| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Argyropoulos, Dimitris D. S., et al.
(author)
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Kraft Lignin: A Valuable, Sustainable Resource, Opportunities and Challenges
- 2023
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In: ChemSusChem. - : John Wiley and Sons Inc. - 1864-5631 .- 1864-564X. ; 16:23
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Kraft lignin, a by-product from the production of pulp, is currently incinerated in the recovery boiler during the chemical recovery cycle, generating valuable bioenergy and recycling inorganic chemicals to the pulping process operation. Removing lignin from the black liquor or its gasification lowers the recovery boiler load enabling increased pulp production. During the past ten years, lignin separation technologies have emerged and the interest of the research community to valorize this underutilized resource has been invigorated. The aim of this Review is to give (1) a dedicated overview of the kraft process with a focus on the lignin, (2) an overview of applications that are being developed, and (3) a techno-economic and life cycle asseeements of value chains from black liquor to different products. Overall, it is anticipated that this effort will inspire further work for developing and using kraft lignin as a commodity raw material for new applications undeniably promoting pivotal global sustainability concerns.
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| 4. |
- Lawoko, S, et al.
(author)
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Screening for Intimate Partner Violence against Women in Healthcare Sweden: Prevalence and Determinants
- 2011
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In: ISRN nursing. - : Hindawi Limited. - 2090-5491 .- 2090-5483. ; 2011, s. 510692-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We assessed the extent to which healthcare providers at a large healthcare facility in Sweden screen for intimate partner violence against women and the determinants of such screening. Data on frequency of screening, readiness to screen on many dimensions (using the Domestic Violence Healthcare Provider Survey Scale), demographic and occupational characteristics were administered electronically to 217 healthcare providers. We found that only 50% of participants had during the past 3 month screened for IPV at least once, and screening activity was marked with inequalities in measured individual characteristics. Participants of female gender and of doctor/nurse occupation were more likely to screen than male and midwife peers, respectively. Healthcare providers who perceived high efficacy in handling IPV issues, low fears of offending clients, professional preparedness, and with availability of support networks for IPV victims were more likely to screen for IPV. Implications of these findings for interventions are discussed.
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| 5. |
- Mattsson, Tuve, 1979, et al.
(author)
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The Development of a Wood-based Materials-biorefinery
- 2017
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In: BioResources. - : BioResources. - 1930-2126 .- 1930-2126. ; 12:4, s. 9152-9182
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Several different methods for the extraction, separation, and purification of wood constituents were combined in this work as a unified process with the purpose of achieving a high overall efficiency of material extraction and utilization. This study aimed to present a laboratory-scale demonstrator biorefinery that illustrated how the different wood constituents could be separated from the wood matrix for later use in the production of new bio-based materials and chemicals by combining several approaches. This study builds on several publications and ongoing activities within the Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC) in Sweden on the theme "From wood to material components." Combining the approaches developed in these WWSC projects - including mild steam explosion, membrane and chromatographic separation, enzymatic treatment and leaching, ionic liquid extraction, and fractionation together with Kraft pulping - formed an outline for a complete materials-biorefinery. The process steps involved were tested as integral steps in a linked process. The scale of operations ranged from the kilogram-scale to the gram-scale. The feasibility and efficiency of these process steps in a biorefinery system were assessed, based on the data, beginning with whole wood.
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| 6. |
- Mohan Pawar, Prashant, et al.
(author)
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In muro deacetylation of xylan affects lignin properties and improves saccharification of aspen wood
- 2017
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In: Biotechnology for Biofuels. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1754-6834 .- 1754-6834. ; 10:1, s. Art nr 98-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Lignocellulose from fast growing hardwood species is a preferred source of polysaccharides for advanced biofuels and "green" chemicals. However, the extensive acetylation of hardwood xylan hinders lignocellulose saccharification by obstructing enzymatic xylan hydrolysis and causing inhibitory acetic acid concentrations during microbial sugar fermentation. To optimize lignocellulose for cost-effective saccharification and biofuel production, an acetyl xylan esterase AnAXE1 from Aspergillus niger was introduced into aspen and targeted to cell walls. Results: AnAXE1-expressing plants exhibited reduced xylan acetylation and grew normally. Without pretreatment, their lignocellulose yielded over 25% more glucose per unit mass of wood (dry weight) than wild-type plants. Glucose yields were less improved (+7%) after acid pretreatment, which hydrolyses xylan. The results indicate that AnAXE1 expression also reduced the molecular weight of xylan, and xylan-lignin complexes and/or lignin co-extracted with xylan, increased cellulose crystallinity, altered the lignin composition, reducing its syringyl to guaiacyl ratio, and increased lignin solubility in dioxane and hot water. Lignin-associated carbohydrates became enriched in xylose residues, indicating a higher content of xylo-oligosaccharides. Conclusions: This work revealed several changes in plant cell walls caused by deacetylation of xylan. We propose that deacetylated xylan is partially hydrolyzed in the cell walls, liberating xylo-oligosaccharides and their associated lignin oligomers from the cell wall network. Deacetylating xylan thus not only increases its susceptibility to hydrolytic enzymes during saccharification but also changes the cell wall architecture, increasing the extractability of lignin and xylan and facilitating saccharification.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Aremu, O., et al.
(author)
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Neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage, individual wealth status and patterns of delivery care utilization in Nigeria : A multilevel discrete choice analysis
- 2011
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In: International Journal of Women's Health. - : Dove Medical Press Ltd. - 1179-1411. ; 3:1, s. 167-174
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: High maternal mortality continues to be a major public health problem in most part of the developing world, including Nigeria. Understanding the utilization pattern of maternal healthcare services has been accepted as an important factor for reducing maternal deaths. This study investigates the effect of neighborhood and individual socioeconomic position on the utilization of different forms of place of delivery among women of reproductive age in Nigeria. Methods: A population-based multilevel discrete choice analysis was performed using the most recent population-based 2008 Nigerian Demographic and Health Surveys data of women aged between 15 and 49 years. The analysis was restricted to 15,162 ever-married women from 888 communities across the 36 states of the federation including the Federal Capital Territory of Abuja. Results: The choice of place to deliver varies across the socioeconomic strata. The results of the multilevel discrete choice models indicate that with every other factor controlled for, the household wealth status, women’s occupation, women’s and partner’s high level of education attainment, and possession of health insurance were associated with use of private and government health facilities for child birth relative to home delivery. The results also show that higher birth order and young maternal age were associated with use of home delivery. Living in a highly socioeconomic disadvantaged neighborhood is associated with home birth compared with the patronage of government health facilities. More specifically, the result revealed that choice of facility-based delivery is clustered around the neighborhoods. Conclusion: Home delivery, which cuts across all socioeconomic strata, is a common practice among women in Nigeria. Initiatives that would encourage the appropriate use of healthcare facilities at little or no cost to the most disadvantaged should be accorded the utmost priority. © 2011 Schindler, publisher and licensee Dove Medical Press Ltd.
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| 9. |
- Carvalho, D. M. D., et al.
(author)
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Active role of lignin in anchoring wood-based stabilizers to the emulsion interface
- 2021
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In: Green Chemistry. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9262 .- 1463-9270. ; 23:22, s. 9084-9098
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hemicellulose-rich wood extracts show efficient capacity to adsorb at emulsion interfaces and stabilize them. Their functionality is enhanced by lignin moieties accompanying the hemicellulose structures, in the form of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) and, potentially, other non-covalent associations. The formation and stability of emulsions is determined by their interfacial regions. These are largely unexplored assemblies when formed from natural stabilizers with a complex chemical composition. Understanding the structure of the interfacial region could facilitate both designing the extraction processes of abundant biomasses and unraveling a valuable industrial application potential for the extracts. Herein, we characterized the LCCs from the interface of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by galactoglucomannan (GGM) or glucuronoxylan (GX)-rich wood extracts, using two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis. The type of covalent linkage between residual lignin and hemicelluloses determined their partitioning between the continuous and interfacial emulsion phases. Benzylether structures, only found in the interface, were suggested to participate in the physical stabilization of the emulsion droplets. In turn, the phenylglycosides, preferentially observed in the continuous phase, were suggested to interact with adsorbed stabilizers by electrostatic interaction. More hydrophobic lignin structures, such as guaiacyl lignin type, dibenzodioxocin substructures, and certain end groups also contributed to droplet stabilization. The elucidation of such attributes is of paramount importance for the biorefinery industry, enabling the optimization of extraction processes for the preparation of wood-based stabilizers and designed interfaces for novel and sustainable emulsion systems.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- de Carvalho, Danila Morais, et al.
(author)
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Enrichment and Identification of Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes in Softwood Extract
- 2020
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In: ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 2168-0485. ; 8:31, s. 11795-11804
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) are hybrid structures containing covalently linked moieties of lignin and carbohydrates. The structure and behavior of LCCs affect both industrial processes and practical applications of lignocellulosic biomass. However, the identification of phenylglycoside, benzylether, and gamma (gamma)-ester LCC bonds in lignocellulosic biomass is limited due to their relatively low abundance compared to plain carbohydrate and lignin structures. Herein, we enriched the LCC bonds in softwood galactoglucomannan (GGM)-rich extract fractionated by (1) a solvent (ethanol), (2) enzymes, and (3) physical techniques. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analysis was used to identify the LCC bonds. Phenylglycoside and benzylether bonds were concentrated in the ethanol-soluble GGM fractions. A benzylether bond was concentrated into GGM fractions containing larger molecules (>500 Da) through physical techniques. The gamma-ester bond was identified in all studied GGM fractions, which is explained by its stability and possible presence in residual xylan. In summary, we demonstrated the potential of the suggested techniques to enrich LCC bonds in softwood extract and improve LCC identification. Such techniques may also enable further studies on the structure and functionality of LCC bonds and open new prospects in the engineering of biomolecules.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Emenike, E, et al.
(author)
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Intimate partner violence and reproductive health of women in Kenya
- 2008
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In: International Nursing Review. - Oxon, United Kingdom : Blackwell Publishing. - 0020-8132 .- 1466-7657. ; 55:1, s. 97-102
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Reproductive age represents an augmented risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) despite its occurrence in women of all ages. IPV has been associated with various reproductive health outcomes (e.g. terminated pregnancies and infant mortality), although multi-country studies indicate that the findings may not be consistent across all cultures. STUDY AIM AND METHOD: The current work describes the association between IPV and reproductive health of women in Kenya using the Demographic and Health Survey of 2003.Results: A significant association between physical/emotional/sexual abuse of women and negative reproductive health outcomes such as terminated pregnancies and infant mortality was identified. In addition, IPV exposure was associated with use of family planning methods and high fertility.Conclusion and recommendations: Practitioners in the healthcare sector should inquire about abuse. Provision of counselling services and information regarding IPV effects on reproductive outcomes as well as referring abused women to relevant institutions is recommended in secondary prevention of IPV and to improve the reproductive health status of abused women.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- John, IA, et al.
(author)
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Health care providers' readiness to screen for intimate partner violence in Northern Nigeria
- 2010
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In: Violence and victims. - : Springer Publishing Company. - 0886-6708 .- 1945-7073. ; 25:5, s. 689-704
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Research on screening for intimate partner violence (IPV) within health care in a sub-Saharan African context is rare. This paper assessed factors associated with the readiness to screen for IPV among care providers (HCP, n = 274) at Kano hospital, Nigeria. Readiness was measured using the Domestic Violence Health Care Providers’ survey instrument, which measures grade of perceived self-efficacy in screening for IPV, fear for victim/provider safety, access to system support to refer IPV victims, professional roles resistant/fear of offending clients, and blaming the victim for being abused victim. Social workers perceived a higher self-efficacy and better access to system support networks to refer victims than peers in other occupation categories. Female care providers and doctors were less likely to blame the victim than males and social workers, respectively. Younger care providers of Yoruba ethnicity and social workers were less likely to perceive conflicting professional roles related to screening than older providers of Hausa ethnicity and doctors, respectively. Implications of our findings for interventions and further research are discussed.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Lawoko, Martin, et al.
(author)
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Kraft lignin valorization : Biofuels and thermoset materials in focus
- 2023
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In: Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 2452-2236. ; 40
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Kraft pulping is more than one hundred years old. The kraft lignin recovery has however been implemented commercially in the last ten years. The lignin is a bio-based by-product and is thus considered a sustainable material with a great potential. These aspects have sparked intense research and development efforts to valorize kraft lignin. This Opinion provides a snapshot of the current state of affairs in the field, highlighting recent examples that either manipulate the kraft lignin to thermoset materials or depolymerize the lignin to obtain biofuels.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Lawoko, S, et al.
(author)
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Distress and hopelessness among parents of children with congenital heartdisease, parents of children with other diseases and parents of healthy children
- 2002
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In: Journal of Psychosomatic Research. - 0022-3999 .- 1879-1360. ; 52:4, s. 193-208
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: We examined differences in distress (i.e., depression, anxiety, and somatisation) and hopelessness (e.g., suicide ideation) among parents of congenital heart disease (CHD) children (PCCHD, n=1092), parents of children with other diseases (PCOD, n=112), and parents of healthy children (PHC, n=293). In addition, we determined the proportion of parents in each group whose scores in distress and hopelessness, respectively, exceeded norms for psychiatric outpatients (POPN) and depressed people, and identified determinants of distress and hopelessness among all parents, and the PCCHD. Method: The parents completed a questionnaire about such areas as distress and hopelessness. The design was cross-sectional and data were collected during 20 consecutive days. Results: PCCHD were generally at higher risk of distress and hopelessness. A significant number of parents, in particular PCCHD, reported levels of distress and hopelessness within/above POPN and depressed people, respectively. Mothers within all parent groups had higher levels of distress and hopelessness than fathers, with the highest levels among mothers of children with CHD compared to mothers in the other groups. Fathers of children with CHD were doing worse than fathers belonging to the other groups. There were no differences between PCOD and PHC. Variables such as employment status and financial situation explained more of the variation in distress and hopelessness among parents than the diseases of their children. Conclusion: We corroborated previous findings and provide new insights into the experiences of PCCHD that may be of importance when considering intervention. Further research concerning the parents, in particular PCCHD, at risk of developing psychosocial problems is needed.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Lawoko, S
(author)
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Gun violence and mental illness.
- 2016
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In: EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 26:6, s. 1080-1080
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 29. |
- Lawoko, S
(author)
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Predictors of attitudes toward intimate partner violence: a comparative study of men in Zambia and Kenya
- 2008
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In: Journal of interpersonal violence. - : SAGE Publications. - 0886-2605 .- 1552-6518. ; 23:8, s. 1056-1074
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV) were compared between Zambian and Kenyan men on sociodemographic, attitudinal, and structural predictors of such attitudes. Data were retrieved from the latest Demographic and Health Surveys in each country. The results showed that many men in Zambia (71%) and Kenya (68%) justified IPV to punish a woman for transgression from normative domestic roles. In priority order, sociodemographic, autonomy, and access-to-information indicators predicted attitudes toward IPV in both countries. Whereas in Kenya, education reduced the likelihood of justifying IPV, the reverse was observed in Zambia. Access to information reduced the likelihood of justifying IPV among men in Zambia but not in Kenya. Men's positive attitudes toward women's autonomy reduced the likelihood of justifying IPV in Kenya but not in Zambia. Differences in specific predictors between the countries demonstrate the significance of capitalizing on need-adapted interventions tailored to fit conditions in each country.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Lawoko, S, et al.
(author)
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Psychosocial morbidity among parents of children with congenital heart disease: A prospective longitudinal study
- 2006
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In: Heart & Lung. - 0147-9563 .- 1527-3288. ; 35:5, s. 301-314
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The study objectives were to assess long-term psychosocial morbidity and its determinants among parents of children with congenital heart disease (PCCHD), and to compare mothers with fathers on psychosocial variables.MethodThe study design was longitudinal. Data comprising PCCHD (n = 632, 58% were women) were collected on two occasions 1 year apart.ResultsMany PCCHD reported psychosocial problems manifested in depression (18%), anxiety (16%-18%), somatization (31%-38%), and hopelessness (16%) during both measurement points. In addition, 7% to 22% reported psychosocial problems persisting over a 1-year period. Consistently over time, mothers reported more severe symptoms of depression, anxiety, somatization, and hopelessness than fathers. Children’s clinical severity did not significantly explain parent’s psychosocial morbidity over time. Instead, parental caregiving burden, dissatisfaction with care, social isolation, and financial instability were associated with an increased risk of long-standing psychosocial morbidity.ConclusionsAn important proportion of PCCHD are at risk of long-standing psychosocial morbidity, suggesting that psychosocial intervention may be beneficial. Feasible interventions are discussed.
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| 32. |
- Lawoko, S, et al.
(author)
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Quality of life among parents of children with congenital heart disease, parents of children with other diseases and parents of healthy children
- 2003
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In: Quality of Life Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0962-9343 .- 1573-2649. ; 12:6, s. 655-666
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We compared quality of life among parents of children with congenital heart disease (PCCHD, n = 1092), parents of children with other diseases (PCOD, n = 112) and parents of healthy children (PHC, n = 293). We also identified determinants of quality of life among the parents. The parents completed a questionnaire about such areas as quality of life and financial situation. The design was cross-sectional and data were collected during 20 consecutive days. The univariate analyses showed that PCCHD tended to report lower quality of life than PHC. Mothers reported lower quality of life than fathers, with the lowest levels among mothers of children with CHD. The multivariate analyses revealed however that variables such as distress, hopelessness and financial situation were more important in explaining the reduced quality of life than parental gender and the presence/severity of the children's heart diseases. We corroborated previous findings and may have provided new insights into the quality of life experiences of parents of children with CHD that may be important when considering interventions to improve their situation.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Lawoko, S, et al.
(author)
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Violence towards psychiatric staff: A comparison of gender, job and environmentalcharacteristics in England and Sweden
- 2004
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In: Work & Stress. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0267-8373 .- 1464-5335. ; 18:1, s. 39-55
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Workplace violence is receiving increasing attention world-wide, and studies suggest that, for example, nurses and women may be more abused at work than psychiatrists and men. However, there is a lack of cross-cultural data on the topic. Further, relatively few studies have addressed the influence of environmental factors in the occurrence of violence and within a cross-cultural context. The present study compares among other things the nature of violence encountered by female/male staff (nurses and psychiatrists) in Sweden and England. Psychiatric personnel from England (301 nurses; 74 psychiatrists) and Sweden (745 nurses; 306 psychiatrists) were assessed cross-sectionally by means of a questionnaire covering various areas (e.g. nature of violence). The univariate analyses showed an association between being abused and male gender, young age, being British and a nurse, physical and psychological strain. The multivariate logistic regression confirmed that British nurses and male nurses were the main risk group for exposure to violence. Further, the multivariate analysis indicated that the odds of being abused increased with increasing age, physical strain and dissatisfaction with quality of care. Interventions thus need to be sensitive to gender differences, societal context, professional roles and interactions between them. Further, clinical supervision and team functioning, organizational and environmentally friendly settings may help to reduce violence in mental health care.
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| 36. |
- Mattsson, M, et al.
(author)
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Background factors as determinants of satisfaction with care among first-episode psychosis patients
- 2005
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In: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-7954 .- 1433-9285. ; 40:9, s. 749-754
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective To evaluate the impact of demographic and psychosocial background factors and psychiatric and functional status before and at admission on the patients' satisfaction with care (PSC) among first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients. Method One year after entering the Parachute Project, 134 FEP patients completed a patient satisfaction questionnaire. The association with demographic and psychosocial background factors, together with psychiatric and functional status before and after admission, was analysed. Results Twenty-nine per cent of the variance of PSC was explained by factors such as educational level, social network, duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) the year prior to onset. Negative symptoms and lack of hope at admission were also predictors of PSC. The strongest predictor was DUP. Conclusion Affecting the public knowledge in psychiatric problems and psychiatric treatment, together with early intervention strategies aiming to decrease the prodromal and DUP period among FEP patients, can positively influence the patients' experience of given care. By increasing the knowledge of available psychiatric treatment, the sense of powerlessness might decrease among the affected persons, and the possibility of early help seeking might increase.
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| 37. |
- Mattsson, Tuve, et al.
(author)
-
The Development of a Wood-based Materials-biorefinery
- 2017
-
In: BioResources. - : North Carolina State University. - 1930-2126. ; 12:4, s. 9152-9182
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Several different methods for the extraction, separation, and purification of wood constituents were combined in this work as a unified process with the purpose of achieving a high overall efficiency of material extraction and utilization. This study aimed to present a laboratory-scale demonstrator biorefinery that illustrated how the different wood constituents could be separated from the wood matrix for later use in the production of new bio-based materials and chemicals by combining several approaches. This study builds on several publications and ongoing activities within the Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC) in Sweden on the theme "From wood to material components." Combining the approaches developed in these WWSC projects - including mild steam explosion, membrane and chromatographic separation, enzymatic treatment and leaching, ionic liquid extraction, and fractionation together with Kraft pulping - formed an outline for a complete materials-biorefinery. The process steps involved were tested as integral steps in a linked process. The scale of operations ranged from the kilogram-scale to the gram-scale. The feasibility and efficiency of these process steps in a biorefinery system were assessed, based on the data, beginning with whole wood.
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| 38. |
- Mattsson, Tuve, et al.
(author)
-
Towards a wood based material biorefinery - A demonstrator
- 2015
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In: 6th Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference, NWBC 2015. - : VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland. - 9789513883539 ; , s. 92-101
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wood, the most abundant ligno-cellulosic raw material available, is a key potential feedstock for production of more sustainable alternatives to fossil-based materials. However advances within the fields of extraction and treatment processes within what is often referred to as the biorefinery concept is essential to allow for such transition. In this study, several different methods for the extraction and separation of wood constituents have been combined in a single process with the purpose of achieving a high overall efficiency of material extraction and utilisation. The work builds on several activities within the Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC). The aim is to present a laboratory-scale demonstrator that illustrates how the different constituents can be separated from the wood matrix for later use in the production of bio-based materials and chemicals. The process steps involved have been tested as integral steps in a linked process for a scale of operations that range from the kilogram-scale down to the gram-scale. Industrially chipped softwood, containing mainly spruce with some pine, was used as raw material.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Okenwa, Leah, et al.
(author)
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Factors associated with disclosure of intimate partner violence among women in Lagos, Nigeria
- 2009
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In: Journal of Injury and Violence Research. - : Journal of Injury and Violence Research. - 2008-2053 .- 2008-4072. ; 1:1, s. 37-47
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Though the prevalence of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) remains high in less developed countries, data suggest that these figures may represent an underestimation considering that many women are unwilling to disclose abuse. This paper aims to determine women's willingness to report abuse, factors determining willingness to disclose IPV, and to whom such disclosure is made. A total of 911 women visiting reproductive health facility responded to the questionnaire, and the collected data was analyzed using multivariate analysis. About 54% (n=443) of the participating women reported that would not disclose IPV. Among those willing to disclose abuse, 68% (n=221) would opt to disclose to close relatives in contrast to 32% (n=103) who would disclose to some form of institutions (i.e. religious leaders, law enforcement officers). Ethnicity, woman's own use of alcohol and autonomy in decision making such as having a say on household purchases, money use and visitation, independently predicted willingness to disclose IPV. The role of family is still important in the Nigeria context and the implications for research and intervention are discussed.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Tunc, M. S., et al.
(author)
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Understanding the limitations of removal of hemicelluloses during autohydrolysis of a mixture of southern hardwoods
- 2010
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In: BioResources. - 1930-2126. ; 5:1, s. 356-371
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Extraction of hemicelluloses from wood prior to pulping is being pursued to generate more value-added products, while still producing high quality pulp from the pre-extracted wood. For a better understanding of the factors limiting selective extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis in combination with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was applied to milled wood and hydrothermally treated wood. Complete dissolution was achieved in a lithium chloride/dimethylacetamide solvent system after mild ball-milling of a Southern Hardwood Mixture (SHM), of SHM extracted using auto-hydrolysis, and of enzyme-treated SHM. SEC tests showed that severe degradation of wood polymers occurred after a milling time of 3 hours. The SEC data also confirmed the presence of lignin-carbohydrate complexes. Based on the results, it is suggested that linkages between lignin and polysaccharides may play an important role in limiting extraction of hemicelluloses.
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| 50. |
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