| 1. |
- Alami, Adam, et al.
(författare)
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Free open source communities sustainability : Does it make a difference in software quality?
- 2024
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Ingår i: Empirical Software Engineering. - : Springer Nature. - 1382-3256 .- 1573-7616. ; 29:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context: Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) communities’ ability to stay viable and productive over time is pivotal for society as they maintain the building blocks that digital infrastructure, products, and services depend on. Sustainability may, however, be characterized from multiple aspects, and less is known how these aspects interplay and impact community outputs, and software quality specifically. Objective: This study, therefore, aims to empirically explore how the different aspects of FOSS sustainability impact software quality. Method: 16 sustainability metrics across four categories were sampled and applied to a set of 217 OSS projects sourced from the Apache Software Foundation Incubator program. The impact of a decline in the sustainability metrics was analyzed against eight software quality metrics using Bayesian data analysis, which incorporates probability distributions to represent the regression coefficients and intercepts. Results: Findings suggest that selected sustainability metrics do not significantly affect defect density or code coverage. However, a positive impact of community age was observed on specific code quality metrics, such as risk complexity, number of very large files, and code duplication percentage. Interestingly, findings show that even when communities are experiencing sustainability, certain code quality metrics are negatively impacted. Conclusion: Findings imply that code quality practices are not consistently linked to sustainability, and defect management and prevention may be prioritized over the former. Results suggest that growth, resulting in a more complex and large codebase, combined with a probable lack of understanding of code quality standards, may explain the degradation in certain aspects of code quality.
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| 2. |
- Chen, Xingru
(författare)
-
Improving Internal Software Reuse in the Context of Contemporary Software Engineering Practices
- 2023
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Context: Companies adopt many software reuse practices, such as software product line, reuse verbatim, and systematic reuse, to improve their internal software development and maximize the benefits. Contemporary software engineering (SE) practices, such as microservices and InnerSource, influence internal software reuse.Objective: In this thesis, we aim to improve internal software reuse in the context of contemporary SE practices. To do that, we want to 1) understand the state-of-the-art and the state-of-the-practice of software reuse costs and benefits and the challenges that companies are currently facing and 2) identify interventions to improve internal software reuse. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature review to understand the state-of-the-art of software reuse costs and benefits. We performed two exploratory case studies to understand the state-of-the-practice of software reuse costs and benefits, challenges, and improvement areas in the context of contemporary SE practices. We performed another follow-up improving case study to investigate the medium-sized case company's readiness of adopting InnerSource for software reuse.Results: Existing literature reported more software reuse benefits than costs. The most reported software reuse benefits are better product quality and improved productivity. Verbatim reuse and systematic reuse result in more reuse benefits. Most of the included primary studies are of moderate quality, with only four having high quality. Practitioners think that software reuse costs in developing reusable assets will be paid off when developers start to reuse them. Challenges in software reuse in the context of contemporary SE practices differ between medium-sized and large-sized companies. Both of the companies perceive that InnerSource can help improve internal software reuse. Asking practitioners about both current and desired InnerSource reuse status helps identify the needed InnerSource improvements, thus helping companies succeed in adopting InnerSource for reuse. Conclusion: Both existing literature and our two case studies investigating software reuse in the context of contemporary SE practices showed that software reuse improves quality and productivity and has costs in developing and integrating reusable assets. However, the overall benefits outweigh the costs. Both case companies faced challenges in improving their internal reuse, where the most common challenges were about developing and maintaining reusable assets. The results showed that InnerSource helps develop and maintain reusable assets and further improves internal software reuse.
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| 3. |
- Larsson, John, et al.
(författare)
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Enabling Data-sharing in Logistics through Open Data Ecosystems - A Literature Review
- 2024
-
Ingår i: CEUR Workshop Proceedings. - : CEUR-WS. - 1613-0073. ; 3737
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Road transportation is one of the main sources of CO2 emissions. Making logistics more efficient, e.g., through co-loading freight transport, would reduce emissions. However, this requires the sharing of freight and routing data between actors in the logistics chain. Aim: This study aims to explore the literature on how Open Data Ecosystems (ODEs) can be applied to the logistics sector. The study focuses on ODE governance, the actors involved, and legal and quality aspects. Method: The literature review employed publication database search, snowball sampling, and selected governmental literature. Thematic analysis is carried out on the identified literature. Results: The results indicate how an ODE can be applied to the logistics sector, although primarily evident in public transport. For freight transport, literature refers to Horizontal Collaboration. The literature is consistent in terms of governance of the ODEs and Horizontal Collaboration where there is typically a need for a neutral actor to take on the role of a platform provider to promote trust and enable collaboration. Conclusions: We conclude that the two literature streams of ODEs and Horizontal Collaboration could be integrated and foster a more efficient logistics sector where data is shared among the involved actors. Our findings also indicate aspects underpinning the collaboration among actors.
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| 4. |
- Linåker, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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A method for analyzing stakeholders’ influence on an open source software ecosystem’s requirements engineering process
- 2020
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Ingår i: Requirements Engineering. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0947-3602 .- 1432-010X. ; 25:1, s. 115-130
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For a firm in an open source software (OSS) ecosystem, the requirements engineering (RE) process is rather multifaceted. Apart from its typical RE process, there is a competing process, external to the firm and inherent to the firm’s ecosystem. When trying to impose an agenda in competition with other firms, and aiming to align internal product planning with the ecosystem’s RE process, firms need to consider who and how influential the other stakeholders are, and what their agendas are. The aim of the presented research is to help firms identify and analyze stakeholders in OSS ecosystems, in terms of their influence and interactions, to create awareness of their agendas, their collaborators, and how they invest their resources. To arrive at a solution artifact, we applied a design science research approach where we base artifact design on the literature and earlier work. A stakeholder influence analysis (SIA) method is proposed and demonstrated in terms of applicability and utility through a case study on the Apache Hadoop OSS ecosystem. SIA uses social network constructs to measure the stakeholders’ influence and interactions and considers the special characteristics of OSS RE to help firms structure their stakeholder analysis processes in relation to an OSS ecosystem. SIA adds a strategic aspect to the stakeholder analysis process by addressing the concepts of influence and interactions, which are important to consider while acting in collaborative and meritocratic RE cultures of OSS ecosystems.
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| 5. |
- Linåker, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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A Survey on the Perception of Innovation in a Large Product-focused Software Organization
- 2015
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Ingår i: Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing (LNBIP). - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1865-1348. ; 210, s. 66-80, s. 66-80
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context.Innovation is promoted in companies to help them stay competitive. Four types of innovation are defined: product, process, business, and organizational. Objective. We want to understand the perception of the innovation concept in industry, and particularly how the innovation types relate to each other. Method. We launched a survey at a branch of a multi-national corporation. Results. From a qualitative analysis of the 229 responses, we see that the understanding of the innovation concept is somewhat narrow, and mostly related to product innovation. A majority of respondents indicate that product innovation triggers process, business, and organizational innovation, rather than vice versa. However, there is a complex interdependency between the types. We also identify challenges related to each of the types. Conclusion. Increasing awareness and knowledge of different types of innovation, may improve the innovation. Further, they cannot be handled one by one, but in their interdependent relations.
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| 6. |
- Linåker, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Collaboration in Open Government Data Ecosystems: Open Cross-sector Sharing and Co-development of Data and Software
- 2020
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Ingår i: Electronic Government : Electronic Government 19th IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference, EGOV 2020, Linköping, Sweden, August 31 – September 2, 2020, Proceedings - Electronic Government 19th IFIP WG 8.5 International Conference, EGOV 2020, Linköping, Sweden, August 31 – September 2, 2020, Proceedings. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 0302-9743 .- 1611-3349. - 9783030575984 - 9783030575991 ; 12219, s. 290-303
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Open innovation highlights the potential benefits of external collaboration and knowledge-sharing, often exemplified through Open Source Software (OSS). The public sector has thus far mainly focused on the sharing of Open Government Data (OGD), often with a supply-driven approach with limited feedback-loops. We hypothesize that public sector organizations can extend the open innovation benefits by also creating platforms, where OGD, related OSS, and open standards are collaboratively developed and shared. Objective: The objective of this study is to explore how public sector organizations in the role of platform providers facilitate such collaboration in the form of OGD ecosystems and how the ecosystem’s governance may be structured to support the collaboration. Method: We conduct an exploratory multiple-case study of two such ecosystems, focused on OGD related to the Swedish labor market and public transport sector, respectively. Data is gathered through interviews, document studies, and prolonged engagement at one of the platform providers. Results: The study presents governance structure and collaboration practices of the two ecosystems and discusses how these contribute to the platform providers’ goals. The case studies highlight the need for platform providers to take an active and multi-functional role in enabling the sharing of data and software from and between the members of the ecosystem. Conclusions: We conclude that OGD ecosystems offer public sector organizations a possibility to catalyze the potential innovation output of OGD, but that it requires investment and adoption of an open and collaborative mindset.
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| 7. |
- Linåker, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Collaborative Aspects of Open Data in Software Engineering
- 2022
-
Ingår i: IEEE Software. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 0740-7459 .- 1937-4194. ; 39:1, s. 31-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Engineers require high-quality data for the design and implementation of today's software, especially in the context of machine learning (ML). This puts an emphasis on the need for the publication and sharing of data from and between organizations, public as well as private. Following the paradigm of open innovation, open data provide a mechanism to increase the availability of information, offering utility and improving innovation and user choice through the inevitable interoperability this enables.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Linåker, Johan
(författare)
-
Guiding Development of Contribution and Community Strategies in Open Source Software Requirements Engineering
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background:For software-intensive organizations, Open Source Software (OSS) may provide a pivotal building block in business models and strategies, product and service offerings, as well as in tool and infrastructure setups. The Requirements Engineering (RE) and development processes of OSS take place inside communities where the focal organization is a stakeholder among many, including competitors. Therefore, to exploit the potential benefits of OSS, an organization has to consider what it shares as OSS and how it engages with the OSS communities. By being too open, an organization may expose itself to risks such as giving away differentiating functionality. On the contrary, being too closed may cause misalignment between an organization's RE process and that of a community.Objective:The objective of this thesis is two-fold. Firstly, to create guidance for organizations in making decisions of what to share as OSS in line with the organization's business goals. Secondly, to create guidance for how an organization can identify OSS communities where they need to have an influence on the RE process, and how they can gain it, in order to achieve its internal agenda.Research Methodology:We used a design science research approach, applying empirical software engineering research methods to investigate the problem context and design and validate solution artifacts that may be used as treatments in the problem context. The relevance of the research has been maintained through a close industry collaboration with several case studies and interview surveys.Results: To address the two objectives, we introduce the two concepts of contribution and community strategy. Contribution strategies answer the questions if a software artifact (e.g., a feature or project) or parts of it should be released as OSS, when in time, and if it should be contributed to an existing OSS community, or if a new community should be established. Community strategies answer the questions what OSS communities an organization considers as important and need to have an influence on in terms of their RE process, and also how this influence may be gained. The thesis offers problem understanding of how organizations reason in terms of these questions, as well as guidance for how the different types of strategies may be developed. In regards to contribution strategies, results also offer guidance on how to create supporting guidelines, processes, and infrastructure on an organizational level.Conclusion:The results of this thesis are captured in a number of frameworks, models, and methods. These artifacts contribute to an understanding of the problem context and provide design knowledge and exemplars that may be transferred and implemented by organizations in a real-world problem context. Evaluation of such a technology transfer is a topic for future work.
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| 10. |
- Linåker, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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How Firms Adapt and Interact in Open Source Ecosystems: Analyzing Stakeholder Influence and Collaboration Patterns
- 2016
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Ingår i: Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality : 22nd International Working Conference, REFSQ 2016, Gothenburg, Sweden, March 14-17, 2016, Proceedings - 22nd International Working Conference, REFSQ 2016, Gothenburg, Sweden, March 14-17, 2016, Proceedings. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 0302-9743. - 9783319302829 - 9783319302812 ; 9619, s. 63-81
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- [Context and motivation] Ecosystems developed as Open Source Software (OSS) are considered to be highly innovative and reactive to new market trends due to their openness and wide-ranging contributor base. Participation in OSS often implies opening up of the software development process and exposure towards new stakeholders. [Question/Problem] Firms considering to engage in such an environment should carefully consider potential opportunities and challenges upfront. The openness may lead to higher innovation potential but also to frictional losses for engaged firms. Further, as an ecosystem progresses, power structures and influence on feature selection may fluctuate accordingly. [Principal ideas/results] We analyze the Apache Hadoop ecosystem in a quantitative longitudinal case study to investigate changing stakeholder influence and collaboration patterns. Further, we investigate how its innovation and time-to-market evolve at the same time. [Contribution] Findings show collaborations between and influence shifting among rivaling and non-competing firms. Network analysis proves valuable on how an awareness of past, present and emerging stakeholders, in regards to power structure and collaborations may be created. Furthermore, the ecosystem’s innovation and time-to-market show strong variations among the release history. Indications were also found that these characteristics are influenced by the way how stakeholders collaborate with each other.
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| 11. |
- Linåker, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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How to characterize the health of an Open Source Software project? : A snowball literature review of an emerging practice
- 2022
-
Ingår i: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. 7 September 2022, Article number 11. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery. - 9781450398459
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Motivation: Society's dependence on Open Source Software (OSS) and the communities that maintain the OSS is ever-growing. So are the potential risks of, e.g., vulnerabilities being introduced in projects not actively maintained. By assessing an OSS project's capability to stay viable and maintained over time without interruption or weakening, i.e., the OSS health, users can consider the risk implied by using the OSS as is, and if necessary, decide whether to help improve the health or choose another option. However, such assessment is complex as OSS health covers a wide range of sub-topics, and existing support is limited. Aim: We aim to create an overview of characteristics that affect the health of an OSS project and enable the assessment thereof. Method: We conduct a snowball literature review based on a start set of 9 papers, and identify 146 relevant papers over two iterations of forward and backward snowballing. Health characteristics are elicited and coded using structured and axial coding into a framework structure. Results: The final framework consists of 107 health characteristics divided among 15 themes. Characteristics address the socio-technical spectrum of the community of actors maintaining the OSS project, the software and other deliverables being maintained, and the orchestration facilitating the maintenance. Characteristics are further divided based on the level of abstraction they address, i.e., the OSS project-level specifically, or the project's overarching ecosystem of related OSS projects. Conclusion: The framework provides an overview of the wide span of health characteristics that may need to be considered when evaluating OSS health and can serve as a foundation both for research and practice. © 2022 Owner/Author.
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| 12. |
- Linåker, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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How to Enable Collaboration in Open Government Data Ecosystems: A Public Platform Provider’s Perspective
- 2021
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Ingår i: JeDEM: EJournal of EDemocracy and Open Government. - : JEDEM Journal of e-Democracy and Open Government. - 2075-9517. ; 13:1, s. 1-30
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Open Government Data (OGD) is an important driver for open innovation among public entities. However, extant research highlights a need for improved feedback loops, collaboration, and a more demand-driven publication of OGD. In this study, we explore how public platform providers can address this issue by enabling collaboration within OGD ecosystems, both in terms of the OGD, and any related Open Source Software (OSS) and standards. We conducted an exploratory multiple-case study of four OGD ecosystems with diverse characteristics, using a qualitative research approach. Based on the cases, we present a conceptual model that highlights different attributes of OGD ecosystems that may help public entities in designing and orchestrating new or existing OGD ecosystems. We conclude that enabling collaboration in an OGD ecosystem is a complex exercise yet believe that it offers ways for public entities in how they can leverage open innovation to address their goals and directives.
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| 13. |
- Linåker, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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On infrastructure for facilitation of inner source in small development teams
- 2014
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Ingår i: Product-Focused Software Process Improvement : 15th International Conference, PROFES 2014, Helsinki, Finland, December 10-12, 2014. Proceedings - 15th International Conference, PROFES 2014, Helsinki, Finland, December 10-12, 2014. Proceedings. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1611-3349 .- 0302-9743. - 9783319138343 - 9783319138350 ; 8892, s. 149-163
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The phenomenon of adopting open source software development practices in a corporate environment is known by many names, one being inner source. The objective of this study is to investigate how an organization consisting of small development teams can benet from adopting inner source and assess the level of applicability. The research has been conducted as a case study at a software development company. Data collection was carried out through interviews and a series of focus group meetings, and then analyzed by mapping it to an available framework. The analysis shows that the organization possesses potential, and also identied a number of challenges and benets of special importance to the case company. To address these challenges, the case study synthesized the organizational and infrastructural needs of the organization in a requirements specication describing a technical infrastructure, also known as a software forge, with an adapted organizational context and work process.
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| 14. |
- Linåker, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Open Source Software in the Public Sector : 25 Years and Still in Its Infancy
- 2023
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Ingår i: IEEE Software. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 0740-7459 .- 1937-4194. ; 40:4, s. 39-44
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The proliferation of Open Source Software (OSS) adoption and collaboration has surged within industry, resulting in its ubiquitous presence in commercial offerings and shared digital infrastructure. However, in the public sector, both awareness and adoption of OSS is still in its infancy due to a number of obstacles including regulatory, cultural, and capacity-related challenges. This special issue is a call for action, highlighting the necessity for both research and practice to narrow the gap, selectively transfer and adapt existing knowledge, as well as generate new knowledge to enable the public sector to fully harness the potential benefits OSS has to offer.
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| 15. |
- Linåker, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Public Sector Platforms going Open: Creating and Growing an Ecosystem with Open Collaborative Development
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration. - 9781450387798
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: By creating ecosystems around platforms of Open Source Software (OSS) and Open Data (OD), and adopting open collaborative development practices, platform providers may exploit open innovation benefits. However, adopting such practices in a traditionally closed organization is a maturity process that we hypothesize cannot be undergone without friction. Objective: This study aims to investigate what challenges may occur for a newly-turned platform provider in the public sector, aiming to adopt open collaborative practices to create an ecosystem around the development of the underpinning platform.Method: An exploratory case-study is conducted at a Swedish public sector platform provider, which is creating an ecosystem around OSS and OD, related to the labor market. Data is collected through interviews, document studies, and prolonged engagement.Results: Findings highlight a fear among developers of being publicly questioned for their work, as they represent a government agency undergoing constant scrutiny. Issue trackers, roadmaps, and development processes are generally closed, while multiple channels are used for communication, causing internal and external confusion. Some developers are reluctant to communicate externally as they believe it interferes with their work. Lack of health metrics limits possibilities to follow ecosystem growth and for actors to make investment decisions. Further, an autonomous team structure is reported to complicate internal communication and enforcement of the common vision, as well as collaboration. A set of interventions for addressing the challenges are proposed, based on related work.Conclusions: We conclude that several cultural, organizational, and process-related challenges may reside, and by understanding these early on, platform providers can be preemptive in their work of building healthy ecosystems.
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| 16. |
- Linåker, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Rekommendationer för samverkan och delning av data, teknik och kunskap inom myndighetsdrivna öppna data-ekosystem
- 2022
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Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Data utgör idag en kritisk resurs som genom bearbetning och öppet tillgängliggörande kan bidra till och ligga till grund för effektiviseringar, nya innovationer och tillika ett öppnare och mer demokratiskt samhälle. Mycket av detta värde skapas dock först när datan bearbetas, berikas och kombineras med annan data från andra källor utanför sin organisations.Genom öppen samverkan och delning av data inom s.k. Öppna data-ekosystem kan dataproducenter och konsumenter bidra till detta värdeskapande, dels genom kollektiva bidrag och berikning av den gemensamma datan, dels genom delning av fler datamängder. Ytterligare värde kan därtill skapas genom att samverkan utökas till att även innefatta formen för hur datan samlas in och delas, samt tekniken som möjliggör detta arbete. I forskningsprojektet JobTech Research har forskare från Lunds universitet studerat hur öppna data-ekosystem kan förverkligas och faciliteras från ett myndighetsperspektiv. Syftet är att skapa ytterligare värde och ökad användning av öppen myndighetsdata. Delning och samverkan inom ekosystemet möjliggörs ofta genom någon form av teknisk plattform där data tillgängliggörs, ex. via API:er. Plattformen utvecklas och underhålls vanligen av den s.k. plattformsledaren, en aktör som också vanligtvis är den som initierat det öppna data-ekosystemet och leder dess gemensamma arbete.Genom forskningsprojektet har flertalet myndighetsdrivna öppna data-ekosystem studerats där rollen som plattformsledare helt eller delvis fylls av en eller flera offentliga aktörer. Forskningen har tagit utgångspunkt från JobTech Dev, ett ekosystem som har skapats och faciliteras av Arbetsförmedlingen i syfte att främja utveckling av nya och förbättrade lösningar för digital matchning och vägledning för den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Denna rapport summerar resultat och lärdomar från forskningsprojektetet i form av ett antal konkreta rekommendationer för hur myndigheter kan gå till väga för att utforma sina egna öppna data-ekosystem och hur de kan initiera och facilitera en värdeskapande samverkan inom dessa.
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| 17. |
- Linåker, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Requirements analysis and management for benefiting openness
- 2017
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Ingår i: Proceedings - 2016 IEEE 24th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops, REW 2016. - : IEEE. - 9781509036943 ; , s. 344-349
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Requirements Engineering has recently been greatly influenced by the way how firms use Open Source Software (OSS) and Software Ecosystems (SECOs) as a part of their product development and business models. This is further emphasized by the paradigm of Open Innovation, which highlights how firms should strive to use both internal and external resources to advance their internal innovation and technology capabilities. The evolution from market-driven requirements engineering and management processes, has reshaped the understanding of what a requirement is, and how it is documented and used. In this work, we suggest a model for analyzing and managing requirements that is designed in the context of OSS and SECOs, including the advances and challenges that it brings. The model clarifies how the main stages of requirements engineering and management processes can be adjusted to benefit from the openness that the new context offers. We believe that the model is a first step towards the inevitable adaptation of requirements engineering to an open and informal arena, where processes and collaboration are decentralized, transparency and governance are the key success factors.
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| 18. |
- Linåker, Johan
(författare)
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Requirements engineering in open innovation
- 2016
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Ingår i: CEUR Workshop Proceedings. ; 1564
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the last two decades a slow but steady change of external factors has set-up new conditions affecting the way in how software producing firms create and leverage innovations. Firms now need to look outside of their boundaries and start interacting with the open environment that encompasses them in order to stay innovative and keep a competitive advantage. To facilitate this shift Requirements Engineering needs to consider the increase and complexity of new requirements sources as well as networks of stakeholders. Based on the research agenda described in this paper we expect to make a contribution by establishing guidelines and tools for how Requirements Engineering should be adapted to cope with possible challenges implied by Open Innovation, foremost in the areas requirements selection and decision making when using Open Source Software as a way to leverage Open Innovation.
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| 19. |
- Linåker, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Requirements engineering in open innovation : A research agenda
- 2015
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Ingår i: 2015 International Conference on Software and Systems Process, ICSSP 2015 - Proceedings. - New York, NY, USA : ACM. - 9781450333467 ; , s. 208-212
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent years Open Innovation (OI) has gained much attention and made firms aware that they need to consider the open environment surrounding them. To facilitate this shift Requirements Engineering (RE) needs to be adapted in order to manage the increase and complexity of new requirements sources as well as networks of stakeholders. In response we build on and advance an earlier proposed software engineering framework for fostering OI, focusing on stakeholder management, when to open up, and prioritization and release planning. Literature in open source RE is contrasted against recent findings of OI in software engineering to establish a current view of the area. Based on the synthesized findings we propose a research agenda within the areas under focus, along with a framing-model to help researchers frame and break down their research questions to consider the different angles implied by the OI model.
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| 20. |
- Linåker, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Software Reuse through Open Source Software in the Public Sector : A qualitative survey on Policy and Practice
- 2024
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This report delves into how Public Sector Organizations (PSOs) and the public sector at large facilitate software reuse, specifically through Open Source Software (OSS) as an instrument. The report is commissioned by the Danish Agency for Digital Government (Digitaliseringsstyrelsen[1]) and Local Government Denmark (KL[2]), which provide input on how Danish PSOs can specifically improve at reaping benefits by reusing existing software and creating value by developing software in a way that can be reused.A qualitative survey is conducted on a sample of 15 countries considered mature in their digital practices, as indicated through a set of digital maturity indicators. These countries are surveyed in terms of government policies, rationales, support mechanisms, means of promotion, and success stories related to software reuse. The surveyed countries exhibit diverse policies, emphasizing interoperability, digital sovereignty, transparency, and cost efficiency. Economic arguments, interoperability, and transparency are prominent goals, while digital sovereignty varies. Security concerns are discussed, acknowledging both risks and benefits of OSS. The report identifies emerging support structures, including Open Source Program Offices (OSPOs), crucial for institutional capacity. Success stories highlight the transformation to sustainable governance enabled through the use of neutral proxy organizations acting as stewards for public sector OSS projects.Recommendations are provided that focus on fostering software reuse through OSS adoption, aiming to guide policy- and decisionmakers at national, regional, and local government levels. The report contributes valuable insights for countries, like Denmark, seeking to leverage software reuse through OSS in their digital transformations. [1] https://digst.dk/[2] https://www.kl.dk/
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| 21. |
- Linåker, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Sustaining Open Data as a Digital Common - Design principles for Common Pool Resources applied to Open Data Ecosystems
- 2022
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Ingår i: ACM International Conference Proceeding Series. 7 September 2022, Article number 10. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery. - 9781450398459
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Motivation. Digital commons is an emerging phenomenon and of increasing importance, as we enter a digital society. Open data is one example that makes up a pivotal input and foundation for many of today's digital services and applications. Ensuring sustainable provisioning and maintenance of the data, therefore, becomes even more important. Aim. We aim to investigate how such provisioning and maintenance can be collaboratively performed in the community surrounding a common. Specifically, we look at Open Data Ecosystems (ODEs), a type of community of actors, openly sharing and evolving data on a technological platform. Method. We use Elinor Ostrom's design principles for Common Pool Resources as a lens to systematically analyze the governance of earlier reported cases of ODEs using a theory-oriented software engineering framework. Results. We find that, while natural commons must regulate consumption, digital commons such as open data maintained by an ODE must stimulate both use and data provisioning. Governance needs to enable such stimulus while also ensuring that the collective action can still be coordinated and managed within the frame of available maintenance resources of a community. Subtractability is, in this sense, a concern regarding the resources required to maintain the quality and value of the data, rather than the availability of data. Further, we derive empirically-based recommended practices for ODEs based on the design principles by Ostrom for how to design a governance structure in a way that enables a sustainable and collaborative provisioning and maintenance of the data. Conclusion. ODEs are expected to play a role in data provisioning which democratize the digital society and enables innovation from smaller commercial actors. Our empirically based guidelines intend to support this development.
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| 22. |
- Linåker, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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What to share, when, and where : balancing the objectives and complexities of open source software contributions
- 2020
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Ingår i: Empirical Software Engineering. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1382-3256 .- 1573-7616. ; 25:5, s. 3799-3840
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context:: Software-intensive organizations’ rationale for sharing Open Source Software (OSS) may be driven by both idealistic, strategic and commercial objectives, and include both monetary as well as non-monetary benefits. To gain the potential benefits, an organization may need to consider what they share and how, while taking into account risks, costs and other complexities. Objective:: This study aims to empirically investigate objectives and complexities organizations need to consider and balance between when deciding on what software to share as OSS, when to share it, and whether to create a new or contribute to an existing community. Method:: A multiple-case study of three case organizations was conducted in two research cycles, with data gathered from interviews with 20 practitioners from these organizations. The data was analyzed qualitatively in an inductive and iterative coding process. Results:: 12 contribution objectives and 15 contribution complexities were found. Objectives include opportunities for improving reputation, managing suppliers, managing partners and competitors, and exploiting externally available knowledge and resources. Complexities include risk of loosing control, risk of giving away competitive advantage, risk of creating negative exposure, costs of contributing, and the possibility and need to contribute to an existing or new community. Conclusions:: Cross-case analysis and interview validation show that the identified objectives and complexities offer organizations a possibility to reflect on and adapt their contribution strategies based on their specific contexts and business goals.
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| 23. |
- Mols, Carl-Eric, et al.
(författare)
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The open source officer role – experiences
- 2017
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Ingår i: IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. - Cham : Springer-Verlag New York. - 1868-4238. - 9783319577340 ; , s. 55-59
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This papers describe the Open Source Officer role and the experiences from introducing this role in several companies. We outline the role description, main responsibilities, and interfaces to other roles and organizations. We investigated the role in several organization and bring interesting discrepancies and overlaps of how companies operate with OSS. © The Author(s) 2017.
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| 24. |
- Munir, Hussan, et al.
(författare)
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Open Innovation through the Lens of Open Source Tools: A case study at Sony Mobile
- 2018
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Ingår i: Empirical Software Engineering. - : Springer. - 1382-3256 .- 1573-7616. ; 23, s. 186-223
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite growing interest of Open Innovation (OI) in Software Engineering (SE), little is known about what triggers software organizations to adopt it and how this affects SE practices. OI can be realized in numerous of ways, including Open Source Software (OSS) involvement. Outcomes from OI are not restricted to product innovation but also include process innovation, e.g. improved SE practices and methods. This study explores the involvement of a software organization (Sony Mobile) in OSS communities from an OI perspective and what SE practices (requirements engineering and testing) have been adapted in relation to OI. It also highlights the innovative outcomes resulting from OI. An exploratory embedded case study investigates how Sony Mobile use and contribute to Jenkins and Gerrit; the two central OSS tools in their continuous integration tool chain. Quantitative analysis was performed on change log data from source code repositories in order to identify the top contributors and triangulated with the results from five semi-structured interviews to explore the nature of the commits. The findings of the case study include five major themes: i) The process of opening up towards the tool communities correlates in time with a general adoption of OSS in the organization. ii) Assets not seen as competitive advantage nor a source of revenue are made open to OSS communities, and gradually, the organization turns more open. iii) The requirements engineering process towards the community is informal and based on engagement. iv) The need for systematic and automated testing is still in its infancy, but the needs are identified. v) The innovation outcomes included free features and maintenance, and were believed to increase speed and quality in development. Adopting OI was a result of a paradigm shift of moving from Windows to Linux. This shift enabled Sony Mobile to utilize the Jenkins and Gerrit communities to make their internal development process better for its software developers and testers.
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| 25. |
- Munir, Hussan, Assistant Professor, et al.
(författare)
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Open innovation using open source tools : a case study at Sony Mobile
- 2018
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Ingår i: Empirical Software Engineering. - : Springer New York LLC. - 1382-3256 .- 1573-7616. ; 23:1, s. 186-223
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite growing interest of Open Innovation (OI) in Software Engineering (SE), little is known about what triggers software organizations to adopt it and how this affects SE practices. OI can be realized in numerous of ways, including Open Source Software (OSS) involvement. Outcomes from OI are not restricted to product innovation but also include process innovation, e.g. improved SE practices and methods. This study explores the involvement of a software organization (Sony Mobile) in OSS communities from an OI perspective and what SE practices (requirements engineering and testing) have been adapted in relation to OI. It also highlights the innovative outcomes resulting from OI. An exploratory embedded case study investigates how Sony Mobile use and contribute to Jenkins and Gerrit; the two central OSS tools in their continuous integration tool chain. Quantitative analysis was performed on change log data from source code repositories in order to identify the top contributors and triangulated with the results from five semi-structured interviews to explore the nature of the commits. The findings of the case study include five major themes: i) The process of opening up towards the tool communities correlates in time with a general adoption of OSS in the organization. ii) Assets not seen as competitive advantage nor a source of revenue are made open to OSS communities, and gradually, the organization turns more open. iii) The requirements engineering process towards the community is informal and based on engagement. iv) The need for systematic and automated testing is still in its infancy, but the needs are identified. v) The innovation outcomes included free features and maintenance, and were believed to increase speed and quality in development. Adopting OI was a result of a paradigm shift of moving from Windows to Linux. This shift enabled Sony Mobile to utilize the Jenkins and Gerrit communities to make their internal development process better for its software developers and testers. © 2017 The Author(s)
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Runeson, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Open Data Ecosystems — An empirical investigation into an emerging industry collaboration concept
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Systems and Software. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 0164-1212 .- 1873-1228. ; 182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Software systems are increasingly depending on data, particularly with the rising use of machine learning, and developers are looking for new sources of data. Open Data Ecosystems (ODE) is an emerging concept for data sharing under public licenses in software ecosystems, similar to Open Source Software (OSS). It has certain similarities to Open Government Data (OGD), where public agencies share data for innovation and transparency. We aimed to explore open data ecosystems involving commercial actors. Thus, we organized five focus groups with 27 practitioners from 22 companies, public organizations, and research institutes. Based on the outcomes, we surveyed three cases of emerging ODE practice to further understand the concepts and to validate the initial findings. The main outcome is an initial conceptual model of ODEs’ value, intrinsics, governance, and evolution, and propositions for practice and further research. We found that ODE must be value driven. Regarding the intrinsics of data, we found their type, meta-data, and legal frameworks influential for their openness. We also found the characteristics of ecosystem initiation, organization, data acquisition and openness be differentiating, which we advise research and practice to take into consideration. © 2021 The Author(s)
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| 28. |
- Susha, Iryna, et al.
(författare)
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An ecosystem perspective on developing data collaboratives for addressing societal issues : The role of conveners
- 2023
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Ingår i: Government Information Quarterly. - : Elsevier BV. - 0740-624X. ; 40:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the open and big data movement in full swing, data sharing becomes more ubiquitous and more often crosses sectoral boundaries. The promise of data to help address societal issues and foster innovation requires public organizations to work together with businesses and researchers. Data collaboratives whereby actors collaborate to share and use data for public good gain increasing interest. Most of these collaborations, however, tend to be one-off, small, and limited in impact due to a complex web of legal, technical, ethical, commercial, and organizational challenges. Initiators of data collaboratives, termed as conveners, can potentially alleviate some of these concerns by playing various roles in developing a more sustainable data ecosystem for the data collaboratives. Our study investigates what convener roles are perceived to be critical in developing data collaboratives. By drawing on data ecosystems thinking, we developed a framework of convener roles and sub-roles which we further used to analyze four cases in the Netherlands and Sweden. We conclude that connecting role and learning catalyst role are critical at the initiation stage, while stimulating and mediating roles emerge as future critical roles as the data ecosystem develops. We further identified convener meta-roles that are associated with particular data ecosystem structures (keystone-centric, marketplace-based, intermediary-based, and platform-centric). Our research can be instrumental to actors leading the efforts of creating such data ecosystems as it provides insights on the needs and resources that can be leveraged to stimulate development and innovation.
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