| 1. |
- Bengt, Göransson, et al.
(författare)
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Usability Design : Extending Rational Unified Process with a New Discipline
- 2003
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Ingår i: Interactive Systems: Design, Specification and Verification, 10th International Workshop, DSV-IS 2003, Funchal, Madeira Island, Portugal, June 2003, Revised Papers, LNCS 2844. - 3540201599 ; , s. 316-330
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Gulliksen, Jan, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of Information Utilization (AIU)
- 1997
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Ingår i: International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. - London : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1044-7318 .- 1532-7590. ; 9:3, s. 255-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analysis of information utilization (AIU) is a method for describing and analyzing how information entities identified in information analysis are being used in the work situation. AIU aims at complementing existing methods for user interface design by identifying additional requirements for human-computer interaction. The method focuses on aspects, of computer-supported work, related to cognitive load, aspects of which end users often not are explicitly aware. For skilled workers in a professional work environment, the efficiency of the user interface is extremely important. We earlier stressed that important criteria for design of user interfaces deals with making the interface "obvious" to the users, by minimizing the cognitive load associated with the handling of it. AIU is performed through observation interviews in which human-computer experts interview representative users about their work situation and observe physical information-handling routines. The analysis identifies work tasks in terms of judgments and decision-making situations, requirements concerning the tasks that may have to be performed simultaneously, important features and priorities of the information, actions the user can initiate and so on. The method supports the interface designer with human-computer interaction requirements structured for a workspace-oriented design. It is integrated in user-centered development model and supports the simultaneous development of competence, organization, work activity, and information technology. This article describes the background and contents of the method and how the results of the analysis are documented and used in the design process. A number of application projects have shown that AIU makes it possible to capture aspects of human work and information processing that are important to the design of better interfaces. AIU is not a new method for system development but complements today methods for task and information analysis with more...
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| 4. |
- Gulliksen, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of information utilization (AIU)
- 1997
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Ingår i: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION. - 1044-7318. ; 9:3, s. 255-282
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Analysis of information utilisation (AIU) is a method for specifying how information entities encountered in information analysis are being physically manipulated in the work situation undergoing analysis. It focuses especially on factors affecting cognitive load. The method supports the human-computer interface designer with relevant and appropriate information structured specifically for a document oriented design methodology. It gives a suitable basis for user centred interface design, without the possible limitations that improper user participation could cause, and focuses on all aspects relevant for a ”good” work environment, such as competence, organisation, work activity and information technology development.Analysis of information utilisation is performed through ”observation-interviews” in which a human-computer expert interviews a typical user about his work situation in the domain of work and observes information handling routines that the user might not be aware of. A number of development projects have shown that this method can constitute an additional step in existing methodologies for capturing aspects of the work situation that can be directly design controlling. This paper describes the method of analysis of information utilisation, and what information that has to be documented while performing the method. It suggests how the method can be incorporated into existing in-house development methodologies, and gives an example of documented analysis results from a development project within the Swedish National Tax Board.
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| 5. |
- Göransson, Bengt, et al.
(författare)
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Usability Design - Extending rational unified process with a new discipline
- 2003
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Ingår i: INTERACTIVE SYSTEMS: DESIGN, SPECIFICATION, AND VERIFICATION. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 3540201599 ; , s. 316-330
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- new discipline, Usability Design, is proposed as an extension to Rational Unified Process (RUP). The aim is to make RUP more user-centred. The discipline springs out of best practices for user-centred design and contains activities that have been carefully tested. Five new roles are introduced to take responsibility for the different activities. An example is given to show the content of the workflow, the workflow details and the activities. The Usability Design discipline help projects to focus on usability and the users throughout the system development lifecycle.
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| 6. |
- Lif, Anna, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Fischer-Tropsch diesel emulsions stabilised by microfibrillated cellulose and nonionic surfactants
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 1095-7103 .- 0021-9797. ; 352:2, s. 585-592
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water-in-diesel emulsion fuels have been prepared with a combination of sorbitan monolaurate and glycerol monooleate as emulsifier and with microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) of different hydrophilic/hydrophobic character as stabilizer. The MFC was treated with either octadecylamine or poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride), resulting in very hydrophobic fibrils. The most stable emulsion was achieved with a combination of hydrophilic (untreated) and hydrophobic MFC and only minute amounts of the stabilizer gave a pronounced effect. Even with the optimized formulation the lifetime of the emulsion was shorter than previously reported when a conventional polymeric stabilizer was used, however. The water drop sizes in the emulsions were determined by three methods: optical images, light scattering, and NMR diffusometry. All three methods gave water drops sizes of ca 2 μm. The NMR diffusometry indicated that besides the micrometer-sized emulsion drops a significant fraction of the water is present in small droplets of micelle size. The chemical exchange of water between these two populations of pools is believed to be the reason for the relatively low stability of the system.
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| 7. |
- Lif, Anna, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Fuel emulsions and microemulsions based on Fischer-Tropsch diesel
- 2010
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Ingår i: Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-4359 .- 0927-7757. ; 354:1-3, s. 91-98
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emulsions and microemulsions of water in Fischer-Tropsch (FT) diesel have been investigated regarding microstructure and emissions from combustion. Both the emulsions and the microemulsions were formed with only nonionic surfactants in order not to introduce other elements than C, O and H. The microstructure and the drop dimensions were investigated by means of NMR diffusometry and, for the emulsions, also with light microscopy. The water drop sizes in the emulsions were overestimated by the NMR method compared to the light microscopy. The NMR investigation of the microemulsions indicated that when small amphiphiles were used in the formulation a highly dynamic system formed compared to microemulsions formulated with more traditional surfactants, like sorbitan monooleate and long-chain alcohol ethoxylates. Combustion experiments were performed with emulsions of FT-diesel and of regular diesel and the emissions of nitrogen oxides and soot were monitored and compared with the levels obtained with water-free diesel. The emissions from combustion of FT-diesel in a standard diesel engine gave lower levels of nitrogen oxides and soot compared to regular diesel. introducing water in the form of an emulsion gave a strong further reduction of the soot level.
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| 8. |
- Lif, Anna, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Optical studies of spray development and combustion of water-in-diesel emulsion and microemulsion fuels
- 2010
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Ingår i: Fuel. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-2361. ; 89:1, s. 122-132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Physical properties, spray behaviour and combustion characteristics of a water-in-diesel emulsion, a water-in-diesel microemulsion and a conventional diesel fuel were investigated. The size of the drops, in the water-containing fuels, was measured by NMR diffusometry. Spray development and combustion were studied by optical methods in an optically accessed combustion vessel at conditions similar to those in a diesel engine. High speed shadowgraphs were employed to measure break-up, droplets penetration, vapour penetration and start of combustion. Combustion duration, flame temperature and relative soot concentration were determined by emission-based methods. Differences in spray behaviour suggest an enhanced atomisation for the water-containing fuels compared to regular diesel fuel. Moreover, reduced soot concentrations and flame temperature with increased combustion duration were noticed for the water-in-diesel fuels than for the regular diesel fuel.
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| 9. |
- Lif, Anna, 1962, et al.
(författare)
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Reduction of soot emissions when combusting water-in-diesel emulsion and microemulsion fuel in a direct injection diesel engine
- 2007
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Ingår i: SAE Technical Paper. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International. - 0148-7191.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The emissions from a direct injection diesel engine measured according to the ECE R49 13-mode cycle and as a function of exhaust gas recirculation are compared for diesel fuel without water addition, and for water-in-diesel as emulsion and microemulsion. The effect of water addition on the soot emissions was remarkably strong for both the emulsion and microemulsion fuels. The average weighted soot emission values for the 13-mode cycle were 0.0024 and 0.0023 g/kWh for the two most interesting emulsion and microemulsion fuels tested, respectively; 5-fold lower than the US 2007 emission limit.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Lif Holgerson, Pernilla, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic preference for sweet taste in mothers associates with mother-child preference and intake
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nutrients. - : MDPI. - 2072-6643. ; 15:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Taste perception is a well-documented driving force in food selection, with variations in, e.g., taste receptor encoding and glucose transporter genes conferring differences in taste sensitivity and food intake. We explored the impact of maternal innate driving forces on sweet taste preference and intake and assessed whether their children differed in their intake of sweet foods or traits related to sweet intake. A total of 133 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes reported to associate with eating preferences were sequenced from saliva-DNA from 187 mother-and-child pairs. Preference and intake of sweet-, bitter-, sour-, and umami-tasting foods were estimated from questionnaires. A total of 32 SNP variants associated with a preference for sweet taste or intake at a p-value < 0.05 in additive, dominant major, or dominant minor allele models, with two passing corrections for multiple testing (q < 0.05). These were rs7513755 in the TAS1R2 gene and rs34162196 in the OR10G3 gene. Having the T allele of rs34162196 was associated with higher sweet intake in mothers and their children, along with a higher BMI in mothers. Having the G allele of rs7513755 was associated with a higher preference for sweets in the mothers. The rs34162196 might be a candidate for a genetic score for sweet intake to complement self-reported intakes.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Lif, Johan, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Sintering of alumina-supported nickel particles under amination conditions: Support effects
- 2007
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Ingår i: Applied Catalysis A: General. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3875 .- 0926-860X. ; 317:1, s. 62-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sintering of alumina-supported nickel particles has been studied after heat-treatment in ammonia + hydrogen at 523 K and 250 bar. The investigated samples were nickel supported on gamma-alumina, transalumina and alpha-alumina, and co-precipitated nickel oxide-alumina. The sintering process was mainly followed by hydrogen chemisorption. The samples were also characterised by specific surface area measurements, X-ray diffraction, temperature programmed desorption of ammonia, in situ FTIR spectroscopy and temperature programmed reduction. For nickel supported on gamma-alumina, up to 40 % of the initial metal surface area remained after the heat-treatment in ammonia + hydrogen compared with alpha-alumina or transalumina where only 10-20 % of the initial metal surface area remained after the heat-treatment. The sintering can be correlated to the bond strength between the metal particle and the support. The larger the number of low-coordinated surface aluminium sites is, as for gamma-alumina, the stronger the metal-support interaction is and this in turn suppresses diffusion of nickel particles and /or atoms
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| 15. |
- Lif, Johan, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Sintering of nickel particles supported on gamma-alumina in ammonia
- 2002
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Ingår i: Applied Catalysis A: General. - 1873-3875 .- 0926-860X. ; 228:1-2, s. 145-154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sintering of nickel on gamma-alumina in hydrogen, ammonia, ammonia + hydrogen and ammonia + nitrogen was investigated isocoric in the temperature range 483 to 523 K. The sintering process was followed by hydrogen chemisorption, specific surface area measurements, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. After exposure to ammonia + hydrogen, hydrogen chemisorption revealed a fast decline of the nickel surface area. The results from X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy are consistent with the result from the chemisorption experiments. The BET analysis showed that there are no losses of the total surface area. The sintering rate was significantly slower if the heat treatment was performed in the presence of only one of the gases, ammonia or hydrogen, or in ammonia + nitrogen. This indicates that the sintering in the temperature range 483 to 523 K only occurs with reduced nickel particles in ammonia + hydrogen. The prevailing mechanism for the sintering seems to be sintering by particle migration. The kinetics of the sintering process indicates that the rate constant is correlated to more factors than the temperature.
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| 16. |
- Lif, Johan, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Stabilising alumina supported nickel particles against sintering in ammonia/hydrogen atmosphere
- 2004
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Ingår i: Applied Catalysis A: General. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-3875 .- 0926-860X. ; 274:1-2, s. 61-69
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Two different methods to stabilise alumina-supported nickel particles against sintering have been studied. The first investigated method was co-impregnation using precursors of nickel and different promoters (i.e. oxides of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, La and Cc) and the second was formation of a protecting nickel aluminate layer between the nickel particles and the gamma-alumina support. The samples were heat-treated in ammonia + hydrogen at 523 K and 250 bar. The sintering process was mainly followed by hydrogen chemisorption. The samples were also characterised by specific surface area measurements, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray mapping. Co-impregnation with oxides of alkali metals, alkaline earths, or lanthanides markedly suppressed the sintering of nickel. The most pronounced effect was achieved for the samples promoted with alkaline earths for which up to 50% of the active surface area remained after the heat-treatment in ammonia + hydrogen compared with the Ni/Al2O3 reference sample. The formation of nickel aluminate by sequential impregnation of the nickel precursors, with calcination at 923 K between the impregnations, enhanced the sintering stability with 35% compared to the reference sample.
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| 17. |
- Lif, Magnus
(författare)
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Adding usability : Methods for modelling, user interface design and evaluation
- 1998
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Many system development projects fail to provide information systems with high usability. This thesis focuses on how to solve this problem by introducing methods for modelling, user interface design and evaluation. These methods are primarily designed to serve as complements to existing methods for systems development. Analysis of Information Utilisation (AIU) is a method for analysing and describing how information is being used in a work situation. It is performed through observation interviews with users during on-going work. User Interface Modelling (UIM) is a method for gathering user requirements relevant for the design and is to be used as a complement to use cases. These requirements are specified during sessions with users, interface designers and software engineers. The results of AIU or UIM can be used in the design process, and is especially useful when designing according to the workspace metaphor. With this metaphor, the user interface is tailored to each category of users performing work in different workspaces. To guide the design of the interface, an evaluation method is presented whereby the style (i.e. the look and feel) of the interface and the content (i.e. the substance) are evaluated separately. From a heuristic approach, usability experts evaluate the style and the content is evaluated together with the end-users. This approach to design has been applied in a case study in which AIU and UIM were used jointly to gather and specify requirements on the user interface. The workspace metaphor was used and the prototype was developed in an iterative process where the style and the content were evaluated separately in each iteration. In addition, an evaluation method aiming at identifying cognitive work environment problems caused by an information system is introduced. It is used as a complement to ordinary instruments for identifying work environment problems of a more traditional nature. The different methods have been shown to be good support for user interface design. To utilise the strength of the methods fully, a designer with usability knowledge should be involved in a user centred development process.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Lif, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Workspaces enhance efficiency – theories, concepts and a case study
- 2001
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Ingår i: Information Technology and People. - : MCB UP Ltd. - 0959-3845 .- 1758-5813. ; 14:3, s. 261-272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Traditional process-oriented system development methods often result in fragmentary user interfaces with information presented in various windows without considerations of requirements for simultaneous viewing. Opening, closing, moving and resizing these windows attracts the users’ attention away from the actual work. User interface design according to the workspace metaphor could provide skilled professional users with an efficient, customised user interface to administrative information systems. This can improve work performance and facilitate efficient navigation between workspaces. A case study in co-operation with the Swedish National Tax Board (RSV) describes practical use of the workspace metaphor.
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| 20. |
- Timby, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Oral Microbiota in Infants Fed a Formula Supplemented with Bovine Milk Fat Globule Membranes : A Randomized Controlled Trial
- 2017
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 12:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background In a recent study, supplementation of infant formula with milk fat globule membranes (MFGM) decreased the incidence of otitis media in infants <6 months of age. Objectives The aim of the present study was to characterize the oral microbiota in infants fed MFGM-supplemented formula and compare it to that of infants fed standard formula or breast milk.Methods In a prospective double-blinded randomized controlled trial, exclusively formula-fed infants <2 months of age were randomized to be fed experimental formula (EF, n = 80) with reduced energy and protein and supplemented with a bovine MFGM concentrate, or standard formula (SF, n = 80) until 6 months of age. A breast-fed reference (BFR, n = 80) group was also recruited. The oral microbiota was analyzed at 4 (n = 124) and 12 (n = 166) months of age using Illumina MiSeq multiplex sequencing and taxonomic resolution against the HOMD 16S rDNA database of oral bacteria.Results Species richness in the oral samples did not differ between the EF and SF groups, but partial least square modeling identified a few taxa that were significantly associated with being in either group, e.g. lower level of Moraxella catarrhalis in the EF group. Infants in the BFR group had significantly lower species richness at 4 months of age and their microbiota pattern differed markedly from the formula-fed groups.Conclusions Supplementation of infant formula with MFGM yielded moderate effects on the oral micro biome. Moraxella catarrhalis was less prevalent in infants fed EF than in those fed SF and may be associated with the decrease in otitis media seen in the same group.
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| 21. |
- Vestman, Nelly Romani, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization and in vitro properties of oral lactobacilli in breastfed infants
- 2013
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Ingår i: BMC Microbiology. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-2180. ; 13, s. 193-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Lactobacillus species can contribute positively to general and oral health and are frequently acquired by breastfeeding in infancy. The present study aimed to identify oral lactobacilli in breast and formula-fed 4 month-old infants and to evaluate potential probiotic properties of the dominant Lactobacillus species detected. Saliva and oral swab samples were collected from 133 infants who were enrolled in a longitudinal study (n=240) examining the effect of a new infant formula on child growth and development. Saliva was cultured and Lactobacillus isolates were identified from 16S rRNA gene sequences. Five L. gasseri isolates that differed in 16S rRNA sequence were tested for their ability to inhibit growth of selected oral bacteria and for adhesion to oral tissues. Oral swab samples were analyzed by qPCR for Lactobacillus gasseri.Results: 43 (32.3%) infants were breastfed and 90 (67.7%) were formula-fed with either a standard formula (43 out of 90) or formula supplemented with a milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) fraction (47 out of 90). Lactobacilli were cultured from saliva of 34.1% breastfed infants, but only in 4.7% of the standard and 9.3% of the MFGM supplemented formula-fed infants. L. gasseri was the most prevalent (88% of Lactobacillus positive infants) of six Lactobacillus species detected. L. gasseri isolates inhibited Streptococcus mutans binding to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite, and inhibited growth of S. mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces oris, Candida albicans and Fusobacterium nucleatum in a concentration dependent fashion. L. gasseri isolates bound to parotid and submandibular saliva, salivary gp340 and MUC7, and purified MFGM, and adhered to epithelial cells. L. gasseri was detected by qPCR in 29.7% of the oral swabs. Breastfed infants had significantly higher mean DNA levels of L. gasseri (2.14 pg/uL) than infants fed the standard (0.363 pg/uL) or MFGM (0.697 pg/uL) formula.Conclusions: Lactobacilli colonized the oral cavity of breastfed infants significantly more frequently than formulafed infants. The dominant Lactobacillus was L. gasseri, which was detected at higher levels in breastfed than formula-fed infants and displayed probiotic traits in vitro.
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| 22. |
- Åborg, Carl, et al.
(författare)
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Integrating work environment considerations into usability evaluation methods - the ADA approach
- 2003
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Ingår i: Interacting with computers. - AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0953-5438 .- 1873-7951. ; 15:3, s. 453-471
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ADA-method is an attempt to integrate work environment issues into a usability evaluation method. The intention is to provide a method that can be used for the analysis of computer systems that are used by skilled professionals as a major part of their work. An ADA-analysis is performed as a semi-structured observation interview. The objectives of the ADA-method are (1) to identify usability and cognitive work environment problems in a computer supported work situation, and (2) to be a basis for further analysis and discussions concerning improvements of the system. The method was designed to suit the needs of occupational health specialists as a complement to their traditional methods for investigating physical and psychosocial work environments. However, the method has a more general applicability as it can be taught to any usability expert to facilitate work environment considerations in their analysis and evaluation work. Furthermore, the paper reports on the use of the method in several different settings and the results thereof.
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