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Sökning: WFRF:(Li Xiaogai)

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1.
  • Li, Y. Q., et al. (författare)
  • Modeling of advanced combat helmet under ballistic impact
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Journal of applied mechanics. - : ASME Press. - 0021-8936 .- 1528-9036. ; 82:11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The use of combat helmets has greatly reduced penetrating injuries and saved lives of many soldiers. However, behind helmet blunt trauma (BHBT) has emerged as a serious injury type experienced by soldiers in battlefields. BHBT results from nonpenetrating ballistic impacts and is often associated with helmet back face deformation (BFD). In the current study, a finite element-based computational model is developed for simulating the ballistic performance of the Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH), which is validated against the experimental data obtained at the Army Research Laboratory. Both the maximum value and time history of the BFD are considered, unlike existing studies focusing on the maximum BFD only. The simulation results show that the maximum BFD, the time history of the BFD, and the shape and size of the effective area of the helmet shell agree fairly well with the experimental findings. In addition, it is found that ballistic impacts on the helmet at different locations and in different directions result in different BFD values. The largest BFD value is obtained for a frontal impact, which is followed by that for a crown impact and then by that for a lateral impact. Also, the BFD value is seen to decrease as the oblique impact angle decreases. Furthermore, helmets of four different sizes - extra large, large, medium, and small - are simulated and compared. It is shown that at the same bullet impact velocity the small-size helmet has the largest BFD, which is followed by the medium-size helmet, then by the large-size helmet, and finally by the extra large-size helmet. Moreover, ballistic impact simulations are performed for an ACH placed on a ballistic dummy head form embedded with clay as specified in the current ACH testing standard by using the validated helmet model. It is observed that the BFD values as recorded by the clay in the head form are in good agreement with the experimental data.
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  • Peng, Yixiang, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluation of parental education using biomechanical visualization to increase child restraint use in China
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 169, s. 106633-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Introduction: Despite demonstrated effectiveness of child restraint system (CRS), its use in China is extremely low due to the lack of national legislation requiring the use of CRS, as well as lack of child passenger safety knowledge among caregivers. Implementing an effective intervention is urgently needed to promote the use of CRS. In this study, we primarily evaluated the effectiveness of biomechanical visualization delivered in the context of CRS education to promote CRS use.& nbsp;Methods: We conducted a cluster randomised controlled trial to test the effects of educational intervention programs on increased use of CRS. Participants included caregivers from 8 pre-schools located in two cities (i.e., Chaozhou and Shantou) in China. Following a baseline survey, 8 pre-schools were randomly assigned into 1 of 4 groups with 2 schools in each group: 1) CRS education-only, 2) CRS education with behavioral skill training, 3) CRS education with biomechanical visualization, and 4) control. The primary outcome was CRS use, and the secondary outcomes included scores of child passenger safety-related knowledge and CRS use-related attitudes. The effect of the intervention was assessed among caregivers at two time points: baseline preintervention and 6 months postintervention.& nbsp;Results: More than 70% caregivers had never used CRS at baseline. No statistically significant between-group differences CRS use were observed at baseline preintervention (34.2%, 25.4%, 29.6% and 21.9%, respectively, P = 0.18). However, compared to the control group, odds of CRS non-use was significantly lower in caregivers assigned to the CRS education with biomechanical visualization (adjusted odd ratio (AOR) = 0.11, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.07-0.17), CRS education with behavioral skill training (AOR = 0.15, 95%CI = 0.10-0.24) and CRS education-only (AOR = 0.26, 95%CI = 0.17-0.41) groups, respectively. Statistically significant differences were also observed in the secondary outcomes postintervention across groups. Specifically, the CRS education with biomechanical visualization and CRS education with behavioral skill training groups had higher mean knowledge change scores than the CRS education-only group (3.3 +/- 1.5 vs. 2.9 +/- 2.2, p = 0.035 and 3.2 +/- 1.9 vs. 2.9 +/- 2.2, p = 0.039, respectively). We also observed a significantly higher increase in the attitudes scores in the CRS education with biomechanical visualization group compared with the CRS education-only group (4.7 +/- 2.1 vs. 3.5 +/- 2.8, p = 0.026).& nbsp;Conclusions: This study shows that both biomechanical visualization and behavioral skill training supplements to education improved understanding of CRS knowledge compared to education only, and all three strategies led to increased CRS use. Importantly, CRS education with biomechanical visualization was shown to be more effective than CRS education alone in improving caregiver's knowledge and attitudes. The use of biomechanical visualization may be an effective supplement to traditional education programs.
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3.
  • Wang, Hongwei, et al. (författare)
  • Porous fusion cage design via integrated global-local topology optimization and biomechanical analysis of performance
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of The Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials. - : Elsevier. - 1751-6161 .- 1878-0180. ; 112
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Porous fusion cage is considered as a satisfactory substitute for solid fusion cage in transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) surgery due to its interconnectivity for bone ingrowth and appropriate stiffness reducing the risk of cage subsidence and stress shielding. This study presents an integrated global-local topology opti-mization approach to obtain porous titanium (Ti) fusion cage with desired biomechanical properties. Local topology optimizations are first conducted to obtain unit cells, and the numerical homogenization method is used to quantified the mechanical properties of unit cells. The preferred porous structure is then fabricated using selective laser melting, and its mechanical property is further verified via compression tests and numerical simulation. Afterward, global topology optimization is used for the global layout. The porous fusion cage obtained by the Boolean intersection between global structural layout and the porous structure decreases the solid volume of the cage by 9% for packing more bone grafts while achieving the same stiffness to conventional porous fusion cage. To eliminate stress concentration in the thin-wall structure, framework structures are constructed on the porous fusion cage. Although the alleviation of cage subsidence and stress shielding is decelerated, peak stress on the cage is significantly decreased, and more even stress distribution is demonstrated in the reinforced porous fusion cage. It promises long-term integrity and functions of the fusion cage. Overall, the reinforced porous fusion cage achieves a favorable mechanical performance and is a promising candidate for fusion surgery. The proposed optimization approach is promising for fusion cage design and can be extended to other orthopedic implant designs.
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  • Darragh, Walsh, et al. (författare)
  • Mechanical Properties of the Cranial Meninges: A Systematic Review
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Neurotrauma. - : Mary Ann Liebert Inc. - 0897-7151 .- 1557-9042. ; 38:13, s. 1748-1761
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The meninges are membranous tissues that are pivotal in maintaining homeostasis of the central nervous system. Despite the importance of the cranial meninges in nervous system physiology and in head injury mechanics, our knowledge of the tissues' mechanical behavior and structural composition is limited. This systematic review analyzes the existing literature on the mechanical properties of the meningeal tissues. Publications were identified from a search of Scopus, Academic Search Complete, and Web of Science and screened for eligibility according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The review details the wide range of testing techniques employed to date and the significant variability in the observed experimental findings. Our findings identify many gaps in the current literature that can serve as a guide for future work for meningeal mechanics investigators. The review identifies no peer-reviewed mechanical data on the falx and tentorium tissues, both of which have been identified as key structures in influencing brain injury mechanics. A dearth of mechanical data for the pia-arachnoid complex also was identified (no experimental mechanics studies on the human pia-arachnoid complex were identified), which is desirable for biofidelic modeling of human head injuries. Finally, this review provides recommendations on how experiments can be conducted to allow for standardization of test methodologies, enabling simplified comparisons and conclusions on meningeal mechanics.
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8.
  • Fahlstedt, Madelen, 1983-, et al. (författare)
  • Current Playground Surface Test Standards Underestimate Brain Injury Risk for Children
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of Biomechanics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9290 .- 1873-2380.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Playgrounds surface test standards have been introduced to reduce the number of fatal and severe injuries. However, these test standards have several simplifications to make it practical, robust and cost-effective, such as the head is represented with a hemisphere, only the linear kinematics is evaluated and the body is excluded. Little is known about how these simplifications may influence the test results. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of these simplifications on global head kinematics and head injury prediction for different age groups. The finite element human body model PIPER was used and scaled to seven different age groups from 1.5 up to 18 years old, and each model was impacted at three different playground surface stiffness and three head impact locations. All simulations were performed in pairs, including and excluding the body. Linear kinematics and skull bone stress showed small influence if excluding the body while head angular kinematics and brain tissue strain were underestimated by the same simplification. The predicted performance of the three different playground surface materials, in terms of head angular kinematics and brain tissue strain, was also altered when including the body. A body and biofidelic neck need to be included, together with suitable head angular kinematics based injury thresholds, in future physical or virtual playground surface test standards to better prevent brain injuries.
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  • Fahlstedt, Madelen, 1983-, et al. (författare)
  • Ranking and Rating Bicycle Helmet Safety Performance in Oblique Impacts Using Eight Different Brain Injury Models
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Annals of Biomedical Engineering. - : Springer. - 0090-6964 .- 1573-9686.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Bicycle helmets are shown to offer protection against head injuries. Rating methods and test standards are used to evaluate different helmet designs and safety performance. Both strain-based injury criteria obtained from finite element brain injury models and metrics derived from global kinematic responses can be used to evaluate helmet safety performance. Little is known about how different injury models or injury metrics would rank and rate different helmets. The objective of this study was to determine how eight brain models and eight metrics based on global kinematics rank and rate a large number of bicycle helmets (n=17) subjected to oblique impacts. The results showed that the ranking and rating are influenced by the choice of model and metric. Kendall’s tau varied between 0.50 and 0.95 when the ranking was based on maximum principal strain from brain models. One specific helmet was rated as 2-star when using one brain model but as 4-star by another model. This could cause confusion for consumers rather than inform them of the relative safety performance of a helmet. Therefore, we suggest that the biomechanics community should create a norm or recommendation for future ranking and rating methods.
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  • Giordano, Chiara, et al. (författare)
  • Performances of the PIPER scalable child human body model in accident reconstruction
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library Science. - 1932-6203. ; 12:11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Human body models (HBMs) have the potential to provide significant insights into the pediatric response to impact. This study describes a scalable/posable approach to perform child accident reconstructions using the Position and Personalize Advanced Human Body Models for Injury Prediction (PIPER) scalable child HBM of different ages and in different positions obtained by the PIPER tool. Overall, the PIPER scalable child HBM managed reasonably well to predict the injury severity and location of the children involved in real-life crash scenarios documented in the medical records. The developed methodology and workflow is essential for future work to determine child injury tolerances based on the full Child Advanced Safety Project for European Roads (CASPER) accident reconstruction database. With the workflow presented in this study, the open-source PIPER scalable HBM combined with the PIPER tool is also foreseen to have implications for improved safety designs for a better protection of children in traffic accidents.
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  • Henningsen, Mikkel Jon, et al. (författare)
  • Subject-specific finite element head models for skull fracture evaluation—a new tool in forensic pathology
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: International journal of legal medicine. - : Springer Nature. - 0937-9827 .- 1437-1596. ; 138:4, s. 1447-1458
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) enables the creation of subject-specific 3D head models suitable for quantitative analysis such as finite element analysis (FEA). FEA of proposed traumatic events is an objective and repeatable numerical method for assessing whether an event could cause a skull fracture such as seen at autopsy. FEA of blunt force skull fracture in adults with subject-specific 3D models in forensic pathology remains uninvestigated. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of FEA for skull fracture analysis in routine forensic pathology. Five cases with blunt force skull fracture and sufficient information on the kinematics of the traumatic event to enable numerical reconstruction were chosen. Subject-specific finite element (FE) head models were constructed by mesh morphing based on PMCT 3D models and A Detailed and Personalizable Head Model with Axons for Injury Prediction (ADAPT) FE model. Morphing was successful in maintaining subject-specific 3D geometry and quality of the FE mesh in all cases. In three cases, the simulated fracture patterns were comparable in location and pattern to the fractures seen at autopsy/PMCT. In one case, the simulated fracture was in the parietal bone whereas the fracture seen at autopsy/PMCT was in the occipital bone. In another case, the simulated fracture was a spider-web fracture in the frontal bone, whereas a much smaller fracture was seen at autopsy/PMCT; however, the fracture in the early time steps of the simulation was comparable to autopsy/PMCT. FEA might be feasible in forensic pathology in cases with a single blunt force impact and well-described event circumstances.
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13.
  • Ho, Johnson, 1977-, et al. (författare)
  • The peculiar properties of the faix and tentorium in brain injury biomechanics
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Journal of Biomechanics. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0021-9290 .- 1873-2380. ; 60, s. 243-247
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The influence of the faix and tentorium on brain injury biomechanics during impact was studied with finite element (FE) analysis. Three detailed 3D FE head models were created based on the images of a healthy, normal size head. Two of the models contained the addition of falx and tentorium with material properties from previously published experiments. Impact loadings from a reconstructed concussive case in a sport accident were applied to the two players involved. The results suggested that the faix and tentorium could induce large strains to the surrounding brain tissues, especially to the corpus callosum and brainstem. The tentorium seemed to constrain the motion of the cerebellum while inducing large strain in the brainstem in both players involved in the accident (one player had mainly coronal head rotation and the other had both coronal and transversal rotations). Since changed strain levels were observed in the brainstem and corpus callosum, which are classical sites for diffuse axonal injuries (DAI), we confirmed the importance of using accurate material properties for falx and tentorium in a FE head model when studying traumatic brain injuries. 
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14.
  • Huang, Qi, et al. (författare)
  • A method for generating case-specific vehicle models from a single-view vehicle image for accurate pedestrian injury reconstructions
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 200
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Developing vehicle finite element (FE) models that match real accident-involved vehicles is challenging. This is related to the intricate variety of geometric features and components. The current study proposes a novel method to efficiently and accurately generate case-specific buck models for car-to-pedestrian simulations. To achieve this, we implemented the vehicle side-view images to detect the horizontal position and roundness of two wheels to rectify distortions and deviations and then extracted the mid-section profiles for comparative calculations against baseline vehicle models to obtain the transformation matrices. Based on the generic buck model which consists of six key components and corresponding matrices, the case-specific buck model was generated semi-automatically based on the transformation metrics. Utilizing this image-based method, a total of 12 vehicle models representing four vehicle categories including family car (FCR), Roadster (RDS), small Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV), and large SUV were generated for car-to-pedestrian collision FE simulations in this study. The pedestrian head trajectories, total contact forces, head injury criterion (HIC), and brain injury criterion (BrIC) were analyzed comparatively. We found that, even within the same vehicle category and initial conditions, the variation in wrap around distance (WAD) spans 84–165 mm, in HIC ranges from 98 to 336, and in BrIC fluctuates between 1.25 and 1.46. These findings highlight the significant influence of vehicle frontal shape and underscore the necessity of using case-specific vehicle models in crash simulations. The proposed method provides a new approach for further vehicle structure optimization aiming at reducing pedestrian head injury and increasing traffic safety.
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  • Li, Xiaogai, 1982-, et al. (författare)
  • 3-D Finite Element Modeling of Brain Edema : Initial Studies on Intracranial Pressure Using COMSOL Multiphysics
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: COMSOL Conference.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Brain edema is one of the most common consequences of serious traumatic brain injuries which is usually accompanied with increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP) due to water content increment. A three dimensional finite element model of brain edema is used to study intracranial pressure in this paper. Three different boundary conditions at the end of Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) were used to investigate the boundary condition effects on the volume-pressure curve based on the current model. Compared with the infusion experiments, results from the simulations show that exponential pressure boundary condition model corresponds well with the experiment
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18.
  • Li, Xiaogai, et al. (författare)
  • An anatomically detailed and personalizable head injury model : Significance of brain and white matter tract morphological variability on strain
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Finite element head (FE) models are important numerical tools to study head injuries and develop protection systems. The generation of anatomically accurate and subject-specific head models with conforming hexahedral meshes remains a significant challenge. The focus of this study is to present two developmental works: first, an anatomically detailed FE head model with conforming hexahedral meshes that has smooth interfaces between the brain and the cerebrospinal fluid, embedded with white matter (WM) fiber tracts; second, a morphing approach for subject-specific head model generation via a new hierarchical image registration pipeline integrating Demons and Dramms deformable registration algorithms. The performance of the head model is evaluated by comparing model predictions with experimental data of brain–skull relative motion, brain strain, and intracranial pressure. To demonstrate the applicability of the head model and the pipeline, six subject-specific head models of largely varying intracranial volume and shape are generated, incorporated with subject-specific WM fiber tracts. DICE similarity coefficients for cranial, brain mask, local brain regions, and lateral ventricles are calculated to evaluate personalization accuracy, demonstrating the efficiency of the pipeline in generating detailed subject-specific head models achieving satisfactory element quality without further mesh repairing. The six head models are then subjected to the same concussive loading to study the sensitivity of brain strain to inter-subject variability of the brain and WM fiber morphology. The simulation results show significant differences in maximum principal strain and axonal strain in local brain regions (one-way ANOVA test, p < 0.001), as well as their locations also vary among the subjects, demonstrating the need to further investigate the significance of subject-specific models. The techniques developed in this study may contribute to better evaluation of individual brain injury and the development of individualized head protection systems in the future. This study also contains general aspects the research community may find useful: on the use of experimental brain strain close to or at injury level for head model validation; the hierarchical image registration pipeline can be used to morph other head models, such as smoothed-voxel models.
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19.
  • Li, Xiaogai, et al. (författare)
  • Behind helmet blunt trauma induced by ballistic impact : a computational model
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Impact Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 0734-743X. ; 91, s. 56-67
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Behind helmet blunt trauma (BHBT) has emerged as a serious injury type experienced by soldiers in battlefields. BHBT has been found to range from skin lacerations to brain damage and extensive skull fracture. It has been believed that such injuries are caused by forces transmitted from the helmet's back face deformation (BFD), which result in local deformations of the skull and translation or rotation of the head, leading to brain injuries. In this study, head injury risks resulting from the BFD of the Advanced Combat Helmet (ACH) under ballistic impact are evaluated using finite element simulations. The head model developed at KTH in Sweden is adopted, and a helmet shell model (including foam pads) is constructed. The examined mechanical parameters include the maximum von Mises stress in the skull, pressure (mean normal stress) and maximum principal strain in the brain tissue, contact force, and head acceleration. The influences of the foam pad hardness, stand-off distance, helmet shell thickness, and impact direction on head injury risks are studied. It is found that a softer foam pad offers a better protection, but the foam pad cannot be too soft. Also, it is shown that a slightly larger stand-off distance leads to a significant reduction in head injury. In addition, the simulation results reveal that an increase in the helmet thickness reduces the injury risk. It is further observed that a 45-degree oblique frontal impact results in a lower head injury risk than a 90-degree frontal impact. Moreover, for a helmet protected head under ballistic impact, it is seen that a high risk of skull fracture does not necessarily mean an equally high risk of injury to the brain tissue. The predictions from the current model of a helmeted head under ballistic impact agree with experimental findings independently obtained by others. The newly developed model provides a useful tool for studying injury mechanisms of BHBT and evaluating the existing standards for testing and designing combat helmets.
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  • Li, Xiaogai, et al. (författare)
  • Decompressive craniotomy causes significant strain increase in axonal fiber tracts
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Journal of clinical neuroscience. - : Elsevier BV. - 0967-5868 .- 1532-2653. ; 20:4, s. 509-513
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BackgroundDecompressive craniotomy allows expansion of the swollen brain outside the skull, resulting in axonal stretch, which might lead to neural injury and consequently cause unfavorable outcome for the patients. The aim of this study was to assess and quantify the axonal deformation at both pre- and post-craniotomy period in order to provide more insight into the mechanical effects on the axonal fibers upon such a treatment.MethodsDisplacement fields representing the structural changes in whole brain were obtained by a nonlinear image registration method based on the three-dimensional CT imaging data sets of a patient both before and after decompressive craniotomy. Axonal fiber tracts together with their orientations were extracted from diffusion weighted (DW) images from a healthy brain and adapted to the patient’s brain by image registration. The deformation of the brain tissue in the form of Lagrangian finite strain tensor for the entire brain was then calculated from the displacement field. Based on the obtained brain tissue strain tensor and the axonal fiber tracts, 1st principal strain was extracted at axonal fibers. Furthermore, other axonal deformation measures, i.e., axonal strain, and axonal effective shear strain were also quantified.ResultsGreatest axonal fiber displacement (up to 12 mm) was found predominantly located in the treated part of the craniotomy, accompanied by a large axonal deformation, e.g., 1st principal strain up to 0.49. This indicated the extent of axonal fiber stretching due to the neurosurgical intervention. Other strain measures, such as axonal strain and axonal effective shear strain also showed an increased level at the treated part for post-craniotomy compared to that found in the pre-craniotomy period.ConclusionsThe distortion (stretching or shearing) of axonal fibers at the treated part of the craniotomy may influence the axonal fibers in such a way that the neurochemical events are jeopardized. It is suggested that such a quantitative model may clarify some of the potential problems with such a treatment. Also, by further development of the technology it is quite possible to judge the outcome of strain levels already before the decompressive craniotomy is performed. This may have the possibility to optimize the size as well as the area of craniotomy.
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  • Li, Xiaogai, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluating child helmet protection and testing standards: A study using PIPER child head models aged 1.5, 3, 6, and 18 years
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 19:1 January
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The anatomy of children’s heads is unique and distinct from adults, with smaller and softer skulls and unfused fontanels and sutures. Despite this, most current helmet testing standards for children use the same peak linear acceleration threshold as for adults. It is unclear whether this is reasonable and otherwise what thresholds should be. To answer these questions, helmet-protected head responses for different ages are needed which is however lacking today. In this study, we apply continuously scalable PIPER child head models of 1.5, 3, and 6 years old (YO), and an upgraded 18YO to study child helmet protection under extensive linear and oblique impacts. The results of this study reveal an age-dependence trend in both global kinematics and tissue response, with younger children experiencing higher levels of acceleration and velocity, as well as increased skull stress and brain strain. These findings indicate the need for better protection for younger children, suggesting that youth helmets should have a lower linear kinematic threshold, with a preliminary value of 150g for 1.5-year-old helmets. However, the results also show a different trend in rotational kinematics, indicating that the threshold of rotational velocity for a 1.5YO is similar to that for adults. The results also support the current use of small-sized adult headforms for testing child helmets before new child headforms are available.
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23.
  • Li, Xiaogai (författare)
  • Finite Element and Neuroimaging Techniques toImprove Decision-Making in Clinical Neuroscience
  • 2012
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Our brain, perhaps the most sophisticated and mysterious part of the human body, to some extent, determines who we are. However, it’s a vulnerable organ. When subjected to an impact, such as a traffic accident or sport, it may lead to traumatic brain injury (TBI) which can have devastating effects for those who suffer the injury. Despite lots of efforts have been put into primary injury prevention, the number of TBIs is still on an unacceptable high level in a global perspective. Brain edema is a major neurological complication of moderate and severe TBI, which consists of an abnormal accumulation of fluid within the brain parenchyma. Clinically, local and minor edema may be treated conservatively only by observation, where the treatment of choice usually follows evidence-based practice. In the first study, the gravitational force is suggested to have a significant impact on the pressure of the edema zone in the brain tissue. Thus, the objective of the study was to investigate the significance of head position on edema at the posterior part of the brain using a Finite Element (FE) model. The model revealed that water content (WC) increment at the edema zone remained nearly identical for both supine and prone positions. However, the interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) inside the edema zone decreased around 15% by having the head in a prone position compared with a supine position. The decrease of IFP inside the edema zone by changing patient position from supine to prone has the potential to alleviate the damage to axonal fibers of the central nervous system. These observations suggest that considering the patient’s head position during intensive care and at rehabilitation should be of importance to the treatment of edematous regions in TBI patients. In TBI patients with diffuse brain edema, for most severe cases with refractory intracranial hypertension, decompressive craniotomy (DC) is performed as an ultimate therapy. However, a complete consensus on its effectiveness has not been achieved due to the high levels of severe disability and persistent vegetative state found in the patients treated with DC. DC allows expansion of the swollen brain outside the skull, thereby having the potential in reducing the Intracranial Pressure (ICP). However, the treatment causes stretching of the axons and may contribute to the unfavorable outcome of the patients. The second study aimed at quantifying the stretching and WC in the brain tissue due to the neurosurgical intervention to provide more insight into the effects upon such a treatment. A nonlinear registration method was used to quantify the strain. Our analysis showed a substantial increase of the strain level in the brain tissue close to the treated side of DC compared to before the treatment. Also, the WC was related to specific gravity (SG), which in turn was related to the Hounsfield unit (HU) value in the Computerized Tomography (CT) images by a photoelectric correction according to the chemical composition of the brain tissue. The overall WC of brain tissue presented a significant increase after the treatment compared to the condition seen before the treatment. It is suggested that a quantitative model, which characterizes the stretching and WC of the brain tissue both before as well as after DC, may clarify some of the potential problems with such a treatment. Diffusion Weighted (DW) Imaging technology provides a noninvasive way to extract axonal fiber tracts in the brain. The aim of the third study, as an extension to the second study was to assess and quantify the axonal deformation (i.e. stretching and shearing)at both the pre- and post-craniotomy periods in order to provide more insight into the mechanical effects on the axonal fibers due to DC. Subarachnoid injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the CSF system is widely used in neurological practice to gain information on CSF dynamics. Mathematical models are important for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Despite the critical importance of the parameters for accurate modeling, there is a substantial variation in the poroelastic constants used in the literature due to the difficulties in determining material properties of brain tissue. In the fourth study, we developed a Finite Element (FE) model including the whole brain-CSF-skull system to study the CSF dynamics during constant-rate infusion. We investigated the capacity of the current model to predict the steady state of the mean ICP. For transient analysis, rather than accurately fit the infusion curve to the experimental data, we placed more emphasis on studying the influences of each of the poroelastic parameters due to the aforementioned inconsistency in the poroelastic constants for brain tissue. It was found that the value of the specific storage term S_epsilon is the dominant factor that influences the infusion curve, and the drained Young’s modulus E was identified as the dominant parameter second to S_epsilon. Based on the simulated infusion curves from the FE model, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used to find an optimized parameter set that best fit the experimental curve. The infusion curves from both the FE simulations and using ANN confirmed the limitation of linear poroelasticity in modeling the transient constant-rate infusion. To summarize, the work done in this thesis is to introduce FE Modeling and imaging technologiesincluding CT, DW imaging, and image registration method as a complementarytechnique for clinical diagnosis and treatment of TBI patients. Hopefully, the result mayto some extent improve the understanding of these clinical problems and improve theirmedical treatments.
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24.
  • Li, Xiaogai, et al. (författare)
  • Finite element modeling of decompressive craniectomy (DC) and its clinical validation
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Advances in Biomedical Sciences and Engineering. - 2377-035X. ; 2:1, s. 1-9
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a reliable neurosurgical approach to reduce a pathologically increased intracranial pressure after neurological diseases such as severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke. The procedure has substantially reduced the mortality rate but at the expense of increased neurological cognitive impairments. Finite Element (FE) modeling in the past decades has become an important tool to develop innovative treatment strategies in various areas of the clinical neuroscience field. The aim of this study was to develop patient-specific FE models to simulate DC surgery and validate the models against patients' clinical data. The FE models were created based on the Computed Tomography (CT) images of six patients treated with DC. Brain tissue was modeled as poroelastic material. To validate the model prediction, the motion of brain surface at the DC area from the simulation was compared with the measured values from medical images which were derived from image registration. The results from the computational simulations gave a reliable prediction of brain surface motion at DC area for all the six patients evaluated. Both the deformation pattern and the quantitative values of the brain surface displacement from the model simulation were found in good agreement with measured values from medical images. The developed FE model and its validation in this study is a prerequisite for future investigations aiming at finding optimal treatment for a specific patient which hopefully will significantly improve patients' outcome.
  •  
25.
  • Li, Xiaogai, et al. (författare)
  • Improved safety standards are needed to better protect younger children at playgrounds
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 8:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Playground-related traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in children remain a considerable problem world-wide and current safety standards are being questioned due to historical reasons where the injury thresholds had been perpetuated from automobile industry. Here we investigated head injury mechanisms due to falls on playgrounds using a previously developed and validated age-scalable and positionable whole body child model impacted at front, back and side of the head simulating head-first falls from 1.59 meters (m). The results show that a playground material passing the current testing standards (HIC < 1000 and resultant linear acceleration <200g) resulted in maximum strain in the brain higher than known injury thresholds, thus not offering sufficient protection especially for younger children. The analysis highlights the age dependence of head injuries in children due to playground falls and the youngest have a higher risk of brain injury and skull fracture. Further, the results provide the first biomechanical evidence guiding age-dependent injury thresholds for playground testing standards. The results also have direct implications for novel designs of playground materials for a better protection of children from TBIs. Only making the playground material thicker and more compliant is not sufficient. This study represents the first initiative of using full body human body models of children as a new tool to improve playground testing standards and to better protect the children at playgrounds.
  •  
26.
  • Li, Xiaogai, et al. (författare)
  • Infant skull fractures : Accident or abuse? Evidences from biomechanical analysis using finite element head models
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Forensic Science International. - : Elsevier BV. - 0379-0738 .- 1872-6283. ; 294, s. 173-182
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Abusive Head Trauma (AHT) is considered by some authors to be a leading cause of traumatic death in children less than two years of age and skull fractures are commonly seen in cases of suspected AHT. Today, diagnosing whether the observed fractures are caused by abuse or accidental fall is still a challenge within both the medical and the legal communities and the central question is a biomechanical question: can the described history explain the observed fractures? Finite element (FE) analysis has been shown a valuable tool for biomechanical analysis accounting for detailed head geometry, advanced material modelling, and case-specific factors (e.g. head impact location, impact surface properties). Here, we reconstructed two well-documented suspected abuse cases (a 3- and a 4-month-old) using subject-specific FE head models. The models incorporate the anatomical details and age-dependent anisotropic material properties of infant cranial bones that reflect the grainy fibres radiating from ossification centres. The impact locations are determined by combining multimodality images. The results show that the skull fracture patterns in both cases of suspected abuse could be explained by the described accidental fall history, demonstrating the inherent potential of FE analysis for providing biomechanical evidence to aid forensic investigations. Increased knowledge of injury mechanisms in children may have enormous medico-legal implications world-wide.
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27.
  • Li, Xiaogai, et al. (författare)
  • Influence of gravity for optimal head positions in the treatment of head injury patients
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Acta Neurochirurgica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0001-6268 .- 0942-0940. ; 153:10, s. 2057-2064
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • BACKGROUND: Brain edema is a major neurological complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI), commonly including a pathologically increased intracranial pressure (ICP) associated with poor outcome. In this study, gravitational force is suggested to have a significant impact on the pressure of the edema zone in the brain tissue and the objective of the study was to investigate the significance of head position on edema at the posterior part of the brain using a finite element (FE) model. METHODS: A detailed FE model including the meninges, brain tissue and a fully connected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system was used in this study. Brain tissue was modelled as a poroelastic material consisting of an elastic solid skeleton composed of neurons and neuroglia, permeated by interstitial fluid. The effect of head positions (supine and prone position) due to gravity was investigated for a localized brain edema at the posterior part of the brain. RESULTS: The water content increment at the edema zone remained nearly identical for both positions. However, the interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) inside the edema zone decreased around 15% by having the head in a prone position compared with a supine position. CONCLUSIONS: The decrease of IFP inside the edema zone by changing patient position from supine to prone has the potential to alleviate the damage to central nervous system nerves. These observations indicate that considering the patient's head position during intensive care and at rehabilitation might be of importance to the treatment of edematous regions in TBI patients.
  •  
28.
  • Li, Xiaogai, et al. (författare)
  • Influences of brain tissue poroelastic constants on intracranial pressure (ICP) during constant-rate infusion
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1025-5842 .- 1476-8259. ; 16:12, s. 1330-1343
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A 3D finite element (FE) model has been developed to study the mean intracranial pressure (ICP) response during constant-rate infusion using linear poroelasticity. Due to the uncertainties in the poroelastic constants for brain tissue, the influence of each of the main parameters on the transient ICP infusion curve was studied. As a prerequisite for transient analysis, steady-state simulations were performed first. The simulated steady-state pressure distribution in the brain tissue for a normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation system showed good correlation with experiments from the literature. Furthermore, steady-state ICP closely followed the infusion experiments at different infusion rates. The verified steady-state models then served as a baseline for the subsequent transient models. For transient analysis, the simulated ICP shows a similar tendency to that found in the experiments, however, different values of the poroelastic constants have a significant effect on the infusion curve. The influence of the main poroelastic parameters including the Biot coefficient alpha, Skempton coefficient B, drained Young's modulus E, Poisson's ratio nu, permeability kappa, CSF absorption conductance C-b and external venous pressure p(b) was studied to investigate the influence on the pressure response. It was found that the value of the specific storage term S-epsilon is the dominant factor that influences the infusion curve, and the drained Young's modulus E was identified as the dominant parameter second to S-epsilon. Based on the simulated infusion curves from the FE model, artificial neural network (ANN) was used to find an optimised parameter set that best fit the experimental curve. The infusion curves from both the FE simulation and using ANN confirmed the limitation of linear poroelasticity in modelling the transient constant-rate infusion.
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29.
  • Li, Xiaogai, et al. (författare)
  • Personalization of human body models and beyond via image registration
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-4185. ; 11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Finite element human body models (HBMs) are becoming increasingly important numerical tools for traffic safety. Developing a validated and reliable HBM from the start requires integrated efforts and continues to be a challenging task. Mesh morphing is an efficient technique to generate personalized HBMs accounting for individual anatomy once a baseline model has been developed. This study presents a new image registration-based mesh morphing method to generate personalized HBMs. The method is demonstrated by morphing four baseline HBMs (SAFER, THUMS, and VIVA+ in both seated and standing postures) into ten subjects with varying heights, body mass indices (BMIs), and sex. The resulting personalized HBMs show comparable element quality to the baseline models. This method enables the comparison of HBMs by morphing them into the same subject, eliminating geometric differences. The method also shows superior geometry correction capabilities, which facilitates converting a seated HBM to a standing one, combined with additional positioning tools. Furthermore, this method can be extended to personalize other models, and the feasibility of morphing vehicle models has been illustrated. In conclusion, this new image registration-based mesh morphing method allows rapid and robust personalization of HBMs, facilitating personalized simulations.
  •  
30.
  • Li, Xiaogai (författare)
  • Subject-Specific Head Model Generation by Mesh Morphing : A Personalization Framework and Its Applications
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-4185. ; 9
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Finite element (FE) head models have become powerful tools in many fields within neuroscience, especially for studying the biomechanics of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Subject-specific head models accounting for geometric variations among subjects are needed for more reliable predictions. However, the generation of such models suitable for studying TBIs remains a significant challenge and has been a bottleneck hindering personalized simulations. This study presents a personalization framework for generating subject-specific models across the lifespan and for pathological brains with significant anatomical changes by morphing a baseline model. The framework consists of hierarchical multiple feature and multimodality imaging registrations, mesh morphing, and mesh grouping, which is shown to be efficient with a heterogeneous dataset including a newborn, 1-year-old (1Y), 2Y, adult, 92Y, and a hydrocephalus brain. The generated models of the six subjects show competitive personalization accuracy, demonstrating the capacity of the framework for generating subject-specific models with significant anatomical differences. The family of the generated head models allows studying age-dependent and groupwise brain injury mechanisms. The framework for efficient generation of subject-specific FE head models helps to facilitate personalized simulations in many fields of neuroscience.
  •  
31.
  • Li, Xiaogai, et al. (författare)
  • The importance of nonlinear tissue modelling in finite element simulations of infant head impacts
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 16:3, s. 823-840
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Despite recent efforts on the development of finite element (FE) head models of infants, a model capable of capturing head responses under various impact scenarios has not been reported. This is hypothesized partially attributed to the use of simplified linear elastic models for soft tissues of suture, scalp and dura. Orthotropic elastic constants are yet to be determined to incorporate the direction-specific material properties of infant cranial bone due to grain fibres radiating from the ossification centres. We report here on our efforts in advancing the above-mentioned aspects in material modelling in infant head and further incorporate them into subject-specific FE head models of a newborn, 5- and 9-month-old infant. Each model is subjected to five impact tests (forehead, occiput, vertex, right and left parietal impacts) and two compression tests. The predicted global head impact responses of the acceleration-time impact curves and the force-deflection compression curves for different age groups agree well with the experimental data reported in the literature. In particular, the newly developed Ogden hyperelastic model for suture, together with the nonlinear modelling of scalp and dura mater, enables the models to achieve more realistic impact performance compared with linear elastic models. The proposed approach for obtaining age-dependent skull bone orthotropic material constants counts both an increase in stiffness and decrease in anisotropy in the skull bone-two essential biological growth parameters during early infancy. The profound deformation of infant head causes a large stretch at the interfaces between the skull bones and the suture, suggesting that infant skull fractures are likely to initiate from the interfaces; the impact angle has a profound influence on global head impact responses and the skull injury metrics for certain impact locations, especially true for a parietal impact.
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32.
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33.
  • Li, Xiaogai, 1982-, et al. (författare)
  • Three Dimensional Poroelastic Simulation of Brain Edema : Initial studies on intracranial pressure
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: IFMBE Proceedings, 2010. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. ; , s. 1478-1481
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Brain edema is one of the most common consequences of serious head injury because of the enhancement of water content and thus the increased brain volume. Once the brain compensation mechanisms have been exhausted, the intracranial pressure (ICP) will increase exponentially because the brain is enclosed in the rigid skull. Previous research suggests that the poroelastic theory provides a solution for studying the fluid flow in the brain. In this paper, poroelastic theory is used to study the intracranial pressure distribution due to traumatic brain edema by a detailed 3D finite element brain model.
  •  
34.
  • Lindgren, Natalia, et al. (författare)
  • Development of personalizable female and male pedestrian SAFER human body models
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 25:2, s. 182-193
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • ObjectivesVulnerable road users are globally overrepresented as victims of road traffic injuries. Developing biofidelic male and female pedestrian human body models (HBMs) that represent diverse anthropometries is essential to enhance road safety and propose intervention strategies.MethodsIn this study, 50th percentile male and female pedestrians of the SAFER HBM were developed via a newly developed image registration-based mesh morphing framework. The performance of the HBMs was evaluated by means of a set of cadaver experiments, involving subjects struck laterally by a generic sedan buck.ResultsIn simulated whole-body pedestrian collisions, the personalized HBMs effectively replicate trajectories of the head and lower body regions, as well as head kinematics, in lateral impacts. The results also demonstrate the personalization framework's capacity to generate personalized HBMs with reliable mesh quality, ensuring robust simulations.ConclusionsThe presented pedestrian HBMs and personalization framework provide robust means to reconstruct and evaluate head impacts in pedestrian-to-vehicle collisions thoroughly and accurately.
  •  
35.
  • Lindgren, Natalia, et al. (författare)
  • Prediction of skull fractures in blunt force head traumas using finite element head models
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology. - : Springer Nature. - 1617-7959 .- 1617-7940. ; 23:1, s. 207-225
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Traumatic head injuries remain a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Although skull fractures are one of the most common head injuries, the fundamental mechanics of cranial bone and its impact tolerance are still uncertain. In the present study, a strain-rate-dependent material model for cranial bone has been proposed and implemented in subject-specific Finite Element (FE) head models in order to predict skull fractures in five real-world fall accidents. The subject-specific head models were developed following an established image-registration-based personalization pipeline. Head impact boundary conditions were derived from accident reconstructions using personalized human body models. The simulated fracture lines were compared to those visible in post-mortem CT scans of each subject. In result, the FE models did predict the actual occurrence and extent of skull fractures in all cases. In at least four out of five cases, predicted fracture patterns were comparable to ones from CT scans and autopsy reports. The tensile material model, which was tuned to represent rate-dependent tensile data of cortical skull bone from literature, was able to capture observed linear fractures in blunt indentation loading of a skullcap specimen. The FE model showed to be sensitive to modeling parameters, in particular to the constitutive parameters of the cortical tables. Nevertheless, this study provides a currently lacking strain-rate dependent material model of cranial bone that has the capacity to accurately predict linear fracture patterns. For the first time, a procedure to reconstruct occurrences of skull fractures using computational engineering techniques, capturing the all-in-all fracture initiation, propagation and final pattern, is presented.
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36.
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37.
  • Montanino, Annaclaudia, 1990- (författare)
  • Definition of axonal injury tolerances across scales : A computational multiscale approach
  • 2020
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is today regarded as a global health challenge. Revealing how external mechanical loads translate into tissue and cellular damage is necessary, not only for the development of better preventive measures, but also for the definition of treatments that could spare the patients from suffering TBI's devastating consequences. Significant advancements have been made in the past decades in the understanding of the biomechanical basis of TBI. Finite element (FE) head models, among others, have proved valuable in clarifying the relation between head kinematic and brain deformations patterns. Nevertheless, a comprehensive picture of TBI pathophysiology across the multiple length scales involved is still lacking.In this thesis, the multiscale nature of TBI was explicitly considered with the aim of, first, ruling out a mechanically plausible axonal injury mechanism and, second, of defining axonal injury tolerances at different scales. To do so, in Study I, a composite FE model of the axon was developed. The vulnerability of its components was tested in a typical injury scenario. The large and nonhomogeneous deformations observed in the axonal membrane motivated Study II, where the FE axonal model was used in cascade with a molecular model of the axonal plasma membrane (or lipid bilayer). It is at this level --the molecular one-- that mechanoporation can be observed and thresholds can be established in dependence of axonal strain and strain rate.In Study III, potential mechanistic differences in thresholds derived with single-cell or tissue injury models were investigated. The axon FE model was here expanded in a tissue-like model, where the axon is not only surrounded by matrix, but also by other axons using PBCs. The previously derived molecular-level thresholds were used as a benchmark and tissue-injury models were found to have higher tolerances than single-cell models. In Study IV an experimental approach was adopted to characterize the mechanical behavior of glial tissue (derived from the squid giant axon) at large strains and dynamic rate.Finally, in Study V, a framework for the multiscale analysis of concussive impacts was proposed. Kinematic data from a real concussion case served as boundary conditions to a subject-specific head FE model. Tissue strains were then used as input to histology-informed tissue-like models of the corpus callosum's subregions. Resulting membrane strains were eventually compared against mechanoporation thresholds to infer about the injury outcome.In summary, this thesis increases our understanding of the possible mechanical cues behind axonal injury. By using a computational approach bridging the organ-to-molecule length scales, this work proposes a new way of non-invasively predicting axonal damage. Although further experimental evidence is required, such an approach lays the foundation for increasingly complex and potentially revealing simulations of axonal injury.
  •  
38.
  • Montanino, Annaclaudia, 1990-, et al. (författare)
  • Subject-specific multiscale analysis of concussion : from macroscopic loads to molecular-level damage
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Brain Multiphysics. - : Elsevier BV. - 2666-5220. ; 2
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Sports concussion is a form of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) caused by an impulsive force transmitted to the head. While concussion is recognized as a complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain at multiple scales, the causal link between external load and cellular, molecular level damage in mTBI remains elusive. The present study proposes a multiscale framework to analyze concussion and demonstrates its applicability with a real-life concussion case. The multiscale analysis starts from inputting mouth guard-recorded head kinematic into a detailed finite element (FE) head model tailored to the subject's head and white matter (WM) tract morphology. The resulting WM tract-oriented strains are then extracted and input to histology-informed micromechanical models of corpus callosum subregions with axonal detail to obtain axolemma strains at a subcellular level. By comparing axolemma strains against mechanoporation thresholds obtained via molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, axonal damage is inferred corresponding to a likelihood of concussion, in line with clinical observation. This novel multiscale framework bridges the organ-to-molecule length scales and accounts both inter- and intra-subject regional variability, providing a new way of non-invasively predicting axonal damage and real-life concussion analysis. The framework may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanistic causes behind concussion. Statement of Significance This study reports a multiscale computational framework for concussion, for the first time revealing a picture of how a global impact to the head measured on the field transfers to the cellular level of axons and finally down to the molecular level. Demonstrated with a real-life concussion case using a detailed and subject-specific head model, the results show molecular level damage corresponds to a likelihood of concussion, in line with clinical observation. An insight into the multiscale mechanical consequences is critical for a better understanding of the complex pathophysiological process affecting the brain at impact, which today are still poorly understood. Analyzing the concussive injury mechanisms the whole way from brains to molecules may also have significant clinical relevance. We show that in a typical injury scenario, the axolemma sustains large enough strains to entail pore formation in the adjoining lipid bilayer. Proration is found to occur in bilayer regions lacking ganglioside lipids, which provides important implications for the treatment of brain injury and other related neurodegenerative diseases.
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39.
  • Montanino, Annaclaudia, 1990-, et al. (författare)
  • Subject-specific multiscale analysis of concussion: from ma-croscopic loads to molecular-level damage
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Sports concussions are a form of mild TBI caused by an impulsive force transmitted tothe head. Concussion is recognized as a complex pathophysiological process affecting thebrain at multiple scales. However, neuroimaging evidence of brain damage is currentlylacking. In the present study, a multiscale computational approach that could serve asbrain damage evidence was proposed. To outline the applicability of this framework a realconcussion case associated with an alteration of consciousness was studied. In particular,mouthguard-recorded head kinematic was input into a detailed finite element head modeltailored on the subject’s head and white matter tract morphology. Resulting tissue strainswere extracted and projected to obtain tract-oriented strains. These were then input intomicroscale axonal level models representative of the corpus callosum’s subregions to obtainaxonal membrane maximal deformations. By comparing membrane deformations againstpreviously established thresholds, axonal damage could be inferred in the superior genuand anterior midbody. This study is to be seen as a novel exploratory method for theanalysis of concussion and highlights the need for further model personalization effort aswell as characterization of brain tissue composition to better understand the mechanisticcauses behind concussion.
  •  
40.
  • von Holst, Hans, et al. (författare)
  • Consequences of the dynamic triple peak impact factor in traumatic brain injury as measured with numerical simulation
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Neurology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-2295. ; 4 MAR
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • There is a lack of knowledge about the direct neuromechanical consequences in traumatic brain injury (TBI) at the scene of accident. In this study we use a finite element model of the human head to study the dynamic response of the brain during the first milliseconds after the impact with velocities of 10, 6, and 2 meters/second (m/s), respectively. The numerical simulation was focused on the external kinetic energy transfer, intracranial pressure (ICP), strain energy density and first principal strain level, and their respective impacts to the brain tissue. We show that the oblique impacts of 10 and 6 m/s resulted in substantial high peaks for the ICP, strain energy density, and first principal strain levels, however, with different patterns and time frames. Also, the 2 m/s impact showed almost no increase in the above mentioned investigated parameters. More importantly, we show that there clearly exists a dynamic triple peak impact factor to the brain tissue immediately after the impact regardless of injury severity associated with different impact velocities. The dynamic triple peak impacts occurred in a sequential manner first showing strain energy density and ICP and then followed by first principal strain. This should open up a new dimension to better understand the complex mechanisms underlying TBI. Thus, it is suggested that the combination of the dynamic triple peak impacts to the brain tissue may interfere with the cerebral metabolism relative to the impact severity thereby having the potential to differentiate between severe and moderate TBI from mild TBI.
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41.
  • von Holst, Hans, et al. (författare)
  • Decompressive craniectomy (DC) at the non-injured side of the brain has the potential to improve patient outcome as measured with computational simulation
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Acta Neurochirurgica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0001-6268 .- 0942-0940. ; 156:10, s. 1961-1967
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is efficient in reducing the intracranial pressure in several complicated disorders such as traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke. The neurosurgical procedure has indeed reduced the number of deaths. However, parallel with the reduced fatal cases, the number of vegetative patients has increased significantly. Mechanical stretching in axonal fibers has been suggested to contribute to the unfavorable outcome. Thus, there is a need for improving treatment procedures that allow both reduced fatal and vegetative outcomes. The hypothesis is that by performing the DC at the non-injured side of the head, stretching of axonal fibers at the injured brain tissue can be reduced, thereby having the potential to improve patient outcome. Six patients, one with TBI and five with stroke, were treated with DC and where each patient's pre- and postoperative computerized tomography (CT) were analyzed and transferred to a finite element (FE) model of the human head and brain to simulate DC both at the injured and non-injured sides of the head. Poroelastic material was used to simulate brain tissue. The computational simulation showed slightly to substantially increased axonal strain levels over 40 % on the injured side where the actual DC had been performed in the six patients. However, when the simulation DC was performed on the opposite, non-injured side, there was a substantial reduction in axonal strain levels at the injured side of brain tissue. Also, at the opposite, non-injured side, the axonal strain level was substantially lower in the brain tissue. The reduced axonal strain level could be verified by analyzing a number of coronal sections in each patient. Further analysis of axial slices showed that falx may tentatively explain part of the different axonal strain levels between the DC performances at injured and opposite, non-injured sides of the head. By using a FE method it is possible to optimize the DC procedure to a non-injured area of the head thereby having the potential to reduce axonal stretching at the injured brain tissue. The postoperative DC stretching of axonal fibers may be influenced by different anatomical structures including falx. It is suggested that including computational FE simulation images may offer guidance to reduce axonal strain level tailoring the anatomical location of DC performance in each patient.
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42.
  • von Holst, Hans, et al. (författare)
  • Higher impact energy in traumatic brain injury interferes with noncovalent and covalent bonds resulting in cytotoxic brain tissue edema as measured with computational simulation
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Acta Neurochirurgica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0001-6268 .- 0942-0940. ; 157:4, s. 639-648
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Cytotoxic brain tissue edema is a complicated secondary consequence of ischemic injury following cerebral diseases such as traumatic brain injury and stroke. To some extent the pathophysiological mechanisms are known, but far from completely. In this study, a hypothesis is proposed in which protein unfolding and perturbation of nucleotide structures participate in the development of cytotoxic edema following traumatic brain injury (TBI). An advanced computational simulation model of the human head was used to simulate TBI. The consequences of kinetic energy transfer following an external dynamic impact were analyzed including the intracranial pressure (ICP), strain level, and their potential influences on the noncovalent and covalent bonds in folded protein structures. The result shows that although most of the transferred kinetic energy is absorbed in the skin and three bone layers, there is a substantial amount of energy reaching the gray and white matter. The kinetic energy from an external dynamic impact has the theoretical potential to interfere not only with noncovalent but also covalent bonds when high enough. The induced mechanical strain and pressure may further interfere with the proteins, which accumulate water molecules into the interior of the hydrophobic structures of unfolded proteins. Simultaneously, the noncovalent energy-rich bonds in nucleotide adenosine-triphosphates may be perturbed as well. Based on the analysis of the numerical simulation data, the kinetic energy from an external dynamic impact has the theoretical potential to interfere not only with noncovalent, but also with covalent bonds when high enough. The subsequent attraction of increased water molecules into the unfolded protein structures and disruption of adenosine-triphosphate bonds could to some extent explain the etiology to cytotoxic edema.
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43.
  • von Holst, Hans, et al. (författare)
  • Increased strain levels and water content in brain tissue after decompressive craniotomy
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Acta Neurochirurgica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0001-6268 .- 0942-0940. ; 154:9, s. 1583-1593
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • At present there is a debate on the effectiveness of the decompressive craniotomy (DC). Stretching of axons was speculated to contribute to the unfavourable outcome for the patients. The quantification of strain level could provide more insight into the potential damage to the axons. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the strain level and water content (WC) of the brain tissue for both the pre- and post-craniotomy period. The stretching of brain tissue was quantified retrospectively based on the computerised tomography (CT) images of six patients before and after DC by a non-linear image registration method. WC was related to specific gravity (SG), which in turn was related to the Hounsfield unit (HU) value in the CT images by a photoelectric correction according to the chemical composition of brain tissue. For all the six patients, the strain level showed a substantial increase in the brain tissue close to the treated side of DC compared with that found at the pre-craniotomy period and ranged from 24 to 55 % at the post-craniotomy period. Increase of strain level was also observed at the brain tissue opposite to the treated side, however, to a much lesser extent. The mean area of craniotomy was found to be 91.1 +/- 12.7 cm(2). The brain tissue volume increased from 27 to 127 ml, corresponding to 1.65 % and 8.13 % after DC in all six patients. Also, the increased volume seemed to correlate with increased strain level. Specifically, the overall WC of brain tissue for two patients evaluated presented a significant increase after the treatment compared with the condition seen before the treatment. Furthermore, the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) improved in four patients after the craniotomy, while two patients died. The GCS did not seem to correlate with the strain level. We present a new numerical method to quantify the stretching or strain level of brain tissue and WC following DC. The significant increase in strain level and WC in the post-craniotomy period may cause electrophysiological changes in the axons, resulting in loss of neuronal function. Hence, this new numerical method provides more insight of the consequences following DC and may be used to better define the most optimal size and area of the craniotomy in reducing the strain level development.
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44.
  • von Holst, Hans, et al. (författare)
  • Numerical Impact Simulation of Gradually Increased Kinetic Energy Transfer Has the Potential To Break Up Folded Protein Structures Resulting in Cytotoxic Brain Tissue Edema
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Journal of Neurotrauma. - : Mary Ann Liebert Inc. - 0897-7151 .- 1557-9042. ; 30:13, s. 1192-1199
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Although the consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its treatment have been improved, there is still a substantial lack of understanding the mechanisms. Numerical simulation of the impact can throw further lights on site and mechanism of action. A finite element model of the human head and brain tissue was used to simulate TBI. The consequences of gradually increased kinetic energy transfer was analyzed by evaluating the impact intracranial pressure (ICP), strain level, and their potential influences on binding forces in folded protein structures. The gradually increased kinetic energy was found to have the potential to break apart bonds of Van der Waals in all impacts and hydrogen bonds at simulated impacts from 6 m/s and higher, thereby superseding the energy in folded protein structures. Further, impacts below 6 m/s showed none or very slight increase in impact ICP and strain levels, whereas impacts of 6 m/s or higher showed a gradual increase of the impact ICP and strain levels reaching over 1000 KPa and over 30%, respectively. The present simulation study shows that the free kinetic energy transfer, impact ICP, and strain levels all have the potential to initiate cytotoxic brain tissue edema by unfolding protein structures. The definition of mild, moderate, and severe TBI should thus be looked upon as the same condition and separated only by a gradual severity of impact.
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45.
  • von Holst, Hans, et al. (författare)
  • Quantification of Stretching in the Ventricular Wall and Corpus Callosum and Corticospinal Tracts in Hydrocephalus before and after Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Operation
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Journal of Applied Mathematics. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1110-757X .- 1687-0042. ; , s. 350359-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In this study, we establish a quantitative model to define the stretching of brain tissue, especially in ventricular walls, corpus callosum (CC) and corticospinal (CS) fiber tracts, and to investigate the correlation between stretching and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) before and after ventriculoperitoneal shunt operations. A nonlinear image registration method was used to calculate the degree of displacement and stretching of axonal fiber tracts based on the medical images of six hydrocephalus patients. Also, the rCBF data from the literature was analyzed and correlated with the strain level quantified in the present study. The results showed substantial increased displacement and strain levels in the ventricular walls as well as in the CC and CS fiber tracts on admission. Following shunt operations the displacement as well as the strain levels reduced substantially. A linear correlation was found to exist between strain level and the rCBF. The reduction in postoperative strain levels correlated with the improvement of rCBF. All patients improved clinically except for one patient due to existing dementia. These new quantitative data provide us with new insight into the mechanical cascade of events due to tissue stretching, thereby provide us with more knowledge into understanding of the role of brain tissue and axonal stretching in some of the hydrocephalus clinical symptoms.
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46.
  • von Holst, Hans, et al. (författare)
  • The dynamic triple peak impact factor in traumatic brain injury influences native protein structures in gray and white matter as measured with computational simulation
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Neurological Research. - 0161-6412 .- 1743-1328. ; 35:8, s. 782-789
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) cause a substantial burden to the patient, relatives, and the society as a whole. Much experience and knowledge during the last two decades have improved the neurosurgical treatment as well as the outcome. However, there is still much debate on what actually happens when external kinetic energy is transferred to the head immediately after a TBI. Better knowledge about the cascades of mechanical events at the time of accident is a prerequisite to further reduce the burden in all categories and improve the neurosurgical care of TBI patients. Methods: In the present study, we use the finite element modeling of the human brain to numerically simulate impact velocities of 10, 6, and 2 m/s to clarify some of the immediate consequences of the external kinetic energy transfer focusing on the gray (GM) and white matters (WM). Results: The numerical simulation was focused on the external kinetic energy transfer with a level of 227.3 J reaching the head, intracranial pressure (ICP), strain energy density, 1st principal strain level, and their respective impacts on the brain tissue. The results show that, for a 10 m/s impact, a total internal potential energy of 208.6 J was absorbed, of which 14.3% (29.81 J) was absorbed by the scalp, 22.05% (46.0 J) by the outer compact bone, 17.12% (35.72 J) by the porous bone, 27.44% (57.23 J) by the inner compact bone, and 7.31% (15.24 J) by the facial bone. The rest of the internal potential energy was defined to reach the GM (3.6%, 7.51 J) and the WM 1.59% (3.31 J). Also, the ICP, strain energy density, and 1st principal strain levels, defined as the dynamic triple peak impact factor, influenced the GM and WM with their own impact peaks during the first 10 ms after the accident and were the highest for the 10 and 6 m/s impacts, while the 2 m/s impact had only a slight influence on the GM and WM structures. Conclusions: The present study shows for the first time that following an impact of 10 m/s, 88.31% of the calculated external kinetic energy was absorbed by the external parts of the head before the remaining energy of 5.19% reached the GM and WM. GM absorbed about twice as much of the energy compared to the WM. It is suggested that the dynamic triple peak impact factor may have a profound effect on native protein structures in the cerebral metabolism after a TBI.
  •  
47.
  • Wand, Teng, 1991-, et al. (författare)
  • Influence of Anisotropic White Matter on Electroosmotic Flow Induced by Direct Current : Anisotropic WM Affects EOF Distribution
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-4185. ; 9:689020, s. 1-11
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Treatment of cerebral edema remains a major challenge in clinical practice and new innovative therapies are needed. This study presents a novel approach for mitigating cerebral edema by inducing bulk fluid transport utilizing the brain’s electroosmotic property using an anatomically detailed finite element head model incorporating anisotropy in the white matter (WM). Three representative anisotropic conductivity algorithms are employed for the WM and compared with isotropic WM. The key results are (1) the electroosmotic flow (EOF) is driven from the edema region to the subarachnoid space under an applied electric field with its magnitude linearly correlated to the electric field and direction following current flow pathways; (2) the extent of EOFdistribution variation correlates highly with the degree of the anisotropic ratio of the WMregions; (3) the directions of the induced EOF in the anisotropic models deviate from its isotropically defined pathways and tend to move along the principal fiber direction. The results suggest WM anisotropy should be incorporated in head models for more reliable EOF evaluations for cerebral edema mitigation and demonstrate the promise of the electroosmosis based approach to be developed as a new therapy for edema treatment as evaluated with enhanced head models incorporating WM anisotropy. 
  •  
48.
  • Wang, Teng, et al. (författare)
  • Designing electrode configuration of electroosmosis based edema treatment as a complement to hyperosmotic therapy
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Acta Neurochirurgica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0001-6268 .- 0942-0940. ; 163
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background Hyperosmotic therapy is a mainstay treatment for cerebral edema. Although often effective, its disadvantages include mainly acting on the normal brain region with limited effectiveness in eliminating excess fluid in edema region. This study investigates how to configure our previously proposed novel electroosmosis based edema treatment as a complement to hyperosmotic therapy. Methods Three electrode configurations are designed to drive the excess fluid out of the edema region, including a 2-electrode, 3-electrode, and 5-electrode design. The focality and directionality of the induced electroosmotic flow (EOF) are then investigated using the same patient-specific head model with localized edema. Results The 5-electrode design shows improved EOF focality with reduced effect on the normal brain region than the other two designs. Importantly, this design also achieves better directionality driving excess edema tissue fluid to a larger region of surrounding normal brain where hyperosmotic therapy functions better. Thus, the 5-electrode design is suggested to treat edema more efficiently via a synergic effect: the excess fluid is first driven out from the edema to surrounding normal brain via EOF, where can then be treated with hyperosmotic therapy. Meanwhile, the 5-electrode design drives 2.22 mL excess fluid from the edema region in an hour comparable to the other designs, indicating a similar efficiency of EOF. Conclusions The results show the promise of our previously proposed novel electroosmosis based edema treatment can be designed to achieve better focality and directionality towards a complement to hyperosmotic therapy. 
  •  
49.
  •  
50.
  • Wang, Teng, et al. (författare)
  • Electroosmosis Based Novel Treatment Approach for Cerebral Edema
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0018-9294 .- 1558-2531. ; 68:9, s. 2645-2653
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objective: Cerebral edema characterized as an abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid has not been treated effectively. We propose a novel edema treatment approach to drive edematous fluid out of the brain by direct current utilizing brain tissue’s electroosmotic property. Methods: A finite element (FE) head model is developed and employed to assess the feasibility of the approach. First, the capacity of the model for electric field prediction is validated against human experiments. Second, two electrode configurations (S and D-montage) are designed to evaluate the distribution of the electric field, electroosmotic flow (EOF), current density, and temperature across the brain under an applied direct current. Results: The S-montage is shown to induce an average EOF velocity of 7e-4 mm/s underneath the anode by a voltage of 15 V, and the D-montage induces a velocity of 9e-4 mm/s by a voltage of 5 V. Meanwhile, the brain temperature in both configurations is below 38 °C, which is within the safety range. Further, the magnitude of EOF is proportional to the electric field, and the EOF direction follows the current flow from anode to cathode. The EOF velocity in the white matter is significantly higher than that in the gray matter under the anode where the fluid is to be drawn out. Conclusion: The proposed electroosmosis based approach allows alleviating brain edema within the critical time window by direct current. Significance: The approach may be further developed as a new treatment solely or as a complement to existing conventional treatments of edema.  
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