| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Örn, Tomas, 1976-
(författare)
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Energy efficiency in heritage buildings : Conservation approaches and their impact on energy efficiency measures
- 2018
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The impeding climate change challenge urges for a reduction of energy use in the built environment. Buildings account for nearly 40% of the total energy use and about 35% of the greenhouse gas emissions in Europe. EU member states are required to improve the energy efficiency of the existing building stock, for example by sharpening building regulations and developing enforcement schemes. Since energy efficiency retrofits can affect irreplaceable values in heritage buildings, heritage buildings are often excluded from mandatory demands aiming at reducing the energy use in buildings. However, saving energy have gradually become embraced by the conservation community and heritage buildings with are seen as part of the solution.This licentiate thesis discusses the methods to identify heritage significance in a building and how the underlying theory determines different scenarios in a energy retrofitting process. The choice of conservation theory and conservation approach will affect the success the energy retrofitting process and determine how much the energy use that can be reduced. This thesis therefore suggests a framework to understand the different interpretation of the impacts that one could exert either by having an Objectivistic or Relative conservation value approach.. Based on this framework, a decision-support tool is developed to further detail the impacts of such approaches for different energy measures.Other results show that a majority of reviewed research publications focused on the operational energy in a building and only a few were concerned with energy use over the entire life- cycle of a building. These analyses are used to evaluate where most energy savings can be made, and often pinpoint weak spots in the building’s envelope or technical system. If it was mentioned at all, the influence of cultural and historical factors on energy efficiency measures as applied to heritage buildings tended to be assessed only briefly. Indeed, the majority does not describe conservation principles or even mention the methodology used – if any – for assessing or defining heritage values. Instead, researchers often show an explicit (sometimes an implicit) understanding of conservation as essentially something that is not destructive of original construction material and hence the authenticity of a building.This licentiate thesis is a compilation thesis, consisting of one separate sub-study, one literature review and an extended cover essay. The study is oriented towards a Swedish and European context, especially when it comes to climate conditions and discussions on building regulations and the theory and practice of architectural conservation. It addresses the growing research field of energy efficiency in heritage buildings and the thesis aims to contribute to an increased understanding on how the process of assessment and evaluation of heritage significance in buildings affects the making of heritage buildings more energy efficient. The main research question is: How do different approaches for assessing and evaluating heritage significance in buildings affect possible technical energy saving measures in heritage buildings?
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| 3. |
- Bhattacharjee, Shimantika, et al.
(författare)
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Energy and indoor thermal performance analysis of a glazed façade high-rise building under various Nordic climatic conditions
- 2023
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Ingår i: Energy Reports. - : Elsevier. - 2352-4847. ; 10, s. 3039-3053
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research has shown that glazed buildings can have higher energy use and are more prone to overheating than other types of buildings. However, few studies have explored the performance of glazed buildings in cold climates. This article aims to evaluate the energy and indoor thermal performance of a high-rise residential building with glazed façades and balconies under Nordic climatic conditions, through a parametric study. Dynamic, whole-year simulations are used to evaluate the impact of four design parameters (with and without glazed balconies, type of balcony glazing, window to wall ratio, and building location within the Nordic region) on the energy and indoor thermal performance of the building. The results show that the building without glazed balconies outperformed that with glazed balconies. Changing from single- to double-pane glazing also helped to reduce energy use and overheating, as did lowering the window-to-wall ratio. Overheating of apartments was found to occur during the summer in five of the six locations simulated, which suggests that solar control strategies might be needed for glazed buildings even in a Nordic climate. This study highlights the importance of further research on glazed residential buildings, which are becoming more common in contexts subject to such climates.
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| 4. |
- Bhattacharjee, Shimantika
(författare)
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Energy efficiency strategies for residential buildings in a subarctic climate: Impacts on energy use and indoor thermal climate
- 2023
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Adopting energy efficiency strategies in residential buildings are beneficial as these not only improve the energy performance but also improves the indoor thermal climate and minimizes the greenhouse gas emissions. There exist numerous studies on energy efficiency strategies and their influence on indoor thermal climate in residential buildings in cold climates. However, there is a lack of documented and systematic studies that explicitly investigated the selection of appropriate energy efficiency strategies and their impact on the indoor thermal climate in residential buildings in a subarctic climate. Moreover, the impact of such energy efficiency strategies on the life cycle energy use of buildings has not been given appropriate attention in the existing literature. Due to the extreme climate conditions in a subarctic climate – severe cold and dark winter with heavy snow and mild short summer – buildings require a considerable amount of heating energy to maintain a comfortable temperature indoors. Therefore, it is important to adopt energy efficiency strategies that can help obtain operational and life cycle energy savings along with a better indoor thermal climate.The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of different energy efficiency strategies on energy use and thermal indoor climate of three selected case study residential buildings in a subarctic climate. Three research questions were formulated: (1) What is the impact of evaluated energy‐efficiency strategies on the operational energy use?, (2) What is the impact of evaluated energy‐efficiency strategies on the life‐cycle energy use?, and (3) What is the impact of evaluated energy‐efficiency strategies on the thermal indoor climate? To address research questions 1 and 3, implemented energy‐efficiency strategies in two low‐energy buildings were evaluated using measured energy data and dynamic building energy and indoor climate simulations. To address research question 2, different combinations of energy efficiency strategies were explored using a multiobjective optimization method to identify optimal retrofitting solutions in terms of life cycle energy savings for a 1980s building.Results show that besides an airtight and highly insulated building envelope, a well‐functioning heating system is important to achieve low operational energy use. Findings highlight that the role of occupants is vital both in regard to the proper functioning of the heating system and to reduce the need for active heating in an airtight and highly insulated building. The occupants are also important in terms of maintaining a comfortable indoor thermal climate, especially during summer since manual airing and shading can help moderate temperatures indoors. Furthermore, findings show that applying glazed balconies is not necessarily a favorable strategy in terms of operational energy use and indoor thermal climate for a building in a subarctic climate. In comparison, using double instead of single pane balcony glazing and lowering the window to wall ratio improved the operational energy and indoor thermal climate performance. A combination of energy efficiency strategies including the addition of insulation on walls and roofs, there placement of windows from double pane to triple pane ones and the installation of heat recovery ventilation were found optimal to achieve considerable savings in both operational and life cycle energy use. In many cases, the fundamental aim of adopting energy efficiency strategies is to reduce operational energy use, while impacts on life cycle energy use and indoor thermal climate are less prioritized. The findings illustrate the importance of considering impacts on operational energy use, life cycle energy use and indoor thermal climate simultaneously to select energy efficiency strategies that ensure a better and more sustainable built environment.
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| 5. |
- Bhattacharjee, Shimantika, et al.
(författare)
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Performance evaluation of a passive house in sub-arctic climate
- 2018
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Ingår i: 9th International Cold Climate Conference, Kiruna, Sweden. March 12-15, 2018. - Cham : Springer International Publishing.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- As the operational energy use in buildings contributes highly to the total energy used and greenhouse gases emitted in the cold climate regions of Europe, buildings which are more energy-efficient and less carbon-intensive during operation are key to meet sustainability objectives in these regions. Yet, research shows that the practice of passive or low-energy buildings in the sub-arctic climate of northern Sweden is comparatively less than in the southern region. Moreover, previous studies did not explicitly examine the performance of low energy buildings in sub-arctic climate in relation to established building energy efficiency standards. Consequently, knowledge regarding the energy performance of low-energy buildings in such climate is limited. Therefore, the aim is to evaluate the performance, in terms of indoor temperature and energy use for heating, domestic hot water and electricity of a new-built passive house titled “Sjunde Huset” in the sub-arctic town of Kiruna. It is Sweden’s northernmost house designed to fulfil the Swedish passive-house criteria of a maximum heat loss factor of 17 W/m2 and a maximum annual energy use of 63 kWh/m2. The implemented passive design strategies include a highly insulated, compact and airtight building envelope with a vestibule, mechanical ventilation with heat recovery and renewable energy production through photovoltaic solar cells. The house is connected to district heating and is equipped with energy-efficient appliances to allow low occupant energy use. Ongoing performance evaluation is based on building simulation and measurements of energy and temperature in different zones of the building. Energy performance deviations between occupied and non-occupied zones are explored through internal heat gain evaluations. The indoor temperature is also evaluated to assess the temperature variations throughout the year. The ongoing research further evaluate a comparative simulated and measured energy analysis of heating, hot water and electricity based on both the international passive house standard and the Swedish passive house criteria “Feby 12”.
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| 6. |
- De Windt, Laurent, et al.
(författare)
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MSWI bottom ash used as basement at two pilot-scale roads : comparison of leachate chemistry and reactive transport modeling
- 2011
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 31:2, s. 267-280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The recycling of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash as aggregates for road basement requires assessing the long-term evolution of leachate chemistry. The Dåva (Sweden) and Hérouville (France) pilot-scale roads were monitored during 6 and 10 years, respectively. Calculated saturation indices were combined to batch test modeling to set a simplified geochemical model of the bottom ash materials. A common reactive transport model was then applied to both sites. At Hérouville, pH and the concentration of most elements quickly drop during the first two years to reach a set of minimum values over 10 years. The decrease is less pronounced at Dåva. The evolutions of pH and major element concentrations are fairly well related to the following pH-buffering sequence: portlandite, C-S-H phases or pseudo-wollastonite and, finally, calcite in equilibrium with atmospheric CO2. Al(OH)3, barite, ettringite and monohydrocalcite may also control leachate chemistry. Cu release is correctly modeled by DOM complexation and tenorite equilibrium. Temperature has no significant effect on the modeling of leachate chemistry in the range 5-30 °C, except at high pH. Effects at road edges and roadside slopes are important for the release of the less reactive elements and, possibly, for carbonation processes.
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| 7. |
- De Windt, L., et al.
(författare)
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Reactive transport modeling of leachate evolution of MSWI bottom ash used as road basement : Hérouville (France) and Dåva (Sweden) sites
- 2009
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The recycling of municipal solid waste of incineration (MSWI) bottom ash as aggregates for road basement requires a better characterization of the evolution of leachate chemistry over a timescale of many decades. In this paper, a common reactive transport model is applied to the Hérouville (France) and Dåva (Sweden) pilot roads whose leachate emissions have been sampled during 10 and 6 years, respectively. The model considers simultaneously the hydrodynamic processes (rain water infiltration, advective and diffusive transport), pH-buffering and solubility-controlled processes by secondary minerals, ageing by atmospheric carbonation, and the leachate chemistry (major elements and trace metals such as Al, Cu, Pb). The evolution of pH is fairly well simulated with the following pH-buffering sequence: portlandite, calcium silicate hydrate (CSH), ettringite and, finally, calcite. The quantity of CO2 dissolved in the percolating rain water is generally not sufficient to explain the pH evolution and carbonation processes, requiring atmospheric gaseous inputs. The relation between pH evolution and element release is discussed for both sites. Calculated Pb release is overestimated when based on solubility-controlled mechanisms only. Edge effects are shown to be important at both sites with an emphasis of carbonation and release of non reactive elements. Temperature has no significant effect on the calculated leachate chemistry in the range of 5 - 30° C, except at high pH.
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| 8. |
- Engström, Susanne, et al.
(författare)
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From the Pilot Project to the Mainstream Practice : Learning Explored in Planning and Design of a Low-Energy Quarter
- 2015
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Ingår i: Procedia Economics and Finance. - 2212-5671. ; 21, s. 288-296
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pilot projects are common platforms for developing/testing construction methods or solutions for e.g. low-energy house-building. Whereas studies report on their technical/engineering outcomes, little is known from a learning perspective. In our study of pilot-project learning, the planning for and assessment of learning from a “low-energy quarter” pilot was explored. In step one, the initiators and the local authority participantswere addressed. The findings of the interviews indicatedthe changed understandings during the pilot of e.g. the planning and design criteria for sustainable building. Although stressed at the pilot outset, it seems that the learning among the stakeholders was not so well documented or systematically evaluated and shared so that the mainstream practice could have been informed or changed
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Lidelöw, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Barriers for the use of secondary construction materials
- 2003
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Ingår i: Sardinia 2003.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of secondary materials in geotechnical applications is regarded as favourable but is often hindered by uncertainty about the potential environmental impact of the utilisation. In this paper, the main hurdles restricting the use of waste derived construction materials in Sweden are analysed, and means to overcome these are discussed. Standard test procedures and limit values for the assessment of environmental compliance of waste materials have not yet been established in the legislation. This has lead to confusion both for prospective users and for authorities. Also, a risk assessment system developed for the use of the secondary materials is lacking. Formalising the way data on e.g. material properties is collected and structured facilitates the judgement if and how a waste derived material can be used in a specific project. A web based information system could be used to gather, store and communicate information regarding secondary materials used for construction purposes. The proposed information system may form a basis for a simplified evaluation of risks related to the use.
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| 13. |
- Lidelöw, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
-
Byggentreprenörens energisignatur
- 2015
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det gängse måttet på en byggnads energiprestanda, kWh/m²,år för uppvärmning, tappvarm-vatten och fastighetsel, beskriver en del av byggnadens totala energianvändning som ofta bestäms utifrån schablonmässiga antaganden om t.ex. inom- och utomhustemperaturer och brukarnas energianvändning. Måttets storlek påverkas inte bara av byggnadens förmåga att hushålla med energi utan även av i hög grad av brukar- och driftbeteenden. Det blir med detta mått också svårt att dra gränsen mellan bygg- och installationsentreprenörernas ansvars-områden och brukarnas inverkan. Detta arbete handlar om en annan, kompletterande metod att uppskatta en byggnads energiprestanda som fokuserar på byggentreprenörens ansvarsområde, dvs. prestandan hos själva byggnaden och dess klimatskal oberoende av temperaturvariationer och byggnadens användning. Metoden innebär att byggnadens energisignatur analyseras, där energisignaturen bestäms utifrån mätningar av använd värmeffekt för uppvärmning som funktion av temperaturskillnaden över klimatskalet under den mörka, kalla vinterperioden. Det är teoretiskt möjligt att med metoden ta fram både ett mått på byggnadens totala värmeförlust-faktor, dvs. värmeförluster via klimatskal och ventilation, och ett separat värmeförlustmått för klimatskalet i form av transmissionsförluster (inklusive luftläckage). Projektets mål var att bidra till en vidareutveckling av energisignaturmetoden genom att:• Ta fram en detaljerad beskrivning av de mätningar och analyser som metoden kräver så att en byggentreprenör har möjlighet använda metoden och ta fram avsett resultat. • Testa metodens tillämpbarhet på lågenergihus genom att identifiera och analysera energisignaturen för tre utformningsmässigt identiska passivhusvillor med FTX och ett flerbostadshus med FVP. En förutsättning för projektet var att inga nya mätningar skulle utföras utan undersökningarna utgick från befintliga mätdata för byggnaderna.Separat bestämning av ett värmeförlustmått för klimatskalet kräver tillgång till mätdata för tilluftsflöde och -temperaturer, vilket fanns för villorna. För flerbostadshuset kunde endast total värmeförlustfaktor bestämmas. Metoden gav robusta uppskattningar av värmeförlust-måtten för båda lågenergihustyper med medelfel ner till 3%. Robustheten i uppskattningarna påverkades av val av mätperiod och metod för förbehandling samt tillgången till data.För att erhålla robusta uppskattningar användes mätdata från den mörkaste vinterperioden (1,5 till max. 4 månader i anslutning till vintersolståndet) för att eliminera solens bidrag och mätdata förbehandlades för att reducera inverkan från värmelagring. Jämförelser av olika förbehandlingsmetoder visade att glidande medelvärdesbildning gav en betydligt säkrare bestämning av värmeförlustmåtten än traditionell medelvärdesbildning. En metod för parning av data befanns vara ett effektivt alternativ för längre mätperioder (3-4 månader runt vintersolståndet) där solens bidrag inte helt kunde försummas.Metodens tillämpning på lågenergihus kräver hög tidsupplösning på mätdata. Resultaten indikerar t.ex. att det inte är tillräckligt med månadsvärden för hushållsel eftersom det introducerar osäkerheter i uppskattade värmeförlustmått. Detta blev uppenbart för passivhusvillorna där spillvärme från hushållsel tillgodoser en relativt sett stor andel av värmebehovet. Tillgång till relevanta och spårbara mätdata, särskilt mätdata som kräver brukarnas medgivande, begränsar därmed möjligheterna att använda metoden på byggnader som endast följts upp enligt Svebys rekommendationer.Behov av fortsatta studier har identifierats avseende huruvida uttorkning av byggfukt kan förändra energisignaturen, och därmed värmeförlustmåtten, för en ny byggnad över tid. Eftersom resultaten indikerar att både brukar- och driftbeteenden kan ha en indirekt påverkan på de från energisignaturen uppskattade värmeförlustmåtten för lågenergihus föreslås fördjupade studier avseende hur mycket detaljeringsgraden på data för brukar- och drift-beteenden kan påverka resultaten. Med tillgång till relevanta mätdata kan metoden användas för att uppskatta klimatskalets effektiva U-värde (inkluderande transmissionsförluster och okontrollerat luftläckage mot uteluft). På så sätt är det möjligt att särskilja byggentreprenörens ansvarsområde från installationsentreprenörens när det gäller en byggnads energiprestanda. Den har därmed potential att utgöra ett komplement till gängse uppföljningar enligt Sveby som är tillämpligt för både äldre, mindre energieffektiva hus och lågenergihus. Vidare studier rekommenderas för att bygga erfarenhet av metodens praktiska tillämpning för olika typer av hus och brukare. Föreliggande rapport kan där användas som stöd vid insamling och analys av mätdata.
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| 14. |
- Lidelöw, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Energy-efficiency measures for heritage buildings : a literature review
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sustainable cities and society. - : Elsevier. - 2210-6707. ; 45, s. 231-242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The energy performance of heritage buildings is attracting growing interest in research and practice. Accordingly, as shown by our literature review, increasing numbers of articles on energy-efficiency measures for heritage buildings are being published in peer-reviewed journals. However, there is no overview of how energy efficiency and heritage conservation have been approached in the studies. To address this gap we categorized and assessed the identified studies in terms of two key elements of such investigations: energy analysis and analysis of cultural heritage values. Most of the studies evaluate and propose measures to reduce the operational energy use of single heritage buildings, and fewer have applied a broader system perspective. Moreover, the underlying notion of the buildings’ cultural heritage values seems to have been derived mainly from international conventions and agreements, while potentially significant architectural, cultural and historical factors have been rarely discussed. Our findings highlight that, when considering energy improvements, cultural heritage values should be more explicitly articulated and analysed in relation to established conservation principles or methodologies. Besides further scientific study, this point to the need of designing best-practice approaches that allow transparency and knowledge sharing about the complex relationships between energy efficiency and heritage conservation of buildings.
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| 15. |
- Lidelöw, Sofia
(författare)
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Environmental assessment of construction with recycled materials
- 2008
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The use of industrial residues as raw materials in construction raises concerns over the potential leaching and dispersal of hazardous constituents from them into the environment. Their leaching behaviour has been studied in laboratory assays, but leaching processes in the field over larger spatial and temporal scales are more complex due to variations in the conditions the materials are exposed to, and less well understood. Hence, estimates of the potential environmental loads associated with the use of such materials based on laboratory tests may be inaccurate. This thesis addresses the environmental implications of using recycled materials in road and landfill cover constructions. The focus is primarily on the leaching of inorganic constituents from six types of materials: incineration ashes, copper smelter slag, blast-furnace slag, recycled concrete, natural rock and contaminated soil. The leaching behaviour of constituents from these materials were assessed in both laboratory batch leaching tests and monitoring programs in which the water percolating through them in field applications were sampled over one to ten years. Leaching data were evaluated using statistical and geochemical modelling. In addition, assessment methods and criteria to judge the environmental suitability of substituting natural materials for recycled materials in construction were reviewed. It was found that leachates from recycled materials in the constructions contain higher concentrations of several constituents than natural water and leachates from conventional materials. However, the rates and extent of constituent leaching were affected by the application methods in various ways that are explored and discussed. The results of simplified leaching tests did not always reflect the leaching behaviour in the field, which highlight the importance of developing assessment methods that allow case-specific factors to be taken into account. The environmental impacts of leaching must also be considered in relation to the expected impacts of the default alternative, i.e. landfilling of industrial residues and exploitation of natural resources. Combinations of case-specific assessments and system analyses would be the ideal approaches to evaluate impacts at both local and regional scales.
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| 16. |
- Lidelöw, Sofia
(författare)
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Environmental assessment of secondary construction materials
- 2004
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Process industry, construction and other comparable activities produce large quantities of waste with potential use in geotechnical applications. Prior to utilisation, an acceptably low risk of contamination to humans and the environment must be demonstrated. This work focuses on the identification and evaluation of critical factors for environmental assessments of secondary construction materials. The market potential and the main barriers for usage of industrial wastes were analysed and showed a good potential especially in urban areas. The main obstacle is the long and complicated permit process involved. Further, the lack of a general procedure to investigate the suitability of intended usage leads to inconsistent assessments. An evaluation of leachate emissions from a large-scale test road demonstrated the importance of construction design and site-specific field conditions on the potential environmental impacts. It was also shown that pollutant concentrations in leachate from secondary construction materials tend to become comparable, or for some pollutants, even lower than from rock materials. Different assessment methods and criteria to judge the acceptability of an intended use were reviewed and various methods were identified. However, a generic method to evaluate materials under various environmental conditions is lacking.
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| 17. |
- Lidelöw, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental assessment of secondary construction materials: literature review
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Process industry, construction and other comparable activities generate large quantities of wastes, which are potentially suitable for use in geotechnical applications. This review presents the current status of reuse and recycling of secondary construction materials in Sweden. Also, different assessment methods to judge the environmental suitability of different utilisations are overviewed. Several driving forces for reuse and recycling of wastes have been introduced recently. For example, the alternative costs, e.g. for landfilling, have increased due to raised taxes on waste deposited on landfills. However, the amounts of wastes made use of as construction materials are lower than the potential. Uncertainties about potential risks and demanding permit processes are often hindering recycling. Approval practices also vary in different regions, causing confusion for users as well as authorities. Wastes of high utilisation rates are commonly produced in urban areas where the demand for construction materials is high and are released from the permit obligation based on earlier experience. Current environmental assessment practice is unfavourable to the use of secondary materials. The surrounding environment is often not considered which may lead to environmental damage of sensitive recipients. The methods applied vary and the results are rarely related to corresponding investigations of conventional materials, although shown to have a high leachability of certain pollutants. The lack of a general procedure to assess the suitability of an intended use leads to inconsistent assessments. Laboratory leaching tests can be used to assess fundamental leaching properties of materials, but do not necessarily reflect the actual field conditions. Risk assessments can provide a link between the leaching behaviour of a material and the recipient/-s of concern, but requires large amounts of data. Life-cycle assessments can be used for comparative studies of different materials, but are often irrelevant for specific utilisation scenarios. Further work is needed on how to improve the quality and the consistency in environmental assessments. The effect of different factors on the release and transport of contaminants from different materials in different utilisation scenarios need to be evaluated. Also, simplified assessment methods are lacking to account for characteristics in the surrounding environment and to address resource management at the strategic level.
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| 18. |
- Lidelöw, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of leachate emissions from crushed rock and municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash used in road construction
- 2007
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 27:10, s. 1356-1365
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Three years of leachate emissions from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and crushed rock in a full-scale test road were evaluated. The impact of time, construction design, and climate on the emissions was studied, and the predicted release from standard leaching tests was compared with the measured release from the road. The main pollutants and their respective concentrations in leachate from the roadside slope were Al (12.8-85.3 mg l-1), Cr (2-125 μg l-1), and Cu (0.15-1.9 mg l-1) in ash leachate and Zn (1-780 μg l-1) in crushed rock leachate. From the ash, the initial Cl- release was high (≈20 g l-1). After three years, the amount of Cu and Cl- was in the same range in both leachates, while that of Al and Cr still was more than one order of magnitude higher in ash leachate. Generally, the release was faster from material in the uncovered slopes than below the pavement. Whether the road was asphalted or not, however, had minor impacts on the leachate quality. During rain events, diluted leachates with respect to, e.g., salts were observed. The leaching tests failed to simulate field leaching from the crushed rock, whereas better agreement was observed for the ash. Comparisons of constituent release from bottom ash and conventional materials solely based on such tests should be avoided.
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| 19. |
- Lidelöw, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of leachate emissions from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash and crushed rock used in road construction
- 2005
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Ingår i: BCRA Workshop : Recycled materials in road and airfield pavements - overcoming barriers.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash in road construction may possess a risk to the environment due to the release of e.g. salt and heavy metals. In this study, two years of leachate data from a test road built of MSWI bottom ash and crushed rock in northern Sweden were evaluated. It was found that Cu, Cr, Al, Na, and Cl- were leached in higher amounts from the bottom ash, while the release of Zn, Mg, Ba, and Ca was higher from the crushed rock. The difference between ash and crushed rock leachates decreased over time, mainly due to changes in the ash leachate composition. The road pavement reduced the release rate of most pollutants from the bottom ash compared to the release from the uncovered parts of the road, whereas the release of pollutants from the crushed rock was less affected by the presence of a pavement.
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| 20. |
- Lidelöw, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of leaching from four recycled materials used in full-scale road constructions
- 2008
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Engineering for Waste Valorisation. - Patras : University of Patras. - 9789605301019
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The medium-term (5-10 years) elemental leaching from five different materials used in full-scale road applications was evaluated. Two materials, fayalite slag and blast-furnace slag, leached high concentrations of trace metals such as Cu and Zn throughout the study period. At several occasions, the blast-furnace slag generated leachates with acidic pH-values (<4). Leachate from crushed concrete and MSWI bottom ash contained elevated concentrations of e.g. Cr and Cu during the first 2-3 years. Enrichment of trace elements occurred in sediments of roadside drainage ditches, but the respective contribution from leachate and road surface runoff is unclear. Migration of the elements through subsoil and plants in the ditches was limited, but clear anthropogenic signals were observed for e.g. Cu and Zn at the BA section. Further studies are recommended to verify if laboratory tests used for impact assessments are able to predict the observed field leaching and how the road environment is affected by leaching from the road materials in the longer term.
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| 21. |
- Lidelöw, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Field trials to assess the use of iron-bearing industrial by-products for stabilisation of chromated copper arsenate-contaminated soil
- 2007
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Ingår i: Science of The Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 387:1-3, s. 68-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two industrial by-products with high iron contents were tested for their effectiveness in the stabilisation of arsenic and trace metals in chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-contaminated soil. Steel abrasive (SA; 97% Fe0) and oxygen scarfing granulate (OSG; 69% Fe3O4) were applied at levels of 1% and 8% (w/w) respectively to two soils with different organic matter contents. Field lysimeter measurements indicated that SA and OSG treatments decreased the arsenic concentration in pore water by 68% and 92%, respectively, for the soil with low organic matter content, and by about 30% in pore water of soil with high organic matter content. At pH ≤ 6, the amended soil with low organic content contained elevated levels of manganese and nickel in their pore water, which were sufficient to induce cytotoxic effects in L-929 mouse fibroblast cells. The industrial by-products have significant potential for soil amendment at field-scale, but caution is required because of the potential release of their chemical contaminants and their reduced capacity for sorption of arsenic in organic-rich soils.
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| 22. |
- Lidelöw, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
-
Furthering sustainable building or not?: Discussing contractors' reflections on a sustainable building pilot project
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 31st Annual ARCOM Conference. - Lincoln : Association of Researchers in Construction Management. - 9780955239090 ; , s. 447-456
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Governmental initiatives in Sweden that aim to support the shift towards a more sustainable building stock are frequently organized as pilot (or demonstration) projects. Pilot projects have been suggested to provide platforms for learning, where for example communication can be enhanced across actors and domains, and changes in practices can be supported. However, they have also been associated with a limited diffusion of project outcomes to mainstream practice as well as difficulties fulfilling project intentions and demands regarding sustainability. In an on-going study of a pilot project for the planning and design of a housing area in a sub-arctic environment, the advancement in the understanding and use of sustainable building practices in a sustainable building pilot project is explored. Interviews were conducted with representatives of the five local contractors that participated in the pilot project, addressing their retrospective descriptions and reflections from a personal and an organizational viewpoint. In keeping with earlier sustainable building research, the project initiators' intention was to develop a shared and holistic understanding of sustainable building. Multiple stakeholders were invited to participate and during interviews the cooperation among contractors was generally put forth as a positive pilot project experience. However, our findings expose tensions between sustainable building intentions and sustainable building as operationalized in the pilot project. Three types of barriers to the advancement of the understanding and use of sustainable building practices are recognised: a skewed balance of sustainability domains; neglect of local context; and a skewed balance of stakeholder perspectives. While intangible pilot project outcomes such as these are commonly neglected, their further study could provide valuable insights into the advancement of sustainable building. Acknowledging the complexity of defining and applying sustainable building, we also propose that more attention should be paid to managing stakeholders' multiple and conflicting views in sustainable building projects.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Lidelöw, Sofia
(författare)
-
Leaching behaviour of air-cooled blast-furnace slag under intermittent and continuous wetting
- 2011
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Air-cooled blast-furnace slag is commonly utilised as a construction material in roads, fill and embankments. Materials used in such constructions do not remain continuously wetted, but is often subjected to cyclic wetting and drying under various exposure conditions. However, its leaching behaviour is often assessed based on tests performed under continuous wetting. This work was conducted to evaluate the leaching behaviour of an air-cooled blast-furnace slag under intermittent and continuous wetting. Four different leaching tests were performed, including a static leaching test without leachant renewal and three dynamic leaching tests: a column leaching test with continuous flow of the leachant, a tank leaching test with sequential renewal of the leachant and an intermittent leaching test with periodical flow of leachant. Leaching of the studied material under cyclic wetting and drying led to less alkaline and more oxidised eluates than leaching under continuously wetted conditions. The eluates are expected to maintain a mildly alkaline pH for long time periods during wetting, drying and oxidation of the material because the material has considerable acid neutralising potential. The leaching of soluble elements such as Ca and S was lower under intermittent than under continuous flow of the leachant which could be due to the shorter contact time between the leachant and material, and the precipitation of secondary phases on the particle surfaces during intermittent leaching. During exposure of the BFS to cyclic wetting and drying, the leaching of these elements decreased and the speciation of S in the eluates shifted towards more oxidising forms. The leached amounts of constituents were low in all performed tests, which indicate that the material was resistant to leaching under the conditions that were investigated here.
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| 25. |
- Lidelöw, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
-
Leaching behaviour of copper slag, construction and demolition waste and crushed rock used in a full-scale road construction
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 204:1, s. 695-703
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The leaching behaviour of a road construction with fayalitic copper slag, recycled concrete and crushed rock as sub-base materials was monitored over ten years. All studied materials used in the road construction, including crushed rock, contained concentrations of several elements exceeding the guideline values recommended by the Swedish EPA for total element concentrations for waste materials used in constructions. Despite that, leaching from the road construction under field conditions in general was relatively low. The leachates from the recycled materials contained higher concentrations of several constituents than the leachates from the reference section with crushed rock. The leaching of the elements of interest (Cr, Mo, Ni, Zn) reached peak concentrations during the second and fourth (Cu) years and decreased over the observation period to levels below the Swedish recommended values. Carbonation of the concrete aggregates caused a substantial but short-term increase in the leaching of oxyanions such as chromate. The environmental risks related to element leaching are highest at the beginning of the road life. Ageing of materials or pre-treatment through leaching is needed prior to their use in construction to avoid peak concentrations. Also, the design of road constructions should be adjusted so that recycled materials are covered with low-permeability covers, which would minimize the exposure to atmospheric precipitation and weathering.
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| 26. |
- Lidelöw, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
-
Management of iron stabilised CCA contaminated soil
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on the Environmental and Technical Implications of Construction with Alternative Materials. - Belgrade : ISCOWA. - 8690881506 ; , s. 665-676
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemical stabilisation of trace element contaminated soil may be used as pre-treatment prior to landfilling or re-utilisation. Three different treatments with iron amendments were evaluated for their efficiency in reducing trace element mobility in chromate copper arsenate (CCA) contaminated soil. The amendments tested were two industrial by-products from steel production industries, viz. blaster sand, containing mainly zerovalent iron (Fe0), and oxygen scarfing granulate, with mainly iron oxides. Batch, column, and lysimeter leaching tests were conducted on untreated and treated soils. The tests were used to firstly evaluate the potential of the amendments as stabilising agents, and secondly to assess the potential management of the treated soil. Soil amendments lowered concentrations of As, Cu, Cr, and Zn in soil pore water and leachate, whereas Fe, Mn, and Ni showed tendencies towards increased concentrations. The treatment efficiency can be ranked as 1% Fe0 < 4% iron oxides < 8% iron oxides. While iron oxides may be used as effective amendments to reduce As leaching from soil, their effects on leaching of e.g. Ni warrant careful consideration. Further, impurities of the iron oxides increased soil concentrations of e.g. Cr, potentially limiting re-utilisation of the treated soil. Lowered As leaching from column and lysimeter tests on treated soil indicated aerobic soil conditions and, hence, stability of iron oxides. This may, however, be an artefact of a too short testing period for anaerobic conditions to establish.
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| 27. |
- Lidelöw, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
-
Potential for acid leachate formation from air-cooled blast-furnace slag used in road construction
- 2009
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Air-cooled blast-furnace slag (ACBFS) has suitable physical properties for use as an unbound aggregate in road bases. Results of laboratory leaching tests have also indicated that ACBFS can be used without posing any risk of negative environmental impacts. However, monitoring of drainages from a full-scale road test section with ACBFS has indicated that acid leachates (pH<6) with associated increased releases of constituents can occur under field conditions. In this paper, the potential and responsible mechanisms for acid leachate formation from ACBFS used in road construction are discussed. Analysis of a 10-year time series of drainage samples and 12 year old ACBFS from the road section indicates that acidity might develop from the oxidation of reduced sulphides released from the ACBFS. Currently, the impact of intermittent wetting and drying conditions on the weathering of minerals and leaching over time from ACBFS is investigated under controlled laboratory conditions to verify the field observations. A combination of chemical and mineralogical analyses is used to analyse the results.
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| 28. |
- Lidelöw, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
-
The promise of BIM? Searching for realized benefits in the Nordic architecture, engineering, construction, and operation industries
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Journal of Building Engineering. - : Elsevier. - 2352-7102. ; 76
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Benefits of BIM are not being achieved as expected in the mainstream architecture, engineering, construction, and operation (AECO) industries. Here, we aim to contrast expected and realized BIM benefits in AECO companies and discuss explanations for why benefits proposed in literature have, or have not, been realized. A qualitative research approach is applied to collect and analyse interview data from 47 companies in Finland, Norway and Sweden. Findings show that realized benefits typically occur “within the current practice” of individual organizations' project-related work. In contrast, expected but not realized benefits are long-term, lifecycle oriented and challenge current business and practice. Our proposed explanations acknowledge that fully realizing the expected benefits of BIM suggested in the technology-driven research is restrained by the current sector state-of-practice and assumes a high degree of BIM maturity among all cooperating companies. Thus, we discuss how explanations relate to the fundamental change required to radically leverage the benefits of BIM, challenging both current ways of work and the ubiquitous assumption of clients as drivers for BIM implementation in the sector. Based on our research, we argue that client demand is insufficient to realize the promise of BIM. Suggested research implications include a need for greater supply-driven logic among suppliers of BIM expert services, and the integration of multi-disciplinary competencies within and beyond the traditional disciplines. The research demonstrates the gap between state-of-the-art BIM predicted in literature and mainstream industry's adoption and highlights the importance of extending BIM research to better account for socio-organizational and process aspects of benefits and adoption.
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| 29. |
- Lidelöw, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
-
To assess arsenic leaching from iron stabilised CCA contaminated soil
- 2006
-
Ingår i: Abstract proceedings of the 4th Intercontinental Landfill Research Symposium, [June 14th to 16th 2006, Gällivare, Sweden]. - Luleå : Luleå tekniska universitet. ; , s. 131-132
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Luciani, Andrea, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
-
Improving the energy efficiency of built heritage in cold regions : Issues and opportunities
- 2018
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Ingår i: Conference Report. - : Uppsala University. ; , s. 493-502
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper presents results from the research project “Smart energieffektivisering av kulturhistoriska byggnader i kallt klimat”. The research is expected to develop, test and assess methods and solutions to increase the energy efficiency of heritage timber buildings in the northernmost part of Sweden.The sub-arctic climate, with long, cold winters and mild summers, requires a significant use of energy, especially in historic buildings. This means that the difference in thermal performance and energy use with newly built buildings is greater and, at the same time, that even non-invasive interventions can be enough to save a considerable amount of energy with a limited impact on heritage values.Valuable timber buildings from the late 19th and early 20th century are analysed in the cities of Piteå, Malmberget and Kiruna. Results are based on data collected on their energy and thermal performances, on the analysis of their constructional features and on the assessment of their heritage value.
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| 33. |
- Luciani, Andrea, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
-
The Challenge of Energy Efficiency in Kiruna’s Heritage Buildings
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cold Climate HVAC 2018. - Cham : Springer. ; , s. 275-289
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The town of Kiruna, founded in 1900 in the northernmost part of Sweden, is nowadays in the middle of an impressive urban transformation: due to the impacts of mining activities a large part of the city center has to be moved or rebuilt. Among the buildings to be moved and kept in use are some of the so-called ‘Bläckhorn’ timber houses, designed by Gustaf Wickman in the early 20th century as residential units for the workers of the mining company LKAB and part of the original core of Kiruna. This has raised several questions on the sustainability of renovating historic buildings in a sub-arctic climate. In order to explore the challenge of increasing the energy efficiency of the Bläckhorn houses, data on their constructional and historical features as well as their thermal and energy performance have been collected. The paper addresses the following issues. Historic buildings are often blamed for their poor energy efficiency without considering their usually high constructional quality. What do we know about the real performances of these buildings? Energy retrofits in non-monumental and inhabited historic buildings are often guided by practical and operational needs rather than by their heritage significance. Can a value-based approach affect the improvement of energy efficiency? In a subarctic climate, even simple interventions can help to save a considerable amount of energy in historic buildings. To which extent the energy performances of the Bläckhorn houses could be increased without affecting their heritage values?
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Maurice, Christian, et al.
(författare)
-
Assessment of redox-sensitive element mobility : discrepancy between laboratory and field data
- 2009
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Leaching tests have become popular tools to assess the environmental effect of materials containing pollutants e.g. wastes, construction materials, soils. Batch (EN 12457-3) and column (prEN 14405) leaching tests are both standardised. The standardisation regulates how the test should be performed i.e. the procedure, the amount of material to be used and how to handle the leachate. However, standardisation is often misinterpreted as quality insurance that the results of the test are relevant for any type of material and application. The EN 12457-3 test has thanks to the standardisation and its relatively low price become the most popular tests used to assess if waste material could be used in constructions. Basically waste materials fulfilling acceptance criteria for landfill for inert waste are often regarded as acceptable to reuse in the society.The aim of the presentation is to discuss the risk of using tests without a critical assessment of their relevance and limitations. Materials containing sulphides, iron and arsenic are specially challenging to assess as the standard batch leaching test underestimates the risk for leaching.The leaching of arsenic was underestimated by the EN 12457-3 test and the effect of open filtration, sample preparation and test conditions are discussed. The results showed that a material fulfilling criteria for landfill for inert waste leached more arsenic than was acceptable at a landfill for hazardous waste. In the second example, the documented generation of acidic leachate from blast furnace slag in field conditions has never been observed in the laboratory. The main hypothesis is that the development of unsaturated conditions caused the oxidation of sulphidic minerals in the blast furnace slag heap and generation of acid leachate.The selection of appropriate leaching tests should be done with regard to the real conditions that are to be assessed. Standardisation does not mean that the test is automatically adapted to the need. A relevant assessment requires therefore understanding of the geochemical process controlling the pollutant mobilisation and immobilisation in the actual material and its application. Such comprehension is a prerequisite to the selection of appropriate leaching procedures.
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| 36. |
- Maurice, Christian, et al.
(författare)
-
Stabilization of CCA-contaminated soil with iron products : a field experiment
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Kalmar ECO-TECH '05. - : Högskolan i Kalmar.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemical stabilization of metals is lately considered as a possible pretreatment for soil contaminated with average levels of trace elements. The element mobility in soil can be altered by adding soil amendments that can adsorb, complex, or co-precipitate trace elements. As a consequence, pollutant spreading from the contaminated soil and effect on the recipient can be reduced. The different contaminants originating from wood impregnation chemicals, e.g. Cu, Cr, and As limit the choice of amendments because e.g. large pH fluctuations and consequent mobilization of Cu or As should be avoided. The results show that the leaching of arsenic is lowest in the lysimeter with 15% Fe3O4. In both lysimeters with untreated soil and with 1% Fe0, the arsenic leaching seems to decrease with the sampling depth. The leaching of copper is generally low. Further the addition of iron seems to increase the leaching of manganese and nickel but to reduce the leaching of zinc. Results from the laboratory experiment show that the arsenic content in the leachate is lowest with the highest mixture of magnetite. Mixing is one of the key issues when discussing the treatment efficiency and possible use of the treated soil. The results so far indicate that magnetite can be used for treatment of CCA contaminated soil also at a large scale. Reduction of both arsenic and copper using a single amendment is challenging as they behave opposite. Magnetite seems to be a promising amendment even though a high amount of amendment needs to be added. Moreover, the potential establishment of reducing conditions at larger depths in the soil is of concern since this might lead to a rapid increase in arsenic leaching.
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| 37. |
- Maurice, Christian, et al.
(författare)
-
Techniques for the stabilization and assessment of treated copper- chromium- and arsenic-contaminated soil
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Ambio. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 36:6, s. 430–6-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Remediation mainly based on excavation and burial of the contaminated soil is impractical with regard to the large numbers of sites identified as being in need of remediation. Therefore alternative methods are needed for brownfield remediation. This study was conducted to assess a chemical stabilisation procedure of CCA-contaminated soil using iron-containing blaster sand or oxygen scarfing granulate. The stabilisation technique was assessed with regard to the feasibility of mixing ameliorants at an industrial scale and the efficiency of the stabilisation under different redox conditions. The stability was investigated under natural conditions in 1-m3 lysimeters in a field experiment and the effect of redox conditions was assessed in a laboratory experiment (10 l). The treatments with high additions of ameliorant (8 and 17%) were more successful in both the laboratory and field experiments, even though there was enough iron on a stochiometric basis even at the lowest addition rates (0.1 and 1%). The particle size of the iron and the mixing influenced the stabilisation efficiency. The development of anaerobic conditions, simulated by water saturation, increases the fraction of AsIII and, consequently, arsenic mobility. The use of high concentrations of OSG under aerobic conditions increased the concentrations of Ni and Cu in the pore water. However, under anaerobic conditions, it decreased the arsenic leaching compared to the untreated soil and Ni and Cu leaching was not critical. The final destination of the treated soil should govern the amendment choice, e.g. an OSG concentration around 10% may be suitable if the soil is to be landfilled under anaerobic conditions. Alternatively, the soil mixed with 1% BS could be kept under aerobic conditions in a landfill cover or in situ at brownfield site. In addition, the treatment with BS appeared to produce better effects in the long term than with OSG.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Nordström, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
-
Comparing energy signature analysis to calculated U-values in wooden houses in cold climate
- 2012
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Ingår i: Eco-Architecture IV. - : WIT Press. - 9781845646141 - 9781845646158 ; , s. 411-419
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden the housing sector stands for about 40% of the energy usage. About 20% of total energy usage goes to heating and hot tap water. Since 1920, the dominant building technology for single family houses in Sweden is a light timber-frame structure with studs at even spacing. This study aims to investigate how the static energy signature model can be used to estimate the effective U-values in existing wooden buildings and compare them to calculated U-values based on the thermal properties of the building parts. The results show that the energy signature model gives reasonable estimates of the U-value in a building. It is important though that a large difference in temperature can be achieved.
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| 40. |
- Nordström, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
-
HRV-Systems in the Energy-Signature method
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of SB13 Dubai Conference.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The energy use for the residential sector in Sweden is about 40% of Sweden’s total energy use. European Union has specified that al new buildings by the year 2020 shall be close to zero energy buildings. But what happens in a house when heating comes from non-measurable or hard to measure sources such as heat from household electricity, people, sun or HRV-systems. All these sources are becoming more and more important in standard houses of today and especially in low energy houses of today and the future. This paper deals with a Data-driven technique based on an Energy-Signature model to investigate how single family houses with HRV systems installed preforms by comparing the Effective U-value based on the heat loss factor and envelope area for each house. The results show that no distinct difference between the HRV and non-HRV houses can be seen in this study by using an energy signature method as presented in this paper which is surprising.
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| 41. |
- Nordström, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
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Using the energy signature method to estimate the effective U-value of buildings
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Sustainability in Energy and Buildings. - Berlin : Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology/Springer Verlag. - 9783642366444 - 9783642366451 ; , s. 35-44
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The oil crisis of the 1970s and the growing concern about global warming have created an urge to increase the energy efficiency of residential buildings.Space heating and domestic hot water production account for approximately 20% of Sweden’s total energy use. This study examines the energy performance of existing building stock by estimating effective U-values for six single-family houses built between 1962 and 2006. A static energy signature model for estimating effective U-values was tested, in which the energy signature was based on measurements of the total power used for heating and the indoor and outdoor temperatures for each studied house during three winter months in northern Sweden. Theoretical U-values for hypothetical houses built to the specifications of the Swedish building codes in force between 1960 and 2011 were calculated and compared to the U-values calculated for the studied real-world houses. The results show that the increasingly strict U-value requirements of more recent building codes have resulted in lower U-values for newer buildings, and that static energy signature models can be used to estimate the effective U-value of buildings provided that the differences between the indoor and outdoor temperatures are sufficiently large.
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| 42. |
- Ore, Solvita, et al.
(författare)
-
Toxicity of leachate from bottom ash in a road construction
- 2007
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 27:11, s. 1626-1637
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A test road constructed with municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash was monitored over a period of 36 months. Using chemical and toxicological characterisation, the environmental impact of leachates from bottom ash was evaluated and compared with leachates from gravel used as reference. Initial leaching of Cl, Cu, K, Na, NH4-N and TOC from bottom ash was of major concern. However, the quality of the bottom ash leachate approached that of the gravel leachate with time. Leachates from the two materials were compared regarding the concentration of pollutants using multivariate data analyses (MVDA). A standardized luminescent bacteria assay using Vibrio fischeri did not show any toxicity, most likely because saline contamination can mask the toxic response and stimulate luminescence in these marine bacteria. A mung bean assay using Phaseolus aureus revealed that the toxicity of bottom ash leachate collected at the very beginning of the experimental period (October 2001 and May 2002) might be attributed to the following components and their respective concentrations in mg l-1: Al (34.2-39.2), Cl (2914-16,446), Cu (0.48-1.92), K (197-847), Na (766-4180), NH4-N (1.80-8.47), total-N (12.0-18.5), and TOC (34.0-99.0). The P. aureus assay was judged as a promising environmental tool in assessing the toxicity of bottom ash leachate.
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| 43. |
- Ramirez Villegas, Ricardo
(författare)
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A methodology to assess impacts of energy efficient renovation : a Swedish case study
- 2017
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The European Union aims to reduce energy use and CO2-emissions by 40 % by the year 2030. The building sector has been identified as having a great potential to reduce emission of CO2 by increasing its energy efficiency. Also, there is a growing concern of the buildings environmental performance, that lead to the development of building environmental assessment tools. However, different types of energy sources and confusing environmental impacts affect the decision making when renovating for improved energy efficiency. This study develops and tests a methodology to help decision-makers when considering major renovation of their building stock when connected to adistrict heating system. The proposed methodology is applied and used to investigate how different renovation scenarios affects the building environmental impacts in terms of CO2 emissions and identify and discuss future improvements of the methodology.The novelty of the method is the expanded system boundaries that include both the distribution and production of district heating and the energy use at a building level. In this way it is possible to compare and weight measures made both at the energy system level and the building level. This work has limited its approach to energy use in buildings, but it is important to bring the life cycle thinking to the methodology. During the choice of the renovation methods it was noticed that the environmental impact of the production of some components in order to reduce the energy use of a building are not insignificant. Even if all the renovation measures considered in this case study are feasible, it is important to determine in which order they are desirable or achievable from an economic point of view. Uncertainty in the future development of energy, and limited economic resources can play an important role in the possibility of energy efficient renovation.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Schade, Jutta, et al.
(författare)
-
The thermal performance of a green roof on a highly insulated building in a sub-arctic climate
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Energy and Buildings. - : Elsevier. - 0378-7788 .- 1872-6178. ; 241
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Green roofs are complex systems, with a vegetation layer covering the outermost surface of the building shell. An effective design may confer environmental and energy benefits. Most field studies evaluating green roof performance have been conducted in warmer climates with few studies of full-scale green roofs in cold regions. No study has so far evaluated the energy performance of a green roof in a sub-arctic climate. This study demonstrates the heat flow and thermal effect of an extensive green roof versus a black bare roof area on a highly insulated building in the sub-arctic town of Kiruna, Sweden, for the period from November 2016 to February 2018. Measured temperature and heat flux values were consistently higher and more variable for the black roof than the green roof, except during the snow-covered winter months when the responses were similar. The cumulative heat flux showed that the net heat loss was greater through the black than the green roof, but the values remained low. Overall, the study confirms that the energy benefit of a green roof on a highly insulated building in a subarctic climate is low.
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| 47. |
- Shadram, Farshid, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the trade-off in life cycle energy of building retrofit through optimization
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 269
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Building retrofit is considered as a vital step to achieve energy and climate goals in both Europe and Sweden. Nevertheless, retrofitting solutions based merely on reducing operational energy use can increase embodied energy use, mainly due to altering the existing trade-off between the two. Considering this trade-off is vitally important, especially for retrofitting buildings located in cold climate regions, as reduction of operational energy use to meet standards of energy-efficient buildings may require a deep retrofitting that can considerably increase the embodied energy and thus be unfavorable from a Life Cycle Energy (LCE) perspective. This article presents a case study in which multi-objective optimization was used to explore the impact of a wide range of retrofitting measures on the aforementioned trade-off for a building in Sweden located in a subarctic climatic zone. The studied building was a typical 1980s multi-family residence. The goal was to explore and compare the optimal retrofitting solution(s) for the building, aiming to achieve Swedish energy-efficient building standards (i.e. new-build and near-zero energy standards). The results of the optimization indicated that (1) use of additional insulation in walls and roof, (2) replacement of existing windows with more energy-efficient ones, and (3) change of traditional mechanical extract ventilation to heat recovery ventilation are the primary and optimal retrofitting measures to fulfill the new-build Swedish energy standard and achieve highest LCE savings. However, to fulfill more far-reaching operational energy savings, application of additional retrofitting measures was required, increasing the embodied energy use considerably and resulting in lower LCE savings compared to the optimal retrofitting solution that only reached the Swedish new-build energy standard. The LCE difference between the optimal retrofitting solutions that fulfilled the new-build standard and the strictest near-zero (passive house) standard was 1862 GJ, which is equivalent to almost four years of operational energy use for the original building. This indicates that there is a limit to the reduction of operational energy use when retrofitting existing buildings, beyond which additional reductions can considerably increase the embodied energy and thus be unfavorable in terms of LCE use.
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| 48. |
- Sällström Eriksson, Liza, et al.
(författare)
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Maintaining or replacing a building's windows: a comparative life cycle study
- 2024
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation. - : Emerald Publishing. - 2398-4708 .- 2398-4716.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Energy-efficiency measures have always been important when renovating aging building stock. For property owners, window intervention is a recurring issue. Replacement is common to reduce operational heating energy (OHE) use, something many previous building renovation studies have considered. Maintaining rather than replacing windows has received less attention, especially for multi-residential buildings in a subarctic climate where there is great potential for OHE savings. The objective was to assess the life cycle (LC) climate impact and costs of three window maintenance and replacement options for a 1980s multi-residential building in subarctic Sweden.Design/methodology/approach: The options’ embodied and operational impacts from material production, transportation and space heating were assessed using a life cycle assessment (LCA) focusing on global warming potential (LCA-GWP) and life cycle costing (LCC) with a 60-year reference study period. A sensitivity analysis was used to explore the impact of uncertain parameters on LCA-GWP and LCC outcomes.Findings: Maintaining instead of replacing windows minimized LC climate impact and costs, except under a few specific conditions. The reduced OHE use from window replacement had a larger compensating effect on embodied global warming potential (E-GWP) than investment costs, i.e. replacement was primarily motivated from a LC climate perspective. The LCA-GWP results were more sensitive to changes in some uncertain parameters, while the LCC results were more robust.Originality/value: The findings highlight the benefits of maintenance over replacement to reduce costs and decarbonize window interventions, challenging property owners’ preference to replace windows and emphasizing the significance of including maintenance activities in future renovation research.
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| 49. |
- Travar, Igor, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the environmental impact of ashes used in a landfill cover construction
- 2009
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 29:4, s. 1336-1346
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large amounts of construction materials will be needed in Europe in anticipation for capping landfills that will be closed due to the tightening up of landfill legislation. This study was conducted to assess the potential environmental impacts of using refuse derived fuel (RDF) and municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) ashes as substitutes for natural materials in landfill cover designs. The leaching of substances from a full-scale landfill cover test area built with different fly and bottom ashes was evaluated based on laboratory tests and field monitoring. The water that drained off above the liner (drainage) and the water that percolated through the liner into the landfill (leachate) were contaminated with Cl-, nitrogen and several trace elements (e.g., As, Cu, Mo, Ni and Se). The drainage from layers containing ash will probably require pre-treatment before discharge. The leachate quality from the ash cover is expected to have a minor influence on overall landfill leachate quality because the amounts generated from the ash covers were low, <3-30 l (m2 yr)-1. Geochemical modelling indicated that precipitation of clay minerals and other secondary compounds in the ash liner was possible within 3 years after construction, which could contribute to the retention of trace elements in the liner in the long term. Hence, from an environmental view point, the placement of ashes in layers above the liner is more critical than within the liner.
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| 50. |
- Travar, Igor, et al.
(författare)
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Development of drainage water quality from landfill covers built with ashes and sewage sludge
- 2009
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Ingår i: SARDINIA 2009. - Cagliari : CISA, Environmental Sanitary Engineering Centre. - 9788862650076
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- An alternative to virgin and artificial materials in landfill cover can be various types of waste materials like ashes and sewage sludge. From the environmental point of view, the most interesting question to study is the quality of the drainage water generated above the liner in landfill cover built with waste materials. Thus, the main aim of this paper is the evaluation of drainage water quality and time required for its treatment. Results from a full scale test, physical models and a column test were used in the evaluation of the drainage water quality development. The main contaminants identified in drainage water were N-tot, As, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn and Ni. The laboratory tests showed higher concentrations of N-tot, NH4-N, TOC, As and Pb, but lower values of Cl, Zn, Ba and Ni in comparison with drainage water from the field. It was probably a result of different factors that may have influence on leaching but interactions of the protection layer with the vegetation layer and the liner surface are expected to influence the results from the field. According to results from the laboratory experiments, drainage water will probably need treatment for at least two-three decades after covering.
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