| 1. |
- Chen, Youchun, et al.
(författare)
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Insights into the working mechanism of cathode interlayers in polymer solar cells via [(C8H17)(4)N](4)[SiW12O40]
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. - : ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY. - 2050-7488 .- 2050-7496. ; 4:48, s. 19189-19196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A low-cost (amp;lt;$1 per g), high-yield (amp;gt;90%), alcohol soluble surfactant-encapsulated polyoxometalate complex [(C8H17)(4)N](4)[SiW12O40] has been synthesized and utilized as a cathode interlayer (CIL) in polymer solar cells (PSCs). A power conversion efficiency of 10.1% can be obtained for PSCs based on PTB7-Th (poly[[2,6-4,8-di(5-ethylhexylthienyl) benzo[1,2-b;3,3-b]-dithiophene][3-fluoro-2[(2-ethylhexyl) carbonyl] thieno [3,4-b]-thiophenediyl]]):PC71BM ([6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acidmethyl ester) due to the incorporation of [(C8H17)(4)N](4)[SiW12O40]. Combined measurements of current density-voltage characteristics, transient photocurrent, charge carrier mobility and capacitance-voltage characteristics demonstrate that [(C8H17)(4)N](4)[SiW12O40] can effectively increase the built-in potential, charge carrier density and mobility and accelerate the charge carrier extraction in PSCs. Most importantly, the mechanism of using [(C8H17)(4)N](4)[SiW12O40] as the CIL is further brought to light by X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS) of the metal/ [(C8H17)(4)N](4)[SiW12O40] interface. The findings suggest that [(C8H17)(4)N](4)[SiW12O40] not only decreased the work function of the metal cathodes but also was n-doped upon contact with the metals, which provide insights into the working mechanism of the CILs simultaneously improving the open circuit voltage, short circuit current and fill factor in the PSCs.
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| 2. |
- You, Xiaohu, et al.
(författare)
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Towards 6G wireless communication networks: vision, enabling technologies, and new paradigm shifts
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science China Information Sciences. - : Science Press. - 1674-733X .- 1869-1919. ; 64:1
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fifth generation (5G) wireless communication networks are being deployed worldwide from 2020 and more capabilities are in the process of being standardized, such as mass connectivity, ultra-reliability, and guaranteed low latency. However, 5G will not meet all requirements of the future in 2030 and beyond, and sixth generation (6G) wireless communication networks are expected to provide global coverage, enhanced spectral/energy/cost efficiency, better intelligence level and security, etc. To meet these requirements, 6G networks will rely on new enabling technologies, i.e., air interface and transmission technologies and novel network architecture, such as waveform design, multiple access, channel coding schemes, multi-antenna technologies, network slicing, cell-free architecture, and cloud/fog/edge computing. Our vision on 6G is that it will have four new paradigm shifts. First, to satisfy the requirement of global coverage, 6G will not be limited to terrestrial communication networks, which will need to be complemented with non-terrestrial networks such as satellite and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication networks, thus achieving a space-air-ground-sea integrated communication network. Second, all spectra will be fully explored to further increase data rates and connection density, including the sub-6 GHz, millimeter wave (mmWave), terahertz (THz), and optical frequency bands. Third, facing the big datasets generated by the use of extremely heterogeneous networks, diverse communication scenarios, large numbers of antennas, wide bandwidths, and new service requirements, 6G networks will enable a new range of smart applications with the aid of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data technologies. Fourth, network security will have to be strengthened when developing 6G networks. This article provides a comprehensive survey of recent advances and future trends in these four aspects. Clearly, 6G with additional technical requirements beyond those of 5G will enable faster and further communications to the extent that the boundary between physical and cyber worlds disappears.
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| 3. |
- Ghalwash, Mohamed, et al.
(författare)
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Islet autoantibody screening in at-risk adolescents to predict type 1 diabetes until young adulthood : a prospective cohort study
- 2023
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Ingår i: The Lancet Child and Adolescent Health. - 2352-4642. ; 7:4, s. 261-268
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Screening for islet autoantibodies in children and adolescents identifies individuals who will later develop type 1 diabetes, allowing patient and family education to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis at onset and to enable consideration of preventive therapies. We aimed to assess whether islet autoantibody screening is effective for predicting type 1 diabetes in adolescents aged 10−18 years with an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Methods: Data were harmonised from prospective studies from Finland (the Diabetes Prediction and Prevention study), Germany (the BABYDIAB study), and the USA (Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young and the Diabetes Evaluation in Washington study). Autoantibodies against insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and insulinoma-associated protein 2 were measured at each follow-up visit. Children who were lost to follow-up or diagnosed with type 1 diabetes before 10 years of age were excluded. Inverse probability censoring weighting was used to include data from remaining participants. Sensitivity and the positive predictive value of these autoantibodies, tested at one or two ages, to predict type 1 diabetes by the age of 18 years were the main outcomes. Findings: Of 20 303 children with an increased type 1 diabetes risk, 8682 were included for the analysis with inverse probability censoring weighting. 1890 were followed up to 18 years of age or developed type 1 diabetes between the ages of 10 years and 18 years, and their median follow-up was 18·3 years (IQR 14·5–20·3). 442 (23·4%) of 1890 adolescents were positive for at least one islet autoantibody, and 262 (13·9%) developed type 1 diabetes. Time from seroconversion to diabetes diagnosis increased by 0·64 years (95% CI 0·34–0·95) for each 1-year increment of diagnosis age (Pearson's correlation coefficient 0·88, 95% CI 0·50–0·97, p=0·0020). The median interval between the last prediagnostic sample and diagnosis was 0·3 years (IQR 0·1–1·3) in the 227 participants who were autoantibody positive and 6·8 years (1·6–9·9) for the 35 who were autoantibody negative. Single screening at the age of 10 years was 90% (95% CI 86–95) sensitive, with a positive predictive value of 66% (60–72) for clinical diabetes. Screening at two ages (10 years and 14 years) increased sensitivity to 93% (95% CI 89–97) but lowered the positive predictive value to 55% (49–60). Interpretation: Screening of adolescents at risk for type 1 diabetes only once at 10 years of age for islet autoantibodies was highly effective to detect type 1 diabetes by the age of 18 years, which in turn could enable prevention of diabetic ketoacidosis and participation in secondary prevention trials. Funding: JDRF International.
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| 4. |
- Zhao, Yaofeng, et al.
(författare)
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Ornithorhynchus anatinus (Platypus) Links the Evolution of Immunoglobulin Genes in Eutherian Mammals and Nonmammalian Tetrapods
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Immunology. - : The American Association of Immunologists. - 0022-1767 .- 1550-6606. ; 183:5, s. 3285-3293
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The evolutionary origins of mammalian immunoglobulin H chain isotypes (IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE, and IgA) are still incompletely understood as these isotypes differ considerably in structure and number from their counterparts in nonmammalian tetrapods. We report in this study that the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) Ig H chain constant region gene locus contains eight Ig encoding genes, which are arranged in an mu-delta-o-gamma 2-gamma 1-alpha 1-epsilon-alpha 2 order, spanning a total of similar to 200 kb DNA, encoding six distinct isotypes. The o (o for Ornithorhynchus) gene encodes a novel Ig H chain isotype that consists of four constant region domains and a hinge, and is structurally different from any of the five known mammalian Ig classes. This gene is phylogenetically related to nu (epsilon) and gamma, and thus appears to be a structural intermediate between these two genes. The platypus delta gene encodes ten heavy chain constant region domains, lacks a hinge region and is similar to IgD in amphibians and fish, but strikingly different from that in eutherian mammals. The platypus Ig H chain isotype repertoire thus shows a unique combination of genes that share similarity both to those of nonmammallian tetrapods and eutherian animals and demonstrates how phylogenetically informative species can be used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of functionally important genes.
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| 5. |
- Fan, Qunping, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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A Non-Conjugated Polymer Acceptor for Efficient and Thermally Stable All-Polymer Solar Cells
- 2020
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Ingår i: Angewandte Chemie - International Edition. - : Wiley. - 1433-7851 .- 1521-3773. ; 59:45, s. 19835-19840
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A non-conjugated polymer acceptor PF1-TS4 was firstly synthesized by embedding a thioalkyl segment in the mainchain, which shows excellent photophysical properties on par with a fully conjugated polymer, with a low optical band gap of 1.58 eV and a high absorption coefficient >105 cm−1, a high LUMO level of −3.89 eV, and suitable crystallinity. Matched with the polymer donor PM6, the PF1-TS4-based all-PSC achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.63 %, which is ≈45 % higher than that of a device based on the small molecule acceptor counterpart IDIC16. Moreover, the PF1-TS4-based all-PSC has good thermal stability with ≈70 % of its initial PCE retained after being stored at 85 °C for 180 h, while the IDIC16-based device only retained ≈50 % of its initial PCE when stored at 85 °C for only 18 h. Our work provides a new strategy to develop efficient polymer acceptor materials by linkage of conjugated units with non-conjugated thioalkyl segments.
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| 6. |
- Guo, Qinghua, et al.
(författare)
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Numerical study on thermally driven smoke flow characteristics in long tunnels under natural ventilation
- 2023
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Ingår i: International journal of thermal sciences. - : Elsevier Masson s.r.l.. - 1290-0729 .- 1778-4166. ; 192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper focuses on the flow structures and mass flow rates of thermally driven smoke flows induced by fires in long transportation tunnels under natural ventilation. The important influencing factors including heat release rate (HRR), tunnel width and height, are taken into consideration. The mechanism of the smoke flow movement is explored. The results show that for a fire in a long naturally ventilated transportation tunnel, there exists a critical point which is dependent on HRR and tunnel geometry. This critical point is defined as the location where the smoke layer thickness and the outgoing mass flow rate increase towards it and decrease after it. Further, it is found that the critical point moves farther away from the fire source in a wider or higher tunnel, while it lies closer to the fire source for a higher HRR. A correlation is proposed to estimate the location of the critical point. The outgoing mass flow rates along the tunnel are calculated using the two-layer flow model and well-mixed flow model of thermally driven flows, and the results indicate that these models produce satisfactory predictions of the mass flow rates if the vertical temperature profile is known. © 2023 The Authors
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| 7. |
- Guo, Qinghua, et al.
(författare)
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Theoretical and numerical study on mass flow rates of smoke exhausted from short vertical shafts in naturally ventilated urban road tunnel fires
- 2021
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Ingår i: Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0886-7798 .- 1878-4364.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study focuses on the mass flow rate of the buoyancy-driven gases exhausted from the shaft in naturally ventilated urban road tunnel fires. Theoretical analyses and numerical simulations are performed. The model to predict the mass flow rate of the incoming smoke exhausted by the nearest shaft is developed by considering that the smoke is exhausted along the four sides of the shaft separately. Based on the heat balance between the incoming smoke exhausted and the total gas flow exhausted, the model to estimate the total mass flow rate exhausted from the shaft (both smoke and entrained air) is also established. Meanwhile, a series of numerical simulation in a naturally ventilated tunnel considering the heat release rate (HRR), the shaft height, shaft length and width, shaft location was carried out. The simulation results show that the shaft height has a limited contribution to the mass flow rate of the incoming smoke exhausted while a larger shaft cross-sectional area shows a favorable performance in exhausting the smoke. Further, the air entrainment into the shaft increases with both the shaft height and shaft cross-sectional area. Comparisons of the mass flow rates of the incoming smoke and the total mass flow rates exhausted between simple calculations and simulations are made, showing that the simple models perform well. Further, it is found that there exist two regimes for the total mass flow rate corresponding to different smoke modes in the shaft (complete plug-holing, plug-holing and without plug-holing), which is caused by the different driven forces in the shaft. The outcomes of this work could provide some guidance for the design of vertical shaft and smoke control in naturally ventilated tunnel in urban area.
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| 8. |
- Guo, Qinghua, et al.
(författare)
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Theoretical studies on buoyancy-driven ceiling jets of tunnel fires with natural ventilation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Fire safety journal. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0379-7112 .- 1873-7226. ; 119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper presents a theoretical study on the ceiling jets induced by small fires in tunnels. The ceiling jet thickness, temperature rise and velocity are analyzed theoretically with Non-Boussinesq approximation. The study focuses on the radial and one-dimensional ceiling jets. Numerical solutions in the radial region and one-dimensional shooting region are obtained and new analytical solutions in the critical flow region are achieved. Analytical solutions indicate that the ceiling jet thickness increases with distance away from the fire source, which largely differs from the existing models implying that the ceiling jet thickness in the one-dimensional critical flow remains constant. Additionally, impacts of the air entrainment, friction and heat transfer on the ceiling jet are analyzed. It is found that in the radial and one-dimensional shooting flow regions, the air entrainment has a much more significant effect than the friction and heat transfer. However, in the one-dimensional critical flow region, the impact of air entrainment seems to be negligible and the flow is dominated by the friction and heat transfer. Further, validation of the present theory is made by comparing with previous theories, semi-empirical models, and experiments. The results show that the present theory provides a good prediction of the ceiling jet properties with natural ventilation for a small fire. © 2020 The Authors
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Li, Zhiguo, et al.
(författare)
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Childhood Height Growth Rate Association With the Risk of Islet Autoimmunity and Development of Type 1 Diabetes
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197. ; 107:6, s. 1520-1528
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: Rapid growth has been suggested to promote islet autoimmunity and progression to type 1 diabetes (T1D). Childhood growth has not been analyzed separately from the infant growth period in most previous studies, but it may have distinct features due to differences between the stages of development. Objective: We aimed to analyze the association of childhood growth with development of islet autoimmunity and progression to T1D diagnosis in children 1 to 8 years of age. Methods: Longitudinal data of childhood growth and development of islet autoimmunity and T1D were analyzed in a prospective cohort study including 10 145 children from Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the United States, 1-8 years of age with at least 3 height and weight measurements and at least 1 measurement of islet autoantibodies. The primary outcome was the appearance of islet autoimmunity and progression from islet autoimmunity to T1D. Results: Rapid increase in height (cm/year) was associated with increased risk of seroconversion to glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody, insulin autoantibody, or insulinoma-like antigen-2 autoantibody (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.26 [95% CI = 1.05, 1.51] for 1-3 years of age and HR = 1.48 [95% CI = 1.28, 1.73] for >3 years of age). Furthermore, height rate was positively associated with development of T1D (HR = 1.80 [95% CI = 1.15, 2.81]) in the analyses from seroconversion with insulin autoantibody to diabetes. Conclusion: Rapid height growth rate in childhood is associated with increased risk of islet autoimmunity and progression to T1D. Further work is needed to investigate the biological mechanism that may explain this association.
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| 11. |
- Li, Zhiguo, et al.
(författare)
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Imputing Longitudinal Growth Data in International Pediatric Studies : Does CDC Reference Suffice?
- 2021
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Ingår i: AMIA ... Annual Symposium proceedings. AMIA Symposium. - 1942-597X. ; 2021, s. 754-762
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates a missing value imputation approach for longitudinal growth data in pediatric studies from multiple countries. We analyzed a combined cohort from five natural history studies of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in the US and EU with longitudinal growth measurements for 23,201 subjects. We developed a multiple imputation methodology using LMS parameters of CDC reference data. We measured imputation errors on both combined and individual cohorts using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and normalized root-mean-square error (NRMSE). Our results show low imputation errors using CDC reference. Overall height imputation errors were lower than for weight. The largest MAPE for weight and height among all age groups was 4.8% and 1.7%, respectively. When comparing performance between CDC reference and country-specific growth charts, we found no significant differences for height (CDC vs. German: p =0.993, CDC vs. Swedish: p=0.368) and for weight (CDC vs. Swedish: p=0.513) for all ages.
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| 12. |
- Qu, Zhiguo, et al.
(författare)
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DTQFL : A Digital Twin-Assisted Quantum Federated Learning Algorithm for Intelligent Diagnosis in 5G Mobile Network
- 2023
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Ingår i: IEEE journal of biomedical and health informatics. - Piscataway, NJ : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 2168-2194 .- 2168-2208. ; , s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Smart healthcare aims to revolutionize med-ical services by integrating artificial intelligence (AI). The limitations of classical machine learning include privacy concerns that prevent direct data sharing among medical institutions, untimely updates, and long training times. To address these issues, this study proposes a digital twin-assisted quantum federated learning algorithm (DTQFL). By leveraging the 5G mobile network, digital twins (DT) of patients can be created instantly using data from various Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) devices and simultane-ously reduce communication time in federated learning (FL) at the same time. DTQFL generates DT for patients with specific diseases, allowing for synchronous training and updating of the variational quantum neural network (VQNN) without disrupting the VQNN in the real world. This study utilized DTQFL to train its own personalized VQNN for each hospital, considering privacy security and training speed. Simultaneously, the personalized VQNN of each hospital was obtained through further local iterations of the final global parameters. The results indicate that DTQFL can train a good VQNN without collecting local data while achieving accuracy comparable to that of data-centralized algorithms. In addition, after personalized train-ing, the VQNN can achieve higher accuracy than that with-out personalized training.
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| 13. |
- Qu, Zhiguo, et al.
(författare)
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QNMF : A quantum neural network based multimodal fusion system for intelligent diagnosis
- 2023
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Ingår i: Information Fusion. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 1566-2535 .- 1872-6305. ; 100
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) has emerged as a significant research area in the medical field, enabling the transmission of various types of data to the cloud for analysis and diagnosis. Fusing data from multiple modalities can enhance accuracy but requires substantial computing power. Theoretically, quantum computers can rapidly process large volumes of high-dimensional medical data. Despite accelerated developments in quantum computing, research on quantum machine learning (QML) for multimodal data processing remains limited. Considering these factors, this paper presents a quantum neural network-based multimodal fusion system for intelligent diagnosis (QNMF) that can process multimodal medical data transmitted by IoMT devices, fuse data from different modalities, and improve the performance of intelligent diagnosis. This system employs a quantum convolutional neural network (QCNN) to efficiently extract features from medical images. These QCNN-based features are then fused with other modality features (such as blood test results or breast cell slices), and used to train an effective variational quantum classifier (VQC) for intelligent diagnosis. The experimental results demonstrate that a QCNN can effectively extract image data features. Furthermore, QNMF achieved an accuracy of 97.07% and 97.61% on breast cancer diagnosis and Covid-19 diagnosis experiments, respectively. In addition, the QNMF exhibits strong quantum noise robustness. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
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| 14. |
- Quinet, P, et al.
(författare)
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Radiative lifetime measurements and transition probability calculations in lanthanide ions
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Alloys and Compounds. - 0925-8388. ; 344:1-2, s. 255-259
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have undertaken a systematic investigation of spectroscopic properties of lanthanide ions (Z=57-71). Using time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence following one- or two-photon excitations, a large number of radiative lifetimes have been measured at the Lund Laser Centre for singly, doubly and trebly ionized atoms. These new measurements have been used for testing theoretical calculations performed within the framework of a relativistic Hartree-Fock approach taking core-polarization effects into account. Using the experimental lifetimes (when available) and the theoretical branching fractions, a large number of transition probabilities, most of them of astrophysical interest, have been deduced and are stored in a new database (DREAM). Up to now, the results obtained concern the following ions: La2+, Ce2+, Ce2+, Pr2+, Ho2+, Er2+, Tm2+, Tm2+, Yb2+, Yb2+, Yb2+, Lu2+ and Lu2+. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 15. |
- Sioutis, Michael, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Leveraging Variable Elimination for Efficiently Reasoning about Qualitative Constraints
- 2018
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Ingår i: International journal on artificial intelligence tools. - : World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte Ltd. - 0218-2130. ; 27:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We introduce, study, and evaluate a novel algorithm in the context of qualitative constraint-based spatial and temporal reasoning that is based on the idea of variable elimination, a simple and general exact inference approach in probabilistic graphical models. Given a qualitative constraint network N, our algorithm utilizes a particular directional local consistency, which we denote by (sic)-consistency, in order to efficiently decide the satisfiability of N. Our discussion is restricted to distributive subclasses of relations, i.e., sets of relations closed under converse, intersection, and weak composition and for which weak composition distributes over non-empty intersections for all of their relations. We demonstrate that enforcing (sic)-consistency in a given qualitative constraint network defined over a distributive subclass of relations allows us to decide its satisfiability, and obtain similar useful results for the problems of minimal labelling and redundancy. Further, we present a generic method that allows extracting a scenario from a satisfiable network, i.e., an atomic satisfiable subnetwork of that network, in a very simple and effective manner. The experimentation that we have conducted with random and real-world qualitative constraint networks defined over a distributive subclass of relations of the Region Connection Calculus and the Interval Algebra, shows that our approach exhibits unparalleled performance against state-of-the-art approaches for checking the satisfiability of such constraint networks.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Zhou, Weibin, et al.
(författare)
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Ion-exchange chromatography of hepatitis B virus surface antigen from a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell line
- 2005
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Ingår i: Journal of Chromatography A. ; 1095:1-2, s. 119-125
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- About 10% of the Chinese population are chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Thus, the development of a highly efficient process for the preparation of a vaccine based on a recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is very important to the Chinese national immunization program. To this end, the ion exchange chromatography recovery of CHO-HBsAg from a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cell line was shown to increase from about 55 to 80% by the addition of 1% poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG 10,000) to the mobile phase. Furthermore, based on analysis by sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), the intact glycoprotein form of CHO-HBsAg was completely preserved by the addition of PEG. In the absence of PEG the glycoprotein form of CHO-HBsAg was also spread out into the high salt elution fraction. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography with on-line multiangle-laser-light scattering (HPSEC-MALLS) analysis was performed to monitor the status of the CHO-HBsAg aggregate structure assembly, particle size and molecular weight distribution after each purification step, and the results showed further that the presence of PEG facilitated the separation and recovery of intact glycoprotein form of CHO-HBsAg and promoted their assembly to proper virus-like particles, which are both important features and prerequisites of their immunogenicity.
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| 18. |
- Zhou, Weibin, et al.
(författare)
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Molecular characterization of recombinant Hepatitis B surface antigen from Chinese hamster ovary and Hansenula polymorpha cells by high-performance size exclusion chromatography and multi-angle laser light scattering
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of chromatography. B. - : Elsevier BV. - 1570-0232 .- 1873-376X. ; 838:2, s. 71-77
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The molecular weight and size of recombinant Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) derived from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and the Hansenula polymorph have been characterized by high-performance size exclusion chromatography with multi-angle laser light scattering (HPSEC-MALLS). The average molecular weight of CHO-derived HBsAg particle (CHO-rHBsAg) (4921 kDa) was higher than that of H. polymorpha yeast strain (Hans-rHBsAg) (3010 kDa). The size of CHO-rHBsAg (22.1 nm) is nearly the same as that of native HBsAg compared to 18.1 nm for Hans-rHBsAg. The average monomer numbers were found to be 155 for CHO-rHBsAg and 86 for Hans-rHBsAg, respectively. The data obtained support the assumption that the higher immunogenicity of CHO-derived HBsAg is related to its more favorable macromolecular assembly structure.
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