| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Asadollahzadeh, Mohammadtaghi, et al.
(författare)
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Application of Fungal Biomass for the Development of New Polylactic Acid-Based Biocomposites
- 2022
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Ingår i: Polymers. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4360. ; 14:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fungal biomass (FB), a by-product of the fermentation processes produced in large volumes, is a promising biomaterial that can be incorporated into poly(lactic acid) (PLA) to develop enhanced biocomposites that fully comply with the biobased circular economy concept. The PLA/FB composites, with the addition of triethyl citrate (TEC) as a biobased plasticizer, were fabricated by a microcompounder at 150 °C followed by injection molding. The effects of FB (10 and 20 wt %) and TEC (5, 10, and 15 wt %) contents on the mechanical, thermal and surface properties of the biocomposites were analyzed by several techniques. The PLA/FB/TEC composites showed a rough surface in their fracture section. A progressive decrease in tensile strength and Young’s modulus was observed with increasing FB and TEC, while elongation at break and impact strength started to increase. The neat PLA and biocomposite containing 10% FB and 15% TEC exhibited the lowest (3.84%) and highest (224%) elongation at break, respectively. For all blends containing FB, the glass transition, crystallization and melting temperatures were shifted toward lower values compared to the neat PLA. The incorporation of FB to PLA thus offers the possibility to overcome one of the main drawbacks of PLA, which is brittleness.
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| 3. |
- Asadollahzadeh, Mohammadtaghi, et al.
(författare)
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Fungal biotechnology
- 2023
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Ingår i: Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 31-66
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Filamentous fungi are an amazing group of microorganisms able to both degrade and produce a plethora of different compounds. Many fungi have rather modest nutritional requirements, making them very interesting for biotechnological applications, with applications in both submerged and solid-state fermentation. Applications include agriculture, food, and feed, pharmaceutical, pulp and paper, textile industries, as well as a potential for waste valorization. Some of the current and potential products include: ethanol, citric acid, gluconic acid, itaconic acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, and the fungal biomass as a food or feed, as well as more specific compounds such as enzymes.
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| 4. |
- Asadollahzadeh, Mohammadtaghi, et al.
(författare)
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Using spent sulfite liquor for valuable fungal biomass production by Aspergilus oryzae
- 2017
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Ingår i: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 32:4, s. 630-638
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recent and increasing interest in bioconversion of lignocellulosic wastes into value-added products has led to extensive research on various microorganisms and substrates. In this study, filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae was cultivated on spent sulfite liquor (SSL) from a pulp mill. The process using an airlift bioreactor (3.5 L working volume) was successfully carried out in 48 h with an airflow of 0.85 vvm (volume air per volume culture per minute) at 35°C and pH 5.5. The cultivation results showed that the fungal biomass concentration was higher in more diluted SSL. The highest and lowest fungal biomass concentrations when spore inoculation was used were 10.2 and 6.5 g/l SSL, in diluted SSL to 60 and 80%, respectively. The range of crude protein and total fat of the fungal biomass was 0.44 – 0.48 and 0.04 – 0.11 g/g biomass dry weight, respectively. All essential amino acids were present in acceptable quantities in the fungal biomass. The results obtained in this study have practical implications in that the fungus A. oryzae could be used successfully to produce fungal biomass protein using spent sulfite liquor for animal feed.
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| 5. |
- Bátori, Veronika, et al.
(författare)
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Ethanol and Protein from Ethanol Plant By-Products Using Edible Fungi Neurospora intermedia and Aspergillus oryzae
- 2015
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Ingår i: BioMed Research International. - : Hindawi Limited. - 2314-6133 .- 2314-6141. ; 2015:nov23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Feasible biorefineries for production of second-generation ethanol are difficult to establish due to the process complexity. An alternative is to partially include the process in the first-generation plants. Whole stillage, a by-product from dry-mill ethanol processes from grains, is mostly composed of undegraded bran and lignocelluloses can be used as a potential substrate for production of ethanol and feed proteins. Ethanol production and the proteins from the stillage were investigated using the edible fungi Neurospora intermedia and Aspergillus oryzae, respectively. N. intermedia produced 4.7 g/L ethanol from the stillage and increased to 8.7 g/L by adding 1 FPU of cellulase/g suspended solids. Saccharomyces cerevisiae produced 0.4 and 5.1 g/L ethanol, respectively. Under a two-stage cultivation with both fungi, up to 7.6 g/L of ethanol and 5.8 g/L of biomass containing 42% (w/w) crude protein were obtained. Both fungi degraded complex substrates including arabinan, glucan, mannan, and xylan where reductions of 91, 73, 38, and 89% (w/v) were achieved, respectively. The inclusion of the current process can lead to the production of 44,000 m(3) of ethanol (22% improvement), around 12,000 tons of protein-rich biomass for animal feed, and energy savings considering a typical facility producing 200,000 m(3) ethanol/year.
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| 6. |
- Bátori, Veronika, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Production of Pectin-Cellulose Biofilms: A New Approach for Citrus Waste Recycling
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Polymer Science. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1687-9422 .- 1687-9430. ; 2017, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While citrus waste is abundantly generated, the disposal methods used today remain unsatisfactory: they can be deleterious for ruminants, can cause soil salinity, or are not economically feasible; yet citrus waste consists of various valuable polymers. This paper introduces a novel environmentally safe approach that utilizes citrus waste polymers as a biobased and biodegradable film, for example, for food packaging. Orange waste has been investigated for biofilm production, using the gelling ability of pectin and the strength of cellulosic fibres. A casting method was used to form a film from the previously washed, dried, and milled orange waste. Two film-drying methods, a laboratory oven and an incubator shaker, were compared. FE-SEM images confirmed a smoother film morphology when the incubator shaker was used for drying. The tensile strength of the films was 31.67 ± 4.21 and 34.76 ± 2.64 MPa, respectively, for the oven-dried and incubator-dried films, which is within the range of different commodity plastics. Additionally, biodegradability of the films was confirmed under anaerobic conditions. Films showed an opaque appearance with yellowish colour.
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| 7. |
- Bátori, Veronika, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Synthesis and characterization of maleic anhydride-grafted orange waste for potential use in biocomposites
- 2018
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Ingår i: BioResources. - : BioResources. - 1930-2126. ; 13:3, s. 4986-4997
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the study was to develop a less hydrophilic, and therefore more useful, material from orange waste produced in large quantities by the food industry. A new derivative of industrial orange waste was synthesized via esterification with maleic anhydride. The reaction was confirmed via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and the degree of substitution of the hydroxyl groups was 0.39 ± 0.01, as determined by a back-titration method. A major change in physical structure was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The flake-like structure of orange waste changed to a sponge-like structure after the reaction, which involved an increased volume and a reduced density by approximately 40%. The sponge-like structure was represented as an agglomeration of particles with a low specific surface area of 2.18 m2/g and a mean pore diameter of 10.7 nm. Interestingly, the grafted orange waste seemed to become more hydrophobic, which was confirmed by a contact angle test; however, the material absorbed more water vapor. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed a thermally more uniform, though, less heat-resistant material. This work suggests a possible way of utilizing orange waste via synthesizing a renewable material with possible applications as a filler in biocomposites.
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| 8. |
- Bátori, Veronika, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of glycerol, sugar and maleic anhydride on pectin-cellulose biofilms prepared from orange waste
- 2019
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Ingår i: Polymers. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4360.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study was conducted to improve the properties of thin films prepared from orange waste by the solution casting method. The main focus was the elimination of holes in the film structure by establishing better cohesion between the major cellulosic and pectin fractions. For this, a previously developed method was improved first by the addition of sugar to promote pectin gelling, then by the addition of maleic anhydride. Principally, maleic anhydride was introduced to the films to induce cross-linking within the film structure. The effects of concentrations of sugar and glycerol as plasticizers and maleic anhydride as a cross-linking agent on the film characteristics were studied. Maleic anhydride improved the structure, resulting in a uniform film, and morphology studies showed better adhesion between components. However, it did not act as a cross-linking agent, but rather as a compatibilizer. The middle level (0.78%) of maleic anhydride content resulted in the highest tensile strength (26.65 ± 3.20 MPa) at low (7%) glycerol and high (14%) sugar levels and the highest elongation (28.48% ± 4.34%) at high sugar and glycerol levels. To achieve a uniform film surface with no holes present, only the lowest (0.39%) level of maleic anhydride was necessary.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Fazelinejad, Somayeh, et al.
(författare)
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Fungal biomass and ethanol from lignocelluloses using Rhizopus pellets under simultaneous saccharification, filtration, and fermentation (SSFF)
- 2016
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Ingår i: Biofuel Research Journal. - 2292-8782. ; 9, s. 372-378
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The economic viability of the 2nd generation bioethanol production process cannot rely on a single product but on a biorefinery built around it. In this work, ethanol and fungal biomass (animal feed) were produced from acid-pretreated wheat straw slurry under an innovative simultaneous saccharification, fermentation, and filtration (SSFF) strategy. A membrane unit separated the solids from the liquid and the latter was converted to biomass or to both biomassand ethanol in the fermentation reactor containing Rhizopus sp. pellets. Biomass yields of up to 0.34 g/g based on the consumed monomeric sugars and acetic acid were achieved. A surplus of glucose in the feed resulted in ethanol production and reduced the biomass yield, whereas limiting glucose concentrations resulted in higher consumption of xylose and acetic acid. The specific growth rate, in the range of 0.013-0.015/h, did not appear to be influenced by the composition of the carbon source. Under anaerobic conditions, an ethanol yield of 0.40 g/g was obtained. The present strategy benefits fromthe easier separation of the biomass from the medium and the fungus ability to assimilate carbon residuals in comparison with when yeast is used. More specifically, it allows in-situ separation of insoluble solids leading to the production of pure fungal biomass as a value-added product. (C) 2016 BRTeam. All rights reserved.
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| 12. |
- FazeliNejad, Somayeh, et al.
(författare)
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Inhibitor Tolerance : A Comparison between Rhizopus sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- 2013
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Ingår i: BioResources. - : North Carolina State University. - 1930-2126. ; 8:4, s. 5524-5535
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Zygomycetes fungi are able to produce ethanol, and their biomass may hold a high market value, making them interesting microorganisms from a biorefinery perspective. In the present study, the inhibitor tolerance of the Zygomycetes fungus Rhizopus sp. was evaluated and compared with a flocculating strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The inhibitors furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural [HMF], acetic acid, and levulinic acid and the phenolic compounds catechol, guaiacol, and vanillin were applied in different combinations in a semi-synthetic medium. Glucose uptake and conversion of HMF in the presence of inhibitors were analyzed for the two organisms, and it appeared that the inhibitor resistances of Rhizopus sp. and S. cerevisiae were comparable. However, in the presence of catechol (0.165 g L-1), guaiacol (0.186 g L-1), and vanillin (0.30 g L-1), the glucose uptake by S. cerevisiae was only 3.5% of its uptake in a medium without inhibitors, while under equal conditions, Rhizopus sp. maintained 43% of its uninhibited glucose uptake.
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| 13. |
- Ferreira, Jorge A., et al.
(författare)
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Airlift bioreactors for fish feed fungal biomass production using edible filamentous fungi
- 2017
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Airlift bioreactors are generally considered to be better alternatives for cultivation of filamentous fungi in comparison to stirred-tank bioreactors or bubble columns bioreactors. The reason for the former includes fungal growth around all internal parts including impellers, baffles or pH, temperature and oxygen probes limiting mass transfer, whereas the latter is limited by air flow rates that can be applied before the system provides deficient mixing and so mass transfer rates. Spent sulphite liquor, a by-product from the paper pulp industry, was used for cultivation of edible Rhizopus sp., a strain isolated from Indonesian tempeh used as human food, using a 26 L airlift bioreactor. Increasing the aeration rate from 0.15 to 1 vvm led to increased biomass production (1 vs 7 g/L). The aeration rate was also found to influence fungal morphology and metabolite production during batch cultivation. Rhizopus sp. shifted from mycelial suspensions at 0.15 and 0.5 vvm to small compact pellets of regular size at 1 vvm. The production of ethanol and lactic acid, a proof of sub-optimal aeration conditions, was also reduced when increasing the aeration rate from 0.15 to 1 vvm. The produced biomass was found to be composed, on a dry weight basis, of 30-50% protein, 2-7% lipids, and 3-9% glucosamine. Considering the edible character of the fungus used as well as its biomass nutritional characteristics, there is a potential for its use as fishmeal replacement within the increasing aquaculture sector.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Ferreira, Jorge A, et al.
(författare)
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Production of ethanol and biomass from thin stillage by Neurospora intermedia : A pilot study for process diversification
- 2015
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Ingår i: Engineering in Life Sciences. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 1618-0240 .- 1618-2863. ; 15:8, s. 751-759
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dry mill ethanol processes produce ethanol and animal feed from whole grains,where the wastewater after the distillation and separation of solid materials is called“thin stillage.” In this work, similar production of ethanol (3.5 g/L) and biomass(5 g/L) from thin stillage was obtained during batch cultivation of the edible fungusNeurospora intermedia in a 2-m high airlift reactor and bubble column. The fungalbiomass, containing 50% w/w protein and 12% w/w lipids, was rich in essentialamino acids and omega-3 and -6 fatty acids. In a continuousmode of fermentation,dilution rates of up to 0.2 h−1 could be applied without cell washout in the bubblecolumn at 0.5 vvm. At 0.1 h−1, around 5 g/L of ethanol and 4 g/L of biomasscontaining ca. 50% w/w protein were produced. The fungus was able to assimilatesaccharides in the liquid fraction as well as sugar backbones such as xylan andarabinan in the solid fraction. The inclusion of the current process could potentiallylead to the production of 11 000 m3 of ethanol (5.5% improvement vs. normalindustrial process) and around 6300 tons of high-quality biomass for animal feed ata typical facility producing 200 000 m3 ethanol per year.
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| 17. |
- Ferreira, Jorge A., et al.
(författare)
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Production of Ethanol and Biomass from Thin Stillage Using Food-Grade Zygomycetes and Ascomycetes Filamentous Fungi
- 2014
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI. - 1996-1073. ; 7:6, s. 3872-3885
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A starch-based ethanol facility producing 200,000 m3 ethanol/year also produces ca. 2 million m3 thin stillage, which can be used to improve the entire process. In this work, five food-grade filamentous fungi, including a Zygomycete and four Ascomycetes were successfully grown in thin stillage containing 9% solids. Cultivation with Neurospora intermedia led to the production of ca. 16 g·L−1 biomass containing 56% (w/w) crude protein, a reduction of 34% of the total solids, and 5 g·L−1 additional ethanol. In an industrial ethanol production process (200,000 m3 ethanol/year), this can potentially lead to the production of 11,000 m3 extra ethanol per year. Cultivation with Aspergillus oryzae resulted in 19 g·L−1 biomass containing 48% (w/w) crude protein and the highest reduction of the thin stillage glycerol (54%) among the Ascomycetes. Cultivation with Rhizopus sp. produced up to 15 g·L−1 biomass containing 55% (w/w) crude protein. The spent thin stillage had been reduced up to 85%, 68% and 21% regarding lactic acid, glycerol and total solids, respectively. Therefore, N. intermedia, in particular, has a high potential to improve the ethanol process via production of additional ethanol and high-quality biomass, which can be considered for animal feed applications such as for fish feed.
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| 18. |
- Ferreira, Jorge A., et al.
(författare)
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Spent sulphite liquor for cultivation of an edible Rhizopus sp.
- 2012
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Ingår i: BioResources. - : North Carolina State University: College of Natural Resources. - 1930-2126. ; 7:1, s. 173-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spent sulphite liquor, the major byproduct from the sulphite pulp production process, was diluted to 50% and used for production of an edible zygomycete Rhizopus sp. The focus was on production, yield, and composition of the fungal biomass composition. The fungus grew well at 20 to 40°C, but 32°C was found to be preferable compared to 20 and 40°C in terms of biomass production and yield (maximum of 0.16 g/g sugars), protein content (0.50-0.60 g/g), alkali-insoluble material (AIM) (ca 0.15 g/g), and glucosamine content (up to 0.30 g/g of AIM). During cultivation in a pilot airlift bioreactor, the yield increased as aeration was raised from 0.15 to 1.0 vvm, indicating a high demand for oxygen. After cultivation at 1.0 vvm for 84 h, high yield and production of biomass (up to 0.34 g/g sugars), protein (0.30-0.50 g/g), lipids (0.02-0.07 g/g), AIM (0.16-0.28 g/g), and glucosamine (0.22-0.32 g/g AIM) were obtained. The fungal biomass produced from spent sulphite liquor is presently being tested as a replacement for fishmeal in feed for fish aquaculture and seems to be a potential source of nutrients and for production of glucosamine.
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| 19. |
- Ferreira, Jorge A., et al.
(författare)
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Waste biorefineries using filamentous ascomycetes fungi : Present status and future prospects
- 2016
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Ingår i: Bioresource Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-8524 .- 1873-2976. ; 215:sept, s. 334-345
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Filamentous ascomycetes fungi have had important roles in natural cycles, and are already used industrially for e.g. supplying of citric, gluconic and itaconic acids as well as many enzymes. Faster human activities result in higher consumption of our resources and producing more wastes. Therefore, these fungi can be explored to use their capabilities to convert back wastes to resources. The present paper reviews the capabilities of these fungi in growing on various residuals, producing lignocellulose-degrading enzymes and production of organic acids, ethanol, pigments, etc. Particular attention has been on Aspergillus, Fusarium, Neurospora and Monascus genera. Since various species are used for production of human food, their biomass can be considered for feed applications and so biomass compositional characteristics as well as aspects related to culture in bioreactor are also provided. The review has been further complemented with future research avenues.[on SciFinder (R)]
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| 20. |
- Ferreira, Jorge A., et al.
(författare)
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Zygomycetes-based biorefinery: Present status and future prospects
- 2013
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Ingår i: Bioresource Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-8524 .- 1873-2976. ; 135, s. 523-532
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fungi of the phylum Zygomycetes fulfil all requirements for being utilized as core catalysts in biorefineries, and would be useful in creating new sustainable products. Apart from the extended use of Zygomycetes in preparing fermented foods, industrial metabolites such as lactic acid, fumaric acid, and ethanol are produced from a vast array of feedstocks with the aid of Zygomycetes. These fungi produce enzymes that facilitate their assimilation of various complex substrates, e.g., starch, cellulose, phytic acid, and proteins, which is relevant from an industrial point of view. The enzymes produced are capable of catalyzing various reactions involved in biodiesel production, preparation of corticosteroid drugs, etc. Biomass produced with the aid of Zygomycetes consists of proteins with superior amino acid composition, but also lipids and chitosan. The biomass is presently being tested for animal feed purposes, such as fish feed, as well as for lipid extraction and chitosan production. Complete or partial employment of Zygomycetes in biorefining procedures is consequently attractive, and is expected to be implemented within a near future.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Gmoser, Rebecca, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Combining submerged and solid state fermentation to convert waste bread into protein and pigment using the edible filamentous fungus N. intermedia.
- 2019
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 97, s. 63-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Waste streams from ethanol and bread production present inexpensive, abundant and underutilized renewable substrates that are highly available for valorisation into high-value products. A combined submerged to solid state fermentation strategy was studied using the edible filamentous fungus Neurospora intermedia to biotransform ethanol plant residues 'thin stillage' and waste bread as substrates for the production of additional ethanol, biomass and a feed product rich in pigment. The fungus was able to degrade the stillage during submerged fermentation, producing 81 kg ethanol and 65 kg fungal biomass per ton dry weight of thin stillage. Concurrently, the second solid state fermentation step increased the protein content in waste bread by 161%. Additionally, 1.2 kg pigment per ton waste bread was obtained at the best conditions (6 days solid state fermentation under light at 95% relative humidity at 35 °C with an initial substrate moisture content of 40% using washed fungal biomass to initiate fermentation). This study presents a means of increasing the value of waste bread while reducing the treatment load on thin stillage in ethanol plants.
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| 25. |
- Gmoser, Rebecca, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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From stale bread and brewers spent grain to a new food source using edible filamentous fungi
- 2020
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Ingår i: Bioengineered Bugs. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2165-5979 .- 2165-5987. ; 11:1, s. 582-598
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By-products from the food sector with a high load of organic matter present both a waste-handling problem related to expenses and to the environment, yet also an opportunity. This study aims to increase the value of stale bread and brewers spent grain (BSG) by re-introducing these residues to the food production chain by converting them to new protein-enriched products using the edible filamentous fungi Neurospora intermedia and Rhizopusoryzae. After 6 days of solid state fermentation (at 35°C, with a95% relative humidity and moisture content of 40% in the substrate) on stale bread, a nutrient-rich fungal-fermented product was produced. The total protein content, as analyzed by total amino acids, increased from 16.5% in stale sourdough bread to 21.1% (on dry weight basis) in the final product with an improved relative ratio of essential amino acids. An increase in dietary fiber, minerals (Cu, Fe, Zn) and vitamin E, as well as an addition of vitamin D2 (0.89 µg/g dry weight sample) was obtained compared with untreated stale bread. Furthermore, addition of BSG to the sourdough bread with the aim to improve textural changes after fermentation showed promising outcomes. Cultivation of N. intermedia or R. oryzae on stale sourdough bread mixed with 6.5% or 11.8% BSG, respectively, resulted in fungal-fermented products with similar textural properties to a commercial soybean burger. Bioconversion of stale bread and BSG by fungal solid state fermentation to produce a nutrient-enriched food product was confirmed to be a successful way to minimize food waste and protein shortage.
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| 26. |
- Gmoser, Rebecca, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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From surplus bread to burger using filamentous fungi at bakeries : Techno-economical evaluation
- 2021
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Ingår i: Cleaner Environmental Systems. - : Elsevier. - 2666-7894. ; 2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A novel approach of utilizing unsold bread at bakeries as a substrate for the fermentative production of a fungal food product have been developed. Techno-economic feasibility of implementing on-site solid-state fermentation in small-scale bakeries in Sweden to recover 10 kg/day surplus bread using the edible fungus Neurospora intermedia was investigated. Different inoculation to substrate ratios were compared, where 24% of fermented solids to inoculate the next batch presented the best fermentation-benefit ratio. Total capital cost was at its maximum €12,600 that can process 70 tons bread (10 kg/day) in its 20-years lifetime to produce 63 tons of product. Operational costs were dominated by labour cost (53%). Outcomes indicate that the process implementation is economically feasible with an annual net profit of €62,000, rate of return on investment of 18.5%, with a payback-period of 4 years at a discount rate of 7%. According to sensitivity analysis, product-selling price and process bread capacity were critical to the process's economics. Increasing the capacity to 100 kg/day resulted in a substantial increase in net profit value of €5,700,000 compared to the base case scenario. Implementation of this process cast insights on techno-economic performance of a sustainable treatment for surplus bread at bakery-level.
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| 27. |
- Gmoser, Rebecca, 1990-, et al.
(författare)
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Post-treatment of Fungal Biomass to Enhance Pigment Production
- 2019
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Ingår i: Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0273-2289 .- 1559-0291.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new post-treatment method of fungal biomass after fermentation is revealed. The post-treatment strategy was utilized to produce pigments as an additional valuable metabolite. Post-treatment included incubation at 95% relative humidity where the effects of harvesting time, light, and temperature were studied. Pigment-producing edible filamentous fungus Neurospora intermedia cultivated on ethanol plant residuals produced 4 g/L ethanol and 5 g/L fungal biomass. Harvesting the pale biomass after 48 h submerged cultivation compared to 24 h or 72 h increased pigmentation in the post-treatment step with 35% and 48%, respectively. The highest pigment content produced, 1.4 mg/g dry fungal biomass, was obtained from washed biomass treated in light at 35 °C whereof the major impact on pigmentation was from washed biomass. Moreover, post-treated biomass contained 50% (w/w) crude protein. The post-treatment strategy successfully adds pigments to pre-obtained biomass. The pigmented fungal biomass can be considered for animal feed applications for domestic animals.
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| 28. |
- Kawa-Rygielska, Joanna, et al.
(författare)
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High-Efficiency Conversion of Bread Residues to Ethanol and Edible Biomass Using Filamentous Fungi at High Solids Loading: A Biorefinery Approach
- 2022
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Ingår i: Applied Sciences. - : MDPI. - 2076-3417. ; 12:13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bread residues represent a significant fraction of retail food wastes, becoming a severe environmental challenge and an economic loss for the food sector. They are, however, an attractive resource for bioconversion into value-added products. In this study, the edible filamentous fungi Neurospora intermedia and Aspergillus oryzae were employed for the production of bioethanol and high-protein biomass by cultivation on enzymatically liquefied bread-waste medium at 150 g/L solids. The fermentation of hydrolysate by N. intermedia resulted in the ethanol titer of 32.2 g/L and biomass yield of 19.2 g/L with ca. 45% protein. However, the fermentation ended with a considerable amount of residual fermentable sugars; therefore, the liquid medium after the first fermentation was distilled and fermented again by two fungal strains (N. intermedia and A. oryzae). The fermentations resulted in the production of additional ethanol and biomass. A. oryzae showed better performance in the production of biomass, while the other strain yielded more ethanol. The final products’ yield ranged 0.29–0.32 g EtOH/g and 0.20–0.22 g biomass/g bread waste depending on the strain used in the second fermentation. The study shows that valorization of bread residuals by fungi is a promising option for the production of biofuels and foodstuff within the circular bioeconomy approach.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Ky, Q. M. H., et al.
(författare)
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Dimorphism of Mucor indicus: different gene expressions between yeast-like and filamentous growth
- 2013
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Ingår i: Minerva Biotecnologica. - : Edizioni Minerva Medica. - 1120-4826 .- 1827-160X. ; 25:1, s. 1-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim. Mucor indicus is a zygomycetes fungus with several advantages. Its ethanol yield from hexoses rivals that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and it is capable of producing ethanol from xylose in limited aerobic conditions. It is also able to ferment dilute acid hydrolysate and is known to be dimorphic; able to grow in both filamentous and yeast-like modes.Methods. In this study, the difference between yeast-like and filamentous cells of M. indicus was investigated using modern polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Four mRNA sequences were detected with a higher expression in the filamentous growth form than in the yeast-like, by a factor of 1.3-4.2. One of the sequences was novel and three have been detected in another species of Mucor, M. circinelloides, coding for a chitin synthase, a proteasome and a sigma 70 factor.Results and conclusion. The novel sequence exhibited the largest difference in expression and was subjected to knock-down. However, it proved to be best suited for detection of emerging growth patterns, since the knock-down had little effect on the developing growth form. With the results of this study, an important step towards understanding the difference in the dimorphic behaviour exhibited by M. indicus, as well as other members of the genus Mucor, has been taken. Potentially it could also be used as one of the tools for the control of the dimorphic behaviour of M. indicus, and other species of the Mucor genus.
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| 31. |
- Lennartsson, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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A pilot study on lignocelluloses to ethanol and fish feed using NMMO pretreatment and cultivation with Zygomycetes in an airlift reactor
- 2011
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Ingår i: Bioresource Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-8524 .- 1873-2976. ; 102:6, s. 4425-4432
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A complete process for the production of bioethanol and fungal biomass from spruce and birch was investigated. The process included milling, pretreatment with N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO), washing of the pretreated wood, enzymatic hydrolysis, and cultivation of the zygomycetes fungi Mucor indicus. Investigated factors included wood chip size (0.5-16 mm), pretreatment time (1-5 h), and scale of the process from bench-scale to 2 m high airlift reactor. Best hydrolysis yields were achieved from wood chips below 2 mm after 5 h of pretreatment. Ethanol yields (mg/g wood) of 195 and 128 for spruce, and 175 and 136 for birch were achieved from bench-scale and airlift, respectively. Fungal biomass yields (mg/g wood) of 103 and 70 for spruce, and 86 and 66 for birch from bench scale and airlift respectively were simultaneously achieved. NMMO pretreatment and cultivation with M. indicus appear to be a good alternative for ethanol production from birch and spruce.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Lennartsson, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Growth tolerance of Zygomycetes Mucor indicus in orange peel hydrolysate without detoxification
- 2012
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Ingår i: Process Biochemistry. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 1359-5113 .- 1873-3298. ; 47:5, s. 836-842
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The capability of two zygomycetes strains, Mucor indicus and an isolate from tempeh (Rhizopus sp.), to grow on orange peel hydrolysate and their tolerance to its antimicrobial activity, was investigated. Both fungi, in particular M. indicus, tolerated up to 2% d-limonene in semi-synthetic media during cultivation in shake flasks, under aerobic as well as anaerobic conditions. The tolerance of M. indicus was also tested in a bioreactor, giving rise to varying results in the presence of 2% limonene. Furthermore, both strains were capable of consuming galacturonic acid, the main monomer of pectin, under aerobic conditions when no other carbon source was present. The orange peel hydrolysate was based on 12% (dry w/v) orange peels, containing d-limonene at a concentration of 0.6% (v/v), which no other microorganism has been reported to be able to ferment. However, the hydrolysate was utilised by M. indicus under aerobic conditions, resulting in production of 410 and 400 mg ethanol/g hexoses and 57 and 75 mg fungal biomass/g sugars from cultivations in shake flasks and a bioreactor, respectively. Rhizopus sp., however, was slow to germinate aerobically, and neither of the zygomycetes was able to consistently germinate in orange peel hydrolysate, under anaerobic conditions. The zygomycetes strains used in the present study demonstrated a relatively high resistance to the antimicrobial compounds present in orange peel hydrolysate, and they were capable of producing ethanol and biomass in the presence of limonene, particularly when cultivated with air supply.
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| 34. |
- Lennartsson, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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Integration of the first and second generation bioethanol processes and the importance of by-products
- 2014
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Ingår i: Bioresource Technology. - : Elsevier. - 0960-8524 .- 1873-2976. ; 165, s. 3-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lignocellulosic ethanol has obstacles in the investment costs and uncertainties in the process. One solution is to integrate it with the running dry mills of ethanol from grains. However, the economy of these mills, which dominate the world market, are dependent on their by-products DDGS (Distiller’s Dried Grains and Solubles), sold as animal feed. The quality of DDGS therefore must not be negatively influenced by the integration. This puts restraints on the choice of pretreatment of lignocelluloses and utilizing the pentose sugars by food-grade microorganisms. The proposed solution is to use food related filamentous Zygomycetes and Ascomycetes fungi, and to produce fungal biomass as a high-grade animal feed from the residues after the distillation (stillage). This also has the potential to improve the first generation process by increasing the amount of the thin stillage directly sent back into the process, and by decreasing the evaporator based problems.
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| 35. |
- Lennartsson, Patrik R, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of different growth forms of Mucor indicus on cultivation on dilute-acid lignocellulosic hydrolyzate, inhibitor tolerance, and cell wall composition
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Biotechnology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-1656 .- 1873-4863. ; 143:4, s. 255-261
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dimorphic fungus Mucor indicus was grown in different forms classified as purely filamentous, mostly filamentous, mostly yeast-like and purely yeast-like, and the relationship between morphology and metabolite production, inhibitor tolerance and the cell wall composition was investigated. Low concentrations of spores in the inoculum with subsequent aeration promoted filamentous growth, whereas higher spore concentrations and anaerobic conditions promoted yeast-like growth. Ethanol was the main metabolite with glycerol next under all conditions tested. The yields of ethanol from glucose were between 0.39 and 0.42 g g(-1) with productivities of 3.2-5.0 g l(-1) h(-1). The ethanol productivity of mostly filamentous cells was increased from 3.9 to 5.0 g l(-1) h(-1) by the presence of oxygen, whereas aeration of purely yeast-like cells showed no such effect. All growth forms were able to tolerate 4.6 g l(-1) furfural and 10 g l(-1) acetic acid and assimilate the sugars, although with different consumption rates. The cell wall content of the fungus measured as alkali insoluble materials (AIM) of the purely yeast-like cells was 26% of the biomass, compared to 8% of the pure filaments. However, the chitosan concentration of the filaments was 29% of the AIM, compared to 6% of the yeast-like cells.
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| 36. |
- Lennartsson, Patrik R, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Ethanol production from lignocellulose by the dimorphic fungus Mucor indicus
- 2008
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Ingår i: World Bioenergy. Jönköping, Sweden, 27-29 May, 2008.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ethanol production from dilute-acid hydrolyzate by the dimorphic fungus Mucor indicus was investigated. A mixture of different forest wood chips dominated by spruce was hydrolyzed with 0.5 g/L sulfuric acid at 15 bar for 10 min, yielding different sugars including galactose, glucose, mannose, and xylose, but also different fermentation inhibitors such as acetic acid, furfural, hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), and phenolic compounds. We induced different morphological growth of M. indicus from purely filamentous, mostly filamentous, mostly yeast-like to purely yeast-like. The different forms were then ysed to ferment the hydrolyzate. They tolerated the presence of the inhibitors under anaerobic batch cultivation well and the ethanol yield was 430-440 g/kg consumed sugars. The ethanol productivity depended on the morphology. Judging from these results, we conclude that M. indicus is useful for ethanol production from toxic substrates independent of its morphology.
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| 37. |
- Lennartsson, Patrik R., et al.
(författare)
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Pigment Production by the Edible Filamentous Fungus Neurospora Intermedia
- 2018
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Ingår i: Fermentation. - Göteborg : MDPI AG. - 2311-5637. ; 4:11, s. 1-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The production of pigments by edible filamentous fungi is gaining attention as a result of the increased interest in natural sources with added functionality in the food, feed, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and textile industries. The filamentous fungus Neurospora intermedia, used for production of the Indonesian food “oncom”, is one potential source of pigments. The objective of the study was to evaluate the fungus’ pigment production. The joint effect from different factors (carbon and nitrogen source, ZnCl2, MgCl2 and MnCl2) on pigment production by N. intermedia is reported for the first time. The scale-up to 4.5 L bubble column bioreactors was also performed to investigate the effect of pH and aeration. Pigment production of the fungus was successfully manipulated by varying several factors. The results showed that the formation of pigments was strongly influenced by light, carbon, pH, the co-factor Zn2+ and first- to fourth-order interactions between factors. The highest pigmentation (1.19 ± 0.08 mg carotenoids/g dry weight biomass) was achieved in a bubble column reactor. This study provides important insights into pigmentation of this biotechnologically important fungus and lays a foundation for future utilizations of N. intermedia for pigment production.
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| 38. |
- Lennartsson, Patrik R, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Rhizopus
- 2014
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Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. - : Academic Press, Elsevier. - 9780123847300 ; , s. 284-290
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 39. |
- Lennartsson, Patrik R, 1983, et al.
(författare)
-
Rhizopus
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. - 9780123847300 ; , s. 284-290
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 40. |
- Lennartsson, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
-
Rhizopus
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology. - : Elsevier. - 9780123847300 ; , s. 284-290
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 41. |
- Lennartsson, Patrik
(författare)
-
Zygomycetes and cellulose residuals : hydrolysis, cultivation and applications
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Zygomycetes is a class of fungi living worldwide as saprobes, as part of mycorrhizae, and as parasites. Humans have used some zygomycetes for centuries in the production of traditional foods, e.g. Indonesian tempe. In the present thesis, the experimental focus was on two zygomycetes strains, Mucor indicus CCUG 22424 and Rhizopus sp. IT. One of the distinguishing features of M. indicus is its dimorphism. The different cell forms were influenced by the culturing conditions. After inoculation, when the initial spore concentration was high (6-8×106 spores/ml), yeast-like growth dominated under anaerobic conditions. With a smaller inoculum, yielding 1-2×105 spores/ml, and access to oxygen, filamentous forms dominated. Only negligible differences in ethanol yield (390-420 mg/g hexoses), productivity (3-5 g/l/h), and inhibitor tolerance were observed. Differential expressions of probably four genes were observed between the yeast-like and filamentous growth forms. Lignocelluloses are a suitable substrate for cultivating zygomycetes, as they occur in abundance, particularly since zygomycetes, unlike Saccharomyces cerevisiae, can utilise pentoses. Lignocelluloses require pretreatment to achieve efficient hydrolysis of the cellulose. N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) was tested for pretreatment of spruce and birch. Reducing wood chip size and/or prolonged pretreatment, promoted hydrolysis yield. Best yields were achieved from <2 mm chips and 5 h pretreatment. The hydrolysate was used for fermentation with M. indicus, resulting in 195 and 175 mg ethanol/g wood, and 103 and 86 mg fungal biomass/g wood, from spruce and birch respectively. Orange peel is another potential substrate. However, the hydrolysate contained 0.6 % (v/v) D-limonene, ten times higher than the concentration inhibiting S. cerevisiae. M. indicus was more resistant and successfully fermented the hydrolysate, producing 400 mg ethanol/g hexoses and 75 mg fungal biomass/g sugars. Both M. indicus and Rhizopus sp. grew in 1.0 % and 2.0 % D-limonene, although the latter was unable to grow in the hydrolysate. A third substrate was also used, spent sulphite liquor (SSL), which is a by-product from sulphite paper pulp mills. The SSL was diluted to 50 % and used for airlift cultivations of Rhizopus sp. In 1.0 vvm aeration, up to 340 mg biomass/g sugars was produced. Prolonged cultivations generally decreased the protein (from 500 to 300 mg/g) and lipid (from 70 to 20 mg/g) contents. In contrast, the cell wall fraction, measured as alkali-insoluble material (AIM), increased (160-280 mg/g), as did the glucosamine (GlcN) content (220-320 mg GlcN/g AIM). The produced fungal biomass could serve as animal feed, e.g. for fish.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Mahboubi, Amir, et al.
(författare)
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Production of Fungal Biomass for Feed, Fatty Acids, and Glycerol by Aspergillus oryzae from Fat-Rich Dairy Substrates
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Fermentation. - : MDPI AG. - 2311-5637. ; 3:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dairy waste is a complex mixture of nutrients requiring an integrated strategy for valorization into various products. The present work adds insights into the conversion of fat-rich dairy products into biomass, glycerol, and fatty acids via submerged cultivation with edible filamentous fungi. The pH influenced fat degradation, where Aspergillus oryzae lipase was more active at neutral than acidic pH (17 g/L vs. 0.5 g/L of released glycerol); the same trend was found during cultivation in crème fraiche (12 g/L vs. 1.7 g/L of released glycerol). In addition to glycerol, as a result of fat degradation, up to 3.6 and 4.5 g/L of myristic and palmitic acid, respectively, were released during A. oryzae growth in cream. The fungus was also able to grow in media containing 16 g/L of lactic acid, a common contaminant of dairy waste, being beneficial to naturally increase the initial acidic pH and trigger fat degradation. Considering that lactose consumption is suppressed in fat-rich media, a two-stage cultivation for conversion of dairy waste is also proposed in this work. Such an approach would provide biomass for possibly feed or human consumption, fatty acids, and an effluent of low organic matter tackling environmental and social problems associated with the dairy sector.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Moshtaghian, Hanieh, et al.
(författare)
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Application of Oyster Mushroom Cultivation Residue as an Upcycled Ingredient for Developing Bread
- 2022
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Ingår i: Applied Sciences. - : MDPI. - 2076-3417. ; 12:21
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oyster mushroom (OM) cultivation generates residue that needs to be managed; otherwise, it will be converted into waste. One of the substrates for OM cultivation is the food industry by-product, e.g., a mixture of the brewer’s spent grain (BSG) and wheat bran. This study assesses the OM cultivation residue’s physical and nutritional characteristics as a potential upcycled food ingredient and also considers developing bread from this cultivation residue. The OM was cultivated in a mixture of 55% BSG and 45% wheat bran. After the OM harvest, the cultivation residue (mixture of BSG, wheat bran and mycelium) had a lighter colour and a pleasant aroma compared to the initial substrate. It contained protein (10.8%) and had high niacin (42.4 mg/100 g), fibre (59.2%) and beta-glucan (6.6%). Thiamine, riboflavin and pyridoxine were also present in the cultivation residue. The bread was developed from 50% cultivation residue and 50% wheat flour, and its scores for darkness, dryness, sponginess, sour taste, bitter aftertaste, and aromatic aroma differed from white bread (p-value < 0.05). However, its overall acceptability and liking scores were not significantly different from white bread (p-value > 0.05). Therefore, this OM cultivation residue can be used as a nutritious ingredient; nevertheless, product development should be further explored.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Nair, Ramkumar B, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Integrated Process for Ethanol, Biogas, and Edible Filamentous Fungi-Based Animal Feed Production from Dilute Phosphoric Acid-Pretreated Wheat Straw
- 2017
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Ingår i: Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0273-2289 .- 1559-0291. ; , s. 1-15
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Integration of wheat straw for a biorefinery-based energy generation process by producing ethanol and biogas together with the production of high-protein fungal biomass (suitable for feed application) was the main focus of the present study. An edible ascomycete fungal strain Neurospora intermedia was used for the ethanol fermentation and subsequent biomass production from dilute phosphoric acid (0.7 to 1.2% w/v) pretreated wheat straw. At optimum pretreatment conditions, an ethanol yield of 84 to 90% of the theoretical maximum, based on glucan content of substrate straw, was observed from fungal fermentation post the enzymatic hydrolysis process. The biogas production from the pretreated straw slurry showed an improved methane yield potential up to 162% increase, as compared to that of the untreated straw. Additional biogas production, using the syrup, a waste stream obtained post the ethanol fermentation, resulted in a combined total energy output of 15.8 MJ/kg wheat straw. Moreover, using thin stillage (a waste stream from the first-generation wheat-based ethanol process) as a co-substrate to the biogas process resulted in an additional increase by about 14 to 27% in the total energy output as compared to using only wheat straw-based substrates. .[on SciFinder (R)]
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| 49. |
- Nair, R. B., et al.
(författare)
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Lignocellulose integration to 1G-ethanol process using filamentous fungi : Fermentation prospects of edible strain of Neurospora intermedia
- 2018
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Ingår i: BMC Biotechnology. - : BioMed Central Ltd.. - 1472-6750. ; 18:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Integration of first- and second-generation ethanol processes is one among the alternate approaches that efficiently address the current socio-economic issues of the bioethanol sector. Edible filamentous fungus capable of utilizing pentoses from lignocelluloses and also possessing biomass application as potential animal feed component was used as the fermentation strain for the integration model. This study presents various fermentation aspects of using edible filamentous fungi in the integrated first and second generation ethanol process model. Results: Fermentation of edible strain of N. intermedia on the integrated first and second-generation ethanol substrate (the mixture of dilute acid pretreated and enzymatically hydrolyzed wheat straw and thin stillage from the first-generation ethanol process), showed an ethanol yield maximum of 0.23 +/- 0.05 g/g dry substrate. The growth of fungal pellets in presence of fermentation inhibitors (such as acetic acid, HMF and furfural) resulted in about 11 to 45% increase in ethanol production as compared to filamentous forms, at similar growth conditions in the liquid straw hydrolysate. Fungal cultivations in the airlift reactor showed strong correlation with media viscosity, reaching a maximum of 209.8 +/- 3.7 cP and resulting in 18.2 +/- 1.3 g/L biomass during the growth phase of fungal pellets. Conclusion: N. intermedia fermentation showed high sensitivity to the dilute acid lignocellulose pretreatment process, with improved fermentation performance at milder acidic concentrations. The rheological examinations showed media viscosity to be the most critical factor influencing the oxygen transfer rate during the N. intermedia fermentation process. Mycelial pellet morphology showed better fermentation efficiency and high tolerance towards fermentation inhibitors.
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| 50. |
- Nair, Ramkumar B, 1988-, et al.
(författare)
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Mild-temperature dilute acid pretreatment for integration of first and second generation ethanol processes
- 2017
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Ingår i: Bioresource Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-8524 .- 1873-2976. ; 245, s. 145-151
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of hot-water (100 °C) from the 1st generation ethanol plants for mild-temperature lignocellulose pretreatment can possibly cut down the operational (energy) cost of 2nd generation ethanol process, in an integrated model. Dilute-sulfuric and -phosphoric acid pretreatment at 100 °C was carried out for wheat bran and whole-stillage fibers. Pretreatment time and acid type influenced the release of sugars from wheat bran, while acid-concentration was found significant for whole-stillage fibers. Pretreatment led up-to 300% improvement in the glucose yield compared to only-enzymatically treated substrates. The pretreated substrates were 191–344% and 115–300% richer in lignin and glucan, respectively. Fermentation using Neurospora intermedia, showed 81% and 91% ethanol yields from wheat bran and stillage-fibers, respectively. Sawdust proved to be a highly recalcitrant substrate for mild-temperature pretreatment with only 22% glucose yield. Both wheat bran and whole-stillage are potential substrates for pretreatment using waste heat from the 1st generation process for 2nd generation ethanol.
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