| 1. |
- Sävblom, C, et al.
(författare)
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Association between polymorphisms in the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) promoter and release of PSA
- 2009
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Ingår i: International Journal of Andrology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0105-6263 .- 1365-2605. ; 32:5, s. 479-485
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Variations in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) have been ascribed to A/G nucleotide polymorphisms located at -158 bp (rs266882) and -4643 bp (rs925013), relative to the transcription start site within the promoter of the PSA gene. PSA is also an androgen receptor target (AR) gene and polymorphisms in AR gene are known to affect AR function. Our objective was to compare the impact of these A/G polymorphisms separately or in combination with AR CAG micro satellite on regulation of PSA secretion into seminal plasma and blood in young men. Leukocyte DNA was extracted from 291 conscripts and genotyping performed with the Sequenom Mass Array System. PSA was measured with an immunofluorometric assay. Linear regression analysis was used to test the association of polymorphism frequencies with serum and seminal plasma levels of PSA. PSA gene polymorphisms at -158 bp or -4643 bp did not alone influence total PSA (tPSA) levels in seminal plasma or in blood. Homozygotes for the A-allele at -158 bp in combination with CAG > 22 had significantly higher serum levels of tPSA than subjects carrying the G-allele (p = 0.01). In conclusion, the PSA gene polymorphisms did not importantly influence the levels of tPSA in seminal plasma or in blood. tPSA in serum was influenced by interactions between PSA promoter variants and AR CAG polymorphism.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Jonatan, 1991-
(författare)
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Migrants and Towns : Self-Selection and Occupational Attainment of Rural-Urban Migrants in Swedish History
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- As countries experience structural transformation, a large portion of the rural population migrates to urban areas. A recurring question within social scientific fields, including economics, sociology, and economic history, is whether these migrants witness economic returns from relocating. This dissertation approaches this question by examining the self-selection and occupational attainment of rural-urban migration in Sweden during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century from a micro-level perspective. It consists of one introductory chapter and four research papers. A novel longitudinal database forms the empirical foundation for three out of the four research papers.Paper I investigates the determinants of rural-urban migration in the context of children leaving their parental homes. The results show that migration was selective on socio-economic status for men but not for women and that households engaged in risk-minimizing strategies by sending children of different genders to urban areas.Paper II analyzes the skill attainment of rural-urban migrants in urban areas. Using a difference-in-differences strategy, the results show that rural-urban migrants immediately upgraded their occupations when arriving in urban areas. However, they also witnessed further gains as they spent time in the urban area. Paper III is concerned with the intergenerational mobility of rural-urban return migrant men. I employ a within-household fixed-effects strategy to show that return migrants experienced substantial gains from temporarily moving to urban areas.Paper IV investigates the labor-market assimilation of rural-urban migrants. By contrast to the optimistic findings of the previous papers, I show that migrants never succeeded in converging with urban natives in terms of labor market outcomes. Taken together, the results show that at least migrant men were positively selected on socio-economic background, although most migrants originated in poorer households. Rural-urban migrants succeeded in improving their labor market outcomes after relocating but never reached the same heights as the urban born.
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| 3. |
- Andersson-Skog, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Om ekonomisk historia
- 2020. - 1
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Ingår i: Vad är ekonomisk historia?. - : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144132945 ; , s. 21-37
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 4. |
- Andersson-Skog, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Om metoder i ekonomisk historia
- 2020. - 1
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Ingår i: Vad är ekonomisk historia?. - : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144132945 ; , s. 67-91
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 5. |
- Andersson-Skog, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Om teorier i ekonomisk historia
- 2020. - 1
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Ingår i: Vad är ekonomisk historia?. - : Studentlitteratur AB. - 9789144132945 ; , s. 39-66
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
- Bengtsson, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Ekonomisk ojämlikhet
- 2020
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Ingår i: Vad är ekonomisk historia?.
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Borell, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Community-based Occupational Therapy : A Study of Elderly People with Home Help in a Social-Welfare District in Stockholm
- 1995
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1103-8128 .- 1651-2014. ; 2:3-4, s. 138-144
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since 1992 the local authorities in Sweden have been responsible for the rehabilitation of elderly people living at home. Few studies of this relatively new form of rehabilitation have been reported. The aim of this study was to describe the type of occupational- therapy interventions received by elderly people over the age of 65 living in an urban area. Another aim was to describe the patterns in the performances of 648 elderly people. The study demonstrated that most of the elderly people who received occupational therapy also received home help several times a day. indicating that these elderly people had severe problems in the activities of daily living (ADL) in the area of self-care. Home-making activities and activities outside the home were the most problematic activities. The elderly also wanted to engage in more activities than they were judged to have the capacity for and or the environmental support to do. The implications of the results for community-base, occupational-therapy programs are discussed
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| 8. |
- Bäcklund, Dan, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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Adolescents’ impact on family economy in Sweden : During the first decades of the twentieth century
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Family History. - : SAGE Publications. - 0363-1990 .- 1552-5473. ; 44:1, s. 3-23
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adolescents' income contributions to working-class families decreased between the 1910s and the 1930s in Sweden. This was significant for adolescents' right to self-determination. By using household budget surveys, this article shows that at the time of the Great Depression, working adolescents paid less at home than had been common at the beginning of the twentieth century. Youth unemployment is one explanation, although it was also a consequence of children keeping more of their earnings for themselves. This development led to rising costs for having children and is interpreted as an aspect of the trade-off between quantity and quality of children.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Bäcklund, Dan, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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Gärna barn, men hellre en allmän pension
- 2011
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Ingår i: Aktörer och marknader i omvandling. - Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. - 9789155480592 ; , s. 71-82
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 11. |
- Bäcklund, Dan, 1947-, et al.
(författare)
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Variation och förnyelse : Arbetarsparande i Sverige 1870-1914
- 2014
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Ingår i: Historisk Tidskrift. - Stockholm. - 0345-469X .- 2002-4827. ; 134:4, s. 615-646
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Probate inventories indicate that approximately 50 per cent of married workers in Swedish towns at the turn of the 20th century had financial assets and/or owned real estate. Although profligacy of course existed, workers in general seem to have been thrifty. Those without savings often had very low incomes and many dependents. Savings and the percentage of savers increased concurrently with rising real incomes and economic surpluses. Essential were also the introduction of new savings methods that led to a decreasing cost for saving. Most important were sickness and burial funds and endowment assurances. These collective solutions for saving were well suited to workers' needs and economic capacity, and workers quickly adapted their savings habits to the new conditions. In the case of endowments, there was even a tendency that they tried to save more than they could actually afford. The adaptation to new savings methods meant that there was a renewal of working-class saving over time. Individual savings, for example in banks, were successively replaced by collective savings. The latter totally dominated at the end of the period. The extent of the renewal varied among occupational groups and towns. Also notable was the variation between families with children and those without. The former prioritized life and endowment assurances, while the latter more often accumulated funds in bank accounts. There was also a renewal in saving motives. Precautionary saving dominated, but after the turn of the 20th century saving for old age and/or bequests became more common. However, accumulated funds were generally small and insufficient for full retirement in old age. The development of working-class saving in Sweden 1870-1914 shows many similarities with the development in Great Britain, although the former started later, and was faster and more compressed. An important explanation is that real wages rose more rapidly in Sweden than in Great Britain.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Hultstrand, Cecilia, 1990-
(författare)
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Creating access to cancer care : an exploration of patient-provider encounters in primary care, and sociodemographic factors
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Access to care is widely discussed in both research and practice. However, previous research about access to care has mainly focused on individual behaviors of seeking care, and theories about access have mostly focused on quantifiable dimensions, such as supply and demand. Thus, the possibility that the patient–provider interaction may have importance for patients’ access to further care has not been thoroughly explored. Additionally, time to diagnosis and treatment is an important outcome measure and quality indicator related to access to care.Aim: The overall aim was to explore how access to cancer care is created through patient–provider encounters in primary care, and whether sociodemographic factors are related to access to care, after the introduction of Standardized Cancer Patient Pathways (CPPs).Methods: A combination of different methodologies was applied for collecting data, such as participant observations and interviews, as well as data collection from medical records reviews and registers. Initially, primary care encounters between patients seeking care for symptoms that cause suspicion of cancer, that is, alarm symptoms, and their physicians were observed (study I). These physicians and patients were then invited to participate in individual interviews (studies II & III). Lastly, medical records reviews were performed and linked with data from the Swedish Cancer Register on patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC), and with data from Statistics Sweden and Google Maps (study IV). From a social constructivist perspective, the qualitative data were analyzed using grounded theory method (I & II) and thematic analysis (III). The quantitative data were analyzed descriptively, and analytically using Cox regression (IV).Results: Access is created through interaction in the patient–provider encounter, and is mirrored through processes of negotiating, embodying roles, and adhering to norms. Patients and physicians create access by negotiating the legitimacy of symptoms through processes characterized by dependency, credibility, and reciprocity (I). Second, physicians create access while being pulled between patients and standardized templates, which illuminates the tension between the responsibility physicians have towards their patients and the healthcare organization. It is therefore challenging for physicians to engage in person/patient-centered dialogues, interpret presented symptoms, and match them with standardized criteria (II). Third, standardization seems to oversimplify the complexity that underlies patients’ interaction with healthcare, downplaying the individual uniqueness of each person’s health problem, situation, and needs. Patients experience a need to act as both sellers and customers when interacting with physicians in primary care and when negotiating symptoms while creating access (III). Lastly, even though sociodemographic factors might have impact on the interaction during encounters, sociodemographic factors, such as income, education, and distance to hospital, do not seem to be related to time to diagnosis and treatment for patients with CRC in the study regions (IV).Conclusion: Interaction during encounters has importance for patients’ access to care, which illuminates the significance of reconciling the patient and the provider perspectives. Patients perceive demands on themselves when presenting their symptoms and use different strategies in order to legitimize these. This seems particularly challenging if symptoms are diffuse. Physicians have the responsibility to assess these symptoms and match them with criteria for CPP-referrals, criteria which are not always easy to access and apply. Furthermore, access measured as time to diagnosis and treatment among patients diagnosed with CRC in the study regions was not related to differences in sociodemographic factors.Additionally, this thesis demonstrates the importance for physicians to acknowledge the uniqueness of each patient during encounters, to see, listen, and confirm, while operationalizing their medical expertise in order to identify suspected cancer. Such professional skills seem necessary during patient–provider encounters in primary care. Consequently, this thesis contributes to the existing body of literature by recognizing that interaction inevitably affects access to (cancer) care.
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| 14. |
- Johanson, G., et al.
(författare)
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Quantitative relationships of perfluoroalkyl acids in drinking water associated with serum concentrations above background in adults living near contamination hotspots in Sweden
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-9351 .- 1096-0953. ; 219
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Contaminated drinking water (DW) is a major source of exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) at locations around PFAS production/use facilities and military airports. This study aimed to investigate quantitative relationships between concentrations in DW and serum of nine perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in Swedish adult populations living near contamination hotspots. Short-chained (PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, and PFBS) and long-chained PFAAs (PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFHxS and PFOS) were measured in DW and serum. We matched DW and serum concentrations for a total of 398 subjects living or working in areas receiving contaminated DW and in one non-contaminated area. Thereafter, linear regression analysis with and without adjustments for co-variates was conducted. This enabled to derive (i) serum concentrations at background exposure (CB) from sources other than local DW exposure (i.e. food, dust and textiles) at 0 ng/L DW concentration, (ii) population-mean PFAA serum:water ratios (SWR) and (iii) PFAA concentrations in DW causing observable elevated serum PFAA concentrations above background variability. Median concentrations of the sum of nine PFAAs ranged between 2.8 and 1790 ng/L in DW and between 7.6 and 96.9 ng/mL in serum. DW concentration was the strongest predictor, resulting in similar unadjusted and adjusted regression coefficients. Mean CB ranged from <0.1 (PFPeA, PFHpA, PFBS) to 5.1 ng/mL (PFOS). Serum concentrations increased significantly with increasing DW concentrations for all PFAAs except for PFPeA with SWRs ranging from <10 (PFHxA, PFHpA and PFBS) to 111 (PFHxS). Observed elevated serum concentrations above background variability were reached at DW concentrations between 24 (PFOA) and 357 ng/L (PFHxA). The unadjusted linear regression predictions agreed well with serum concentrations previously reported in various populations exposed to low and high DW levels of PFOA, PFHxS and PFOS. The quantitative relationships derived herein should be helpful to translate PFAA concentrations in DW to concentrations in serum at the population level.
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| 15. |
- Johansson, Unn-Britt, et al.
(författare)
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Use of a national clinical final examination in a Bachelor's Programme in Nursing to assess clinical competence : students', lecturers' and nurses' perceptions
- 2014
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Ingår i: Open Journal of Nursing. - Irvine, United States : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 2162-5336 .- 2162-5344. ; 4:7, s. 501-511
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of students, lecturers, nurses and clinical lecturers regarding the ability of the National Clinical Final Examination (NCFE) to assess clinical competence, and whether the assessment was consistent with the qualifications for a Bachelor of Science in Nursing as outlined by the Swedish Higher Education Authority. The NCFE is divided into two parts (written and bedside) and aims to evaluate third-year nursing students’ clinical competence. Methods: Data were collected at 10 universities using study-specific questionnaires. The total response rate was 84% (n = 1652). Results: The clinical lecturers indicated that there was a need for improvement in the written part of the examination in order to adequately assess clinical competence. Regarding the bedside part the clinical lecturers, nurses and students perceived that the bedside part of the examination assessed whether the student had the clinical competence required by a newly registered nurse. Conclusion: The two-part examination described in this study was perceived as useful for assessing clinical competence and for the qualification requirements for a Bachelor of Science in Nursing as outlined by the Swedish Higher Education Authority. However, especially the written part requires further development. The model and form of assessment ought to be applicable to graduate nursing programme internationally.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Jonsson, Pernilla, et al.
(författare)
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Strategier för krediter. Begagnade kläder och textilier som värdebevarare och värdebärare i 1800-talets Västerås : [Second-hand clothes and textiles as a store of value and medium of exchange in Västerås 1830-1900]
- 2015
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Ingår i: Historisk Tidskrift. - 0345-469X .- 2002-4827. ; 135:3, s. 465-500
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Clothes and textiles were a 'store of value' and a medium of exchange during the early industrialisation in Sweden 1830-1900. The study of second-hand trade at auctions in the small Swedish town of Vasteras serves to problematize the meaning that second-hand trade had for different groups in society. This article presents results from cross-sectional studies of auction sales in Vasteras in 1837, 1860, 1885, and 1898. The results suggest that second-hand clothes retained their position as store of value until the turn of the 19th century. As late as the end of the 19th century there was a shortage of coins and paper money and few secure alternative to money. Despite major changes in the financial market and, from the mid-19th century, an industrial breakthrough in textile production, with falling relative prices and a shift to more breakable fabrics, clothes and textile remained important items at the auctions studied. However, there was a shift in the kind of objects that were traded in this market and in who used them as a store of value and a medium of exchange. Already in 1860, there was a shift from putting up textiles and clothes for sale to mainly selling clothes. In the last decades of the 19th century there was uncertainty about the value of second-hand goods. To compensate for falling average prices for clothes and textiles, people who continued to use auctions to sell clothes at the end of the 19th century managed to choose items that maximised credit or cash earned. Both men and women chose to sell men's clothes of high value. However, the loss of the store of value in second-hand clothes around 1900 might have hit women and less wealthy persons harder and made them more vulnerable, as they did not have the same access to financial institutions that better-off men had.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Kenttä, Tony, 1985-, et al.
(författare)
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The necessity of small loans : the borrowing and lending among low-income earners in early 20th century Sweden
- 2022
-
Ingår i: The History of the Family. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 27:2, s. 268-292
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is difficult for households to match a low and fluctuating income with their expenditures. One short-term strategy for managing cash-flow problems is to turn to one’s social networks for support. This article describes and analyses the borrowing and lending of small loans (corresponding to one-two days of pay) among low-income earners and the role these loans had in the household economy. By analysing the detailed weekly reports in the Swedish cost of living survey 1913/14, it is possible to explain when and why households borrowed and lent. This was after a period of rising real wages in Sweden, yet surpluses were still small and a public safety net had only begun developing. More than half of the studied 118 workers and 105 lower officials, respectively, borrowed small sums. However, most just borrowed once or a few times over the year. To give a loan was less common than borrowing. Some lenders likely felt obliged to give loans to less well-off borrowers. Other households engaged in reciprocal borrowing and lending of small loans. Small loans were mostly used to handle income shortfalls and not expenditures shocks. Consequently, larger income fluctuations led to more borrowing among workers, unlike the level of household income. Being in a vulnerable position in the life-cycle with young children also increased the risk of borrowing among both workers and lower officials. However, income from adolescents did not seem to have mitigated cash-flow problems as older children increased household borrowing too. Lending declined after the start of WWI. This means that the source underestimates annual lending during peacetime conditions. However, the demand for loans remained largely constant, forcing workers in need to seek out other sources of credit. Still, households’ social networks played an important part in an incessant struggle to make ends meet.
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| 20. |
- Larsson, Mats, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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Risk Management in Early Banking : An International Perspective of Swedish Savings Banks, 1820-1910
- 2021
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Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- This book deals with risk management and the organisation of banking in Swedish savings banks alongside the development in other European countries. The period of analysis begins with the establishment of the first savings banks in 1820 and ends in 1910. During this period, banking developed as a well-functioning system for deposits and credits. The book focuses on this development from a theoretical perspective connected to risk management and the role of trust and legitimacy in credits and savings. The analysis deals with the overall development of the Swedish banking system and the role of savings banks as well as bank connections with different groups of customers. Of interest to financial historians, academics, and researchers, it also analyses the role of insider lending and the practical aspects of granting credits, such as the use of collaterals and the level of interest rates to compensate higher risks.
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| 21. |
- Larsson, Mats, 1953-, et al.
(författare)
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To remember or forget? : Financial crises and regulatory regimes in Sweden
- 2021. - 1
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Ingår i: Remembering and learning from financial crises. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 9780198870906 ; , s. 105-130
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the early twentieth century, the Swedish financial system has experienced five major financial crises—both domestic and internationally generated. With three crises within 25 years, the use of memories from previous financial problems seems a little far-fetched. But so far this has not explicitly been analysed. However, with sources from official investigations, material from the Swedish central bank (the Riksbank) as well as memos from the Bank Inspection Board and larger commercial banks, it would be possible to reconstruct how experiences from earlier financial crises influenced banks risk management and business strategies. During the financial crisis of the 1990s the lack of memories from the 1920s and 1930s was noticed. It was said that knowledge of risk management had been reduced during 60 years of governmental control. This chapter explores this loss of memory using archives and interviews.
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| 22. |
- Laurien, Thomas, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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An Emerging Posthumanist Design Landscape
- 2022
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Ingår i: Palgrave Handbook of Critical Posthumanism. - Cham : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9783030426811 - 9783030426811 - 9783031049576 - 9783031049583
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A designer is somebody who points, who designates, and gives directions. Design thereby has a direction into the future. What directions are designers pointing out if design is coupled with posthumanism? Posthumanism has come into being in a landscape of both ideas and design. That which has previously been designed and produced is coming back and it can help us point out harmful inequalities if we sharpen our observational tools and concepts.“An Emerging Posthumanist Design Landscape” is an overflowing designated area for examples and thinking on compositions of design and critical posthumanism. It is a landscape in the making, yet scarred by previous design cultures and histories. As design researchers operating out of Scandinavian academia, we invite readers/travelers to meander through an emerging hybrid landscape and to make a few selected stops at the sites of our own recent design interventions. We articulate concepts, frictions, and opportunities sprouted in a sprawling and increasingly populated landscape of design and posthumanism. Posthumanist thinking questions and recharges fundamental design concepts and methods/approaches, e.g.: Who are the actors of posthumanist design? Where does it take place? What do we design? What materials do we use? How do we work? When does design take place? Why are compositions of design and critical posthumanism important undertakings? The responses to these questions sketch trajectories for further travels and the co-creation of an emerging posthumanist design landscape.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Lilja Andersson, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Nursing students' experiences of assessment by the Swedish National Clinical Final Examination
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nurse Education Today. - : CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE. - 0260-6917 .- 1532-2793. ; 33:5, s. 536-540
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish National Clinical Final Examination (NCFE) was established in 2007 in order to examine nursing students' clinical competence upon completing their Bachelor's degree in nursing. The NCFE constitutes an innovative method of examination, divided into two parts: a written and bedside test. The aim of this study was to evaluate nursing students' experiences of being assessed by means of the NCFE, in order to obtain information that could be used to improve the examination. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire with open-ended questions concerning the written and the bedside part of the NCFE. The answers from 577 third-year nursing students were analysed using content analysis. The nursing students regarded the NCFE as promoting further learning and as an important means of quality assurance. Its comprehensive nature was perceived to tie the education together and contributed to the students' awareness of their own clinical competence. The strengths of the NCFE especially highlighted were its high degree of objectivity and the fact that it took place in a natural setting. However, the students felt that the NCFE did not cover the entire nursing programme and that it caused stress. It thus appears to be important to reconsider the written theoretical part of the examination and to standardise the bedside part. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Lilja, Kristina, Docent, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Inadequate supply and increasing demand for textiles and clothing : second-hand trade at auctions as an alternative source of consumer goods in Sweden, 1830–1900
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Economic history review. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0013-0117 .- 1468-0289. ; 73:1, s. 78-105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drawing on a study of historical national accounts and statistics, this article shows that a growing supply of mass-consumption textiles and clothing in Sweden during industrialization did not fully meet increasing demand. As a result, high demand for second-hand items remained even at the turn of the twentieth century. Records from a local auction house from 1830 to 1900 show that, even in the 1880s, more affluent urban consumers were still active on the second-hand market. Thereafter, they turned to the market for new goods, while potential demand from labourers and servants continued to be provided for by the second-hand market. Mechanization meant that more items entered this market. It changed the range and quality of objects available, consequently affecting the attractiveness of second-hand textiles and clothing. After the 1870s, falling and converging prices can be discerned, while more durable fabrics largely retained their value. We conclude that the consumer revolution (in a broader sense) had by this stage gained a foothold among ordinary Swedish urban households. The auction trade was part of a democratization of consumption. The general lesson is that understanding mass consumption requires research not only into second-hand consumption, but also into different regional settings.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Lilja, Kristina, 1968-
(författare)
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Marknad och hushåll : Sparande och krediter i Falun 1820-1910 utifrån ett livscykelperspektiv
- 2004
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The primary aim of this thesis has been to analyse the transformation of the Swedish capital market from a household perspective. The investigation shows that the transition from a mostly private credit market to a more institutionalised credit market took place at the end of the nineteenth century. At this time there were several actors in the credit market that were able to fulfil the diverse needs of credit that different households might have. This need was very much correlated to the household’s particular stage in its life-cycle. In accordance with the life-cycle theory and the permanent income hypothesis, households displayed a savings and consumption pattern that was dependent on income and the burden of expenditure. Households also seemed to have particular difficulty meeting expenditures, so-called life-cycle squeezes, when the household was first started, when the household size was at its peak and when the head of family reached old age, which coincided with a declining capacity to work. The investigation also shows that household savings were meant for old age. Contrary to the assumption made in life-cycle theory, households seemed to intend to provide heirs with an inheritance. This finding is more in keeping with the permanent income hypothesis, which states that households were expected to maintain their assets intact over the course of a life-time.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Lilja, Kristina, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Savings banks and working-class saving during the Swedish industrialisation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Financial History Review. - 0968-5650 .- 1474-0052. ; 23:1, s. 111-132
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article deals with savings banks and the extent to which they encouraged workers to save. A study of probate inventories from three Swedish towns shows that just 20-30 per cent of workers had assets in savings banks during the second half of the nineteenth century. Saving patterns differed greatly among groups of workers. Savings banks were most important for unskilled, unmarried women, but married workers were more likely to invest in, for example, real estate (1870s) and insurance (1900s). Family considerations greatly affected saving decisions, which detracted from the appeal of savings banks. Their emphasis on individual saving was more suitable for those who needed a flexible alternative to use for different saving needs. This flexibility also made it easier for savings banks to meet growing competition and can explain why they continued to attract workers in the twentieth century. Although savings banks never dominated the workers' saving arena, they probably promoted unmarried workers' awareness of the advantages of saving. Consequently, since all married workers had previously been unmarried, savings banks most likely contributed to fostering saving habits among the working class.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Lilja, Kristina, 1968-
(författare)
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The Deposit Market Revolution in Sweden
- 2010. - 1
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Ingår i: <em>The Swedish Financial Revolution</em>. - London : Palgrave Macmillan. ; , s. 41-63
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Lilja, Kristina, Docent, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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The risk of pioneering : Private interests, the State, and the launching of civil aviation in Sweden. The case of SLA 1918-23
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport History. - : SAGE Publications. - 0022-5266 .- 1759-3999. ; 39:3, s. 316-332
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The making and running of one of the early Swedish civil aviation companies – Svenska Lufttrafikaktiebolaget 1919–23 – show that military representatives and private entrepreneurs were highly important during this phase. We state that the making of this early civil aviation company in Sweden had not been possible without close personal ties between bankers and entrepreneurs, as well as their beliefs in the future of civil aviation as a natural and an evident part of Swedish infrastructure. However, the enterprise was indeed pioneering the field and faced the 1920–23 Swedish crisis. Svenska Lufttrafikaktiebolaget did not survive, despite minor subsidies. The article shows that the initial position of State involvement regarding civil aviation was not a clear-cut matter in the late 1910s and early 1920s. We claim that only later in the 1920s the Swedish State properly supported civil aviation.
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| 47. |
- Lilja, Kristina, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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To depend on one's children or to depend on oneself : Savings for old-ageand children's impact on wealth
- 2013
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Ingår i: The History of the Family. - London. - 1081-602X .- 1873-5398. ; 18:4, s. 510-532
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How did workers make provisions for old age before the introduction of old agepensions? What was the relative importance of dependence on children and saving forold age respectively? This article concerns the transition from a traditional familybasedsystem for economic support in old age to a more modern system. Regarding thenineteenth century, studies have shown that (a) savings generally were insufficient forfull retirement, and that (b) families were dependent on children’s incomes when thebreadwinner became older. Little attention has been paid to the question of how therelative importance of these two alternatives changed during the century. This questionis addressed here in a cross-sectional study of net wealth based on probate inventoriesfor three Swedish towns in the 1820s and the 1900s.The results show that in general the economic importance of children was largeramong the lower socio-economic strata. They also reveal that net costs for havingchildren increased between the investigated periods. This means that dependence onchildren became more expensive. Consequently, the economic importance of thisalternative decreased. This may have been a strong motive for the fertility transition.On the other hand, net wealth for workers increased at the end of the nineteenthcentury. Financial assets constituted a great part of the increase. Workers with childrenhad less financial savings than those without children, showing that there was a conflictbetween the traditional and the modern systems for support in old age. However, still atthe turn of the twentieth century funds were generally too small to allow an old workerto retire. These results indicate that neither the old, nor the modern systems, fullysatisfied the need for support in old age. This may explain why several WesternEuropean countries introduced old age pensions at the beginning of the twentiethcentury.
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| 48. |
- Lilja, Kristina, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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To navigate the family economy over a lifetime : life-cycle squeezes in pre-industrial Swedish towns
- 2013
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Ingår i: European Review of Economic History. - Oxford : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1361-4916 .- 1474-0044. ; 17:2, s. 171-189
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies have shown that childrens incomes were important for working-class families during industrialization. We found that, even before industrialization, having children greatly affected the family economy of workers and master artisans. For workers, having children necessitated borrowing, but also made it easier later to pay off debts and accumulate wealth. They seem to have put into practice some sort of saving through children. For master artisans, running a business generally was a more important determinant of debts and assets over a lifetime, but, as adolescents, children positively affected wealth, probably because they provided cheap and flexible labour in the households and workshops.
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
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