| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Ariyawansa, Hiran A., et al.
(författare)
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Fungal diversity notes 111–252—taxonomic and phylogenetic contributions to fungal taxa
- 2015
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Ingår i: Fungal diversity. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1560-2745 .- 1878-9129. ; 75, s. 27-274
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is a compilation of notes on 142 fungal taxa, including five new families, 20 new genera, and 100 new species, representing a wide taxonomic and geographic range. The new families, Ascocylindricaceae, Caryosporaceae and Wicklowiaceae (Ascomycota) are introduced based on their distinct lineages and unique morphology. The new Dothideomycete genera Pseudomassariosphaeria (Amniculicolaceae), Heracleicola, Neodidymella and P s e u d o m i c ros p h a e r i o p s i s ( D id y m e l l a c e a e ) , P s e u d o p i t h o m y c e s ( D i d y m o s p h a e r i a c e a e ) , Brunneoclavispora, Neolophiostoma and Sulcosporium (Halotthiaceae), Lophiohelichrysum (Lophiostomataceae), G a l l i i c o l a , Popul o c re s c e n t i a a nd Va g i c o l a (Phaeosphaeriaceae), Ascocylindrica (Ascocylindricaceae), E l o n g a t o p e d i c e l l a t a ( R o u s s o e l l a c e a e ) , Pseudoasteromassaria (Latoruaceae) and Pseudomonodictys (Macrodiplodiopsidaceae) are introduced. The newly described species of Dothideomycetes (Ascomycota) are Pseudomassariosphaeria bromicola (Amniculicolaceae), Flammeascoma lignicola (Anteagloniaceae), Ascocylindrica marina (Ascocylindricaceae) , Lembosia xyliae (Asterinaceae), Diplodia crataegicola and Diplodia galiicola ( B o t r yosphae r i a cea e ) , Caryospor a aquat i c a (Caryosporaceae), Heracleicola premilcurensis and Neodi dymell a thai landi cum (Didymellaceae) , Pseudopithomyces palmicola (Didymosphaeriaceae), Floricola viticola (Floricolaceae), Brunneoclavispora bambusae, Neolophiostoma pigmentatum and Sulcosporium thailandica (Halotthiaceae), Pseudoasteromassaria fagi (Latoruaceae), Keissleriella dactylidicola (Lentitheciaceae), Lophiohelichrysum helichrysi (Lophiostomataceae), Aquasubmersa japonica (Lophiotremataceae) , Pseudomonodictys tectonae (Macrodiplodiopsidaceae), Microthyrium buxicola and Tumidispora shoreae (Microthyriaceae), Alloleptosphaeria clematidis, Allophaeosphaer i a c y t i s i , Allophaeosphae r i a subcylindrospora, Dematiopleospora luzulae, Entodesmium artemisiae, Galiicola pseudophaeosphaeria, Loratospora(Basidiomycota) are introduced together with a new genus Neoantrodiella (Neoantrodiellaceae), here based on both morphology coupled with molecular data. In the class Agaricomycetes, Agaricus pseudolangei, Agaricus haematinus, Agaricus atrodiscus and Agaricus exilissimus (Agaricaceae) , Amanita m e l l e i a l b a , Amanita pseudosychnopyramis and Amanita subparvipantherina (Amanitaceae), Entoloma calabrum, Cora barbulata, Dictyonema gomezianum and Inocybe granulosa (Inocybaceae), Xerocomellus sarnarii (Boletaceae), Cantharellus eucalyptorum, Cantharellus nigrescens, Cantharellus tricolor and Cantharellus variabilicolor (Cantharellaceae), Cortinarius alboamarescens, Cortinarius brunneoalbus, Cortinarius ochroamarus, Cortinarius putorius and Cortinarius seidlii (Cortinariaceae), Hymenochaete micropora and Hymenochaete subporioides (Hymenochaetaceae), Xylodon ramicida (Schizoporaceae), Colospora andalasii (Polyporaceae), Russula guangxiensis and Russula hakkae (Russulaceae), Tremella dirinariae, Tremella graphidis and Tremella pyrenulae (Tremellaceae) are introduced. Four new combinations Neoantrodiella gypsea, Neoantrodiella thujae (Neoantrodiellaceae), Punctulariopsis cremeoalbida, Punctulariopsis efibulata (Punctulariaceae) are also introduced here for the division Basidiomycota. Furthermore Absidia caatinguensis, Absidia koreana and Gongronella koreana (Cunninghamellaceae), Mortierella pisiformis and Mortierella formosana (Mortierellaceae) are newly introduced in the Zygomycota, while Neocallimastix cameroonii and Piromyces irregularis (Neocallimastigaceae) ar e i n t roduced i n the Neocallimastigomycota. Reference specimens or changes in classification and notes are provided for Alternaria ethzedia, Cucurbitaria ephedricola, Austropleospora, Austropleospora archidendri, Byssosphaeria rhodomphala, Lophiostoma caulium, Pseudopithomyces maydicus, Massariosphaeria, Neomassariosphaeria and Pestalotiopsis montellica.
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| 3. |
- Luo, Yifei, et al.
(författare)
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Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors
- 2023
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Ingår i: ACS Nano. - : American Chemical Society. - 1936-0851 .- 1936-086X. ; 17:6, s. 5211-5295
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative efforts, scientific breakthroughs can be made sooner and capitalized for the betterment of humanity.
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| 4. |
- Zhang, Li, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring the NIMBY effect in urban China : the case of waste transfer stations in metropolis Shanghai
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. - : SPRINGER. - 1566-4910 .- 1573-7772. ; 33:1, s. 1-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- China is experiencing fast urbanization and its urban citizens' growing concern for urban disamenity has imposed a serious challenge for the urban management. This paper assesses the impact of a typical environmental facility, namely waste transfer stations, on housing values in Shanghai, China. Through hedonic pricing models, we detect an inverted-U pattern of housing prices around the waste transfer stations in Shanghai, and the maximum influence distance is nearly 3 km. We also analyze how the disamenity impacts of waste transfer stations vary across locations and differ with their own characteristics. The possibility of neighborhood sorting is discussed, but we find it would not be a problem in this paper. In the conclusion section, we discuss the policy implications of our findings.
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| 5. |
- Ao, Fei, 1992-
(författare)
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Essays on Taxation, Externalities, and Poverty Traps
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis consists of three self-contained essays.Essay I characterizes the optimal mix of linear commodity taxation and non-linear income taxation in a dynamic economy where consumption gives rise to positional and environmental externalities. Both externalities are modeled as stock-externalities by reflecting people's present and past consumption. With non-atmospheric positional externalities, the principle of targeting does not apply, which means that the policy rules for all tax instruments are adjusted in response to the positional externality. The results of the model imply simultaneous motives for corrective taxation, which interacts in an important way.Essay II presents a poverty trap model at the firm level, which is driven by time capacity constraints, and involves the optimal allocation of time between a basic and a more-productive business. To operate the more-productive business requires additional time input but enhances the ability to process information in the future, which in turn, determines the firm's time capacity. As a result, a firm with a low ability may encounter challenges in expanding time capacity for further growth. We highlight the importance of passing proficiency thresholds in operating the more-productive business to achieve sustainable growth. The model can explain why aid that increases the ability to process information generates heterogeneous effects on firms, in terms of both short-run and long-run growth. Essay III analyzes the optimal aid distribution in the presence of poverty traps and funds deficiency. The aid programs include a top-down and a bottom-up policy. The former aims to lift poverty permanently by prioritizing those who are better off in terms of economic prospects; the latter is for a momentary improvement with the opposite prioritization. The trade-off between the long-run and short-run effects shapes the optimal aid distribution, where the current value of lifting poverty from productivity improvement and available funds jointly matter. I characterize the conditions when funding the top-down policy exclusively or two policies simultaneously is optimal. In the latter situation, certain aid receivers have to be left in poverty traps.
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| 6. |
- Budh, Erika, 1970-
(författare)
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Essays on Environmental Economics
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation consists of four self-contained essays.Essay IThis essay reports on an experimental study of how voluntary contributions in a public good game are affected by framing. In the public good context, average wealth improves from contributions. In the defensive contexts, the voluntary contributions prevent reductions in average wealth. The experiment shows that the subjects classified as conditionally co-operative make zero contributions to a larger extent in the defensive contexts. But there are no significant differences in average contribution levels, owing to compensating contributions by some subjects motivated by warm glow.Essay IIThe aim of this essay is to clarify the magnitude of the sub-optimization cost associated with separate control strategies for compliance with the Swedish environmental quality objectives. The marginal reduction costs are estimated using a separate and an integrated version of a deterministic linear programming model. The main findings are that there are no substantial sub-optimization costs for separate control strategies for CO2, NOX and SO2. But an integrated action strategy could imply enhanced costefficiency in reductions of VOC and particles.Essay IIIIn this essay we develop a multivariate stochastic control framework to deal with the cost efficiency problem associated with multiple emissions, since there are considerable quantification uncertainties concerning the effectiveness of the proposed emission reduction measures. It is found that a composite probabilistic constraint induces considerably lower abatement costs than separable probabilistic restrictions. Moreover, it can be concluded that the possibilities of increasing the cost-efficiency of emission reductions, with an approach that includes all major emissions to air simultaneously, become more apparent in the stochastic framework than in the deterministic setting.Essay IVThe European Union (EU) emission-trading scheme (ETS) is on of the most ambitious emission-trading systems ever and the involved member-states have various national climate strategies. This paper compares two options regarding how Sweden, a memberstate with a stricter national CO2 target than the EU Kyoto commitment, can internalise ETS. In the first strategy, the total emission cap for the Swedish ETS participants is based on the EU Kyoto commitment and combined with existing CO2 taxation. In the second, the ETS participants are exempted from CO2 taxation and the national policy is instead enforced by a stricter emission cap. We evaluate these strategies with a stochastic linear programming model based on 51 measures in Sweden. From the EU perspective, a transition from the first to the second strategy would reduce the cost of complying with the national target by approximately 150 and 40 million € a year, at emission allowance prices of 9 and 54 €/tonne respectively.
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| 7. |
- Carpenter, S. R., et al.
(författare)
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General resilience to cope with extreme events
- 2012
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 4:12, s. 3248-3259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Resilience to specified kinds of disasters is an active area of research and practice. However, rare or unprecedented disturbances that are unusually intense or extensive require a more broad-spectrum type of resilience. General resilience is the capacity of social-ecological systems to adapt or transform in response to unfamiliar, unexpected and extreme shocks. Conditions that enable general resilience include diversity, modularity, openness, reserves, feedbacks, nestedness, monitoring, leadership, and trust. Processes for building general resilience are an emerging and crucially important area of research.
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| 8. |
- Chuan-Zhong, Li, et al.
(författare)
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Growth, Water Resilience, and Sustainability : A DSGE Model Applied to South Africa
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this paper, we analyze a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model on how water resilience affects economic growth and dynamic welfare with special reference to South Africa. While water may become a limiting factor for future development in general, as a drought prone and water poorcountry with rapid population growth, South Africa may face more serious challenges for sustainable development. Using the model, we conduct numerical simulations for different parameter configurations with varying discount rate, climate change scenario, and the degree of uncertainty in future precipitation. We find that with sufficient capital accumulation, development may still be sustainable despite increased future water scarcity and decreased long-run sustainable welfare; While stochastic variation in precipitation has a negative effect on water resilience and the expected dynamic welfare, the effect is mitigated by persistence in the precipitation pattern. With heavier time discounting and lower capital formation, however, the current welfare may not be sustained.
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| 9. |
- de Zeeuw, Aart, et al.
(författare)
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The Economics of Tipping Points
- 2016
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Ingår i: Environmental and Resource Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0924-6460 .- 1573-1502. ; 65:3, s. 513-517
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 10. |
- Engström, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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Valuing biodiversity and resilience : an application to pollinator diversity in the Stockholm region
- 2020
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Ingår i: Spatial Economic Analysis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1742-1772 .- 1742-1780. ; 15:3, s. 238-261
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper characterizes the value of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience by formalizing a stochastic dynamic bioeconomic model of pollinator diversity under climate changes, with an application to oil rapeseed production in the Stockholm region of Sweden. It studies the optimal provision of semi-natural habitat for two different pollinator bee species: bumble bees and solitary wild bees. It is found that, despite being less effective, solitary bees hold considerable resilience value due to the differences in how the two species respond to temperature shocks. The paper also discusses the role of spatial aspects, in particular the reduced pollination effectiveness due to spatially uneven allocation of semi-natural habitats. It is found that spatial unevenness leads to an increase in the habitat provision, with an attendant reduction in the resilience value of solitary bees.
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| 11. |
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Green National Accounting and Sustainability
- 2011
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Description Concerns about natural resource scarcity, together with the increased awareness of environmental problems, have led to widespread interest in green accounting, which attempts to extend the standard national accounts to include the yields from natural and environmental resources. For this volume, Professors Löfgren and Li have selected the classic articles in this rapidly growing area, with particular reference to sustainability. They have also written an authoritative new introduction which offers a comprehensive overview of the literature both from a historical and a formal theoretical perspective.
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| 12. |
- Gren, Ing-Marie, et al.
(författare)
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Enforcement of environmental regulation : Inspection costs in sweden
- 2011
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Ingår i: Environmental Economics. - : Business Perspectives. - 1998-6041. ; 2:2, s. 50-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to estimate inspection costs of environmental regulations in Sweden and to carry out econometric test of the allocation of inspections among heterogeneous firms at two different jurisdictional levels – county and municipality. The inspection task of environmental regulations is delegated from central to regional and local jurisdictional levels, and the authors test if and how the allocation of inspections among firms coincide with the intentions set by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA). A two-step approach is applied where, firstly, inspection cost functions are estimated, and, secondly, marginal costs are derived and tested against marginal environmental weights given by the SEPA. The test results indicate that the allocation of inspection costs among firms deviates from their relative environmental impacts as determined by SEPA at both the county and the municipality jurisdictional level. At both levels, relatively too much expenses are used for inspecting firms with relatively large marginal environmental impacts.
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| 13. |
- Gui, Chuan-Zhi, et al.
(författare)
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Changes of learning and memory ability and brain nicotinic receptors of rat offspring with coal burning fluorosis
- 2010
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Ingår i: Neurotoxicology and Teratology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0892-0362 .- 1872-9738. ; 32:5, s. 536-541
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the investigation is to reveal the mechanism of the decreased ability of learning and memory induced by coal burning fluorosis. Ten offspring SD rats aged 30 days, who were born from the mothers with chronic coal burning fluorosis, and ten offspring with same age from the normal mothers as controls were selected. Spatial learning and memory of the rats were evaluated by Morris Water Maze test. Cholinesterase activity was detected by photometric method. The expressions of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at protein and mRNA levels were detected by Western blotting and Real-time PCR, respectively. The results showed that in the rat offspring exposed to higher fluoride as compared to controls, the learning and memory ability declined; the cholinesterase activities in the brains were inhibited; the protein levels of alpha 3, alpha 4 and alpha 7 nAChR subunits were decreased which showed certain significant correlations with the declined learning and memory ability: and the mRNA levels of alpha 3 and alpha 4 nAChRs were decreased, whereas the alpha 7 mRNA increased. The data indicated that coal burning fluorosis can induce the decreased ability of learning and memory of rat offspring, in which the mechanism might be connected to the changed nAChRs and cholinesterase.
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| 14. |
- Guo, Jin, et al.
(författare)
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Decoupling economic and energy growth : aspiration or reality?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Research Letters. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 1748-9326. ; 16:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy has long been a driving force of economic growth; however, it comes with environmental costs and security challenges. This study analyzes the energy-economy nexus and explores their decoupling possibilities by using cross-country data over the years 1971-2014. The results indicate that, while energy use and economic growth exhibit a typical inverted U-shaped decoupling relationship for the industrialized countries, they have been rising in tandem for the developing economies. Among factors, it is the economic scale, population size, and energy intensity that are the decisive factors. Among countries, it is the U.S., China, and India, which mainly dominate the global economy-energy trend. Overall, we conclude that any global economy-energy decoupling may confront challenges and uncertainty. To better decouple economic growth from energy use, we propose policies for more structural reforms, a clean energy system, improved energy efficiency, and efficient energy demand-side management.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Holmberg, Pär, 1969-
(författare)
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Modelling Bidding Behaviour in Electricity Auctions : Supply Function Equilibria with Uncertain Demand and Capacity Constraints
- 2005
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In most electricity markets, producers submit supply functions to a procurement uniform-price auction under uncertainty before demand has been realized. In the Supply Function Equilibrium (SFE), every producer commits to the supply function that maximises his expected profit given the bids of competitors. The presence of multiple equilibria is a basic weakness of the SFE framework. Essay I shows that with (i) symmetric producers, (ii) perfectly inelastic demand, (iii) a reservation price (price cap), and (iv) capacity constraints that bind with a positive probability, a unique symmetric SFE exists. The equilibrium price reaches the price cap exactly when capacity constraints bind.Another weakness is difficulty finding a valid asymmetric SFE with non-decreasing supply functions. Essay II shows that for firms with asymmetric capacity constraints but identical constant marginal costs there exists a unique and valid SFE. Equilibrium supply functions exhibit kinks as well as vertical and horizontal segments. The price at which the capacity constraint of a firm binds is increasing in the firm’s share of market capacity. The capacity constraint of the second largest firm binds when the market price reaches the price cap. Thereafter, the largest firm supplies its remaining capacity with a perfectly elastic segment at the price cap. Essay III presents a numerical algorithm that calculates a similar SFE for asymmetric firms with increasing marginal costs. Essay IV derives the SFE of a pay-as-bid auction such as the balancing market for electric power in Britain. A unique SFE always exists if the demand’s hazard rate is monotonically decreasing, as for a Pareto distribution of the second kind. Assuming this probability distribution, the pay-as-bid procurement auction is compared to the SFE of a uniform-price procurement auction. Two theorems in Essay V prove that the demand-weighted average price is (weakly) lower in the pay-as-bid procurement auction.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Isacsson, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Valuing air quality and urban accessibility : A regional welfare analysis
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper is concerned with the implicit values of urban accessibility and air quality in Sweden. Based on the hedonic wage and rent theory, we construct an econometric model to compute such values, and illustrate their implications for regional sustainability analysis. It is shown that for most Swedish cities, welfare has increased from 1986 to 1998 due to improved air quality but the positive effect is partly offset by the deteriorated accessibility in some areas. The results also indicate that the values people place on urban accessibility and air quality vary considerably across regions.
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| 20. |
- Jakobsson, Kristofer, et al.
(författare)
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Oil exploration and perceptions of scarcity : The fallacy of early success
- 2012
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Ingår i: Energy Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0140-9883 .- 1873-6181. ; 34:4, s. 1226-1233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It has been suggested that oil exploration may lead to false perceptions of decreasing scarcity. We perform a simulation of the exploration process using Bayesian updating. The approach enables us to isolate the information effect on the success rate and also to quantify the subjective expectation of the total resource size. The area under exploration consists of a number of regions which may differ in their oil content. Exploration is performed with the goal to maximize the expected success rate. The resulting information about the distribution of oil and the total resource size is assumed public knowledge. A number of scenarios with variations in the dimensions of the area under exploration, the oil distribution and initial beliefs are considered. The results indicate that the information effect on the success rate is significant but brief — it might have a considerable impact on price but is an unlikely mechanism behind a long-term declining price trend. However, the information effect on expectations is gradual and persistent. Since exploration is performed in regions where the expected success rate is the highest, the historical success rate will not be representative of the area as a whole. An explorer will tend to overestimate the total resource size, thereby suggesting an alternative mechanism for false perceptions of decreasing scarcity, a mechanism that could be called the “fallacy of early success”.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Li, Chuan-Zhong, et al.
(författare)
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A dynamic model of biodiversity preservation
- 1998
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - : Cambridge. - 1355-770X .- 1469-4395. ; 3:2, s. 157-172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 24. |
- Li, Chuan-Zhong, et al.
(författare)
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A Dynamic Model of Biodiversity Preservation
- 1998
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Ingår i: Environment and Development Economics. - : Cambridge University Press. ; 3, s. 157-172
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper attempts to develop a dynamic model of optimal biodiversity preservation in a stylized ecosystem. Species richness (number of species) is used as a measure of diversity and its interactions with the resource stock, consumptive extraction and pr
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| 25. |
- Li, Chuan-Zhong, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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A note on the theory of investment: Hotelling’s rule under process independence
- 2010
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Ingår i: Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1864-4031 .- 1864-404X. ; 3, s. 55-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This note shows that the well-known Hotelling rule holds for a wider class of capital investment projects satisfying the property of process independence. Optimality behavior is therefore not a necessary condition for deriving the result.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Li, Chuan-Zhong, 1962-
(författare)
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An explicit formula for optimal carbon taxes under general economic settings
- 2018
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The paper develops an explicit formula for the calculation of optimal carbon taxes in adynamic integrated assessment framework. We attempt to generalize the Gosolov et al. (2014) theory by relaxing the restrictions with logarithmic preferences, Cobb-Douglas production and the full periodwise capital depreciation. By taking advantage of the cumulative climate response (CCR) function, we show that all that matters for the tax formula from the economic module pins down to a single economic parameter i.e. a weighted harmonic mean of the growth-adjusted consumption rate of discount. We demonstrate the theory with a stylized climate-economy model with depletable fossil resources, test the formula with the new DICE2016 model, and provide an application to the real world economy beyond any integrated modeling framework.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Li, Chuan-Zhong, et al.
(författare)
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Contingent Valuationof the Natura 2000 Nature Conservation Program in Finland
- 2000
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Ingår i: Forestry (London). - London : Oxford journals. - 0015-752X .- 1464-3626. ; 73:2, s. 119-128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper shows how contingent valuation studies can produce relevant information for public nature conservation decisions. The study analyses the preferences of Finnish households for a nature conservation programme, Natura 2000 Network, by applying a dichotomous choice referendum model of the contingent valuation survey. In order to study the influence of attitudes and beliefs on a choice between the status quo and the new conservation project, an attitude-behaviour framework is applied. Beliefs concerning the outcomes of the nature conservation policy and evaluations of their importance describe how attitudes towards the programme are formed. The choices in the referendum are explained using a logit regression model and are found to be a function of attitude and socio-economic variables. The probability of a person supporting the proposed conservation level depends significantly on the income, age and background (urban-rural) of the respondent. The estimated model of choice behaviour is used to calculate the average willingness to pay for the Natura 2000 Network, which is also compared to the costs of the conservation programme.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Li, Chuan-Zhong, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Dynamic cost–benefit analysis of large projects : the role of capital cost
- 2010
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Ingår i: Economics Letters. - Uppsala : Elsevier BV. - 0165-1765 .- 1873-7374. ; 109:2, s. 128-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper derives a dynamic cost–benefit rule for evaluating large projects. We show that, in addition to the conventional income and consumer surplus measures, the rule also entails an extra term involving capital cost changes.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Li, Chuan-Zhong, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental Objectives, Cost Efficiency, and Multivariate Stochastic Control
- 2008
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Ingår i: Environmental Modelling and Assessment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1420-2026 .- 1573-2967. ; 13:2, s. 315-325
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper is concerned with the cost efficiency in achieving the Swedish national air quality objectives under uncertainty. To realize an ecologically sustainable society, the parliament has approved a set of interim and long-term pollution reduction targets. However, there are considerable quantification uncertainties on the effectiveness of the proposed pollution reduction measures. In this paper, we develop a multivariate stochastic control framework to deal with the cost efficiency problem with multiple pollutants. Based on the cost and technological data collected by several national authorities, we explore the implications of alternative probabilistic constraints. It is found that a composite probabilistic constraint induces considerably lower abatement cost than separable probabilistic restrictions. The trend is reinforced by the presence of positive correlations between reductions in the multiple pollutants.
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| 37. |
- Li, Chuan-Zhong, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluating projects in a dynamic economy : some new envelope results
- 2008
-
Ingår i: The German Economic Review. - Oxford : Blackwell. - 1465-6485 .- 1468-0475. ; 9:1, s. 1-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper deals with the modern theory of social cost–benefit analysis in a dynamic economy. The theory emphasizes the role of a comprehensive, forward-looking, dynamic welfare index within the period of the project rather than that of a project's long-term consequences. However, what constitutes such a welfare index remains controversial in the recent literature. In this paper, we attempt to shed light on the issue by deriving three equivalent cost–benefit rules for evaluating a small project. In particular, we show that the direct change in a net national product (NNP) qualifies as a convenient welfare index without involving any other induced side effects. The project evaluation criterion thus becomes the present discounted value of the direct changes in NNP over the project period. We also illustrate the application of this theory in a few stylized examples.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Li, Chuan-Zhong
(författare)
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Fisher, Lindahl, and Hicks on Income: A Modern Analysis
- 2006
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Ingår i: The Theory and Practice of Environmental and Resource Economics – Essays in Honour of Karl-Gustaf Löfgren. - Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA : Edward Elgar. - 1845426495
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The increased concern for sustainable development in recent years has spurred renewed interest in the concept of economic income. In this paper, we attempt to provide a modern version of the concept defined by Fisher, Lindahl and Hicks based on a multi-sector optimal growth model. In paricular, we show that the the linearized Hamiltonian as a comprehensive net national product measure is indeed the return to capital when the linearization is conducted with respected to the right variables. This is in line with the conjecture by Solow in his keynote speech at the 40th anniversary of the Resources for the Future.
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| 41. |
- Li, Chuan-Zhong, et al.
(författare)
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Genuine saving under stochastic growth
- 2012
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Ingår i: Letters in spatial and resource sciences. - : Springer. - 1864-4031 .- 1864-404X. ; 5:3, s. 167-174
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of genuine saving has in recent years become widely accepted as a dynamic welfare indicator, which first appeared in Weitzman (Q. J. Econ. 99:1–13, 1976) and then formalized by Pearce and Atkinson (Ecol. Econ. 8:103–108, 1993). This paper attempts to generalize this concept in a stochastic setting using an extended version of the standard Ramsey growth model (Merton in Rev. Econ. Stud. 42:375–379, 1975). We find that the genuine saving formula in a stochastic setting also involves a variance component reflecting the welfare loss from risk aversion.
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| 42. |
- Li, Chuan-Zhong, et al.
(författare)
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Genuine savings measurement under uncertainty and its implications for depletable resource management
- 2013
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Ingår i: Environmental Economics. - 1998-6041 .- 1998-605X. ; 4:3, s. 20-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of genuine savings has in recent years become widely accepted as a dynamic welfare indicator, which first appeared in Weitzman (1976) and then "formalized" by Pearce and Atkinson (1993). This paper attempts to generalize this concept in a stochastic setting using the Dasgupta-Heal-Solow growth model under the Merton (1975) type of population growth uncertainty. It is shown that the formula for genuine savings under uncertainty also involves a variance component reflecting the welfare loss from risk aversion (cf. Li and Lofgren, 2012). Moreover, the welfare implications of the risk-adjusted genuine savings on depletable resource management are explored.
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| 43. |
- Li, Chuan-Zhong, et al.
(författare)
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Growth, Pollution and Money-Metric Welfare in Imperfect Markets
- 2012
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Ingår i: SSRN Electronic Journal. - : Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. - 1556-5068.
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper shows how utility-based welfare measures in dynamic general equilibrium under imperfect markets can be transferred into a money metrics. In order to do this, we need to price forward looking components measured in units of utility. The typical comprehensive (green or inclusive) quasi-static welfare measure contains a core that looks like a comprehensive NNP component, as well as additional consumer surplus terms for both consumption goods and the externality. In addition, it contains a forward looking component with the discounted value of the marginal externality as a function to be integrated over time. To accomplish this, we need a price index that is independent of the market basket, or to assume that the marginal utility of income is constant over time. With respect to local welfare measures it turns out that growth in traditional NNP will surprisingly work, provided that we condition on a positive average marginal rate of return of investment, and use an augmented genuine saving concept.
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| 44. |
- Li, Chuan-Zhong, 1962-, et al.
(författare)
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Growth, Water Resilience, and Sustainability : A DSGE Model Applied to South Africa
- 2016
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Ingår i: Water Economics and Policy. - 2382-624X .- 2382-6258. ; 2:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we analyze a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model on how water resilience affects economic growth and dynamic welfare with special reference to South Africa. While water may become a limiting factor for future development in general, as a drought prone and water poor country with rapid population growth, South Africa may face more serious challenges for sustainable development. Using the model, we conduct numerical simulations for di¤erent parameter con…gurations with varying discount rate, climate change scenario, and the degree of uncertainty in future precipitation. We fi…nd that with sufficient capital accumulation, development may still be sustainable despite increased future water scarcity and decreased long-run sustainable welfare; While stochastic variation in precipitation has a negative effect on water resilience and the expected dynamic welfare, the e¤ect is mitigated by persistence in the precipitation pattern. With heavier time discounting and lower capital formation, however, the current welfare may not be sustained
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| 48. |
- Li, Chuan-Zhong, et al.
(författare)
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Harvesting versus Biodiversity: An Occam‘s Razor Version
- 2001
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Ingår i: Environmental and Resource Economics. - : Kluwer Academic Publishers. ; 18:4, s. 355-366
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The point of departure for this paper is the familiar prototype fisheries model where a fictitious sole owner harvests a fish population to maximize present discounted profits. The paper answers analytically the following question. ’’What happens to a pol
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