| 1. |
- Blomquist, Glenn C., et al.
(författare)
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Experimental Results on Expressed Certainty and Hypothetical Bias in Contingent Valuation
- 1998
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Ingår i: Southern economic journal. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 2325-8012 .- 0038-4038. ; 65:1, s. 169-177
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Use of the contingent valuation method is controversial among economists because it is based on hypothetical rather than real choices. Previous experiments have suggested that the commonly used dichotomous choice contingent valuation method leads to hypothetical bias, i.e., overestimates the real willingness to pay. We carried out an experiment to compare the dichotomous choice contingent valuation method with real purchase decisions for a consumer good. We confirm previous findings that hypothetical yes responses overestimate real purchase decisions, but we cannot reject the null hypothesis that definitely sure yes responses correspond to real purchase decisions.
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| 2. |
- Bolin, Kristian, et al.
(författare)
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Individual technologies for health - the implications of distinguishing between the ability to produce health investments and the capacity to benefit from those investments
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- People differ in their ability to produce health investments and in their capacity to benefit from such efforts. In this paper, we assume (1) that the individual’s health-investment production function exhibits diminishing returns to scale and (2) that the individual’s capacity to benefit from the investments is diminishing in the stock of health. Previous research has only shown the importance of the first assumption for the health-capital adjustment process. The simultaneous effects go well beyond those results, however. Thus, this paper provides an extended demand-for-health framework that distinguishes between individuals both by their capacities to benefit and by their abilities to produce, when transforming health efforts into health increments. The potential usefulness of this framework for health-policy purposes is demonstrated by solving a numerically specified version of the model, and computing individual welfare effects of medical-care goods changes.
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| 3. |
- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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An experimental comparison of dichotomous choice contingent valuation questions and real purchase decisions
- 1998
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Ingår i: Applied economics. - : Taylor & Francis Ltd. - 1466-4283 .- 0003-6846. ; 30:5, s. 643-647
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The results of an experiment comparing the dichotomous choice contingent valuation approach with real purchase decisions for a consumer good are reported. In addition to comparing the standard DC CV approach with real decisions, the hypothesis is tested that a more conservative interpretation of the DC approach, where only absolutely sure yes responses are counted as yes responses, correctly predicts real purchase decisions. The results show that the hypothetical yes responses overestimate the real yes responses and that the hypothetical absolutely sure yes responses underestimate the real yes responses.
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| 4. |
- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Hypothetical versus real payments in Vickrey auctions
- 1997
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Ingår i: Economics Letters. - : Elsevier B.V. - 1873-7374 .- 0165-1765. ; 56:2, s. 177-180
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We compare hypothetical and real payments in a Vickrey auction. The use of hypothetical payments overestimates the real willingness to pay. The results cast doubt on the validity of hypothetical willingness to pay questions for the typical respondent.
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| 5. |
- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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Hypothetical versus real willingness to pay: some experimental results
- 1997
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Ingår i: Applied economics letters. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1466-4291 .- 1350-4851. ; 4:3, s. 149-151
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to compare hypothetical and real willingness to pay (WTP) in an experimental setting by eliciting WTP for a private good, a box of chocolates. The experimental subjects were randomly divided into two groups. One group received an open-ended hypothetical WTP question and another group participated in a second-price auction with real payments. The mean WTP was SEK 89.50 (STD 75.37) in the hypothetical payment group and SEK 87.40 (STD 39.47) in the real payment group. The null hypothesis of no difference in the mean WTP between the groups could not be rejected.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Jonsson, Bengt-Harald, et al.
(författare)
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Perspectives on the Classical Enzyme Carbonic Anhydrase and the Search for Inhibitors
- 2020
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Ingår i: Biophysical Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3495 .- 1542-0086. ; 119:7, s. 1275-1280
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is a thoroughly studied enzyme. Its primary role is the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate in the cells, where carbon dioxide is produced, and in the lungs, where it is released from the blood. At the same time, it regulates pH homeostasis. The inhibitory function of sulfonamides on CA was discovered some 80 years ago. There are numerous physiological-therapeutic conditions in which inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase have a positive effect, such as glaucoma, or act as diuretics. With the realization that several isoenzymes of carbonic anhydrase are associated with the development of several types of cancer, such as brain and breast cancer, the development of inhibitor drugs specific to those enzyme forms has exploded. We would like to highlight the breadth of research on the enzyme as well as draw the attention to some problems in recent published work on inhibitor discovery.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Lee, Samuel, et al.
(författare)
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Perceptions and preferences of autologous blood donors
- 1998
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Ingår i: Transfusion (Philadelphia, Pa.). - : Blackwell Publishing. - 1537-2995 .- 0041-1132. ; 38:8, s. 757-763
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The public's perception of autologous blood donation and transfusion as a worthwhile alternative to allogeneic blood transfusion increased dramatically with discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus. However, new concerns are being raised about the health outcomes and cost-effectiveness of the procedure. As more restrictive guidelines for autologous blood donation evolve, opposition from patients concerned about exposure to allogeneic blood may arise. Physicians' ability to reassure patients and garner their support for more restrictive policies requires an understanding of patients' concerns. The motivations, perceptions, and preferences of patients currently participating in autologous blood donation programs were investigated in this study. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Results from two questionnaire studies of 647 autologous blood donors are presented. The questionnaires assessed demographics, risk perceptions, preferences, willingness to pay, and reactions to different interventions designed to decrease patient preference for autologous blood donation. RESULTS: Patients expressed a strong preference for the availability of autologous blood and indicated that they would be willing to pay substantial amounts of money even ii the procedure were not covered by insurance. Despite education about the low risks of complications from allogeneic transfusions, an aversion to allogeneic transfusion and a willingness to pay for autologous blood donation persisted. Patients were not reassured by information on better infectious disease testing or physician recommendation against autologous blood donation. CONCLUSION: Patients currently participating in autologous blood donor programs strongly prefer continued access to this procedure, primarily because they remain concerned about the complications of allogeneic transfusions. They may not be significantly reassured despite increasingly rigorous and costly improvements in donor and component screening.
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| 10. |
- Lee, Stephanie, et al.
(författare)
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The Impact of Risk Information on Patients' Willingness to Pay for Autologous Blood Donation
- 1998
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Ingår i: Medical care. - : Lippincott-Raven Publishers. - 1537-1948 .- 0025-7079. ; 36:8, s. 1162-1173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES.For contingent valuation to provide valid values for policy making, it is important that respondents be well informed about the goods they are asked to value. Few studies, however, have tested the impact of providing this information This study assessed the impact of risk information on patients' willingness to pay for autologous blood donation and derived the willingness to pay in a sample of informed patients. METHODS.Patients were randomized either to receive information about the risks of complications from allogeneic (volunteer) blood transfusions or to base their willingness to pay responses on their own prior knowledge. Four hundred twelve autologous blood donors were recruited from three study sites. Self-administered questionnaires collected information on willingness to pay, risk perceptions, and socioeconomic information. RESULTS.As predicted by our theoretical model, providing risk information reduced the variance in the willingness to pay for autologous blood donation. A tendency for information to reduce the willingness to pay was also found, suggesting that uninformed patients, on average, overestimate the risks of allogeneic blood transfusions. The median willingness to pay in the informed sample was approximately $750 to $1,100, depending on the estimation method, compared with $800 to $1,900 in the uninformed group. Willingness to pay was significantly related to perceived transfusion risk, personal income, and dread of transfusions. CONCLUSIONS.Our results are consistent with an economic model where individuals update their prior risk perceptions with new information. The willingness to pay in the informed sample was far higher than the costs of autologous blood donation, suggesting that total benefits outweigh the costs of the procedure.
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| 11. |
- Liljas, Bengt, et al.
(författare)
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On future non-medical costs in economic evaluations
- 2008
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Ingår i: Health Economics. - : Wiley. - 1099-1050 .- 1057-9230. ; 17:5, s. 579-591
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Economic evaluation in health care is still an evolving discipline. One of the current controversies in cost-effectiveness analysis regards the inclusion or exclusion of future non-medical costs (i.e. consumption net of production) due to increased survival. This paper examines the implications of a symmetry rule stating that there should be consistency between costs included in the numerator and utility aspects included in the denominator. While the observation that no quality-adjusted lire year (QALY) instruments explicitly include consumption and leisure seems to give support to the notion that future non-medical costs should be excluded when QALYs are used as the outcome measure, a better understanding of what respondents actually consider when reporting QALY weights is required. However, the more fundamental question is whether QALYs can be interpreted as utilities. Or more precisely, what are the assumptions needed for a general utility model also including consumption and leisure to be consistent with QALYs? Once those assumptions are identified, they need to be experimentally tested to see whether they are at least approximately valid. Until we have answers to these areas for future research, it seems premature to include future non-medical costs.
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| 12. |
- Liljas, Bengt
(författare)
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On the welfare theoretic foundation of cost-effectiveness analysis-the case when survival is not affected
- 2010
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Ingår i: European Journal of Health Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1618-7601 .- 1618-7598. ; 11:1, s. 5-13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper develops a welfare theoretic foundation for cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) when survival is not affected. With this foundation, all costs and their corresponding utility-terms should be included. A key question, though, is whether these utility-terms are consistent with quality-adjusted life year (QALY) (utility) theory or not. The results show that health care costs and changes in the utility of health should be included. However, as QALYs do not capture the utility of changes in consumption (as this utility must be independent of health, according to QALY theory), the corresponding changes in consumption costs should be excluded. Regarding the costs for changes in absence from work, these should only be included if the utility of changes in the amount of leisure is included. As no QALY theory has been developed that includes this utility, it is unclear how to handle these costs (even if there are arguments for excluding them). For changes in productivity at work, though, there are robust arguments for the inclusion of these costs. Overall, it seems difficult to provide a clear basis for CEA in economic welfare theory when also including non-medical goods such as consumption and leisure.
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| 13. |
- Liljas, Bengt
(författare)
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The Demand for Health and the Contingent Valuation Method
- 1997
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The theoretical part develops Michael Grossman’s dynamic demand-for-health model by (a) letting the depreciation rate depend upon the level of health, (b) allowing a continuous set of health states, (c) introducing uncertainty (by letting health be a stochastic variable), (d) introducing social and private insurance and (e) releasing the assumption of an isoperimetric budget constraint. Beside the theoretical results, there are also results with important policy implications. When conducting empirical willingness-to-pay (WTP) studies, one must acknowledge whether the individual regards the hypothetical scenario as uncertain or not and whether insurance exists for the relevant good. The empirical part first investigates whether it is possible to apply the contingent valuation (CV) method to operation queues and waiting lists. Due to the exploratory nature and to the poor significance of the statistical model, the results are tentative at most. The dichotomous-choice (DC) WTP questions worked better than the open-ended questions and choosing the bid-vector and not having a too small population are important issues. The impact of ‘objective’ risk information on patients’ WTP for autologous blood donation (ABD) was then estimated. This information reduced the variance and magnitude of the WTP, which showed that the patients initially overestimated the risks. The WTP was significantly related to dread, perceived transfusion risk and income, indicating that ABD provides substantial benefits in the form of ‘peace of mind’. The experimental part presents the results of two experiments comparing the DC CV approach with ‘real’ purchase decisions for a consumer good. In addition, the hypothesis that a more conservative interpretation of the DC CV approach (where only absolutely sure yes-responses are counted as yes-responses) correctly predicted real purchase decisions was tested. Both experiments showed that the hypothetical yes-responses overestimated the real yes-responses. In the first experiment, the hypothetical absolutely sure yes-responses underestimated the real yes-responses, but in the second experiment the null hypothesis that the conservative DC CV approach corresponded to the real yes-responses could not be rejected. This suggests that it may be possible to sort out the real yes-responses from the false yes-responses by adding a question about the certainty of the yes-response.
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| 14. |
- Moberg, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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De unga gör helt rätt när de stämmer staten
- 2022
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Ingår i: Aftonbladet. - 1103-9000.
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Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- 1 620 forskare och lärare i forskarvärlden: Vi ställer oss bakom Auroras klimatkrav
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| 15. |
- O'Conor, Richard, et al.
(författare)
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Calibrating hypothetical willingness to pay responses
- 1999
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Ingår i: Journal of risk and uncertainty. - : Springer Nature B.V. - 1573-0476 .- 0895-5646. ; 18:1, s. 21-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experimental data comparing hypothetical and real dichotomous choice responses for two different goods were used to estimate a statistical bias function to calibrate the hypothetical yes responses. The probability that a hypothetical yes response would be a real yes response was estimated as a function of - the individual's self-assessed certainty of the hypothetical yes response (assessed on a 0-10 scale) and a variable representing the price level. Without calibration the hypothetical yes responses significantly exceeded the proportion of real yes responses, but after calibration the null hypothesis of no difference between hypothetical and real responses could not be rejected in any of the experiments.
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| 16. |
- Ursby, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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The new macromolecular crystallography stations at MAX-lab: The MAD station
- 2004
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Ingår i: AIP Conference Proceedings. - 0094-243X .- 1551-7616. ; 705, s. 1241-1244
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new beamline, Cassiopeia, at MAX II is about to come into operation. It consists of an energy-tunable station and four side stations intended for macromolecular crystallography. The X-ray source is a 3.5 T superconducting multipole wiggler installed in the 1.5 GeV MAX II storage ring. The energy-tunable station use grazing incidence Rh-coated silicon mirrors and an internally water-cooled Si(111) double-crystal monochromator while the four side stations use bent diamond and germanium monochromators and multilayer mirrors. This paper concentrates on the optics design of the energy-tunable station and also briefly describes other beamline components
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