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- Wernli, Didier, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping global policy discourse on antimicrobial resistance
- 2017
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Ingår i: BMJ Global Health. - : BMJ. - 2059-7908. ; 2:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The rising importance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to the global health agenda is associated with a growing number of parties voicing their concern about the issue. With more recommendations and policies appearing, understanding the policy process requires making sense of the views, values, interests and goals of each participant. Policy frame analysis provides a method to understand both the scientific view and the actions advocated by global health actors to tackle AMR. Here we review and refine policy frame analyses of AMR using a deductive approach. Among several policy frames previously defined in the field of global health, we identify 'AMR as healthcare', 'AMR as development', 'AMR as innovation' and 'AMR as security' as frequent frames used in dealing with AMR. In addition, we found that 'AMR as One Health' constitutes a recent framing of the topic that seeks to provide an integrated understanding between human and animal health. Each frame originates in distinct scientific fields, conceptualises the main causes of AMR and prioritises different interventions and measurements. Better understanding and integration of these frames into an overarching social and ecological framework will support policy progress in tackling AMR.
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| 3. |
- Öberg, Marja-Liisa, et al.
(författare)
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Foreseeability and Anticipation as Constraints on Member State Action under Mixed Agreements
- 2022
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Ingår i: The EU and its Member States’ Joint Participation in International Agreements. - : Hart Publishing. - 9781509945900 - 9781509945870 ; , s. 59-76
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Member States’ external action, including the conclusion of mixed agreements, is constrained not only by an obligation to conform to EU law as it is but also by an obligation to foresee or anticipate its future developments. The latter may concern either changes in legislation or policy, or the case law of the Court of Justice. Foreseeability demands anticipation or awareness of a future event or circumstance. Anticipation, on the other hand, suggests a prior action which takes into consideration a later action. This chapter discusses the relevance of both foreseeability and anticipation as concepts in EU law, generally, and EU external relations law, particularly, with special regard to the conclusion of mixed agreements. It shows that Union institutions must foresee certain future developments and events when taking action both internally and externally, while elements of anticipation constrain Member States based on the duty of loyal cooperation. It establishes both the substantive and temporal scope of these duties imposed on the Member States and discusses their relevance with regard to the case law of the Court of Justice in the context of mixed agreements. Overall, the chapter intends to contribute to understanding the temporal, ‘prospective’ side of restrictions incumbent on the Member States’ external action, especially in the context of mixed agreements.
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