| 1. |
- Alho, J. S., et al.
(författare)
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Allen's rule revisited : quantitative genetics of extremity length in the common frog along a latitudinal gradient
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Evolutionary Biology. - : Wiley. - 1010-061X .- 1420-9101. ; 24:1, s. 59-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ecogeographical rules linking climate to morphology have gained renewed interest because of climate change. Yet few studies have evaluated to what extent geographical trends ascribed to these rules have a genetic, rather than environmentally determined, basis. This applies especially to Allen's rule, which states that the relative extremity length decreases with increasing latitude. We studied leg length in the common frog (Rana temporaria) along a 1500 km latitudinal gradient utilizing wild and common garden data. In the wild, the body size-corrected femur and tibia lengths did not conform to Allen's rule but peaked at mid-latitudes. However, the ratio of femur to tibia length increased in the north, and the common garden data revealed a genetic cline consistent with Allen's rule in some trait and treatment combinations. While selection may have shortened the leg length in the north, the genetic trend seems to be partially masked by environmental effects.
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| 2. |
- Faust, Ellika, et al.
(författare)
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Origin and route of establishment of the invasive Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in Scandinavia
- 2017
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Ingår i: Marine Ecology Progress Series. - : Inter-Research Science Center. - 0171-8630 .- 1616-1599. ; 575, s. 95-105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Identifying the routes and rates of introductions is fundamental for the understanding of marine invasions. Recurring introductions over the last 50 yr have led to the establishment of feral Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas populations throughout Europe. In the northern countries, Sweden and Norway, the species first occurred in large numbers in 2006. Here, we investigated the relative importance of introduction via re-laying of cultured oysters imported for consumption from France, Ireland or the Netherlands, and dispersal of oyster larvae by ocean currents from wild oyster populations in Denmark. Using microsatellite DNA markers, we estimated genetic differentiation among Pacific oysters collected at 4 Swedish locations, 3 Norwegian locations and 9 potential source locations in Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands and France. All Swedish samples and 1 Norwegian sample(Tromlingene) were genetically similar to each other and the Danish samples and showed significant genetic differentiation from all other populations. Consequently, it appears that the Pacific oyster populations in Sweden, Denmark and Tromlingene are closely connected and/or share a recent origin. The 2 remaining Norwegian samples(Hui and Espevik) differed from each other and all other populations, but showed similarities to wild oyster samples from Scandinavia and Ireland, respectively. Overall, the results underline a complex origin of Norwegian oysters, with gene flow from Swedish/Danish populations, as well as other unidentified sources. The apparent connectivity among most of the Scandinavian populations has implications for regional management of this invasive species, and highlights possible scenarios for other marine invasive species with a similar life history.
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| 3. |
- Forsgren, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Prognostic value of using bee and hive debris samples for the detection of American foulbrood disease in honey bee colonies
- 2014
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Ingår i: Apidologie. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-8435 .- 1297-9678. ; 45, s. 10-20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of this study was to compare how well the detection of Paenibacillus larvae in samples of live bees or in accumulated winter debris collected from the bottom of beehives relates to symptoms of American foulbrood in honey bee colonies. Fifty-eight colonies in one commercial beekeeping operation were inspected for disease symptoms and assayed for P. larvae using culture-based techniques and PCR. The results show that culture-based techniques are more accurate than recently published PCR methods for detecting the bacterium in clinically diseased colonies, and that the prognostic value of bacterial colony counts from bee samples is superior to colony counts from debris. However, if the objective is to monitor the prevalence of the bacterium irrespective of disease symptoms, the preferable method is PCR analysis of accumulated winter hive debris.
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| 4. |
- Forsgren, Eva, et al.
(författare)
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Sample preservation, transport and processing strategies for honeybee RNA extraction: Influence on RNA yield, quality, target quantification and data normalization
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Virological Methods. - : Elsevier BV. - 0166-0934 .- 1879-0984. ; 246, s. 81-89
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Viral infections in managed honey bees are numerous, and most of them are caused by viruses with an RNA genome. Since RNA degrades rapidly, appropriate sample management and RNA extraction methods are imperative to get high quality RNA for downstream assays. This study evaluated the effect of various sampling transport scenarios (combinations of temperature, RNA stabilizers, and duration) of transport on six RNA quality parameters; yield, purity, integrity, cDNA synthesis efficiency, target detection and quantification. The use of water and extraction buffer were also compared for a primary bee tissue homogenate prior to RNA extraction. The strategy least affected by time was preservation of samples at -80 degrees C. All other regimens turned out to be poor alternatives unless the samples were frozen or processed within 24 h. Chemical stabilizers have the greatest impact on RNA quality and adding an extra homogenization step (a QIAshredder (TM) homogenizer) to the extraction protocol significantly improves the RNA yield and chemical purity. This study confirms that RIN values (RNA Integrity Number), should be used cautiously with bee RNA. Using water for the primary homogenate has no negative effect on RNA quality as long as this step is no longer than 15 min.
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| 5. |
- Gustafsson, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Kunskapsunderlag för en enhetlig förvaltning av OSPAR-listade Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar Del 3 – Underlag för bedömning av bevarandevärde av Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tvåskaliga blötdjur (bivalver) som blåmusslor (Mytilus edulis) och ostron (Ostrea edulis) är nyckelarter i kustekosystem och de bidrar både till ökad biologisk mångfald genom att skapa livsmiljöer för andra organismer och till flera andra viktiga ekosystemtjänster.Under de senaste åren har både Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar minskat i antal och omfattning i Europa, och det finns också starka indikationer på en liknande situation för Mytilus i Sverige. För Ostrea saknas generellt kunskap om populationsstorlekar, vilket gör bedömningar av populationsutveckling problematiskt. Bevarandeåtgärder som beståndsförstärkning och -restaurering ökar därför i omfattning allt eftersom biodiversitet förloras, och det finns ett växande intresse för att återställa habitat skapade av musslor och ostron på många platser i världen.Marina arter med hög spridningspotential, som till exempel Mytilus och i viss mån Ostrea, har historiskt setts som osannolika att uppvisa populationsgenetiska skillnader mellan olika geogra-fiska områden. Forskning har dock på senare tid visat att spridningsbarriärer orsakade av till exempel strömförhållanden eller skillnader i miljö är vanliga och kan resultera i genetiskt differentierade subpopulationer på geografiskt sett små skalor. Detta innebär att kunskap om populationsgenetiska mönster kan bidra med värdefull information för etablering av effektiva förvaltningsstrategier för olika arter, till exempel genom analys av populationsstrukturer och spridningsmekanismer. Exempelvis är populationsgenetiska strukturer, lokala mönster i rekrytering (det vill säga bottenfällning av nya musslor eller ostron) och spridning av larver av stort värde för att säkerställa en god genetisk bas för bevarande av källpopulationer och för att bibehålla en god rekryteringsbas och spridning av nya individer.För både Mytilus och Ostrea saknas idag kunskapsunderlag om grundläggande populationsgenetiska strukturer, liksom om lokalrekryteringsmönster och larvspridning, varför en bedömning av olika bankars bevarandevärde inte är möjlig. I denna rapport presenteras det arbete som gjorts med att ta fram kunskap som kan bidra till identifiering av särskilt värdefulla Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar för förvaltning av arterna (AP3 i projektet). Med hjälp av genetiska analyser har storskaliga mönster av utbredning av de olika ”arterna” av släktena Mytilus och Ostrea i Skagerrak studerats, samt var gränserna går mellan de olika arterna och populationerna. Målet var att analysera genetisk diversitet, förekomst av isolerade populationer samt genflöde mellan olika områden i Skagerrak samt att identifiera möjliga barriärer för larvtransport längs med Sveriges och Norges kust.Vidare studerades konnektiviteten (definierat som hur väl områden länkas till varandra genom havsströmmar, t.ex. larv-transport från en population till en annan) mellan olika populationer genom att även beräkna spridningen av partiklar (ägg och larver) från Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar med hjälp av en oceanografisk spridningsmodell (ROMS/OpenDrift), för att se i vilken utsträckning larver transporteras mellan olika lokaler. Målet var även att identifiera viktiga områden där larver från flera områden samlas samt viktiga källregioner.Resultaten från spridningsberäkningar och genetiska data var samstämmiga för Mytilus. De visade en generell transport av larver norrut, och att lokaler i den inre skärgården var mer isolerade än i den yttre delen av skärgården, särskilt området innanför Tjörn och Orust samt Oslofjorden. En barriär observerades även mellan Tvedestrand och Kragerö längs den norska kusten. Den sydeuropeiska arten M. galloprovencialis observerades också i svenska vatten för första gången, dessutom på flera olika platser, men i en låg andel av det totala antalet provtagna musslor. Genetisk övervakning av denna främmande art är önskvärd för att studera hur förekomsten av arten utvecklas i framtiden och hur den interagerar med lokala bestånd av M. edulis.För Ostrea var de genetiska mönstren och resultaten från modelleringen mindre samstämmiga. Modelleringsresultaten visade att lokaler i den inre skärgården hade lite larvutbyte med andra områden. Lokaler i den mellersta skärgården hade mest utbyte av larver både sinsemellan och med framförallt lokaler i ytterskärgården. Genetiska data visade dock inte på någon tydlig geografisk struktur, möjligen på grund av historiska förflyttningar av ostron. Gemensamt för Mytilus och Ostrea är att larver generellt färdas i en nordlig riktning längs med Sveriges kust, och att larver från många olika populationer samlas i mellersta skärgården i området kring Kosterhavet. Här borde den genetiska diversiteten därför vara hög. Baserat på resultatet från modelleringen bakåt i tiden kan antas att viktiga källområden till larver kan finnas längre söderut mellan Öckerö och Väderöarna. Baserat på resultaten presenterade i denna rapport kan konstateras att både Mytilus- och Ostrea-populationerna i området bör förvaltas som separata sub-enheter, då det finns omfattande genetiska strukturer och spridningsbarriärer för de två arterna. Till exempel är det viktigt att bevara populationer i Göteborgsområdet samt i området runt Koster, då det ena utgör ett viktigt källområde och det andra ett viktigt område där stora mängder larver samlas.Det är också viktigt att bevara både kustnära bankar och bankar i utsjömiljöer på grund av den låga larvspridningen mellan dessa två områden. Bankarna i den mellersta skärgården får bidrag från både den yttre och inre skärgården, så det är möjligt att dessa bankar kan agera som bryggor mellan bankarna i den yttre och den inre skärgården. Vissa områden, såsom området innanför Orust och Tjörn, är mer eller mindre isolerade, vilket gör det viktigt att här skapa en lokal förvaltning som tar hänsyn till bristen på larvtransport in och ut ur området. Avseende Orustområdet är det också viktigt att i framtida undersökningar studera hur det stora antalet musselodlingar i området påverkar de vilda populationerna.Sammantaget kan konstateras att det framkommit mycket värdefull information inom detta projekt som kan bidra till framtagandet av konstruktiva och långsiktigt hållbara förvaltningsstrategier för både Mytilus och Ostrea, men att det samtidigt finns behov av ytterligare utveckling och kunskapsbyggande kring vissa aspekter, framför allt kopplat mot spridning och populat-ionsstrukturer för Ostrea samt interaktioner mellan odlade och vilda musslor.
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| 6. |
- Gustafsson, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Unlocking the secret life of blue mussels: Exploring connectivity in the Skagerrak through biophysical modeling and population genomics
- 2024
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Ingår i: Evolutionary Applications. - 1752-4571. ; 17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge of functional dispersal barriers in the marine environment can be used to inform a wide variety of management actions, such as marine spatial planning, restoration efforts, fisheries regulations, and invasive species management. Locations and causes of dispersal barriers can be studied through various methods, including movement tracking, biophysical modeling, demographic models, and genetics. Combining methods illustrating potential dispersal, such as biophysical modeling, with realized dispersal through, e.g., genetic connectivity estimates, provides particularly useful information for teasing apart potential causes of observed barriers. In this study, we focus on blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) in the Skagerrak—a marginal sea connected to the North Sea in Northern Europe—and combine biophysical models of larval dispersal with genomic data to infer locations and causes of dispersal barriers in the area. Results from both methods agree; patterns of ocean currents are a major structuring factor in the area. We find a complex pattern of source-sink dynamics with several dispersal barriers and show that some areas can be isolated despite an overall high dispersal capability. Finally, we translate our finding into management advice that can be used to sustainably manage this ecologically and economically important species in the future.
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| 7. |
- Josefsson, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Improving scientific rigour in conservation evaluations and a plea deal for transparency on potential biases
- 2020
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Ingår i: Conservation Letters. - : Wiley. - 1755-263X. ; 13:5
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The delivery of rigorous and unbiased evidence on the effects of interventions lay at the heart of the scientific method. Here we examine scientific papers evaluating agri-environment schemes, the principal instrument to mitigate farmland biodiversity declines worldwide. Despite previous warnings about rudimentary study designs in this field, we found that the majority of studies published between 2008 and 2017 still lack robust study designs to strictly evaluate intervention effects. Potential sources of bias that arise from the correlative nature are rarely mentioned, and results are still promoted by using a causal language. This lack of robust study designs likely results from poor integration of research and policy, while the erroneous use of causal language and an unwillingness to discuss bias may stem from publication pressures. We conclude that scientific reporting and discussion of study limitations in intervention research must improve and propose some practices toward this goal.
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| 8. |
- Kanuch, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Gene flow relates to evolutionary divergence among populations at the range margin
- 2020
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Ingår i: PeerJ. - : PeerJ. - 2167-8359. ; 8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Morphological differentiation between populations resulting from local adaptations to environmental conditions is likely to be more pronounced in populations with increasing genetic isolation. In a previous study a positive clinal variation in body size was observed in isolated Roesel's bush-cricket, Metrioptera roeselii, populations, but were absent from populations within a continuous distribution at the same latitudinal range. This observational study inferred that there was a phenotypic effect of gene flow on climate-induced selection in this species. Methods: To disentangle genetic versus environmental drivers of population differences in morphology, we measured the size of four different body traits in wild-caught individuals from the two most distinct latitudinally-matched pairs of populations occurring at about 60 degrees N latitude in northern Europe, characterised by either restricted or continuous gene flow, and corresponding individuals raised under laboratory conditions. Results: Individuals that originated from the genetically isolated populations were always bigger (femur, pronotum and genital appendages) when compared to individuals from latitudinally-matched areas characterised by continuous gene flow between populations. The magnitude of this effect was similar for wild-caught and laboratory-reared individuals. We found that previously observed size cline variation in both male and female crickets was likely to be the result of local genetic adaptation rather than phenotypic plasticity. Conclusions: This strongly suggests that restricted gene flow is of major importance for frequencies of alleles that participate in climate-induced selection acting to favour larger phenotypes in isolated populations towards colder latitudes.
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| 9. |
- Kuparinen, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Developmental threshold model challenged by temperature
- 2010
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Ingår i: Evolutionary Ecology Research. - 1522-0613 .- 1937-3791. ; 12:7, s. 821-829
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Question: Does the L-shape of the reaction norm for age and size at ontogenetic transitions arise irrespective of temperature? The developmental threshold model suggests that this shape arises due to a threshold in body size to undertake the transition. Data studied: Ages and sizes at metamorphosis measured in a common garden experiment in Rana temporaria originating from six populations along a latitudinal gradient. Individuals were exposed to three temperature treatments and two levels of food. Search method: Population-specific age and size at metamorphosis were plotted against each other, and the shape of the reaction norm across populations was further illustrated by an exponential decay function. The observed patterns were further explored via linear mixed-effect models. Conclusion: The L-shape of the reaction norm depends on temperature, suggesting that at low temperature a developmental threshold in age rather than in size regulates the process of metamorphosis.
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| 10. |
- Laugen, Ane
(författare)
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Can fisheries-induced evolution shift reference points for fisheries management?
- 2013
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Ingår i: ICES Journal of Marine Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1054-3139 .- 1095-9289. ; 70, s. 707-721
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biological reference points are important tools for fisheries management. Reference points are not static, butmay change when a population's environment or the population itself changes. Fisheries-induced evolution is one mechanism that can alter population characteristics, leading to "shifting" reference points by modifying the underlying biological processes or by changing the perception of a fishery system. The former causes changes in "true" reference points, whereas the latter is caused by changes in the yardsticks used to quantify a system's status. Unaccounted shifts of either kind imply that reference points gradually lose their intended meaning. This can lead to increased precaution, which is safe, but potentially costly. Shifts can also occur in more perilous directions, such that actual risks are greater than anticipated. Our qualitative analysis suggests that all commonly used reference points are susceptible to shifting through fisheries-induced evolution, including the limit and "precautionary" reference points for spawning-stock biomass, B-lim and B-pa, and the target reference point for fishing mortality, F-0.1. Our findings call for increased awareness of fisheries-induced changes and highlight the value of always basing reference points on adequately updated information, to capture all changes in the biological processes that drive fish population dynamics.
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| 11. |
- Laugen, Ane
(författare)
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Evolutionary impact assessment: accounting for evolutionary consequences of fishing in an ecosystem approach to fisheries management
- 2014
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Ingår i: Fish and Fisheries. - : Wiley. - 1467-2960 .- 1467-2979. ; 15, s. 65-96
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Managing fisheries resources to maintain healthy ecosystems is one of the main goals of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). While a number of international treaties call for the implementation of EAF, there are still gaps in the underlying methodology. One aspect that has received substantial scientific attention recently is fisheries-induced evolution (FIE). Increasing evidence indicates that intensive fishing has the potential to exert strong directional selection on life-history traits, behaviour, physiology, and morphology of exploited fish. Of particular concern is that reversing evolutionary responses to fishing can be much more difficult than reversing demographic or phenotypically plastic responses. Furthermore, like climate change, multiple agents cause FIE, with effects accumulating over time. Consequently, FIE may alter the utility derived from fish stocks, which in turn can modify the monetary value living aquatic resources provide to society. Quantifying and predicting the evolutionary effects of fishing is therefore important for both ecological and economic reasons. An important reason this is not happening is the lack of an appropriate assessment framework. We therefore describe the evolutionary impact assessment (EvoIA) as a structured approach for assessing the evolutionary consequences of fishing and evaluating the predicted evolutionary outcomes of alternative management options. EvoIA can contribute to EAF by clarifying how evolution may alter stock properties and ecological relations, support the precautionary approach to fisheries management by addressing a previously overlooked source of uncertainty and risk, and thus contribute to sustainable fisheries.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Laugen, Ane
(författare)
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Spatial variation in growth, maturation schedules and reproductive investment of female sole Solea solea in the Northeast Atlantic
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Sea Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-1101 .- 1873-1414. ; 84, s. 109-121
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Latitudinal variation in life-history traits is often explained by phenotypically plastic responses or local adaptations to different thermal regimes. We compared growth, maturation schedules and reproductive investment of female sole Solea solea between 8 populations, covering much of the species' distribution in northern Europe, with respect to thermal gradients. An energy allocation model was fitted to size-age data, and probabilistic maturation reaction norms were estimated from size-age-maturity data. We found that northern populations from colder environments had higher rates of energy acquisition and reproductive investment, an intrinsic tendency to mature earlier, and had smaller asymptotic sizes than southern populations from warmer environments. Consequently, growth rate was higher before maturation but lower after maturation in the north compared to the south. This is opposite to Bergmann's rule according to which slower growth, delayed maturation and larger asymptotic sizes are usually observed at lower temperatures. The observed patterns could indicate strong countergradient thermal adaptation for rapid growth and development as well as sustained fecundity in the north, or indicate a response to other selection pressures correlated with the thermal gradient. Potentially higher mortality in northern populations during cold winters might be one of the key drivers of the observed geographical variation in growth and maturation of sole. (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier B.V.
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| 14. |
- Laugen, Ane T., et al.
(författare)
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Do common frogs (Rana temporaria) follow Bergmann’s rule?
- 2005
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Ingår i: Evolutionary Ecology Research. - 1522-0613 .- 1937-3791. ; 7:5, s. 717-731
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Questions: Does intraspecific extension of Bergmanns rule – larger size within a species incooler areas – hold true for ectotherms in general, and for the common frog (Rana temporaria)in particular? What is the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors (i.e. directenvironmental induction) in determining latitudinal patterns of body size variation in commonfrogs?Methods: We tested for a positive association between mean body size and latitude incommon frogs (Rana temporaria) across a 1600 km long latitudinal gradient in Scandinaviaboth for wild-collected adults and laboratory-reared metamorphs.Results: In adults, the mean body size increased from south to mid-latitudes, and declinedthereafter. This occurred despite the fact that the mean age of adult frogs increased withincreasing latitude, and age and body size were positively correlated. The latitudinal pattern ofbody size variation in metamorphs reared in a common garden experiment was similar to thatobserved among wild-caught adults.Conclusions: The results suggest that the concave pattern of body size variation across thelatitudinal cline may be at least partly genetically determined, and that although there isconsiderable geographic variation in mean body size of R. temporaria, this variation does notconform with Bergmann’s rule.
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| 15. |
- Laugen, Ane T., et al.
(författare)
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Kunskapsunderlag för en enhetlig förvaltning av OSPAR-listade Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar. Del 1 Nulägesanalys av Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar i Sverige.
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tvåskaliga blötdjur (bivalver) som blåmusslor (Mytilus edulis) och ostron (Ostrea edulis) är nyckelarter i kustekosystem, och de bidrar både till ökad biologisk mångfald genom att skapa livsmiljöer för andra organismer och till flera andra viktiga ekosystemtjänster. Under de senaste åren har både Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar minskat i antal och omfattning i Europa, och det finns också starka indikationer på en liknande situation för Mytilus i Sverige. För Ostrea saknas generellt kunskap om populationsstorlekar, vilket gör bedömningar av populationsutveckling problematisk.Den hotbildsanalys som genomförts av OSPAR för Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar i Europa indikerar att den primära orsaken till förlust av bivalvbankar i Europa är överexploatering av resursen och habitatförlust, samt sjukdomsutbrott orsakade av patogener. Svenska bivalvbestånd är dock mer eller mindre förskonade från dessa påverkansfaktorer, och andra aspekter kan därmed antas ha större påverkan på populationsutvecklingen. Till exempel finns det en oro bland förvaltande myndigheter att det invasiva stillahavsostronet (Magallana gigas) kommer att försämra förutsättningarna för livskraftiga bestånd av Mytilus och Ostrea i Sverige.I detta projekt sammanställdes data från historiska (1970-talet och framåt) inventeringar med syfte att utvärdera om analys av förändringar av bivalvpopulationerna över tid var möjlig. Genomgången av historiska data från Bohuslän genererade inga tidsserier som kunde bidra till en värdering av populationsutvecklingen av Mytilus och Ostrea. I tillägg visade genomgången att inventeringsmetoderna som använts skiljde sig över tid och att det saknades en standardiserad definition av vad som betecknas som en bivalvbank.Sammantaget visar detta på behovet av kontinuitet och standardiserad övervakning av bivalvbankar, inkluderande en tydlig definition av vad som räknas som en bivalvbank. Detta skapar förutsättningar för uppbyggnad av tidsserier och uppföljning av trender i populationsutvecklingen av målarterna.Sammanställningen av historiska data kombinerades också med en hotbildsanalys med fokus på interaktioner med det invasiva stillahavsostronet, med karteringar av nuvarande utbredningar och övervakning för utvärdering av populationsutveckling i nutid, samt med en analys av kort-tidsförändringar i populationsutbredning och/eller tätheter. Detta underlag kombinerades i en nulägesanalys för utvärdering av statusen av Mytilus och Ostrea-bankar idag. Hotbildsanalysen visade att på kort sikt är sjukdomsutbrott och parasiter troligen det största hotet mot svenska bivalvbestånd, detta på grund av den fortsatta importen av levande livsmedel som kan föra med sig patogener.I ett mer långsiktigt perspektiv är klimatförändringar och ökande förekomst av miljögifter allvarliga hot mot grunda, kustnära miljöer. Trots att det invasiva stillahavsostronet i hög grad har överlappande habitat och ekologiska funktioner som de inhemska arterna kunde vi i detta projekt inte se några tecken på negativa interaktioner.Övervakning av populationsut-veckling i ett urval av bankar påvisade en minskning i individtäthet för både Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar över tid inom projektet (2018-2021), ett mönster som också stärktes för Mytilus genom återinventering av tidigare inventerade bankar. För Ostrea visade återinventeringen av tidigare inventerade lokaler ett mer spritt mönster, med en ökning av antalet ostron i vissa bankar medan antalet ostron på andra lokaler hade minskat.Sammantaget konstaterades att det är sannolikt att en minskning av framför allt Mytilus skett från 1990-talet och framåt, och att mer information krävs för att fastställa både omfattning och orsak till de mönster som observerats.Baserat på resultaten rekommenderas fyra huvudåtgärder för att förbättra kunskapsläget för kustnära bivalver. För det första behöver artspecifika definitioner av vad som menas med Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar tas fram. Definitionen bör innehålla information om täcknings-grad/täthet, bankens area, fördelning av bivalver inom banken och förekomst av stillahavsost-ron. Definitionen bör också likriktas med internationella ramverk och ta fältförhållanden i be-aktning.För det andra bör övervakningsprogram som registrerar utbredning och förändringar i demografiska parametrar (t.ex. populationstäthet/täckningsgrad/biomassa, rekrytering, mortali-tet och tillväxt) för både Mytilus och Ostrea etableras. Tidsserier av data är det enda som möjliggör analys av populationsutveckling och identifiering av hotbilder.För det tredje behöver infrastruktur och rutiner för lagring av inventeringsdata samt implementering i enlighet med FAIR-principen tas fram för att säkerställa att historiska uppgifter inte går förlorade. Mycket data förloras då det lagras inom specifika projekt och hos enskilda individer. Då data ofta samlas in inom pågående forskningsprojekt måste lösningar för lagring med publiceringsembargo för andra aktörer än de som samlat in uppgifterna utredas.Slutligen krävs fortsatt kunskapsbyggande om både generella och specifika hot och möjliga åtgärder som kan minska hotbilden. Exempel på aktiviteter kopplade till detta är generell påverkansanalys av olika riskfaktorer och kombinationer av dessa, kunskapsutveckling om effekterna av skörd av vilda Ostrea-bestånd och etable-ring av verksamhetsbaserad förvaltning samt kunskapsutveckling rörande födokonkurrens och andra interaktioner mellan stillahavsostron och våra inhemska bivalver, framför allt för Ostrea.
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| 16. |
- Laugen, Ane T., et al.
(författare)
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Latitudinal and temperature-dependent variation in embryonic development and growth in Rana temporaria
- 2003
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Ingår i: Oecologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0029-8549 .- 1432-1939. ; 135:4, s. 548-554
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Variation in seasonal time constraints and temperature along latitudinal gradients are expected to select for life history trait differentiation, but information about the relative importance of these factors in shaping patterns of divergence in embryonic traits remains sparse. We studied embryonic survival, growth and development rates in the common frog (Rana temporaria) along a 1,400-km latitudinal gradient across Sweden by raising embryos from four populations in the laboratory at seven temperatures (9 degrees C, 12 degrees C, 15 degrees C, 18 degrees C, 21 degrees C, 24 degrees C, 27 degrees C). We found significant differences in mean values of all traits between the populations and temperature treatments, but this variation was not latitudinally ordered. In general, embryonic survival decreased at the two highest temperatures in all populations, but less so in the southernmost as compared to the other populations. The northernmost population developed slowest at the lowest temperature, while the two mid-latitude populations were slowest at the other temperatures. Hatchling size increased with increasing temperature especially in the two northern populations, whereas the two southern populations showed peak hatchling size at 15 degrees C. Analyses of within-population genetic variation with a half-sib design revealed that there was significant additive genetic variation in all traits, and egg size-related maternal effects were important in the case of hatchling size. Overall, our results indicate that unlike larval growth and development, variation in embryonic development and growth in R. temporaria cannot be explained in terms of a latitudinal gradient in season length. While adaptation to a latitudinal variation in temperature might have contributed to the observed differentiation in embryonic performance, the effects of other, perhaps more local environmental factors, seem to have overridden them in importance.
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| 17. |
- Laugen, Ane T., et al.
(författare)
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Latitudinal countergradient variation in the common frog (Rana temporaria) developmental rates : evidence for local adaptation
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Evolutionary Biology. - : Wiley. - 1010-061X .- 1420-9101. ; 16:5, s. 996-1005
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adaptive genetic differentiation along a climatic gradient as a response to natural selection is not necessarily expressed at phenotypic level if environmental effects on population mean phenotypes oppose the genotypic effects. This form of cryptic evolution--called countergradient variation--has seldom been explicitly demonstrated for terrestrial vertebrates. We investigated the patterns of phenotypic and genotypic differentiation in developmental rates of common frogs (Rana temporaria) along a ca. 1600 km latitudinal gradient across Scandinavia. Developmental rates in the field were not latitudinally ordered, but displayed large variation even among different ponds within a given latitudinal area. In contrast, development rates assessed in the laboratory increased strongly and linearly with increasing latitude, suggesting a genetic capacity for faster development in the northern than the southern larvae. Experiments further revealed that environmental effects (temperature and food) could easily override the genetic effects on developmental rates, providing a possible mechanistic explanation as to why the genetic differentiation was not seen in the samples collected from the wild. Our results suggest that the higher developmental rates of the northern larvae are likely to be related to selection stemming from seasonal time constrains, rather than from selection dictated by low ambient temperatures per se. All in all, the results provide a demonstration of environmental effects concealing substantial latitudinally ordered genetic differentiation understandable in terms of adaptation to clinal variation in time constrains.
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| 18. |
- Laugen, Ane Timenes
(författare)
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Local Adaptation, Countergradient Variation and Ecological Genetics of Life-history Traits in Rana Temporaria
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main aim of this work was to identify local adaptation processes in amphibian populations, thereby improving the general understanding of genetics and mechanisms behind the evolution and maintenance of biological diversity. Phenotypic and genetic variation in life-history traits was studied within and between populations common frog (Rana temporaria) populations along a 1600 km transect from southern Sweden to northern Finland.Embryonic and larval development and growth was investigated both under field and laboratory conditions. The results suggest ample genetic diversity in larval life-history traits among Fennoscandian common frog populations. Larval developmental rate along the gradient has evolved a countergradient variation pattern of genotypes and phenotypes as indicated by the positive relationship between developmental rate and latitude under laboratory conditions and the lack of such a relationship in the field. The data suggest that this pattern has evolved because of time constraints due to decreasing length of growth season with latitude. Neither field-caught adults nor laboratory raised larvae displayed a linear latitudinal size cline as expected from the so called Bergmanns rule. Rather, size increased towards the mid-latitude populations and decreased thereafter, indicating that body size is a product of direct environmental induction or a trade-off with other life-history characters. Age and size at hatching showed no consistent latitudinal pattern, indicating that the embryonic stage is not as time constrained as the larval stage.A large part of the variation in age and size at metamorphosis among populations was due to additive genetic effects. However, small, but significant maternal effects, mostly due to variation in egg size and non-additive genetic effects also contributed to among population variation. A comparison of divergence in presumably neutral molecular genetic markers (FST) and quantitative characters (QST) revealed that although both estimates of divergence were relatively high, estimates of QST was generally higher than those of FST, indicating that the genetic variation observed in larval traits is primarily a result of natural selection rather than genetic drift. Hence, our results reinforce the conclusion that intraspecific genetic heterogeneity in the young northern European ecosystems may be more widespread than previously anticipated
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| 19. |
- Laugen, Ane T., et al.
(författare)
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Maternal and genetic contributions to geographical variation in Rana temporaria larval life-history traits
- 2002
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Ingår i: Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0024-4066 .- 1095-8312. ; 76:1, s. 61-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relative importance of genetic, environmental, and maternal effects as determinants of geographical variation in vertebrate life-histories has not often been explored. We examined the role of genetic and maternal effects as determinants of population divergence in survival and three important larval life-history traits (growth rate, age, and size at metamorphosis) using reciprocal crosses between two latitudinally separated populations of the common frog (Rana temporaria Linnaeus). Genetic effects were important in all three traits as indicated by the significant effect of male origin, but there was also evidence for nonadditive genetic contributions on metamorphic size and growth rate. Likewise, maternal effect contributions to population divergence were large, partially environment dependent, and apparently acting primarily through egg size in two of three traits. These results suggest that both genetic and maternal effects are important determinants of geographical variation in amphibian life-histories, and that much of the differentiation resulting from maternal effects is mediated through variation in egg size.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Laugen, Ane T, et al.
(författare)
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The Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) Invasion in Scandinavian Coastal Waters: Impact on Local Ecosystem Services
- 2015
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Ingår i: Biological Invasions in Changing Ecosystems: Vectors, Ecological Impacts, Management and Predictions.. - Warsaw : DE GRUYTER OPEN. - 9783110438666 ; , s. 232-257
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Shellfish have always played an important role in subsistence and income for coastal communities. Shallow-water bivalve beds are easily accessible and have been exploited and overexploited for centuries. Depletion of stocks has lead to farming and aquaculture of many species. Few species, if any, have been as popular and successful as the the Pacific oyster (C. gigas). Its highly efficient filter feeding, high growth rates, massive repoductive output, and tolerance of a large range of abiotic conditions, has not only made it one of the world’s 20 most cultured species, but also one of the most invasive. This chapter tracks the Pacific oyster on its way towards the North-eastern corner of its European distribution, predicts its future distribution, and discusses the implications for local ecosystems.
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| 22. |
- Laurila, Anssi, et al.
(författare)
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Antipredator defenses along a latitudinal gradient in Rana temporaria
- 2008
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Ingår i: Ecology. - 0012-9658 .- 1939-9170. ; 89:5, s. 1399-1413
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antipredator defenses are expected to decrease toward higher latitudes because predation rates are predicted to decrease with latitude. However, latitudinal variation in predator avoidance and defense mechanisms has seldom been studied. We studied tadpole antipredator defenses in seven Rana temporaria populations collected along a 1500-km latitudinal gradient across Sweden, along which previous studies have found increasing tadpole growth and development rates. In a laboratory common garden experiment, we measured behavioral and morphological defenses by raising tadpoles in the presence and absence of a predator (Aeshna dragonfly larva) in two temperature treatments. We also estimated tadpole survival in the presence of free-ranging predators and compared predator densities between R. temporaria breeding ponds situated at low and high latitudes. Activity and foraging were generally positively correlated with latitude in the common garden experiment. While all populations responded to predator presence by decreasing activity and foraging, high-latitude populations maintained higher activity levels in the presence of the predator. All populations exhibited defensive morphology in body and tail shape. However, whereas tail depth tended to increase with latitude in the presence of predator, it did not change with latitude in the absence of the predator. Predator presence generally increased larval period and decreased growth rate. In the southern populations, predator presence tended to have a negative effect on metamorphic size, whereas in the northern populations predators had little or a positive effect on size. Latitude of origin had a strong effect on survival in the presence of a free-ranging predator, with high-latitude tadpoles experiencing higher mortality than those from the low latitudes. In the wild, predator densities were significantly lower in high-latitude than in mid-latitude breeding ponds. Although the higher activity level in the northern populations seems to confer a significant survival disadvantage under predation risk, it is probably needed to maintain the high growth and development rates. However, the occurrence of R. temporaria at high latitudes may be facilitated by the lower predator densities in the north.
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| 23. |
- Meriggi, Carlotta, et al.
(författare)
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Species distribution models as a tool for early detection of the invasive Raphidiopsis raciborskii in European lakes
- 2022
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Ingår i: Harmful Algae. - : Elsevier BV. - 1568-9883 .- 1878-1470. ; 113
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In freshwater habitats, invasive species and the increase of cyanobacterial blooms have been identified as a major cause of biodiversity loss. The invasive cyanobacteria Raphidiopsis raciborskii a toxin-producing and bloom-forming species affecting local biodiversity and ecosystem services is currently expanding its range across Europe. We used species distribution models (SDMs) and regional bioclimatic environmental variables, such as temperature and precipitation, to identify suitable areas for the colonization and survival of R. raciborskii, with special focus on the geographic extent of potential habitats in Northern Europe. SDMs predictions uncovered areas of high occurrence probability of R. raciborskii in locations where it has not been recorded yet, e.g. some areas in Central and Northern Europe. In the southeastern part of Sweden, areas of suitable climate for R. raciborskii corresponded with lakes of high concentrations of total phosphorus, increasing the risk of the species to thrive. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to predict areas at high risk of R. raciborskii colonization in Europe. The results from this study suggest several areas across Europe that would need monitoring programs to determine if the species is present or not, to be able to prevent its potential colonization and population growth. Regarding an undesirable microorganism like R. raciborskii, authorities may need to start information campaigns to avoid or minimize the spread.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Palo, Jukka, et al.
(författare)
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Latitudinal divergence of common frog (Rana temporaria) life-history traits by natural selection : evidence for a comparison of molecular and quantitative genetic data
- 2003
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Ingår i: Molecular Ecology. - 0962-1083 .- 1365-294X. ; 12:7, s. 1963-1978
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relative roles of natural selection and direct environmental induction, as well as of natural selection and genetic drift, in creating clinal latitudinal variation in quantitative traits have seldom been assessed in vertebrates. To address these issues, we compared molecular and quantitative genetic differentiation between six common frog (Rana temporaria) populations along an approximately 1600 km long latitudinal gradient across Scandinavia. The degree of population differentiation (QST approximately 0.81) in three heritable quantitative traits (age and size at metamorphosis, growth rate) exceeded that in eight (neutral) microsatellite loci (FST = 0.24). Isolation by distance was clear for both neutral markers and quantitative traits, but considerably stronger for one of the three quantitative traits than for neutral markers. QST estimates obtained using animals subjected to different rearing conditions (temperature and food treatments) revealed some environmental dependency in patterns of population divergence in quantitative traits, but in general, these effects were weak in comparison to overall patterns. Pairwise comparisons of FST and QST estimates across populations and treatments revealed that the degree of quantitative trait differentiation was not generally predictable from knowledge of that in molecular markers. In fact, both positive and negative correlations were observed depending on conditions where the quantitative genetic variability had been measured. All in all, the results suggest a very high degree of genetic subdivision both in neutral marker genes and genes coding quantitative traits across a relatively recently (< 9000 years) colonized environmental gradient. In particular, they give evidence for natural selection being the primary agent behind the observed latitudinal differentiation in quantitative traits.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Pärt, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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Unclear relationships between mean survival rate and its environmental variance in vertebrates
- 2024
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Ingår i: Ecology and Evolution. - : Wiley. - 2045-7758. ; 14:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Current environmental changes may increase temporal variability of life history traits of species thus affecting their long-term population growth rate and extinction risk. If there is a general relationship between environmental variances (EVs) and mean annual survival rates of species, that relationship could be used as a guideline for analyses of population growth and extinction risk for populations, where data on EVs are missing. For this purpose, we present a comprehensive compilation of 252 EV estimates from 89 species belonging to five vertebrate taxa (birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fish) covering mean annual survival rates from 0.01 to 0.98. Since variances of survival rates are constrained by their means, particularly for low and high mean survival rates, we assessed whether any observed relationship persisted after applying two types of commonly used variance stabilizing transformations: relativized EVs (observed/mathematical maximum) and logit-scaled EVs. With raw EVs at the arithmetic scale, mean–variance relationships of annual survival rates were hump-shaped with small EVs at low and high mean survival rates and higher (and widely variable) EVs at intermediate mean survival rates. When mean annual survival rates were related to relativized EVs the hump-shaped pattern was less distinct than for raw EVs. When transforming EVs to logit scale the relationship between mean annual survival rates and EVs largely disappeared. The within-species juvenile-adult slopes were mainly positive at low (<0.5) and negative at high (>0.5) mean survival rates for raw and relativized variances while these patterns disappeared when EVs were logit transformed. Uncertainties in how to interpret the results of relativized and logit-scaled EVs, and the observed high variation in EV's for similar mean annual survival rates illustrates that extrapolations of observed EVs and tests of life history drivers of survival–EV relationships need to also acknowledge the large variation in these parameters.
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| 28. |
- Rasic, Ivana, et al.
(författare)
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Can Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii invade the Baltic Sea?
- 2015
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Ingår i: Environmental Reviews -Ottawa- National Research Council. - : Canadian Science Publishing. - 1181-8700 .- 1208-6053. ; 23, s. 161-169
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Management actions against invasive species are usually most efficient during early stages of invasion. Monitoring for early detection is therefore part of many management plans. However, if monitoring efforts do not match suitable habitat areas, detecting the initial stages of an invasion may fail. We highlight this mismatch by assessing which areas have suitable habitats for an invasion of the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in the Baltic Sea, and compare these with the areas that are currently monitored for algal blooms. Establishment of this potential toxin-producer in the Baltic Sea could have serious socio-economic consequences for tourism and recreation, as well as fisheries and aquaculture in the coastal regions. We estimate the coastal areas of the eastern Gulf of Finland as the most suitable area for establishment because of low salinity and high summer seawater surface temperatures. The species is not yet reported in the Baltic Sea, but in the suitable-habitat areas indicated by our assessment, very little monitoring is currently being done. We suggest several lines of research and monitoring to increase the probability of early detection and better predictions for the future distribution of the species.
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| 29. |
- Solbreck, Christer, et al.
(författare)
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Post-glacial colonization of the Fennoscandian coast by a plant parasitic insect with an unusual life history
- 2023
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Ingår i: Ecology and Evolution. - 2045-7758. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Species that exhibit very peculiar ecological traits combined with limited dispersal ability pose a challenge to our understanding of ecological and evolutionary mechanisms. This is especially true when they have managed to spread over long distances, overcome physical barriers, and colonize large areas. Climate and landscape changes, trophic web relations, as well as life history all interact to shape migration routes and present-day species distributions and their population genetic structures. Here we analyzed the post-glacial colonization of northern Europe by the gall midge Contarinia vincetoxici, which is a monophagous parasite on the perennial herb White swallowwort (Vincetoxicum hirundinaria). This insect not only has a narrow feeding niche but also limited dispersal ability and an exceptionally long dormancy. Gall midge larvae (n = 329) were collected from 16 sites along its distribution range in Denmark, Sweden, and Finland. Using microsatellite loci and knowledge of the species and the regions' history, we investigated the role of landscape change, host plant distribution, insect population dynamics, and life history in shaping the population genetic structure of the insect. We devoted particular interest to the role of the insect's presumed poor dispersal capacity in combination with its exceptionally extended diapause. We found significant levels of local inbreeding (95% highest posterior density interval = 0.42-0.47), low-level within-population heterozygosity (mean H-E = 0.45, range 0.20-0.61) with private alleles in all populations except two. We also found significant (p < .001) regional isolation-by-distance patterns, suggesting regularly recurring mainly short-distance dispersal. According to approximate Bayesian computations, C. vincetoxici appears to have colonized the study area via wind-aided flights from remote areas approximately 4600-700 years before present when the land has gradually risen above the sea level. Extremely long dormancy periods have allowed the species to "disperse in time", thereby aiding population persistence despite generally low census population sizes.
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| 30. |
- Strand, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Kunskapsunderlag för en enhetlig förvaltning av OSPAR-listade Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar. Del 2 - Metoder för restaurering och skydd av Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Tvåskaliga blötdjur (bivalver) som blåmusslor (Mytilus edulis) och ostron (Ostrea edulis) är nyck-elarter i kustekosystem och de bidrar både till ökad biologisk mångfald genom att skapa livsmiljöer för andra organismer och till flera andra viktiga ekosystemtjänster. Under de senaste åren har både Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar minskat i antal och omfattning i Europa, och det finns också starka indikationer på en liknande situation för Mytilus i Sverige.För Ostrea saknas generellt kunskap om populationsstorlekar, vilket gör bedömningar av populationsutveckling problema-tisk. Bevarandeåtgärder som beståndsförstärkning och -restaurering ökar därför i omfattning allt eftersom biodiversitet förloras, och det finns ett växande intresse för att återställa habitat skap-ade av musslor och ostron på många platser i världen.Den hotbildsanalys som genomförts av OSPAR för Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar i Europa indikerar att den primära orsaken till förlust av bivalvbankar i Europa är överexploatering och habitatför-lust, samt sjukdomsutbrott orsakade av patogener. Svenska bivalvbestånd är dock mer eller mindre förskonade från dessa påverkansfaktorer.Andra faktorer kan dock också påverka populationsutvecklingen. Till exempel finns det en oro bland förvaltande myndigheter att det invasiva stillahavsostronet kommer att försämra förutsättningarna för livskraftiga bestånd av Mytilus och Ostrea i Sverige.Sammantaget finns det goda skäl till att utforska vilka möjliga alternativ som finns för förstärkning av Mytilus- och Ostrea-populationerna och vilka metoder som skulle kunna användas om stillahavsostron visar sig vara ett hot mot våra inhemska bivalvpopulationer.Syftet med detta projekt var därför att ta fram ett kunskapsunderlag för utformning av förvaltningsmodeller för skydd av Sveriges populationer av Mytilus och Ostrea. En del i detta arbete utgörs av kunskaps-byggande kring möjliga åtgärder kopplat mot restaurering av bivalvbankar genom till exempel bortrensning av stillahavsostron ur bivalvbankar eller beståndsförstärkning.Sammanfattningsvis genomfördes ett antal olika aktiviteter som redovisas i denna rapport, bland annat ett rensningsförsök i vilket stillahavsostron avlägsnades ur både Mytilus- och Ostrea-bankar, ett beståndsförstärkningsförsök med Ostrea i vilket yngel av Ostrea placerades på olika lokaler, och flera olika studier rörande beståndsförstärkning av Mytilus, bland annat inklu-derande studier av biologiska förutsättningar och metodik kring beståndsförstärkning.Rensningsförsöken visade att det var möjligt att rensa bort stillahavsostron ur bivalvbankar men att detta är tidskrävande och komplicerat, speciellt i samband med Mytilus-bankar. Effekten av rensningen var kortvarig avseende antal stillahavsostron, redan ett år efter rensningsinsatsen var antalet stillahavsostron likvärdigt med antalet före rensningen. Återkoloniseringen skiljde sig åt mellan lokaler, men vilka faktorer som påverkade återkoloniseringen är inte klarlagt. Biomassan av stillahavsostron var på flera av försökslokalerna inte i nivå med före rensningsinsatserna vid projektets slut. Bättre tekniker behöver utvecklas för mer resurseffektiva insatser om denna typ av aktivitet ska genomföras regelbundet. Metoder för att ta hand om skördad biomassa av stillahavsostron behöver också utvecklas.Beståndsförstärkningsförsöken visade också de på att det var möjligt att återetablera bivalvbankar på pilotskala. Även på lokaler med goda förhållanden kommer dock målarten att minska efter utläggning. I försöken var till exempel överlevnaden av Ostrea (ca 30-50 mm längd vid ut-läggning) på den bästa lokalen ca 16 procent efter 2 år, och för Mytilus minskade täckningsgra-den av råmussla (dvs. en blandning av stora och små musslor) med nästan 50 procent på ett år och överlevnaden var ca 20 procent under samma period. Generellt observerades predation vara ett problem för båda arterna. Små och mellanstora Mytilus påverkades mycket av ejder, medan krabbor orsakade hög dödlighet för Ostrea.Lokalspecifika förhållanden var också av stor betydelse för försökens framgång. Exempel på faktorer som diskuteras i denna rapport är förutom förekomst av predatorer också isläggning, substrat, möjlighet till inflyttning av organismer för restaureringsförsök/aktiviteter, djup och exponering. Det är tydligt att mycket är att vinna på ett gediget förarbete innan beståndsförstärkningsaktiviteter initieras. Erfarenheterna från projektet visar också på vikten av skydd mot exploatering av de restaurerade bestånden samt en god relat-ion till myndigheter och markägare.En unik aktivitet i projektet som, till vår vetskap, inte testats tidigare är nyttjandet av restmuss-lor från kommersiell musselproduktion för beståndsförstärkning av Mytilus. Genom att använda spillmusslor skapas ökad cirkularitet och förbättrat resursutnyttjande inom vattenbruksproduktionen, samt att både ekologiska och ekonomiska vinster erhålls då viktiga naturmiljöer återskapas samtidigt som vattenbruksföretagen får minskade kostnader för deponi av spill från produktionen. Det kvarstår dock att utreda hur omfattande denna typ av aktivitet kan bli, då målet inom musselodlingen naturligtvis är att producera en produkt utan påväxt. I tillägg måste reglerings-mässiga förutsättningar för denna typ av nyttjande utredas.Slutligen diskuteras i rapporten ett antal utvecklingsområden som bör utredas vidare inför fram-tida beståndsförstärkningsförsök. Sammantaget kan konstateras att ett fortsatt arbete med att följa upp pågående studier och att övervaka restaureringsframgång, att identifiera kriterier för urval av lokaler, att hitta lokalt optimerade tekniker för restaurering, samt att kvantifiera de ekosystemtjänster som dessa bivalvbankar potentiellt kan bidra med kommer att vara viktigt i arbetet framöver. En viktig del i detta är att dra lärdom av existerande kunskap men också att sätta in denna kunskap i en lokal kontext med målet att identifiera kunskapsluckor. Kombinerat kan dessa aktiviteter utgöra ett första steg mot att etablera en manual för restaurering av musslor och ostron i Sverige.
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| 31. |
- Terenius, Olle, et al.
(författare)
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Midgut bacterial dynamics in aedes aegypti
- 2012
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Ingår i: FEMS Microbiology Ecology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0168-6496 .- 1574-6941. ; 80:3, s. 556-565
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In vector mosquitoes, the presence of midgut bacteria may affect the ability to transmit pathogens. We have used a laboratory colony of Aedes aegypti as a model for bacterial interspecies competition and show that after a blood meal, the number of species (culturable on LuriaBertani agar) that coexist in the midgut is low and that about 40% of the females do not harbor any cultivable bacteria. We isolated species belonging to the genera Bacillus, Elizabethkingia, Enterococcus, Klebsiella, Pantoea, Serratia, and Sphingomonas, and we also determined their growth rates, antibiotic resistance, and ex vivo inhibition of each other. To investigate the possible existence of coadaptation between midgut bacteria and their host, we fed Ae.similar to aegypti cohorts with gut bacteria from human, a frog, and two mosquito species and followed the bacterial population growth over time. The dynamics of the different species suggests coadaptation between host and bacteria, and interestingly, we found that Pantoea stewartii isolated from Ae.similar to aegypti survive better in Ae.similar to aegypti as compared to P.similar to stewartii isolated from the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.
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| 32. |
- Öberg, Meit, et al.
(författare)
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Decomposing the seasonal fitness decline
- 2014
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Ingår i: Oecologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0029-8549 .- 1432-1939. ; 174, s. 139-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Seasonal fitness declines are common, but the relative contribution of different reproductive components to the seasonal change in the production of reproductive young, and the component-specific drivers of this change is generally poorly known. We used long-term data (17 years) on breeding time (i.e. date of first egg laid) in northern wheatears (Oenanthe oenanthe) to investigate seasonal reproductive patterns and estimate the relative contributions of reproductive components to the overall decline in reproduction, while accounting for factors potentially linked to seasonal declines, i.e. individual and habitat quality. All reproductive components-nest success (reflecting nest predation rate), clutch size, fledging success and recruitment success-showed a clear decline with breeding time whereas subsequent adult survival did not. A non-linear increase in nest predation rate caused nest success to decline rapidly early in the season and level off at similar to 80 % success late in the breeding season. The combined seasonal decline in all reproductive components caused the mean production of recruits per nest to drop from around 0.7-0.2; with the relative contribution greatest for recruitment success which accounted for similar to 50 % of the decline. Our data suggest that changing environmental conditions together with effects of nest predation have strong effects on the seasonal decline in fitness. Our demonstration of the combined effects of all reproductive components and their relative contribution shows that omitting data from later stages of breeding (recruitment) can greatly underestimate seasonal fitness declines.
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| 33. |
- Öberg, Meit, et al.
(författare)
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Rainfall during parental care reduces reproductive and survival components of fitness in a passerine bird
- 2015
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Ingår i: Ecology and Evolution. - : Wiley. - 2045-7758. ; 5, s. 345-356
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adverse weather conditions during parental care may have direct consequences for offspring production, but longer-term effects on juvenile and parental survival are less well known. We used long-term data on reproductive output, recruitment, and parental survival in northern wheatears (Oenanthe oenanthe) to investigate the effects of rainfall during parental care on fledging success, recruitment success (juvenile survival), and parental survival, and how these effects related to nestling age, breeding time, habitat quality, and parental nest visitation rates. While accounting for effects of temperature, fledging success was negatively related to rainfall (days>10mm) in the second half of the nestling period, with the magnitude of this effect being greater for breeding attempts early in the season. Recruitment success was, however, more sensitive to the number of rain days in the first half of the nestling period. Rainfall effects on parental survival differed between the sexes; males were more sensitive to rain during the nestling period than females. We demonstrate a probable mechanism driving the rainfall effects on reproductive output: Parental nest visitation rates decline with increasing amounts of daily rainfall, with this effect becoming stronger after consecutive rain days. Our study shows that rain during the nestling stage not only relates to fledging success but also has longer-term effects on recruitment and subsequent parental survival. Thus, if we want to understand or predict population responses to future climate change, we need to consider the potential impacts of changing rainfall patterns in addition to temperature, and how these will affect target species' vital rates.
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