected reduction in the membrane ratio of prolamellar body (PLB) to prothylakoid (Harsányi et al., 2002. Physiol. Plant 114, 149155). The reduced amount of POR and the above described alterations in the lipid composition resulted in a disturbed structure of PLBs. As a consequence, pigment synthesis and the greening process were inhibited in infected cells, in turn explaining the appearance of chlorotic stripes of BSMV-infected barley leaves. Our results show that BSMV infection can be detected at a very early stage of leaf development.
|
|
7. |
- Horváth, László, et al.
(författare)
-
Precipitation and Characterization of Two Novel Aluminum Hydroxo Phthalates Formed in the Presence of Silicic Acid
- 2004
-
Ingår i: CROATICA CHEMICA ACTA. - 0011-1643. ; 77:3, s. 469-76
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present work, performed at constant ionic strength of 0.6 mol dm(-3) NaCl at 25 degreesC, is a continuation of long-term studies of the conditions necessary for initial clay formation in model systems containing organic acids, Al and Si. Solid phases and the precipitation boundary characterizing the system H+-Al3+-phthalic acid (H2L)-silicic acid were determined and compared with the previously found compound Al-2(OH)(4)L (-) 4H(2)O (A) of a monoclinic unit cell, which was formed in the absence of Si. Addition of Si induced precipitation of two novel compounds (B and C) of the orthorhombic unit cell. Compound B was formed at a low L/Al ratio (R less than or equal to 2) and was of variable composition: AlxSi1.450-0.725 (OH)(3.8+/-0.1x) L(.)6H(2)O. It was found by calculation that at R less than or equal to 2 the end member with x = 2, Al-2(OH)(4)L (.) 6H(2)O, determined the precipitation boundary. Compound C formed at R > 2 had the constant composition Al(OH)L (.) 3H(2)O. Formation constants beta(p,q,r) were determined for the general equation pH(+) + qAl(3+) + rL(2-) --> HpAlqLr. The obtained values for compounds B and C are: log beta(-4, 2, 1) = -7.40+/-0.10 and log beta (-1, 1, 1) = 1.55 +/- 0.05, respectively. In addition to chemical analysis, thermogravimetry (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), solid state Al-27 MAS NMR, Si-29 MAS NMR and Na-23 MAS NMR techniques were used for better characterization of solids and to detect possible impurities in them. Aluminum was found to be hexa-coordinated in all compounds. The IR spectra suggest that the phthalate ion acted as a bidendate ligand, bridging two aluminum atoms in solids B and C.
|
|
8. |
- Huang, Shuo, et al.
(författare)
-
Combinatorial design of partial ordered Al-Cr-Mn-Co medium-entropy alloys for room temperature magnetic refrigeration applications
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 123:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Multi-component alloys have received increasing interest for functional applications in recent years. Here, we explore the magnetocaloric response for Al-Cr-Mn-Co medium-entropy alloys by integrated theoretical and experimental methods. Under the guidance of thermodynamic and ab initio calculations, a dual-phase system with large magnetic moment, i.e., Al50Cr19Mn19Co12, is synthesized, and the structural and magnetocaloric properties are confirmed via characterization. The obtained results indicate that the selected alloy exhibits a co-continuous mixture of a disordered body-centered cubic and an ordered B2 phase. The ab initio and Monte Carlo calculations indicate that the presence of the ordered B2 phase is responsible for the substantial magnetocaloric effect. The magnetization measurements demonstrated that this alloy undergoes a second-order magnetic transition with the Curie temperature of similar to 300 K. The magnetocaloric properties are examined using magnetic entropy change, refrigeration capacity, and adiabatic temperature change. The property-directed strategy explored here is intended to contribute to the study of potential multi-component alloys in magnetocaloric applications.
|
|
9. |
- Krege, Susanne, et al.
(författare)
-
European consensus conference on diagnosis and treatment of germ cell cancer: A report of the second meeting of the European Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group (EGCCCG): Part I
- 2008
-
Ingår i: European Urology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-7560 .- 0302-2838. ; 53:3, s. 478-496
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The first consensus report presented by the European Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Group (EGCCCG) in the year 2004 has found widespread approval by many colleagues throughout the world. In November 2006, the group met a second time under the auspices of the Department of Urology of the Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Methods: Medical oncologists, urological surgeons, radiation oncologists as well as pathologists from several European countries reviewed and discussed the data that had emerged since the 2002 conference, and incorporated the new data into updated and revised guidelines. As for the first meeting, the methodology of evidence-based medicine (EBM) was applied. The results of the discussion were compiled by the writing committee. All participants have agreed to this final update. Results: The first part of the consensus paper describes the clinical presentation of the primary tumor, its treatment, the importance and treatment of testicular intraepithelial neoplasia (TIN), histological classification, staging and prognostic factors, and treatment of stage I seminoma and non-seminoma. Conclusions: Whereas the vast majority of the recommendations made in 2004 remain valid 3 yr later, refinements in the treatment of early- and advanced-stage testicular cancer have emerged from clinical trials. Despite technical improvements, expert clinical skills will continue to be one of the major determinants for the prognosis of patients with germ cell cancer. In addition, the particular needs of testicular cancer survivors have been acknowledged. (C) 2007 European Association of Urology. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
|
|
10. |
|
|
11. |
|
|
12. |
- Nagy, István, et al.
(författare)
-
Propionibacterium acnes and lipopolysaccharide induce the expression of antimicrobial peptides and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in human sebocytes.
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Microbes and infection. - : Elsevier BV. - 1286-4579 .- 1769-714X. ; 8:8, s. 2195-205
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Acne is a common skin disorder of the pilosebaceous unit. In addition to genetic, hormonal and environmental factors, abnormal colonization by Propionibacterium acnes has been implicated in the occurrence of acne via the induction of inflammatory mediators. To gain more insight into the role that sebocytes play in the innate immune response of the skin, particularly in acne, we compared the antimicrobial peptide and proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression at mRNA and protein levels, as well as the viability and differentiation of SZ95 sebocytes in response to co-culture with representative isolates of P. acnes type IA and type IB as well as Escherichia coli-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that, in vitro, P. acnes type IA and IB isolates and LPS induced human beta-defensin-2 and proinflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression, and influenced sebocyte viability and differentiation. Our results provide evidence that sebocytes are capable of producing proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines and antimicrobial peptides, which may have a role in acne pathogenesis. Furthermore, since P. acnes types IA and IB differentially affect both the differentiation and viability of sebocytes, our data demonstrate that different strains of P. acnes vary in their capacity to stimulate an inflammatory response within the pilosebaceous follicle.
|
|
13. |
- Pivarcsi, Andor, et al.
(författare)
-
Differentiation-regulated expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in HaCaT keratinocytes.
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Archives of Dermatological Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0340-3696 .- 1432-069X. ; 296:3, s. 120-4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in the recognition of pathogens in keratinocytes. In this study, we investigated whether the differentiation state of HaCaT keratinocytes correlates with the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 genes. The expression levels of TLR2 and TLR4 in a HaCaT differentiation model system were determined using quantitative real-time RT-PCR (Q-RT-PCR) and flow cytometry. The progression of keratinocyte differentiation was monitored by determining the level of involucrin gene expression using Q-RT-PCR. The expression levels of TLR2 and TLR4 increased with the stage of differentiation and there were strong correlations between the expression level of the involucrin gene and those of the TLR2 gene ( r=0.809, P<0.0001) and the TLR4 gene ( r=0.568, P<0.02). Increased cell surface expression of TLR2 and TLR4 was also found in differentiated HaCaT keratinocytes by flow cytometric analysis. Our findings suggest that upregulation of TLR expression during differentiation in keratinocytes could be a part of the differentiation process of keratinocytes and could have biological significance in protecting skin against microbes.
|
|
14. |
- Pivarcsi, Andor, et al.
(författare)
-
Expression and function of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in human keratinocytes.
- 2003
-
Ingår i: International Immunology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0953-8178 .- 1460-2377. ; 15:6, s. 721-30
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Keratinocytes have the ability to kill pathogenic fungi and bacteria by producing antimicrobial substances. Recent studies suggest that microbial components use signaling molecules of the human Toll-like receptor (TLR) family to transduce signals in various cells. Here we provide evidence that keratinocytes express both TLR2 and TLR4 at the mRNA and protein levels, and show that TLR2 and TLR4 are present in the normal human epidermis in vivo and that their expression is regulated by microbial components. The expression of myeloid differentiation protein gene (MyD88), which is involved in the signaling pathway of many TLR, was also demonstrated in keratinocytes. LPS + IFN-gamma increased the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 50- and 5-fold respectively. Treatment of keratinocytes with Candida albicans, mannan, Mycobacterium tuberculosis or LPS with IFN-gamma resulted in the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB. Inhibition of NF-kappaB blocked the Candida-killing activity of keratinocytes, suggesting that the antimicrobial effect of keratinocytes requires NF-kappaB activation. LPS + IFN-gamma, C. albicans (4 Candida/KC), peptidoglycan (1 micro g/ml) or M. tuberculosis extract significantly increased IL-8 gene expression after 3 h of treatment (P < 0.05). The increases over the 0-h level were 15-, 8-, 10.8- and 7-fold, respectively. The microbial compound-induced increase in IL-8 gene expression could be inhibited by anti-TLR2 and anti-TLR4 neutralizing antibodies, suggesting that TLRs are involved in the pathogen-induced expression of this pro-inflammatory cytokine. Our findings stress the importance of the role of keratinocytes as a component of innate immunity.
|
|
15. |
|
|
16. |
- Szász, Robert-Zoltán, et al.
(författare)
-
Computation of the acoustic field in an annular gas turbine combustion chamber using a hybrid approach
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the ASME Turbo Expo. - : ASME. ; 6 PART B, s. 1615-1624, s. 363-370, s. 1615-1624
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The acoustic field generated by flow unsteadiness in a model annular gas turbine (GT) combustion chamber is determined using a hybrid approach. In the flow solver the semi-compressible Navier-Stokes equations are resolved using LES as turbulence model. The acoustic solver is based on an inhomogeneous wave equation, where the instantaneous source terms are computed from the LES data in each time-instant. The flow and the acoustics in a GT combustor with co- and counter-rotating swirler burners have been considered. The results have shown that significant differences can be observed between the co- and counter-rotating configurations both in the flow and acoustic fields. Copyright
|
|
17. |
- Széles, Lajos, et al.
(författare)
-
Research resource: transcriptome profiling of genes regulated by RXR and its permissive and nonpermissive partners in differentiating monocyte-derived dendritic cells.
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Molecular Endocrinology. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0888-8809 .- 1944-9917. ; 24, s. 2218-2231
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are heterodimerization partners for many nuclear receptors and also act as homodimers. Heterodimers formed by RXR and a nonpermissive partner, e.g. retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and vitamin D receptor (VDR), can be activated only by the agonist of the partner receptor. In contrast, heterodimers that contain permissive partners, e.g. liver X receptor (LXR) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), can be activated by agonists for either the partner receptor or RXR, raising the possibility of pleiotropic RXR signaling. However, it is not known to what extent the receptor's activation results in triggering mechanisms dependent or independent of permissive heterodimers. In this study, we systematically and quantitatively characterized all probable RXR-signaling pathways in differentiating human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs). Using pharmacological, microarray and quantitative RT-PCR techniques, we identified and characterized gene sets regulated by RXR agonists (LG100268 and 9-cis retinoic acid) and agonists for LXRs, PPARs, RARα, and VDR. Our results demonstrated that permissiveness was partially impaired in Mo-DCs, because a large number of genes regulated by PPAR or LXR agonists was not affected by RXR-specific agonists or was regulated to a lesser extent. As expected, we found that RXR agonists regulated only small portions of RARα or VDR targets. Importantly, we could identify and characterize PPAR- and LXR-independent pathways in Mo-DCs most likely mediated by RXR homodimers. These data suggested that RXR signaling in Mo-DCs was mediated via multiple permissive heterodimers and also by mechanism(s) independent of permissive heterodimers, and it was controlled in a cell-type and gene-specific manner.
|
|