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1.	Eklund, Kristina, et al. (författare) 2008 National Cardiology Guidelines: Prioritization requires consideration to other factors than scientific studies alone : Nationella Riktlinjer för hjärtsjukvård 2008: Prioriteringar kräver hänsyn till flera faktorer an vetenskapliga studier! 2008 Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205. ; 105:19 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
2.	Eklund, Kristina, et al. (författare) Nationella riktlinjer för hjärtsjukvård 2008 : Prioriteringar kräver hänsyn till flera faktorer än vetenskapliga studier! 2008 Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. ; 105:19, s. 1408-9; discussion 1409 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
3.	Forsberg, Anna, et al. (författare) Once-only colonoscopy or two rounds of faecal immunochemical testing 2 years apart for colorectal cancer screening (SCREESCO): preliminary report of a randomised controlled trial 2022 Ingår i: The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. - : ELSEVIER INC. - 2468-1253. ; 7:6, s. 513-521 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background Screening for colorectal cancer is done with lower gastrointestinal endoscopy or stool-based tests. There is little evidence from randomised trials to show primary colonoscopy reduces mortality in colorectal cancer We aimed to investigate the effect of screening with once-only colonoscopy or two rounds of faecal immunochemical test screening on colorectal cancer mortality and incidence. Methods We did a randomised controlled trial in Sweden (SCREESCO). Residents in 18 of 21 regions who were age 60 years in the year of randomisation were identified from a population register maintained by the Swedish Tax Agency. A statistician with no further involvement in the trial used a randomised block method to assign individuals to once-only colonoscopy, two rounds of faecal immunochemical testing (OC-Sensor; 2 years apart), or a control group (no intervention; standard diagnostic pathways), in a ratio of 1:6 for colonoscopy versus control and 1:2 for faecal immunochemical testing versus control. Masking was not possible due to the nature of the trial. The primary endpoints of the trial are colorectal cancer mortality and colorectal cancer incidence. Here, we report preliminary participation rates, baseline findings, and adverse events from March, 2014, to December, 2020, in the two intervention groups after completion of recruitment and screening, up to the completion of the second faecal immunochemical testing round. Analyses were done in the intention-to-screen population, defined as all individuals who were randomly assigned to the respective study group. This study is registered with Clinical Trials.gov, NCT02078804. Findings Between March 1, 2014, and Dec 31, 2020, 278 280 people were induded in the study; 31 140 were assigned to the colonoscopy group, 60 300 to the faecal immunochemical test group, and 186 840 to the control group. 10 679 (35.1%) of 30 400 people who received an invitation for colonoscopy participated. 33 383 (55.5%) of 60 137 people who received a postal faecal immunochemical test participated. In the intention-to-screen analysis, colorectal cancer was detected in 49 (0.16%) of 31140 people in the colonoscopy group versus 121 (0. 20%) of 60 300 in the faecal immunochemical test group (relative risk [RR] 0.78, 95% CI 0.56-1.09). Advanced adenomas were detected in 637 (2.05%) people in the colonoscopy group and 968 (1.61%) in the faecal immunochemical test group (RR 1.27, 95% CI 1.15-1.41). Colonoscopy detected more right-sided advanced adenomas than faecal immunochemical testing. There were two perforations and 15 major bleeds in 16 555 colonoscopies. No intervention-related deaths occurred. Interpretation The diagnostic yield and the low number of adverse events indicate that the design from this trial, both for once-only colonoscopy and faecal immunochemical test screening, could be transferred to a population-based screening service if a benefit in disease-specific mortality is subsequently shown. Copyright (C) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
4.	Grip, Lars, 1952, et al. (författare) From European to National guidelines on heart disease 2011 Ingår i: Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1401-7431 .- 1651-2006. ; 45:1, s. 3-13 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Background/aims. Guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology are important tools for defining and establishing current standards of care for various heart diseases. The aim of the present paper is to describe the process of how these international guidelines may be transformed and implemented at a national level in Sweden. Methods/results. The structure and process behind the national guidelines for heart diseases in Sweden and their relationship to the underlying European guidelines are described and differences between the national and European levels highlighted. We also give examples of how the scientific values of health care measures are weighted against health economic perspectives and integrated in a prioritization process. Compared to the European guidelines, the Swedish national guidelines have a broader economic perspective and aim to ensure that health care is cost effective and provided to all Swedish citizens on equal terms. Discussion. When certain health care measures are implemented, the national process can result in other priorities than could be expected from the European guidelines alone. On the other hand, a forceful implementation may be facilitated by the societal context in which these national guidelines are produced.
5.	Levin, Lars-Åke, et al. (författare) Health-Related Quality of Life of Ticagrelor versus Clopidogrel in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes-Results from the PLATO Trial 2013 Ingår i: Value in Health. - : Wiley-Blackwell: No OnlineOpen / Elsevier. - 1098-3015 .- 1524-4733. ; 16:4, s. 574-580 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of ticagrelor versus clopidogrel on health-related quality of life in the PLATelet inhibition and patient Outcomes (PLATO) trial. Background: The PLATO trial showed that ticagrelor was superior to clopidogrel for the prevention of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke in a broad population of patients with acute coronary syndromes. Methods: HRQOL in the PLATO study was measured at hospital discharge, 6-month visit, and end of treatment (anticipated at 12 months) by using the EuroQol five-dimensional (EQ-5D) questionnaire. All patients who had an EQ-5D questionnaire assessment at discharge from the index hospitalization (n = 15,212) were included in the study. Patients who died prior to the end-of-treatment visit were assigned an EQ-5D questionnaire value of 0. Results: The EQ-5D questionnaire value at discharge among 7631 patients assigned to ticagrelor was 0.847 and among 7581 patients assigned to clopidogrel was 0.846 (P = 0.71). At 12 months, the mean EQ-5D questionnaire value was 0.840 for ticagrelor and 0.832 for clopidogrel (P = 0.046). Excluding patients who died resulted in mean EQ-5D questionnaire values of 0.864 among ticagrelor patients and 0.863 among clopidogrel patients (P = 0.69). Conclusions: In patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndromes with or without ST-segment elevation, treatment with ticagrelor was associated with a lower mortality but otherwise no difference in quality of life relative to treatment with clopidogrel. The improved survival and reduction in cardiovascular events with ticagrelor are therefore obtained with no loss in quality of life.
6.	Philipson, Anna, 1978- (författare) Health economic aspects of emotional problems and pain symptoms in childhood and adolescence : Long-term outcomes, efficacy and cost-effectiveness of interventions 2022 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Emotional problems and pain symptoms among children and adolescents are a global public health challenge that imposes a great burden on the individuals affected and on society. Because resources are limited, allocation and prioritization are needed. Health economic analysis can constitute a foundation for such decisions.The overall aim of this thesis is to estimate long-term outcomes associated with adolescent depression and to evaluate interventions for emotional problems and pain symptoms in childhood and adolescence from a health economic perspective. The thesis is based on four papers: paper I is a longitudinal cohort study of 539 participants, showing that adolescent depression is associated with reduced earnings in adulthood, papers II, III, and IV are based on two randomized controlled trials of interventions. In paper II, a dance intervention for 112 adolescent females with internalizing symptoms were evaluated. A cost–utility analysis was performed, indicating that the intervention was costeffective given a willingness-to-pay threshold of USD 50,000 with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of USD 3830/quality-adjusted life year. Papers III and IV evaluated a dance and yoga intervention for 121 girls, 9–13 years old, with functional abdominal pain disorders. Paper III showed that the intervention group decreased their abdominal pain more than did the control group. In paper IV, the cost–utility analysis of the trial indicated a negative incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, investigated from a societal perspective, over both one and ten years.In conclusion, this thesis identifies a need for preventive as well as treatment interventions for emotional problems in adolescence, to decrease the prevalence of emotional problems and mitigate negative outcomes. Dance or dance and yoga combined can be effective and cost-effective early treatment interventions for emotional problems and pain symptoms among females in childhood and adolescence. These findings may assist decision-makers in resource allocation within this area
7.	Wallentin, Lars, 1943-, et al. (författare) Early invasive versus non-invasive treatment in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (FRISC-II) : 15 year follow-up of a prospective, randomised, multicentre study 2016 Ingår i: The Lancet. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 388:10054, s. 1903-1911 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background The FRISC-II trial was the first randomised trial to show a reduction in death or myocardial infarction with an early invasive versus a non-invasive treatment strategy in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. Here we provide a remaining lifetime perspective on the effects on all cardiovascular events during 15 years' follow-up. Methods The FRISC-II prospective, randomised, multicentre trial was done at 58 Scandinavian centres in Sweden, Denmark, and Norway. Between June 17, 1996, and Aug 28, 1998, we randomly assigned (1:1) 2457 patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome to an early invasive treatment strategy, aiming for revascularisation within 7 days, or a non-invasive strategy, with invasive procedures at recurrent symptoms or severe exercise-induced ischaemia. Plasma for biomarker analyses was obtained at randomisation. For long-term outcomes, we linked data with national health-care registers. The primary endpoint was a composite of death or myocardial infarction. Outcomes were compared as the average postponement of the next event, including recurrent events, calculated as the area between mean cumulative count-of-events curves. Analyses were done by intention to treat. Findings At a minimum of 15 years' follow-up on Dec 31, 2014, data for survival status and death were available for 2421 (99%) of the initially recruited 2457 patients, and for other events after 2 years for 2182 (89%) patients. During follow-up, the invasive strategy postponed death or next myocardial infarction by a mean of 549 days (95% CI 204-888; p= 0.0020) compared with the non-invasive strategy. This effect was larger in non-smokers (mean gain 809 days, 95% CI 402-1175; p(interaction) = 0.0182), patients with elevated troponin T (778 days, 357-1165; p (interaction) = 0.0241), and patients with high concentrations of growth differentiation factor-15 (1356 days, 507-1650; p (interaction) = 0.0210). The difference was mainly driven by postponement of new myocardial infarction, whereas the early difference in mortality alone was not sustained over time. The invasive strategy led to a mean of 1128 days (95% CI 830-1366) postponement of death or next readmission to hospital for ischaemic heart disease, which was consistent in all subgroups (p< 0.0001). Interpretation During 15 years of follow-up, an early invasive treatment strategy postponed the occurrence of death or next myocardial infarction by an average of 18 months, and the next readmission to hospital for ischaemic heart disease by 37 months, compared with a non-invasive strategy in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. This remaining lifetime perspective supports that an early invasive treatment strategy should be the preferred option in most patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome.
8.	Wallentin, Lars, 1943-, et al. (författare) Svenskt arbete med nationella riktlinjer kan bli internationellt föredöme : Med perspektiv från riktlinjerna vid hjärtsjukdom 2008 Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. ; 105:16, s. 1194-7 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
9.	Wallentin, Lars, et al. (författare) Swedish work with national guidelines can become an international model. With perspectives from cardiovascular diseases guidelines : Svenskt arbete med nationella riktlinjer kan bli internationellt föredöme. Med perspektiv från riktlinjerna vid hjärtsjukdom. 2008 Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205. ; 105:16, s. 1194-7 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
10.	Aasa, Mikael, et al. (författare) Cost and health outcome of primary percutaneous coronary intervention versus thrombolysis in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction-Results of the Swedish Early Decision reperfusion Study (SWEDES) trial. 2010 Ingår i: American heart journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1097-6744 .- 0002-8703. ; 160:2, s. 322-8 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BACKGROUND: In ST-elevation myocardial infarction, primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has a superior clinical outcome, but it may increase costs in comparison to thrombolysis. The aim of the study was to compare costs, clinical outcome, and quality-adjusted survival between primary PCI and thrombolysis. METHODS: Patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction were randomized to primary PCI with adjunctive enoxaparin and abciximab (n = 101), or to enoxaparin followed by reteplase (n = 104). Data on the use of health care resources, work loss, and health-related quality of life were collected during a 1-year period. Cost-effectiveness was determined by comparing costs and quality-adjusted survival. The joint distribution of incremental costs and quality-adjusted survival was analyzed using a nonparametric bootstrap approach. RESULTS: Clinical outcome did not differ significantly between the groups. Compared with the group treated with thrombolysis, the cost of interventions was higher in the PCI-treated group ($4,602 vs $3,807; P = .047), as well as the cost of drugs ($1,309 vs $1,202; P = .001), whereas the cost of hospitalization was lower ($7,344 vs $9,278; P = .025). The cost of investigations, outpatient care, and loss of production did not differ significantly between the 2 treatment arms. Total cost and quality-adjusted survival were $25,315 and 0.759 vs $27,819 and 0.728 (both not significant) for the primary PCI and thrombolysis groups, respectively. Based on the 1-year follow-up, bootstrap analysis revealed that in 80%, 88%, and 89% of the replications, the cost per health outcome gained for PCI will be <$0, $50,000, and $100,000 respectively. CONCLUSION: In a 1-year perspective, there was a tendency toward lower costs and better health outcome after primary PCI, resulting in costs for PCI in comparison to thrombolysis that will be below the conventional threshold for cost-effectiveness in 88% of bootstrap replications.
11.	Aronsson, Mattias, 1989- (författare) Health Economic Evaluations of Screening Programs - Applications and Method Improvements 2017 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Screening to detect diseases early is attractive as it can improve the prognosis and decrease costs, but it is often a problematic concept and there are several pitfalls. Many healthy individuals have to be investigated to avoid a disease in a few, which results in a dilemma because to save a few, many are exposed to a procedure that could potentially harm them. Other examples of problems associated with screening are latent diseases and over-treating. The question of optimal design of a screening program is another source of uncertainty for decision-makers, as a screening program may potentially be implemented in very different ways. This highlights the need for structured analyses that weigh benefits against the harms and costs that occur as consequences of the screening.The aim of this thesis is, therefore, to explore, develop and implement methods for health economic evaluations of screening programs. This is done to identify problems and suggest solutions to improve future evaluations and in extension policy making.This aim was analysed using decision analytic cost-effectiveness analyses constructed as Markov models. These are well-suited for this task given the sequential management approach where all relevant data are unlikely to come from a single source of evidence. The input data were in this thesis obtained from the published literature and were complemented with data from Swedish registries and the included case studies. The case studies were two different types of screening programs; a program of screening for unknown atrial fibrillation and a program to detect colorectal cancer early. Further, the implementation of treatment with thrombectomy and novel oral anticoagulants were used to illustrate how factors outside the screening program itself have an impact on the evaluations.As shown by the result of the performed analyses, the major contribution of this thesis was that it provided a simple and systematic approach for the economic evaluation of multiple screening designs to identify an optimal design.In both the included case studies, the screening was considered costeffective in detecting the disease; unknown atrial fibrillation and colorectal cancer, respectively. Further, the optimal way to implement these screening programs is dependent on the threshold value for cost-effectiveness in the health care sector and the characteristics of the investigated cohort. This is because it is possible to gain increasingly more health benefits by changing the design of the screening program, but that the change in design also results in higher marginal costs. Additionally, changes in the screening setting were shown to be important as they affect the cost-effectiveness of the screening. This implies that flexible modelling with continuously updated models are necessary for an optimal resource allocation.
12.	Berglund, Eva Caroline, et al. (författare) A Study Protocol for Validation and Implementation of Whole-Genome and -Transcriptome Sequencing as a Comprehensive Precision Diagnostic Test in Acute Leukemias 2022 Ingår i: Frontiers in Medicine. - Lausanne, Switzerland : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-858X. ; 9, s. 1-9 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and whole-transcriptome sequencing (WTS), with the ability to provide comprehensive genomic information, have become the focal point of research interest as novel techniques that can support precision diagnostics in routine clinical care of patients with various cancer types, including hematological malignancies. This national multi-center study, led by Genomic Medicine Sweden, aims to evaluate whether combined application of WGS and WTS (WGTS) is technically feasible and can be implemented as an efficient diagnostic tool in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In addition to clinical impact assessment, a health-economic evaluation of such strategy will be performed. Methods and Analysis: The study comprises four phases (i.e., retrospective, prospective, real-time validation, and follow-up) including approximately 700 adult and pediatric Swedish AML and ALL patients. Results of WGS for tumor (90×) and normal/germline (30×) samples as well as WTS for tumors only will be compared to current standard of care diagnostics. Primary study endpoints are diagnostic efficiency and improved diagnostic yield. Secondary endpoints are technical and clinical feasibility for routine implementation, clinical utility, and health-economic impact. Discussion: Data from this national multi-center study will be used to evaluate clinical performance of the integrated WGTS diagnostic workflow compared with standard of care. The study will also elucidate clinical and health-economic impacts of a combined WGTS strategy when implemented in routine clinical care. Clinical Trial Registration: [https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN66987142], identifier [ISRCTN66987142].
13.	Bernfort, Lars, et al. (författare) Bakgrund till QALY som effektmått 2012 Ingår i: QALY som effektmått inom vården. - Linköping : Linköping University Electronic Press. ; , s. 3-14 Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
14.	Bernfort, Lars, et al. (författare) Chronic pain in a population 65 years and older : correlation with age of health care costs and quality of life 2015 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
15.	Bernfort, Lars, et al. (författare) Chronic pain in an elderly population in Sweden : Impact on costs and quality of life 2015 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Chronic pain among elderly people has long been a well-known problem, in terms of both societal costs and the quality of life of affected individuals. To estimate the magnitude of the problems associated with chronic pain in an elderly population, data on both costs and quality of life were gathered. A postal questionnaire was sent out to a stratified sample of 10 000 inhabitants 65 years and older in Linköping and Norrköping. The survey included questions on demographics, habits, and life situation, and different kinds of questions and instruments related to well-being (e.g., quality-of-life and pain-specific questions). In the questionnaire respondents were asked whether they were receiving any help—informal care—from a relative. If they answered yes, they were asked for permission to contact the informal caregiver and to provide contact details. The amount of informal care provided by relatives to persons with chronic pain was investigated by use of a questionnaire directed to the caregiving relatives, containing questions about time spent providing informal care.Data on costs were collected from registers of consumption of health care, drugs, and municipal services.The results of the study showed a very clear association between existence and severity of chronic pain and societal costs. The study population was subdivided into three groups with respect to having chronic pain or not, and a pain intensity during the last week of 0–4 (mild), 5–7 (moderate), or 8–10 (severe) on a scale of 0–10. Taking all costs (health care, drugs, municipal services, and informal care) into account, persons in the severe chronic pain group consumed on average 72% more resources than persons in the moderate chronic pain group and 143% more than those in the no or mild chronic pain group. Differences were most pronounced concerning municipal services and informal care costs.Even more alarming are the results on the quality of life of persons in the different groups. On the EQ-5D index, the average value for persons in the no or mild chronic pain group was 0.82. For those in the moderate chronic pain group the average value was 0.64, and for those in the severe chronic pain group the average value was only 0.38. EQ-VAS resulted in less pronounced but still clearly significant differences.It is concluded that this study, reaching a rather large part of the target population, shows that existence and severity of chronic pain among people 65 years and older affects costs to society and the quality of life of affected individuals in a massive way.
16.	Bernfort, Lars, et al. (författare) Disease Burden and Healthcare Costs for T2D Patients With and Without Established Cardiovascular Disease in Sweden: A Retrospective Cohort Study 2020 Ingår i: Diabetes Therapy. - : SPRINGER HEIDELBERG. - 1869-6953 .- 1869-6961. ; 11:7, s. 1537-1549 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract IntroductionType 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex chronic disease with an increasing prevalence worldwide. It is commonly associated with complications, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). Patients with both T2D and established CVD are exposed to increased risk of further cardiovascular events, which means increased healthcare costs and impairments to quality of life and survival. To determine the added burden of CVD for T2D patients, we have analyzed the consumption and costs of healthcare and mortality in two T2D patient cohorts, with and without established CVD, respectively, during a 5-year follow-up in a Swedish region.MethodsPatients with T2D on 1 January 2012 were identified using the administrative database of Region ostergotland and the Swedish National Diabetes Register. Established CVD was defined as the presence of a CVD-related healthcare visit in the period 2002-2011. Identified T2D patients were then followed retrospectively for 5 years (2012-2016) and data collected on utilization of healthcare resources, healthcare costs, and survival. Data pertinent to the study were retrieved from regional databases and national registries.ResultsOn the index date (1 January 2012) there were 19,731 patients with T2D (prevalence 4.5%) in Region ostergotland, of whom 5490 had established CVD. Those patients with established CVD were older, more often men, and had longer diabetes duration and worse kidney function than those without. Compared to T2D patients without CVD, those with CVD had a significantly higher healthcare consumption, experienced higher costs, and had lower survival during the follow-up.ConclusionThis study confirms that established CVD is common among patients with T2D (approximately 30%). Established CVD has negative effects on the utilization of healthcare resources, healthcare costs, and mortality. It is therefore very important to improve the treatment strategy of this patient group.
17.	Bernfort, Lars, et al. (författare) Implementation of Empagliflozin in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 and Established Cardiovascular Disease : Estimation of 5-Year Survival and Costs in Sweden 2020 Ingår i: Diabetes Therapy. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 1869-6953 .- 1869-6961. ; 11, s. 2921-2930 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract IntroductionCardiovascular disease (CVD) affects approximately 30% of patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2D) and leads to increased morbidity, decreased survival and increased healthcare utilization. The aim of this study was to estimate the impact of treating these patients with the sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor empagliflozin on survival and healthcare utilization.MethodsActual survival and healthcare utilization data from a 5-year retrospective cohort study on patients with T2D and CVD in the Region of Östergötland, Sweden were used as a starting point. Actual data were adjusted in accordance with risk reductions for mortality and CV events related to empagliflozin treatment as reported in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME study.ResultsApplying the risk reductions related to empagliflozin treatment on the cohort of patients with T2D and CVD in Östergötland resulted in an increase in 5-year survival of 96 days per patient and reduced costs for healthcare and drugs other than empagliflozin. Including the cost of empagliflozin, treatment led to an increased net cost per patient of approximately SEK 18,000 over 5 years.ConclusionEmpagliflozin treatment would reduce mortality and healthcare utilization in the patient group. The treatment strategy should be considered cost-effective, supporting a broad implementation of empagliflozin for patients with T2D and established CVD, in line with current national and international guidelines.
18.	Bernfort, Lars, 1967-, et al. (författare) Kostnadseffektivitet av allergen immunterapi : analys och genomgång av kunskapsläget 2019 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Allergier orsakar mycket besvär för drabbade individer och stora kostnader för hälso- och sjukvården och samhället. Tidigare forskning tyder på att allergen immunterapi (AIT) kan vara ett framgångsrikt sätt att behandla personer med allergisk rinit/rinokonjunktivit. Tidigare genomförda hälsoekonomiska studier tyder också på en acceptabel kostnadseffektivitet för AIT jämfört med enbart symtomatisk behandling.Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga evidensläget för att undersöka möjligheterna att uttala sig om för vilka patienter som AIT är lämpligt, samt när förskrivning kan bedömas som kostnadseffektiv. Grundtanken var att försöka dela in patienter i subgrupper med olika egenskaper, behandlingseffekt och kostnadseffektivitet. Indelningen i subgrupper var i första hand tänkt att baseras på ålder, typ av allergen, symtomens svårighetsgrad och symtomens varaktighet.Tidigt beslutades att evidensläget inte tillåter analys av subkutan (SCIT) och sublingual (SLIT) immunterapi separat, utan dessa behandlas i klump med det förenklade antagandet om en jämn fördelning mellan SCIT och SLIT. Denna analys genomfördes som en modellanalys med antagandet att personer startar AIT-behandling vid 25 års ålder. Det generella resultatet av analysen var att med ett samhällsperspektiv är AIT dominant, dvs. att behandlingen både sparar kostnader och genererar hälsovinster jämfört med enbart symtomatisk behandling. Med ett hälso- och sjukvårdsperspektiv blev kostnadseffektivitetskvoten av AIT jämfört med enbart symtomatisk behandling cirka 245 000 kronor per kvalitetsjusterat levnadsår (QALY).Tillgänglig evidens tillåter tyvärr inte subgruppsanalyser på det sätt som var tänkt. Detta beroende på att behandlingseffekt specificerat på allergentyp, allergins svårighetsgrad och symtomens varaktighet inte analyserats och rapporterats i tidigare publicerade studier. Den enda uppdelningen som befanns vara någorlunda meningsfull var den baserad på ålder. Inte heller avseende denna variabel har skillnader i behandlingseffekt studerats. Däremot antogs olika indirekta kostnader (produktionsförluster) för barn, ungdomar och vuxna. Dessa kostnader saknar betydelse i en analys med hälso- och sjukvårdsperspektiv varför detta resultat inte påverkas. Med ett samhällsperspektiv däremot befanns AIT mest kostnadseffektiv riktad till vuxna (dominant), följt av barn (179 000 kronor/QALY) och ungdomar (245 000 kronor/QALY). För att kunna genomföra en mer komplett kostnadseffektanalys behövs en del information som i dagsläget saknas. Exempel på kunskapsluckor som identifierats är:En meningsfull uppdelning i tillstånd baserat på svårighetsgrad (lindrig/måttlig/svår), utifrån biomarkörer och/eller symtom.Effektiviteten av AIT och dess inverkan på övergångar mellan tillstånd.Livskvalitet och kostnader förknippade med olika tillstånd.Skillnader i behandlingseffektivitet för olika subgrupper (ålder, svårighet och varaktighet av symtom, olika allergener).Evidens som möjliggör jämförelse mellan SCIT och SLIT, när är den ena respektive den andra mest effektiv/kostnadseffektiv?Långtidseffekt av vissa AIT-terapier.
19.	Bernfort, Lars, 1967-, et al. (författare) Obstecares AFL-metod för mätning av laktatkoncentration vid avstannat värkarbete : en kostnadsanalys 2020 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Ett vanligt problem i samband med förlossningar, inte minst bland förstagångsföderskor, är att värkarbetet avstannar och förlossningen riskerar att dra ut på tiden. Värksvaghet ökar risken för födsel genom instrumentell förlossning eller med akut kejsarsnitt vilket i sin tur ökar risken för komplikationer (t.ex. blödningar).Den vedertagna behandlingen av en värksvaghet är ett användande av Oxytocin, som dock riskerar att överstimulera livmodermuskeln och istället förlänga förlossningstiden. Obstecare har tagit framen smidig, pålitlig och icke-invasiv metod för mätning av laktatnivåer i fostervatten. Med ledning av dessa mätningar kan välgrundade beslut fattas om huruvida oxytocin ska sättas in eller inte vid värksvaghet. Att undvika insättning av oxytocin vid redan höga laktatnivåer skulle leda till färre onödigt långa förlossningar och färre akuta kejsarsnitt och instrumentella förlossningar.För att undersöka huruvida kostnaden för användning av Obstecares AFL-metod uppvägs av inbesparade kostnader till följd av förändringar i förlossningsutfall genomfördes en hälsoekonomisk (kostnads)analys av att använda denna metod på förstföderskor jämfört med att inte göra det. Analysen är begränsad till den vårdepisod då förlossningen sker och till kostnader.De mest framträdande resultaten av analysen var att antalet akuta kejsarsnitt beräknades minska med cirka 30% och instrumentella förlossningar med cirka 12%. Hälso- och sjukvårdens kostnader beräknades minska med 1 662 kronor (-4%) per förlossning med avstannat värkarbete (inräknat kostnad för laktatmätning).Resultatet av denna analys tyder på att mätning av laktatnivåer vid värksvaghet hos förstföderskor är kostnadsbesparande. Tillgänglig evidens tyder på att strategin borde införas i svensk hälso- och sjukvård.
20.	Bernfort, Lars, 1967-, et al. (författare) Patienter med diabetes typ 2 och etablerad hjärt-kärlsjukdom i Östergötland : 5-års sjukvårdskonsumtion, kostnad och överlevnad med eller utan behandling med empagliflozin 2019 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Diabetes mellitus typ 2 är en kronisk sjukdom med en prevalens på cirka 4% i Sverige. T2D behandlas genom omläggning av matvanor och viktnedgång, eller om detta inte är tillräckligt med antingen blodsockerreglerande läkemedel eller insulin. Sjukdomen är förknippad med ökad risk för följdsjukdomar, bland annat hjärt-kärlsjuklighet som är i fokus i denna rapport. I EMPA REG Outcome studien analyserades effekterna av att som tillägg till standardbehandling ge den glukossänkande SGLT-2-hämmaren empagliflozin till patienter med T2D och etablerad hjärt-kärlsjukdom. I studien konstaterades att empagliflozin minskade risken för hjärt-kärlhändelser samt gav förbättrad överlevnad. Syftet med denna studie var tudelat. I den första delen gjordes en kartläggning och beräkning av sjukvårdskonsumtion och kostnader för patienter med T2D, med och utan etablerad hjärtkärlsjukdom, i Östergötland under en femårsperiod (2012–2016). I den andra delen beräknades hur kostnader och mortalitet relaterade till hjärt-kärlhändelser skulle påverkas av att behandla patienter med T2D och etablerad hjärt-kärlsjukdom i Östergötland med empagliflozin.Sjukvårdskonsumtion, kostnader och mortalitet i Östergötland kartlades och beräknades med hjälp av nationella och regionala register. Resultaten från EMPA REG Outcome studien tillämpades på kohorten av patienter med T2D och etablerad hjärt-kärlsjukdom i Östergötland för att på så sätt estimera effekterna av behandling med empagliflozin med avseende på sjukvårdskostnader och mortalitet.Kartläggningen visade att i Östergötland fanns 1 januari 2012 18 586 patienter med T2D, varav 5 490 (30%) även hade etablerad hjärt-kärlsjukdom. Patienter med T2D och etablerad hjärt-kärlsjukdom (CVD-kohorten) var jämfört med övriga patienter med T2D i genomsnitt äldre, i större utsträckning män, samt hade längre diabetesduration och sämre njurfunktion. CVD-kohorten hade under uppföljningsperioden signifikant högre sjukvårdskostnader och sämre överlevnad.Förskrivning av empagliflozin till patienter med T2D och etablerad hjärt-kärlsjukdom i Östergötland beräknades resultera i minskade genomsnittliga sjukvårdskostnader per patient motsvarande cirka 4 100 kronor över fem år, varav cirka 2 300 kronor kunde relateras till minskade kostnader på grund av hjärtsvikt. Mot detta ska ställas ökade läkemedelskostnader. Totalt ger behandling med empagliflozin ökade kostnader på cirka 18 000 kronor per patient över fem år. Den stora vinsten av empagliflozin till patienter med T2D och etablerad hjärt-kärlsjukdom utgörs av tydligt minskad mortalitet. I genomsnitt lever en patient behandlad med empagliflozin 96 dagar längre än om empagliflozin inte förskrivs, sett över en femårsperiod.Förskrivning av empagliflozin minskar behovet av andra glukossänkande läkemedel vilket visades av en upptitrering av glukossänkande läkemedel i placebogruppen i EMPA-REG Outcome studien. Obeaktat minskad förskrivning av övriga glukossänkare och insulin leder resultaten till att empagliflozin (jämfört med standardbehandling) beräknas generera hälsovinster till en kostnad av cirka 69 000 kronor per levnadsår, eller 85 000 kronor per kvalitetsjusterat levnadsår, vilket Socialstyrelsen i sina riktlinjer bedömer som en låg kostnad.Slutsatsen är att behandling med empagliflozin i den tämligen utsatta patientgrupp som har T2D och etablerad hjärt-kärlsjukdom är såväl medicinskt effektivt som kostnadseffektivt.
21.	Bernfort, Lars, et al. (författare) People in states worse than dead according to the EQ-5D UK value set: would they rather be dead? 2018 Ingår i: Quality of Life Research. - : SPRINGER. - 0962-9343 .- 1573-2649. ; 27:7, s. 1827-1833 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) measure health by combining length and quality of life. QALYs constitute the effect side of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios, describing the results of health economic evaluations. The objectives of this study were to (1) investigate the prevalence of states worse than dead (SWD) when using the EuroQol-5D UK value set, and (2) to study to what extent SWDs are reasonable with a starting point in experience-based valuations of health states. Data from a Swedish cross-sectional population survey were used. The survey was directed to 10,000 persons 65 years and older and its primary aim was to investigate the prevalence and consequences of chronic pain. The survey included questions reflecting life situation and well-being. Some of these were used in order to characterise people in SWD. SWD were found in 1.8% of the 6611 respondents. The prevalence of SWD increased with advancing age and was more common among women than men. The control questions used indicated that most of the persons being in SWD according to the EQ-5D UK value set most probably would not judge themselves to be in a SWD. Though negative QALY-weights are not very common, they constitute a non-negligible part of health states in a Swedish population 65 years and older. Prevalence of SWD is higher among women than men and increases with age. From responses to other questions on well-being and life situation, there is reason to doubt the reasonableness of experience-based negative QALY-weights in many cases.
22.	Bernfort, Lars, 1967- (författare) Setting priorities in health care : Studies on equity and efficiency 2001 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract The inevitable gap between needs and resources in health care, together with the problems associated with a market solution, necessitates priority setting. The aims of this thesis are associated with the process of priority setting in health care, and are divided into three issues:1.) To analyse the potential conflict between the two basic principles for priority setting: efficiency and equity. 2.) To analyse the significance of choice of method for measuring health-related status when determining who has the greatest need for health care. 3.) To analyse the possibilities to create an equation for translating results from a psychometricinstrument (the SF-36) into health utilities.The analyses are performed by use of literature studies, applications of methods for the measurement of health-related status, and comparative statistics.The equity principle is in this thesis interpreted to mean equality in the distribution of health. It is exemplified by Rawls' theory of justice, in turri taken to prescribe need as allocation principle. The efficiency principle is taken to mean cost-effectiveness according to welfare economics, i.e. in terms of utility maximisation. A preliminary result found is that the utility of health is declining on the margin. Vagueness concerning basic concepts thus might imply that the potential conflict between equity and efficiency is sometimes exaggerated. Further, methods used on the medical practice level and a general level respectively for the measurements of health-related status correspond more or less poorlywith one another. This might lead to contradicting decisions on resource allocation, and finding methods that correspond fairly might help linking the different levels together. Results from the SF-36 correlate only moderately with health utility equivalents on an individual level. However, equations for translating the SF-36 into health utilities on a group level, i.e. that discriminate correctly between groups, is probabiy feasible.
23.	Bernfort, Lars, et al. (författare) Severity of chronic pain in an elderly population in Sweden-impact on costs and quality of life 2015 Ingår i: Pain. - : Elsevier / Lippincott, Williams andamp; Wilkins. - 0304-3959 .- 1872-6623. ; 156:3, s. 521-527 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Chronic pain is associated with large societal costs, but few studies have investigated the total costs of chronic pain with respect to elderly subjects. The elderly usually require informal care, care performed by municipalities, and care for chronic diseases, all factors that can result in extensive financial burdens on elderly patients, their families, and the social services provided by the state. This study aims to quantify the societal cost of chronic pain in people of age 65 years and older and to assess the impact of chronic pain on quality of life. This study collected data from 3 registers concerning health care, drugs, and municipal services and from 2 surveys. A postal questionnaire was used to collect data from a stratified sample of the population 65 years and older in southeastern Sweden. The questionnaire addressed pain intensity and quality of life variables (EQ-5D). A second postal questionnaire was used to collect data from relatives of the elderly patients suffering from chronic pain. A total of 66.5% valid responses of the 10,000 subjects was achieved; 76.9% were categorized as having no or mild chronic pain, 18.9% as having moderate chronic pain, and 4.2% as having severe chronic pain. Consumed resources increased with the severity of chronic pain. Clear differences in EQ-5D were found with respect to the severity of pain. This study found an association between resource use and severity of chronic pain in elderly subjects: the more severe the chronic pain, the more extensive (and expensive) the use of resources.
24.	Carlsson, Per, 1951-, et al. (författare) Prioritering av läkemedel för behandling av patienter med sällsynta sjukdomar 2014 Ingår i: Läkemedel för djur, maskinell dos och sällsynta tillstånd. - Stockholm : Fritzes. - 9789138242070 ; , s. 639-699 Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract I vilken utsträckning kan särskilda hänsyn tas vid prioritering av särläkemedel och läkemedel för behandling av sällsynta tillstånd? Bör man i vissa speciella situationer kunna acceptera sämre kostnadseffektivitet och lägre krav på vetenskapligt underlag? Om så, vad är det för villkor/kriterier som då bör vara uppfyllda? Hur stämmer ett sådant undantag med den etiska plattformen för prioriteringar? Finns det andra argument som talar för eller mot en särbehandling av sällsynta tillstånd? Detta är frågor som vi diskuterar i denna rapport som tagits fram på uppdrag av Läkemedels- och apoteksutredningen.I rapporten konstaterar vi att särläkemedel är en relativt heterogen grupp av läkemedel och att det finns andra läkemedel med motsvarande egenskaper som inte ansökt eller kunnat ansöka om status som särläkemedel. Ur prioriteringssynpunkt är det därför mer relevant att fokusera på alla typer av läkemedel, som används för sällsynta tillstånd, när vi diskuterar vilka principer för prioriteringar som bör gälla.Utifrån litteratur och erfarenheter i andra länder, som formulerat kriterier för en särskild hantering av läkemedel vid sällsynta sjukdomar, drar vi den preliminära slutsatsen att samhället bör kunna betala mer per hälsovinst (kostnad per kvalitetsjusterat levnadsår (QALY)) och acceptera lägre krav på vetenskapligt underlag vid prioritering av läkemedel för behandling av sällsynta sjukdomar om samtliga följande villkor är uppfyllda:att behandlingen har en hög kostnad per hälsovinst som en konsekvens av att den omfattar endast få patienter,att det rör sig om ett tillstånd med mycket stor svårighetsgrad,att det behandlingsalternativ som övervägs på goda grunder ska antas ha en väsentlig effekt,att det inte finns någon alternativ behandling med en väsentlig effekt som förväntas förebygga, bota, fördröja försämring eller lindra det aktuella tillståndet.Om dessa kriterier anses uppfyllda kan läkemedlet bedömas i relation till ett förhöjt tröskelvärde för kostnadseffektivitet. Hur högt detta värde kan vara för att anses rimligt tar vi inte ställning till i rapporten, men en viktig ståndpunkt är att det måste finnas en övre gräns för hur hög kostnad per QALY samhället kan acceptera. Detta bör gälla även om ovanstående kriterier är uppfyllda, annars riskerar det uppstå oacceptabla undanträngningseffekter av andra prioriterade åtgärder. Även lägre krav på vetenskapligt underlag skakunna accepteras....
25.	Carlsson, Per, et al. (författare) Prioritering och finansiering av läkemedel för behandling av patienter med sällsynta sjukdomar 2012 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Den pågående Läkemedels- och apoteksutredningen har i ett tilläggsdirektiv fått i uppdrag att analysera behovet av särskilda lösningar vid beslut om subventionering för särläkemedel. Ett särläkemedel är ett läkemedel som uppfyller vissa villkor och därmed omfattas av ett särskilda stimulansåtgärder innan godkännande av läkemedelsmyndighet samt möjlighet, men inte rätt, till ensamrätt på marknaden under 10 år. Till villkoren hör bl.a. att läkemedlet är avsett för att diagnostisera, förebygga eller behandla livshotande tillstånd eller tillstånd med kronisk funktionsnedsättning och som högst 5 av 10 000 personer i gemenskapen lider av vid ansökningstillfället.
26.	Carlsson, Per, et al. (författare) Prioritering och finansiering av läkemedel för behandling av patienter med sällsynta sjukdomar : Reviderad version 2015 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract I vilken utsträckning kan särskilda hänsyn tas vid prioritering av särläkemedel och läkemedel för behandling av sällsynta tillstånd? Bör man i vissa speciella situationer kunna acceptera sämre kostnadseffektivitet och lägre krav på vetenskapligt underlag? Om så, vad är det för villkor/kriterier som då bör vara uppfyllda? Hur stämmer ett sådant undantag med den etiska plattformen för prioriteringar? Finns det andra argument som talar för eller mot en särbehandling av sällsynta tillstånd? Detta är frågor som vi diskuterar i denna rapport som tagits fram på uppdrag av Läkemedels- och apoteksutredningen.I rapporten konstaterar vi att särläkemedel är en relativt heterogen grupp av läkemedel och att det finns andra läkemedel med motsvarande egenskaper som inte ansökt eller kunnat ansöka om status som särläkemedel. Ur prioriteringssynpunkt är det därför mer relevant att fokusera på alla typer av läkemedel, som används för sällsynta tillstånd, när vi diskuterar vilka principer för prioriteringar som bör gälla.Utifrån litteratur och erfarenheter i andra länder, som formulerat kriterier för en särskild hantering av läkemedel vid sällsynta sjukdomar, drar vi den preliminära slutsatsen att samhället bör kunna betala mer per hälsovinst (kostnad per kvalitetsjusterat levnadsår (QALY)) och acceptera lägre krav på vetenskapligt underlag vid prioritering av läkemedel för behandling av sällsynta sjukdomar om samtliga följande villkor är uppfyllda:att behandlingen har en hög kostnad per hälsovinst som en konsekvens av att den omfattar endast få patienter,att det rör sig om ett tillstånd med mycket stor svårighetsgrad,att det behandlingsalternativ som övervägs på goda grunder ska antas ha en väsentlig effekt,att det inte finns någon alternativ behandling med en väsentlig effekt som förväntas förebygga, bota, fördröja försämring eller lindra det aktuella tillståndet.Om dessa kriterier anses uppfyllda kan läkemedlet bedömas i relation till ett förhöjt tröskelvärde för kostnadseffektivitet. Hur högt detta värde kan vara för att anses rimligt tar vi inte ställning till i rapporten, men en viktig ståndpunkt är att det måste finnas en övre gräns för hur hög kostnad per QALY samhället kan acceptera. Detta bör gälla även om ovanstående kriterier är uppfyllda, annars riskerar det uppstå oacceptabla undanträngningseffekter av andra prioriterade åtgärder. Även lägre krav på vetenskapligt underlag ska kunna accepteras.Denna preliminära slutsats prövas sedan mot den svenska etiska plattformen och ur ett samhällsekonomiskt perspektiv. Våra slutsatser från den etiska analysen är att:Människovärdesprincipen tillåter att sällsynta tillstånd som ger upphov till höga behandlingskostnader kan särbehandlas och därmed kan vårt första kriterium accepteras utifrån den etiska plattformen. När ett högre tröskelvärde (kostnad per vunnen hälsovinst) för behandling av sällsynta tillstånd accepteras, så ges dessa patienter större likhet i tillgång till hälsa jämfört med andra patienter (under förutsättning att även andra kriterier är uppfyllda). Detta innebär dock inte automatiskt att alla sällsynta tillstånd som ger upphov till höga behandlingskostnader bör särbehandlas.Enligt behovs-solidaritetsprincipen bör samhället sträva efter att alla medborgare i så stor utsträckning som möjligt ges lika möjligheter till vård; men även att de uppnår en så lika nivå av hälsa som möjligt. Det senare förutsätter att vi i första hand prioriterar dem som ligger längst ifrån en sådan lika nivå, dvs. de med störst behov. För att vi ska kunna påverka möjligheter och utfall när det gäller hälsa krävs det att de åtgärder som används faktiskt kan påverka personer till att närma sig ett mer lika utfall, dvs. att dessa åtgärder har en väsentlig effekt på hälsan.Kostnadseffektivitetsprincipen säger att vid val mellan olika verksamhetsområden eller åtgärder bör en rimlig relation mellan kostnader och effekt eftersträvas. Det framgår att mycket svåra tillstånd ska gå före lindrigare tillstånd, även om åtgärderna gentemot de förra är förknippade med förhållandevis högre kostnader per hälsovinst. När ovanstående kriterier är uppfyllda för behandling av ett sällsynt tillstånd innebär det endast att behandlingen kan bli föremål för en bedömning av om ett höjt tröskelvärde kan accepteras. Det innebär alltså inte automatiskt att behandlingen bör erbjudas eller att ett läkemedel till exempel ska inkluderas i läkemedelsförmånerna. Även med dessa kriterier uppfyllda och att det därmed finns skäl för särbehandling av behandlingen, bör beslutfattaren även i det läget komma fram till vad som är en rimlig relation mellan kostnader och effekt, dvs. vilket som är ett acceptabelt tröskelvärde i den aktuella beslutssituationen.Sammanfattningsvis anser vi att dagens etiska plattform tillsammans med den modifiering av kostnadseffektivitetsprincipen, som finns i senare lagstiftning, ger möjlighet att ta särskilda hänsyn vid prioritering av läkemedel riktade till sällsynta och mycket svåra tillstånd. För att en särbehandling av ett läkemedel ska kunna övervägas bör det ha en väsentlig effekt på det aktuella tillståndet. Det är en skillnad mellan behandlingar som har dålig kostnadseffektivitet på grund av liten effekt respektive om de har det på grund av hög kostnad. Skillnaden motiveras utifrån att effektstorleken hos behandlingen påverkar dess möjlighet att bidra till ett utfall som ligger i linje med resten av befolkningens hälsa och livskvalitet, där en större effektstorlek närmar sig detta på ett bättre sätt. Vår tolkning är att om det finns två åtgärder med samma kostnadseffektivitetskvot och samma svårighetsgrad men där den ena har större effekt på tillståndet än den andra, så är den med störst effekt som ska ges företräde.Vi har även undersökt om det finns några argument utifrån samhällsekonomisk effektivitet som talar för eller emot en särbehandling av sällsynta tillstånd. Detta görs utifrån teoretisk och empirisk litteratur i ämnet och preliminära data från en svensk studie. Enligt vissa studier finns det ett samhälleligt värde i vetskapen om att människor blir omhändertagna oavsett situation och det skapar större trygghet och tillit till samhället utifrån dels ett egenintresse eftersom alla människor i ett samhälle löper en risk att drabbas av svåra tillstånd. Det finns också en altruistisk motivering som består i att människor i allmänhet kan påverkas positivt av att bara veta att de lever i ett barmhärtigt samhälle.Det finns dock inget stöd i renodlade empiriska studier för att människor i allmänhet anser att behandling av sällsynta sjukdomar, allt annat lika, ska särbehandlas. Med andra ord saknas empiriskt stöd för att sällsynthet i sig är ett relevant kriterium vid prioritering. Det var även slutsatsen av vår tidigare etiska argumentation kring detta (se Carlsson et al. 2012). Preliminära data från en pågående svensk studie kommer delvis fram till samma slutsats. När analysen i samma studie fördjupas och kompletteras med attitydfrågor och fokusgruppsintervjuer framträder dock en mer nyanserad bild, nämligen att om det rör sig om sällsynta tillstånd med hög svårighetsgrad, och det är den enda behandlingen, så kan stöd finnas för särbehandling.Efter att ha konstaterat att särskild hänsyn kan övervägas vid prioritering av läkemedel som ska användas vid svåra och sällsynta tillstånd utifrån den etiska plattformen och ur ett välfärdsekonomiskt perspektiv återstår att ta ställning till en rad praktiska överväganden vid utformning av procedurer för prioriteringar, nämligen:Utifrån målet att minska olikheter och garantera vård på lika villkor för sällsynta tillstånd är antagligen en modell med ett nationellt beslutsfattande att föredra. Samma principer för prioritering av läkemedel vid sällsynta och svåra tillstånd bör gälla oavsett hur läkemedlet når patienten, dvs. oavsett om detta sker som läkemedel på recept eller rekvisitionsläkemedel. Om prioriteringen görs av en eller flera instanser är en organisatorisk fråga som vi inte tar ställning till i denna rapport.Ur prioriteringssynpunkt bör det inte göras åtskillnad mellan särläkemedel och andra läkemedel som används för sällsynta tillstånd. När det gäller beslut om särläkemedel i allmänhet ska ingå i förmånssystemet bör de utvärderas och beslutas av Tandvård- och läkemedelsförmånsverket (TLV) på sedvanligt sätt medan vid sådana läkemedel som riktas mot tillstånd som både är mycket sällsynta och mycket svåra kan särskild hänsyn behöva tas och handläggas enligt en modifierad ordning. Detta bör avse såväl kostnaden per hälsovinst som hantering av osäkerhet i det vetenskapliga underlaget och bör gälla oavsett status som särläkemedel eller ej.I vissa situationer när det vetenskapliga underlaget är mycket osäkert uppstår problem vid ställningstagande om generell användning av dyra läkemedel för svår sjukdom på gruppnivå. Det förefaller i det läget rimligt att initialt ge visst avkall på evidensunderlaget för kostnadseffektivitet vid svåra sjukdomar när det av olika skäl inte ter sig möjligt av praktiska skäl att få fram ett sådant. Det kan dock finnas en konflikt i att både acceptera en högre betalningsvilja och dessutom acceptera en större osäkerhet i beslutsunderlaget. I sådana fall är det särskilt angeläget att sörja för en adekvat uppföljning för att så snart som möjligt försöka minska osäkerheten och eventuellt ompröva beslutet.De finns olika principer för hur en patientgrupp med mycket svåra och sällsynta tillstånd kan avgränsas. Gruppen kan dels
27.	Carlsson, Per, et al. (författare) Prioritering och finansiering av läkemedel för behandling av patienter med sällsynta sjukdomar : Reviderad version 2012 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract I ett tilläggsdirektiv till utredningen om vissa frågor om prissättning, tillgänglighet och marknadsförutsättningar inom läkemedels- och apoteksområdet (Dir. 2011:82) ingår att analysera behovet av särskilda lösningar vid beslut om subventionering för särläkemedel. Ett särläkemedel är ett läkemedel som uppfyller vissa villkor och därmed omfattas av särskilda stimulansåtgärder innan godkännande av läkemedelsmyndighet samt möjlighet, men inte rätt, till ensamrätt på marknaden under 10 år.I rapporten analyseras den etiska plattformen och läkemedelsförmånslagen, som är Tandvårds- och läkemedelsförmånsverkets (TLV) utgångspunkter för subventionsbeslut. En slutsats som dras är att dagens etiska plattform tillsammans med den modifiering av kostnadseffektivitetsprincipen, som finns i lagen om läkemedelsförmåner, ger möjlighet att komma till slutsatsen att samhället är berett att betala mer per hälsovinst för läkemedel riktade till mycket sällsynta och svåra sjukdomar/tillstånd.Människovärdesprincipen ger uttryck för att irrelevant grupptillhörighet eller gruppegenskap inte ska påverka en patientgrupps lika möjligheter och lika utfall när det gäller hälsa. Huruvida en patientgrupp är liten eller stor är en sådan irrelevant gruppegenskap och gruppens storlek eller tillståndets sällsynthet bör därmed inte påverka gruppens möjligheter till behandling eller till att kunna uppnå ett jämlikt hälsoutfall jämfört med andra större grupper eller grupper med mer vanliga sjukdomar. Däremot kan den konsekvens i form av höga kostnader för behandling som sällsynthet kan medföra, vara en grund för särbehandling.Behovs-solidaritetsprincipen ger dels uttryck för att alla medborgare bör ges lika möjligheter att uppnå god hälsa och dels uttryck för att vi bör uppnå ett så lika hälsoutfall som möjligt för medborgarna. Om vi låter utvecklingskostnaden för läkemedel mot sällsynta tillstånd påverka möjligheten att ta del av dessa läkemedel ges inte medborgarna lika möjligheter till att uppnå god hälsa. Utifrån detta drar vi slutsatsen att sällsynta och svåra tillstånd bör ges likartade möjligheter att uppnå god hälsa som vanliga och allvarliga tillstånd.Kostnadseffektivitetsprincipen. När en sämre kostnadseffektivitet främst beror på höga kostnader som framför allt är kopplade till storleken på den grupp som patienten tillhör dvs. storleken på marknaden för läkemedlet och inte på dålig effekt hos åtgärden finns det av rättviseskäl anledning att dels försöka påverka kostnadsaspekten av läkemedlet, dels i vissa fall acceptera en sämre kostnadseffektivitet. Kostnaden kan påverkas genom t.ex. prissättning på läkemedel efter särskilda avtal med det marknadsförande företaget.　Det finns ett värde i att veta att man lever i ett barmhärtigt samhälle som tar hand om och försöker hjälpa de människor som befinner sig i livshotande eller andra svåra situationer. Detta värde består dels i att vetskapen skapar större trygghet och tillit till samhället utifrån ett egenintresse eftersom vi alla kan löpa risk att drabbas av svåra tillstånd, dels utifrån en mer altruistisk motivering som består i att vi påverkas positivt av att bara veta att vi lever i ett barmhärtigt samhälle. Detta är en faktor som därför även borde vägas in i kostnadseffektivitetskalkyler. Storleken på detta värde är oklart.Särläkemedel är en relativt heterogen grupp och det finns andra läkemedel med motsvarande egenskaper som inte ansökt om status som särläkemedel. Ur prioriteringssynpunkt är det mer relevant att istället fokusera på läkemedel som används för sällsynta och svåra sjukdomar. Läkemedel vid mycket sällsynta och svåra tillstånd, särskilt när annan behandling saknas, bör därför handläggas i sär- skild ordning oavsett status som särläkemedel eller ej. För att säkerställa jämlik tillgång, transparenta beslut och god vård är en modell med nationellt beslutsfattande för sådana läkemedel att föredra. Tre alternativa principer för beslut och finansiering diskuteras: staten som huvudman, samarbete mellan stat och landsting samt samarbete mellan landstingen.
28.	Cowper, Patricia A, et al. (författare) Economic Analysis of Ticagrelor Therapy From a U.S. Perspective : Results From the PLATO Study 2015 Ingår i: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0735-1097 .- 1558-3597. ; 65:5, s. 465-476 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BACKGROUND: Based on results of the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) trial comparing ticagrelor with clopidogrel therapy, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved ticagrelor in 2011 for reducing thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with the proviso that it be taken with low-dose aspirin.OBJECTIVES: This study sought to assess the cost and cost effectiveness of ticagrelor therapy relative to clopidogrel in treating ACS patients from the perspective of the U.S. health care system.METHODS: We estimated within-trial resource use and costs using U.S. low-dose aspirin patients in PLATO (n = 547). Quality-adjusted life expectancy was estimated using the total PLATO population (n = 18,624), combined with baseline risk and long-term survival data from an external ACS patient cohort. Study drugs were valued at current costs. Cost effectiveness was assessed, as was the sensitivity of results to sampling and methodological uncertainties.RESULTS: One year of ticagrelor therapy, relative to that of generic clopidogrel, cost $29,665/quality-adjusted life-year gained, with 99% of bootstrap estimates falling under a $100,000 willingness-to-pay threshold. Results were robust to extensive sensitivity analyses, including variations in clopidogrel cost, exclusion of costs in extended years of life, and a recalibrated estimate of survival reflecting a lower underlying mortality risk in the United States.CONCLUSIONS: For PLATO-eligible ACS patients, a U.S. perspective comparison of the current standard of dual antiplatelet therapy of aspirin with clopidogrel versus aspirin plus ticagrelor showed that the ticagrelor regimen increased life expectancy at an incremental cost well within accepted benchmarks of good value for money. (A Comparison of Ticagrelor [AZD6140] and Clopidogrel in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome [PLATO]; NCT00391872).
29.	Cowper, Patricia A., et al. (författare) Economic Analysis of Ticagrelor Therapy From a US Perspective 2015 Ingår i: Journal of the American College of Cardiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0735-1097 .- 1558-3597. ; 65:5, s. 465-476 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BACKGROUND Based on results of the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) trial comparing ticagrelor with clopidogrel therapy, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved ticagrelor in 2011 for reducing thrombotic cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with the proviso that it be taken with low-dose aspirin. OBJECTIVES This study sought to assess the cost and cost effectiveness of ticagrelor therapy relative to clopidogrel in treating ACS patients from the perspective of the U.S. health care system. METHODS We estimated within-trial resource use and costs using U.S. low-dose aspirin patients in PLATO (n = 547). Quality-adjusted life expectancy was estimated using the total PLATO population (n = 18,624), combined with baseline risk and long-term survival data from an external ACS patient cohort. Study drugs were valued at current costs. Cost effectiveness was assessed, as was the sensitivity of results to sampling and methodological uncertainties. RESULTS One year of ticagrelor therapy, relative to that of generic clopidogrel, cost $29,665/quality-adjusted life-year gained, with 99% of bootstrap estimates falling under a $100,000 willingness-to-pay threshold. Results were robust to extensive sensitivity analyses, including variations in clopidogrel cost, exclusion of costs in extended years of life, and a recalibrated estimate of survival reflecting a lower underlying mortality risk in the United States. CONCLUSIONS For PLATO-eligible ACS patients, a U.S. perspective comparison of the current standard of dual antiplatelet therapy of aspirin with clopidogrel versus aspirin plus ticagrelor showed that the ticagrelor regimen increased life expectancy at an incremental cost well within accepted benchmarks of good value for money. (C) 2015 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation.
30.	Dong, Huan-Ji, 1981-, et al. (författare) Factors Associated with Life Satisfaction in Older Adults with Chronic Pain (PainS65+) 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Pain Research. - Macclesfield, United Kingdom : DOVE MEDICAL PRESS LTD. - 1178-7090. ; 13, s. 475-489 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Chronic pain in later life is a worldwide problem. In younger patients, chronic pain affects life satisfaction negatively; however, it is unknown whether this outcome will extend into old age.Objective: This study examines which factors determine life satisfaction in older adults who suffer from chronic pain with respect to socio-demographics, lifestyle behaviors, pain, and comorbidities.Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited a random sample of people ≥ 65 years old living in south-eastern Sweden (N= 6611). A postal survey addressed pain aspects and health experiences. Three domains from the Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (LiSat-11) were used to capture the individual’s estimations of overall satisfaction (LiSat-life), somatic health (LiSat-somhealth), and psychological health (LiSat-psychhealth).Results: Respondents with chronic pain (2790, 76.2± 7.4 years old) rated lower on life satisfaction than those without chronic pain, with medium effect size (ES) on LiSat-somhealth (r = 0.38, P < 0.001) and small ES on the other two domains (r < 0.3). Among the respondents with chronic pain, severe pain (OR 0.29– 0.59) and pain spreading (OR 0.87– 0.95) were inversely associated with all three domains of the LiSat-11. Current smoking, alcohol overconsumption, and obesity negatively affected one or more domains of the LiSat-11. Most comorbidities were negatively related to LiSat-somhealth, and some comorbidities affected the other two domains. For example, having tumour or cancer negatively affected both LiSat-life (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.44– 0.88) and LiSat-somhealth (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.24– 0.74). Anxiety or depression disorders had a negative relationship both for LiSat-life (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.38– 0.78) and LiSat-psychhealth (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.06– 0.14).Conclusion: Older adults with chronic pain reported lower life satisfaction but the difference from their peers without chronic pain was trivial, except for satisfaction with somatic health. Pain management in old age needs to consider comorbidities and severe pain to improve patients’ life satisfaction.
31.	Dong, Huan-Ji, 1981-, et al. (författare) Is excess weight a burden for older adults who suffer chronic pain? 2018 Ingår i: BMC Geriatrics. - : BMC. - 1471-2318. ; 18 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BackgroundObesity and chronic pain are common comorbidities and adversely influence each other. Advanced age is associated with more comorbidities and multi-morbidities. In this study, we investigated the burden of overweight/obesity and its comorbidities and their associations with chronic pain in a random population sample of Swedish older adults.MethodsThe cross-sectional analysis involved a random sample of a population65years in south-eastern Sweden (N=6243). Data were collected from a postal questionnaire that addressed pain aspects, body mass index (BMI), and health experiences. Chronic pain was defined as pain during the previous three months. According to the 0-10 Numeric Rating Scale, pain scored 7 corresponds to severe pain. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the variables associated to pain aspects.ResultsA total of 2633 (42%) reported chronic pain. More obese older adults (BMI 30kg/m(2)) experienced chronic pain (58%) than those who were low-normal weight (BMI amp;lt;25kg/m(2), 39%) or overweight (25BMI amp;lt;30kg/m(2), 41%). Obese elderly more frequently had pain in extremities and lower back than their peers. In the multivariate model, obesity (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.59, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.33-1.91) but not overweight (OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.95-1.22) was associated with chronic pain. Obesity (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.16-2.01) was also significantly related to severe pain. We also found other comorbidities - i.e., traumatic history (OR 2.52, 95% CI 1.99-3.19), rheumatic diseases (OR 5.21, 95% CI 4.54-5.97), age85years (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.22-2.25), and depression or anxiety diagnosis (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.32-2.53) - showed stronger associations with pain aspects than weight status. Conclusion: In older adults, excess weight (BMI 30 or above) is a potentially modifiable factor but not the only risk factor that is associated with chronic pain and severe pain. Future studies should investigate the effectiveness of interventions that treat comorbid pain and obesity in older adults.
32.	Dong, Huan-Ji, et al. (författare) Pain Catastrophizing in Older Adults with Chronic Pain: The Mediator Effect of Mood Using a Path Analysis Approach 2020 Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Medicine. - : MDPI. - 2077-0383. ; 9:7 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Cognitive models of pain propose that catastrophic thinking is negatively associated with chronic pain. However, pain catastrophizing is a complex phenomenon requiring a multivariate examination. This study estimates the effects of mood variables (anxiety and depression) on pain catastrophizing in older adults with chronic pain. A postal survey addressing pain aspects was sent to 6611 people >= 65 years old living in south-eastern Sweden. Pain catastrophizing was measured using the pain catastrophizing scale. Anxiety and depression were assessed using two subscales of the general well-being schedule. Data were analysed using a path analysis approach. A total of 2790 respondents (76.2 +/- 7.4 years old) reported chronic pain (>= three months). The mediation model accounted for 16.3% of anxiety, 17.1% of depression, and 30.9% of pain catastrophizing variances. Pain intensity, insomnia, number of comorbidities, and lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, and weight) significantly affected both pain catastrophizing and mood. Anxiety (standardized path coefficient (b(std)) = 0.324,p< 0.001) in comparison to depression (b(std)= 0.125,p< 0.001) had a greater effect on pain catastrophizing. Mood mediated the relationship between pain catastrophizing and pain-related factors accounting for lifestyle and sociodemographic factors.
33.	Dragioti, Elena, Ph.D., et al. (författare) A cross-sectional study of factors associated with the number of anatomical pain sites in an actual elderly general population: results from the PainS65+cohort 2017 Ingår i: Journal of Pain Research. - : DOVE MEDICAL PRESS LTD. - 1178-7090. ; 10, s. 2009-2019 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Several studies have illustrated that multisite pain is more frequent than single pain site, and it is associated with an array of negative consequences. However, there is limited knowledge available about the potential factors associated with multisite pain in the elderly general population. Objective: This cross-sectional study examines whether the number of anatomical pain sites (APSs) is related to sociodemographic and health-related factors in older adults including oldestold ages using a new method (APSs) to assess the location of pain on the body. Materials and methods: The sample came from the PainS65+ cohort, which included 6,611 older individuals (mean age = 76.0 years; standard deviation [SD] = 7.4) residing in southeastern Sweden. All the participants completed and returned a postal survey that measured sociodemographic data, total annual income, pain intensity and frequency, general well-being, and quality of life. The number of pain sites (NPS) was marked on a body manikin of 45 sections, and a total of 23 APSs were then calculated. Univariable and multivariable models of regression analysis were performed. Results: Approximately 39% of the respondents had at least two painful sites. The results of the regression analysis showed an independent association between the APSs and the age group of 75-79 years, women, married, high pain intensity and frequency, and low well-being and quality of life, after adjustments for consumption of analgesics and comorbidities. The strongest association was observed for the higher frequency of pain. Conclusion: Our results suggest that APSs are highly prevalent with strong relationships with various sociodemographic and health-related factors and concur well with the notion that multisite pain is a potential indicator of increased pain severity and impaired quality of life in the elderly. Our comprehensive method of calculating the number of sites could be an essential part of the clinical presentation, assessment, and treatment of multisite pain.
34.	Dragioti, Elena, et al. (författare) Association between Participation Activities, Pain Severity, and Psychological Distress in Old Age : A Population-Based Study of Swedish Older Adults 2021 Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 18:6 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Although chronic pain is common in old age, previous studies on participation activities in old age seldom consider pain aspects and its related consequences. This study analyses associations between participation activities, pain severity, and psychological distress in an aging population of Swedish older adults (N = 6611). We examined older adults participation in five common leisure activities using the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI), sociodemographic factors, pain severity, weight status, comorbidities, and pain-related psychological distress (anxiety, depression, insomnia severity, and pain catastrophising). We found that gender, body mass index (BMI) levels, and psychological distress factors significantly affected older adults participation in leisure activities. Pain severity and multimorbidity were not significantly associated with older adults participation in leisure activities nor with gender stratification in generalised linear regression models. The potentially modifiable factors, such as high levels of BMI and psychological distress, affected activity participation in men and women differently. Health professionals and social workers should consider gender and target potentially modifiable factors such as weight status and psychological distress to increase older adults participation in leisure activities.
35.	Dragioti, Elena, Ph.D., et al. (författare) Association of insomnia severity with well-being, quality of life and health care costs: A cross-sectional study in older adults with chronic pain (PainS65+) 2018 Ingår i: European Journal of Pain. - : WILEY. - 1090-3801 .- 1532-2149. ; 22:2, s. 414-425 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract BackgroundInsomnia is one of the most common complaints in chronic pain. This study aimed to evaluate the association of insomnia with well-being, quality of life and health care costs. MethodsThe sample included 2790 older individuals (median age=76; interquartile range [IQR]=70-82) with chronic pain. The participants completed a postal survey assessing basic demographic data, pain intensity and frequency, height, weight, comorbidities, general well-being, quality of life and the insomnia severity index (ISI). Data on health care costs were calculated as costs per year (Euro prices) and measured in terms of outpatient and inpatient care, pain drugs, total drugs and total health care costs. ResultsThe overall fraction of clinical insomnia was 24.6% (moderate clinical insomnia: 21.9% [95% CI: 18.8-23.3]; severe clinical insomnia: 2.7% [95% CI: 1.6-3.2]). Persons who reported clinical insomnia were more likely to experience pain more frequently with higher pain intensity compared to those reported no clinically significant insomnia. Mean total health care costs were Euro 8469 (95% CI: Euro4029-Euro14,271) for persons with severe insomnia compared with Euro 4345 (95% CI: Euro4033-Euro4694) for persons with no clinically significant insomnia. An association between severe insomnia, well-being, quality of life, outpatient care, total drugs costs and total health care costs remained after controlling for age, sex, pain intensity, frequency, body mass index and comorbidities using linear regression models. ConclusionsOur results determine an independent association of insomnia with low health-related quality of life and increased health care costs in older adults with chronic pain. SignificanceThe concurrence and the severity of insomnia among older adults with chronic pain were associated with decreased well-being and quality of life, and increased health care costs to society.
36.	Dragioti, Elena, Ph.D., et al. (författare) Insomnia severity and its relationship with demographics, pain features, anxiety, and depression in older adults with and without pain: cross-sectional population-based results from the PainS65+cohort 2017 Ingår i: Annals of General Psychiatry. - : BIOMED CENTRAL LTD. - 1744-859X. ; 16 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Insomnia is a major cause of concern in the elderly with and without pain. This study set out to examine the insomnia and its correlates in a large sample of community adults aged amp;gt;= 65 years. Methods: A cross-sectional postal survey was completed by 6205 older individuals (53.8% women; mean age = 76.2 years; SD = 7.5). The participants also completed the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and questionnaires assessing pain intensity, pain spreading, anxiety, depression, and basic demographic information. The sample was divided into three groups based on the presence and duration of pain: chronic pain (CP; n = 2790), subacute pain (SP; n = 510), and no pain (NP; n = 2905). Results: A proportion of each of the groups had an ISI score of 15 or greater (i.e., clinical insomnia): CP = 24.6%; SP = 21.3%; and NP = 13.0%. The average scores of ISI differed significantly among CP, SP, and NP groups (p amp;lt; 0.001). Stratified regression analyses showed that pain intensity, pain spreading, anxiety, and depression were independently related to insomnia in the CP group. Anxiety and depression were independently related to insomnia in the SP group, but only anxiety was significantly associated with insomnia in the NP group. Age and sex were not associated with insomnia. Conclusions: This study confirms that insomnia is not associated with chronological aging per se within the elderly population. Although the possible associations of insomnia with pain are complex, ensuing from pain intensity, pain spreading, anxiety, and depression, our results highlighted that anxiety was more strongly associated with insomnia in all groups than the depression and pain characteristics. Therapeutic plans should consider these relations during the course of pain, and a comprehensive assessment including both pain and psychological features is essential when older people are seeking primary health care for insomnia complaints.
37.	Dragioti, Elena, et al. (författare) Prevalence of different pain categories based on pain spreading on the bodies of older adults in Sweden: a descriptive-level and multilevel association with demographics, comorbidities, medications, and certain lifestyle factors (PainS65+) 2016 Ingår i: Journal of Pain Research. - : DOVE MEDICAL PRESS LTD. - 1178-7090. ; 9, s. 1131-1141 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background and objective: There is limited knowledge about the prevalence of pain and its relation to comorbidities, medication, and certain lifestyle factors in older adults. To address this limitation, this cross-sectional study examined the spreading of pain on the body in a sample of 6611 subjects amp;gt;= 65 years old (mean age = 75.0 years; standard deviation [SD] = 7.7) living in southeastern Sweden. Methods: Sex, age, comorbidities, medication, nicotine, alcohol intake, and physical activity were analyzed in relation to the following pain categories: local pain (LP) (24.1%), regional pain medium (RP-Medium) (20.3%), regional pain heavy (RP-Heavy) (5.2%), and widespread pain (WSP) (1.7%). Results: RP-Medium, RP-Heavy, and WSP were associated more strongly with women than with men (all pamp;lt;0.01). RP-Heavy was less likely in the 80-84 and amp;gt;85 age groups compared to the 65-69 age group (both pamp;lt;0.01). Traumatic injuries, rheumatoid arthritis/osteoarthritis, and analgesics were associated with all pain categories (all pamp;lt;0.001). An association with gastrointestinal disorders was found in LP, RP-Medium, and RP-Heavy (all pamp;lt;0.01). Depressive disorders were associated with all pain categories, except for LP (all pamp;lt;0.05). Disorders of the central nervous system were associated with both RP-Heavy and WSP (all pamp;lt;0.05). Medication for peripheral vascular disorders was associated with RP-Medium (pamp;lt;0.05), and hypnotics were associated with RP-Heavy (pamp;lt;0.01). Conclusion: More than 50% of older adults suffered from different pain spread categories. Women were more likely to experience greater spreading of pain than men. A noteworthy number of common comorbidities and medications were associated with increased likelihood of pain spread from LP to RP-Medium, RP-Heavy, and WSP. Effective management plans should consider these observed associations to improve functional deficiency and decrease spreading of pain-related disability in older adults.
38.	Fioretos, Thoas, et al. (författare) Implementing precision medicine in a regionally organized healthcare system in Sweden 2022 Ingår i: Nature Medicine. - : Springer Nature. - 1078-8956 .- 1546-170X. ; 28:10, s. 1980-1982 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
39.	Friberg, Örjan, et al. (författare) Cost effectiveness of local collagen-gentamicin as prophylaxis for sternal wound infections in different risk groups 2006 Ingår i: Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1401-7431 .- 1651-2006. ; 40:2, s. 117-125 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract OBJECTIVES: In a randomized trial addition of local collagen-gentamicin in the sternal wound reduced the rate of sternal wound infection (SWI) to about 50% compared to intravenous prophylaxis alone. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the economic rationale for its use in every-day clinical practice. This includes the question whether high-risk groups that may have particular benefit should be identified. DESIGN: For each patient with SWI in the trial the costs attributable to the SWI were calculated. Risk factors for SWI were identified and any heterogeneity of the effect of the prophylaxis examined. RESULTS: The mean cost of a SWI was about 14500 Euros. A cost effectiveness analysis showed that the prophylaxis was cost saving. The positive net balance was even higher in risk groups. Assignment to the control group, overweight, diabetes, younger age, mammarian artery use, left ventricular ejection fraction <35% and longer operation time were independent risk factors for infection. CONCLUSION: The addition of local collagen-gentamicin to intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis was dominant, i.e. resulted in both lower costs and fewer wound infections.
40.	Grip, Lars, 1952, et al. (författare) Ingen evidens för nyttan av ny policy vid asymtomatisk preexcitation. 2009 Ingår i: Läkartidningen. ; 105, s. 3438-9 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
41.	Grip, Lars, et al. (författare) Ingen evidens för nyttan av ny policy vid asymtomatisk preexcitation 2009 Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. ; 106:50-51, s. 3438-3439 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
42.	Hagberg, Lars, 1956- (författare) Cost-effectiveness of the promotion of physical activity in health care 2007 Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Introduction Physical inactivity is a major cause of reduced quality of life, as well as many common diseases and even premature death. Most people, globally, are scarcely or rarely physically active. Consequently, physical inactivity influences the burden of disease, and increases its societal costs. In view of this, it is necessary to ask how health care should respond when the population and the patients are either inactive or rarely physically active. Cost-effectiveness analyses of the promotion of physical activity in health care can contribute substantially to health care policy. Aims The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the cost-effectiveness of physical activity promotion in the health care system. The specific aims were: (I) to provide a model for analyzing cost-effectiveness and equity in health for community-promoted physical activity, (II) to review current knowledge about the cost-effectiveness of health care based interventions aimed at improving physical activity, (III) to evaluate the cost effectiveness of physical activity promotion as a treatment method in primary health care, (IV) to illustrate the importance of enjoyment of exercise in interventions aimed at promoting physical activity, and (V) to describe a method of valuing the time spent on exercise. Methods Standard methods for economic evaluation were studied and adapted to create a model for the evaluation of physical activity promotion (I). Relevant databases were searched for published articles, and the articles found were analyzed using this economic evaluation model (II). A trial in primary health care was evaluated in a cost-utility analysis based on the model (III). In the same trial, the association between time spent on exercise and enjoyment of exercise was analyzed (IV). A model for valuing the time spent on exercise was developed based on existing approaches to the valuation of time, and used in two different groups of exercisers; experienced and inexperienced (V). Results An economic evaluation model was developed, as was a model to calculate an intervention’s effect on equity in health (I). In total, 26 articles were found regarding the cost-effectiveness of physical activity promotion in health care, and 20 of these described interventions, which the authors considered to be cost-effective (II). The treatment of patients in primary health care by the promotion of physical activity was shown to be cost-effective (III). For the same group of patients, time spent on exercise was associated with enjoyment of exercise (IV). A model for valuing the time spent on exercise was developed and used. Time costs were significantly higher among inexperienced exercisers (V). Conclusions There are many examples of interventions promoting physical activity that may be regarded as cost-effective. In general, it seems to be cost effective to promote physical activity among patients with increased risk, or who manifest poor health associated with physical inactivity. Unfortunately, there is still little evidence of when physical activity should be used, or what the best design of such an intervention might be. Although there is still a need for stronger evidence, the Swedish health care system should use the promotion of physical activity as a standard method among the following patients: • those who manifest increased risk (such as high blood pressure) of ill health due to a physically inactive lifestyle; • frail older people, especially those with increased risk of fall injuries; • those requiring rehabilitation after heart failure.
43.	Janzon, Magnus, 1961-, et al. (författare) Cost and effectiveness comparison of very early treatment with primary percutaneous coronary intervention facilitated with abciximab or thrombolytic therapy for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction 2007 Ingår i: ACC,2007. ; 49:9, s. 214A-214A Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
44.	Janzon, Magnus, et al. (författare) Health Economics in the PLATelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes (PLATO) Randomized Trial: Report on Within Trial Resource Use Patterns 2010 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
45.	Kjellström, Barbro, et al. (författare) Societal costs associated to chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension : A study utilizing linked national registries 2023 Ingår i: Pulmonary Circulation. - : WILEY. - 2045-8932 .- 2045-8940. ; 13:2 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare but serious complication after a pulmonary embolism. Healthcare resource utilization (HCRU; hospitalization, outpatient visits, and drug utilization) as well as productivity loss (sick leave and disability pension) before and after the CTEPH diagnosis is sparsely studied. By linking several Swedish national databases, this study estimated the societal costs in a national CTEPH cohort (n = 369, diagnosed with CTEPH in 2008−2019) 5 years before and 5 years after diagnosis (index date) and compared to an age, sex, and geographically matched control group (n = 1845, 1:5 match). HCRU and productivity loss were estimated per patient per year. Patients were stratified as operated with pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA group) or not operated (non-PEA group). Direct and indirect societal costs were 2.1 times higher before, and 8.1 times higher after the index date for patients with CTEPH compared to the matched control groups. The higher costs were evident already several years preceding the index date. The main cost driver before the index date in both the PEA and the non-PEA groups was productivity loss. The productivity loss remained high for both groups in the 5-year period following the index date, but the main cost drivers were prescribed drugs and hospitalizations for patients that underwent PEA and prescribed drugs in the non-PEA group. In conclusion, CTEPH was associated with large societal costs related to healthcare consumption and productivity loss, both before and after diagnosis.
46.	Larsson, Britt, et al. (författare) Distinctive subgroups derived by cluster analysis based on pain and psychological symptoms in Swedish older adults with chronic pain - a population study (PainS65+) 2017 Ingår i: BMC Geriatrics. - : BIOMED CENTRAL LTD. - 1471-2318. ; 17 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Background: Improved knowledge based on clinical features of chronic pain in older adults would be valuable in terms of patient-orientated approaches and would provide support for health care systems in optimizing health care resources. This study identifies subgroups based on pain and psychological symptoms among Swedish older adults in the general population and compares derived subgroups with respect to socio-demographics, health aspects, and health care costs. Methods: This cross-sectional study uses data collected from four registers and one survey. The total sample comprised 2415 individuals amp;gt;= 65 years old. A two-step cluster analysis was performed. Data on pain intensity, number of pain sites, anxiety, depression, and pain catastrophizing were used as classification variables. Differences in socio-demographics, quality of life, general health, insomnia, and health care costs among the clusters were investigated. Association of the clusters with the above parameters was further evaluated using multinomial logistic regression. Results: Four major clusters were identified: Subgroup 1 (n = 325; 15%) - moderate pain and high psychological symptoms; Subgroup 2 (n = 516; 22%) - high pain and moderate psychological symptoms; Subgroup 3 (n = 686; 30%) - low pain and moderate psychological symptoms; and Subgroup 4 (n = 767; 33%) - low pain and low psychological symptoms. Significant differences were found between the four clusters with regard to age, sex, educational level, family status, quality of life, general health, insomnia, and health care costs. The multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that Subgroups 1 and 2, compared to Subgroup 4, were significantly associated with decreased quality of life, decreased general health, and increased insomnia. Subgroup 3, compared to Subgroup 4, was associated with decreased general health and increased insomnia. In addition, compared to Subgroup 4, Subgroups 1 and 2 were significantly associated with higher health care costs. Conclusions: Two high risk clusters of older adults suffering from chronic pain; one mainly based on psychological symptoms and one mainly on pain intensity and pain spread, associated with decreased quality of life and health and increased health care costs were identified. Our findings indicate that subgroup-specific treatment will improve pain management and reduce health care costs.
47.	Levin, Lars-Åke, 1960-, et al. (författare) En introduktion i hälsoekonomi 2004 Bok (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
48.	Lyth, Johan, 1980-, et al. (författare) Cost-effectiveness of population screening for atrial fibrillation : the STROKESTOP study 2023 Ingår i: European Heart Journal. - : Oxford University Press. - 0195-668X .- 1522-9645. ; 3:3, s. 196-204 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Aims Previous studies on the cost-effectiveness of screening for atrial fibrillation (AF) are based on assumptions of long-term clinical effects. The STROKESTOP study, which randomised 27 975 persons aged 75/76 years into a screening invitation group and a control group, has a median follow-up time of 6.9 years. The aim of this study was to estimate the cost-effectiveness of population-based screening for AF using clinical outcomes. Methods and results The analysis is based on a Markov cohort model. The prevalence of AF, the use of oral anticoagulation, clinical event data, and all-cause mortality were taken from the STROKESTOP study. The cost for clinical events, age-specific utilities, utility decrement due to stroke, and stroke death was taken from the literature. Uncertainty in the model was considered in a probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Per 1000 individuals invited to the screening, there were 77 gained life years and 65 gained quality-adjusted life years. The incremental cost was euro1.77 million lower in the screening invitation group. Gained quality-adjusted life years to a lower cost means that the screening strategy was dominant. The result from 10 000 Monte Carlo simulations showed that the AF screening strategy was cost-effective in 99.2% and cost-saving in 92.7% of the simulations. In the base-case scenario, screening of 1000 individuals resulted in 10.6 [95% confidence interval (CI): -22.5 to 1.4] fewer strokes (8.4 ischaemic and 2.2 haemorrhagic strokes), 1.0 (95% CI: -1.9 to 4.1) more cases of systemic embolism, and 2.9 (95% CI: -18.2 to 13.1) fewer bleedings associated with hospitalization. Conclusion Based on the STROKESTOP study, this analysis shows that a broad AF screening strategy in an elderly population is cost-effective. Efforts should be made to increase screening participation.
49.	Runheim, Hannes, et al. (författare) Societal costs associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension : A study utilizing linked national registries 2023 Ingår i: Pulmonary Circulation. - : Wiley. - 2045-8932 .- 2045-8940. ; 13:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease with no cure. Healthcare resource utilization (HCRU; hospitalization, outpatient visits, and drug utilization) before diagnosis and productivity loss (sick leave and disability pension) before and after PAH diagnosis are not well known. By linking several Swedish national databases, this study have estimated the societal costs in a national PAH cohort (n = 749, diagnosed with PAH in 2008−2019) 5 years before and 5 years after diagnosis and compared to an age, sex, and geographically matched control group (n = 3745, 1:5 match). HCRU and productivity loss were estimated per patient per year. The PAH group had significantly higher HCRU and productivity loss compared to the control group starting already 3 and 5 years before diagnosis, respectively. HCRU peaked the year after diagnosis in the PAH group with hospitalizations (mean ± standard deviation; 2.0 ± 0.1 vs. 0.2 ± 0.0), outpatient visits (5.3 ± 0.3 vs. 0.9 ± 0.1), and days on sick leave (130 ± 10 vs. 13 ± 1) significantly higher compared to controls. Total costs during the entire 10-year period were six times higher for the PAH group than the control group. In the 5 years before diagnosis the higher costs were driven by productivity loss (76%) and hospitalizations (15%), while the 5 years after diagnosis the main cost drivers were drugs (63%), hospitalizations (16%), and productivity loss (16%). In conclusion, PAH was associated with large societal costs due to high HCRU and productivity loss, starting several years before diagnosis. The economic and clinical burden of PAH suggests that strategies for earlier diagnosis and more effective treatments are warranted.
50.	Sandman, Lars, et al. (författare) Snäv tolkning av etisk plattform 2015 Ingår i: Läkartidningen. - : Läkartidningen Förlag AB. - 0023-7205 .- 1652-7518. Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract Etikdelegationens tolkning av den etiska plattformen innebär att nya dyra läkemedel tränger bort andra viktiga åtgärder. Författarna efterlyser en uppdatering av den etiska plattformen i en öppen process.

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